Engineering Mechanical Engineering

Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the modeling, risk analysis, and reliability assessment of corrosion in steel pipelines, particularly addressing pitting corrosion. It covers topics such as the effect of corrosion on pipeline integrity, reliability assessment methodology for pipelines with active corrosion defects, and the development of new models for predicting corrosion damage. The research also delves into the impact of corrosion on offshore and marine steel structures, as well as the use of advanced techniques such as finite element analysis and fuzzy inference systems for pipeline risk assessment.

Keywords

Corrosion; Pipeline; Risk Analysis; Reliability Assessment; Pitting Corrosion; Steel Structures; Offshore; Failure Pressure; Finite Element Analysis; Natural Gas

In connection with the problem of submarine signalling the question arose as to the pitch of the fundamental note of a thin circular plate or diaphragm of given material and … In connection with the problem of submarine signalling the question arose as to the pitch of the fundamental note of a thin circular plate or diaphragm of given material and dimensions, filling an aperture in a plane wall which is in contact on one side with an otherwise unlimited mass of water. The following investigation, which includes some extensions, is now published by permission. To simplify the theoretical treatment, the wall is supposed to be rigid, and the plate to be firmly clamped to it along the circumference, although these conditions are only imperfectly fulfilled in practice. Even with these limitations an exact solution is out of the question, but a sufficient approximation can be obtained by Rayleigh’s method of an assumed type, which gives good results if the type be suitably chosen. It is known that the frequency estimated in this way will be somewhat too high.
The results of a four‐year project, sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, to investigate the fatigue design process in the welded joints of steel offshore structures are summarized. Fatigue damage … The results of a four‐year project, sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, to investigate the fatigue design process in the welded joints of steel offshore structures are summarized. Fatigue damage expressions were formulated. A simple analytical expression for damage based on the rainflow method of cycle counting in a wide band process was constructed. Because fatigue design factors have significant uncertainty, a reliability approach, using the lognormal format, was developed. The performance of Miner's rule was characterized statistically, as was modeling error associated with the process of computing fatigue stresses in a joint from oceanographic data. Procedures of S‐N data analysis were developed, and characteristic S‐N data sets were presented. The reliability format was employed to construct a design rule for low period structures. It is argued that the new design rule is more discriminating in that it can account for service life, wave spectra, water depth, platform dynamics, as well as the location of the joint in the structure.
Journal Article THE CORPUSCLE PROBLEM. SECOND MEMOIR CASE OF ELLIPSOIDAL CORPUSCLES Get access S. D. WICKSELL S. D. WICKSELL Lund Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic … Journal Article THE CORPUSCLE PROBLEM. SECOND MEMOIR CASE OF ELLIPSOIDAL CORPUSCLES Get access S. D. WICKSELL S. D. WICKSELL Lund Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 18, Issue 1-2, July 1926, Pages 151–172, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/18.1-2.151 Published: 01 July 1926
Calculation of reliability function and remaining useful life for a Markov failure time process Get access D. Banjevic, D. Banjevic Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 … Calculation of reliability function and remaining useful life for a Markov failure time process Get access D. Banjevic, D. Banjevic Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8 **Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. K. S. Jardine A. K. S. Jardine Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, Volume 17, Issue 2, April 2006, Pages 115–130, https://doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpi029 Published: 01 April 2006
A method for determining corrosion rate from electrochemical polarization data obtained in the region of the corrosion potential is described. The technique has foundation in theory, is supported by experimental … A method for determining corrosion rate from electrochemical polarization data obtained in the region of the corrosion potential is described. The technique has foundation in theory, is supported by experimental evidence, and appears to have widespread application. The advantages and limitations of the method are discussed. It would appear that the use of linear polarization measurements can supply valuable information regarding: (1.) Studies of the effect of environment variables on corrosion rate. These include changes in composition, velocity, and temperature, (2.) Evaluations of inhibitors in controlling corrosion, (3.) Comparison of the corrosion rates of various alloys of similar composition in a given environment, and (4.) Determination of changes in corrosion rate with time, including studies of underground structures as well as materials in aqueous solutions. It also may be possible to use this method in evaluating the condition of coatings in service which cannot be inspected by visual methods. 2.3.5
Hurricane Katrina caused significant damage to the transportation system in the Gulf Coast region. The overall cost to repair or replace the bridges damaged during the hurricane is estimated at … Hurricane Katrina caused significant damage to the transportation system in the Gulf Coast region. The overall cost to repair or replace the bridges damaged during the hurricane is estimated at over $1 billion. This paper describes the observed damage patterns to bridges, including damage attributed to storm surge, wind, impact from debris, scour, and water inundation, as well as examples of repair measures used to quickly restore functionality to the bridges and transportation system. Using the data from the 44 bridges that were damaged, relationships between storm surge elevation, damage level, and repair costs are developed. The analysis reveals that, in general, regions with higher storm surge had more damage, although there were several instances where this was not the case, primarily due to damage resulting from debris impact. It is also shown that a highly nonlinear relationship exists between the normalized repair cost and the damage state. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the efficacy of using typical seismic design details for mitigating the effects of hurricane loads, and potential design considerations for bridge structures in vulnerable coastal regions.
