Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science

Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement

Works Count: 75620

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the management of water in rice cultivation to enhance productivity, with an emphasis on strategies for drought resistance, yield potential improvement, aerobic rice systems, QTL mapping for important traits, root characteristics, and the application of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). It also explores nitrogen use efficiency and its impact on grain yield in rice production.

Keywords

Rice; Water Management; Drought Resistance; Yield Potential; Aerobic Rice Systems; QTL Mapping; Root Traits; Grain Yield; System of Rice Intensification (SRI); Nitrogen Use Efficiency

When does no-till yield more? A global meta-analysis

2015-08-15

Cameron M. Pittelkow , Bruce A. Linquist , Mark Lundy +7 more

No-till agriculture represents a relatively widely adopted management system that aims to reduce soil erosion, decrease input costs, and sustain long-term crop productivity. However, its impacts on crop yields are … No-till agriculture represents a relatively widely adopted management system that aims to reduce soil erosion, decrease input costs, and sustain long-term crop productivity. However, its impacts on crop yields are variable, and an improved understanding of the factors limiting productivity is needed to support evidence-based management decisions. We conducted a global meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of various crop and environmental variables on no-till relative to conventional tillage yields using data obtained from peer-reviewed publications (678 studies with 6005 paired observations, representing 50 crops and 63 countries). Side-by-side yield comparisons were restricted to studies comparing conventional tillage to no-till practices in the absence of other cropping system modifications. Crop category was the most important factor influencing the overall yield response to no-till followed by aridity index, residue management, no-till duration, and N rate. No-till yields matched conventional tillage yields for oilseed, cotton, and legume crop categories. Among cereals, the negative impacts of no-till were smallest for wheat (−2.6%) and largest for rice (−7.5%) and maize (−7.6%). No-till performed best under rainfed conditions in dry climates, with yields often being equal to or higher than conventional tillage practices. Yields in the first 1–2 years following no-till implementation declined for all crops except oilseeds and cotton, but matched conventional tillage yields after 3–10 years except for maize and wheat in humid climates. Overall, no-till yields were reduced by 12% without N fertilizer addition and 4% with inorganic N addition. Our study highlights factors contributing to and/or decreasing no-till yield gaps and suggests that improved targeting and adaptation, possibly including additional system modifications, are necessary to optimize no-till performance and contribute to food production goals. In addition, our results provide a basis for conducting trade-off analyses to support the development of no-till crop management and international development strategies based on available scientific evidence.

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Chapter 3 Regional Vulnerability of Climate Change Impacts on Asian Rice Production and Scope for Adaptation

2009-01-01

Reiner Waßmann , S. V. Krishna Jagadish , Kay Sumfleth +7 more

Reproductive Development in Grain Crops during Drought

1999-01-01

Hargurdeep S. Saini , Mark E. Westgate

Rice and Water

2006-12-26

B.A.M. Bouman , E. Humphreys , To Phuc Tuong +1 more

Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield

2009-03-15

Hidetoshi Asai , Benjamin K. Samson , Stephan M. Haefele +6 more

Current Status and Challenges of Rice Production in China

2008-12-05

Shaobing Peng , Qiyuan Tang , Yingbin Zou

Rice production in China has more than tripled in the past five decades mainly due to increased grain yield rather than increased planting area. This increase has come from the … Rice production in China has more than tripled in the past five decades mainly due to increased grain yield rather than increased planting area. This increase has come from the development of high-yielding varieties and improved crop management