In this paper, phenomena of general corrosion are assumed to be the results of three sequential processes: degradation of paint coatings, generation of pitting point, and progress of pitting point. … In this paper, phenomena of general corrosion are assumed to be the results of three sequential processes: degradation of paint coatings, generation of pitting point, and progress of pitting point. A consistent corrosion model is proposed which can evaluate the generation and progress of corrosion quantitatively by introducing appropriate simple probabilistic models for each process. This probabilistic corrosion model can be identified by analyzing existing data collected from plate thickness measurements. Applicability of this model is verified by comparing the estimated behavior of corrosion progress and dispersion with those from actual data.
The mathematical basis for the Random Decrement Technique of vibration signature analysis is established. The general relationship between the autocorrelation function of a random process and the Randomdec signature is … The mathematical basis for the Random Decrement Technique of vibration signature analysis is established. The general relationship between the autocorrelation function of a random process and the Randomdec signature is derived. For the particular case of a linear time invariant system excited by a zero-mean, stationary, Gaussian random process, a Randomdec signature of the output is shown to be proportional to the auto-correlation of the output. Example Randomdec signatures are computed from acceleration response time histories from an offshore platform.
The review is divided into three main parts. The first is very brief and covers shear lag effects associated with stiffener plate bending. Part 2 concerns the behavior of unstiffened … The review is divided into three main parts. The first is very brief and covers shear lag effects associated with stiffener plate bending. Part 2 concerns the behavior of unstiffened long plate elements (a ≥ b) in compression, which is referred to as effective ‘width’ effects. The concepts considered are maximum plate strength and how this is affected by initial distortion, normal pressure, and boundary conditions; stress distribution in plate elements before failure; and the "reduced effective width" concept for defining plate element stiffness, as required for use in stiffened-plate collapse theories. Final appraisal leads to recommendations based upon the equation advanced ten years ago for mean expected stress-free plate strength: σm/σο = (2/β) — (1/β2). It is used by the British Navy and has been recommended in Europe for box-girder bridge design. Part 3 concerns welding stress effects, and a critical strain theory is advanced for describing welded plate behavior in compression. The review has of course assessed appropriate test data, including a reappraisal from three full-scale destroyer tests. Some emphasis has been placed upon the statistical characteristics of the data, in order that this may help establish structural strength distributions for probabilistic approaches to ductile structural reliability. The paper ends with a brief historical review drawn from aeronautical, civil engineering and naval architectural sources, and a listing of the more important effective width formulas.
In dynamic complex environments, the degradation of structure systems is generally caused not by a single factor but by multiple ones, and the process is subject to a high level … In dynamic complex environments, the degradation of structure systems is generally caused not by a single factor but by multiple ones, and the process is subject to a high level of uncertainty. This article contributes a hybrid physics-model-based and data-driven remaining useful life (RUL) estimation methodology of structure systems considering the influence of multiple causes by using dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs). The structure model and parameter model of DBNs for the degradation process caused by a single factor are established on the basis of theoretical or empirical physical models, thereby solving the problem of insufficient data. An RUL estimation model is subsequently established by integrating these degradation process models. The RUL value is obtained from the time difference between the detection point and predicted failure point, which is determined using the failure threshold of performance. The sensor data and expert knowledge can be input into the estimation model to update the RUL value whenever necessary. The subsea pipelines in offshore oil and gas subsea production systems are adopted to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The degradation processes with fatigue, corrosion, sand erosion, and internal waves are modeled using DBNs, and the RUL is estimated using a DBN-based RUL methodology.
Maritime transport remains a fundamental pillar of international trade, and ship inspections are essential to ensuring navigational safety and environmental protection. Port State Control (PSC) is a regulatory mechanism used … Maritime transport remains a fundamental pillar of international trade, and ship inspections are essential to ensuring navigational safety and environmental protection. Port State Control (PSC) is a regulatory mechanism used to examine foreign-flagged vessels to verify their compliance with international maritime conventions. Among the various elements assessed during PSC inspections, a ship’s type and age significantly influence the likelihood of identifying deficiencies. This study focuses on the PSC inspection data collected from the ports of Kocaeli, a major maritime hub in Turkey. The objective is to analyze how vessel age and type correlate with the frequency and severity of recorded deficiencies. Using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical method, the research compares deficiency rates across various ship categories and age brackets. Additionally, the study examines inspection frequency regarding the risk profiles of different vessels. Findings indicate that ships aged 12 years or older exhibit a higher number of deficiencies, with general cargo vessels being particularly prone to non-compliance. While the overall effectiveness of PSC inspections is evident, the study highlights the need for improved efficiency in inspection protocols. It is suggested that risk assessment models be refined to include more detailed criteria and that inspection strategies be adapted based on vessel characteristics. Furthermore, enhancing pre-inspection preparedness by ship operators may contribute to better compliance outcomes. The study aims to support safer maritime operations by offering targeted recommendations for optimizing PSC inspections at Kocaeli Port.
Stiffened panels are the primary load-carrying structures of an aircraft, widely used in the wing and fuselage sections for their lightweight design and enhanced structural stability with minimum weight cost. … Stiffened panels are the primary load-carrying structures of an aircraft, widely used in the wing and fuselage sections for their lightweight design and enhanced structural stability with minimum weight cost. However, these panels, predominantly made of aluminum alloy, can suffer from aging due to fatigue loading, corrosion, aerodynamic loading, etc., eventually degrading the material’s mechanical properties. The present work investigates the linear buckling (critical buckling) and post-buckling ultimate collapse load of an aircraft stiffened panel made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3, considering artificial corrosion exfoliation adopting commercial FE code ANSYS. It was found that only after 2 hours of corrosion exfoliation did the critical buckling and ultimate collapse load of the panel decrease by 6% and 4.35%, respectively. However, the highest drop in critical buckling of 25.33% and ultimate collapse load of 19.1% is found after 96 hours of corrosion exfoliation. A second investigation is carried out based on eight cases where the varied artificial aging is considered for the panel and the stiffeners. Numerical outcomes revealed that despite varying the corrosion duration, corresponding critical buckling and ultimate collapse load values do not differ significantly. The summary of the work indicates that corrosion exfoliation strongly influences the critical buckling and ultimate collapse load of the aircraft’s stiffened panels.
Analysis of internal pressure failure is a crucial aspect of assessing pipeline integrity. By combining the unified yield criterion with actual burst data, the applicability of different yield criteria is … Analysis of internal pressure failure is a crucial aspect of assessing pipeline integrity. By combining the unified yield criterion with actual burst data, the applicability of different yield criteria is elucidated. Based on the distribution law of burst data, a linear average yield criterion is proposed. The results indicate that the yield function of the linear average yield criterion is a linear expression, and the yield path forms an equilateral non-equiangular inscribed dodecagon within the von Mises circle. For the evaluation of failure pressure, this yield criterion exhibits the highest level of applicability, followed by the ASSY and Tresca yield theories. The linear average yield criterion limits the failure pressure prediction error, with low strain-hardening (0 ≤ n ≤ 0.06) to within 3%.
In order to study the effect of random pitting defects on the bearing capacity of steel structures in underground engineering, four kinds of samples containing random pitting defects were made … In order to study the effect of random pitting defects on the bearing capacity of steel structures in underground engineering, four kinds of samples containing random pitting defects were made and simulated damage tests were carried out. The effects of pitting damage on the failure mode, bearing capacity and deformation capacity of the components were analyzed by compression testing and three-point bending testing of the complete samples and four kinds of prefabricated pitting damage samples. The results show that the existence of pitting damage will change the bending failure mode of the samples, and the four types of pitting damage will reduce the compressive bearing capacity and bending bearing capacity of the members to varying degrees, among which the inclined pitting damage specimens have the highest reduction in compressive and bending bearing capacity. The four types of pitting damage also reduce the compressive deformation ability of the specimen, but the influence of different damage distribution types on the bending deformation ability is very different.
The field of ship structure analysis has witnessed considerable progress marked by the proliferation of analytical formulas proposed by researchers as efficient tools for predicting the strength of ship structures, … The field of ship structure analysis has witnessed considerable progress marked by the proliferation of analytical formulas proposed by researchers as efficient tools for predicting the strength of ship structures, particularly those involving plate configurations. However, a comprehensive review of the existing literature underscores a notable gap - existing studies predominantly focus on a singular aspect, namely plate slenderness when predicting ultimate strength. In a bid to address this limitation and account for the myriad uncertainties inherent in plate structure calculations, this study adopts a nuanced approach. Numerical methods are employed, systematically varying geometric parameters such as b/t ratio and yield strength, alongside introducing initial imperfections in the form of local plate imperfection modes. Further enhancing the analysis complexity, amplitude severity is modified across amplitude, ranging from 25 % to 300 %, encompassing scenarios of slight, average, and severe severity. Leveraging the capabilities of ANSYS® APDL and MATLAB®, an extensive dataset comprising 126 data points is collected and processed. These efforts result in the derivation of a formula tailored for calculating plate normalised strength. Implemented as a quadratic equation, the derived formula demonstrates a remarkable capacity to accurately predict data points characterised by significant deviations. Notably, its performance is gauged against numerical results, revealing a minimal standard error of approximately 0.023. The close alignment observed when comparing the derived formula with recent previous formulas further substantiates its potential as a viable solution for estimating normalised strength, particularly in scenarios influenced by geometric modifications and initial imperfections.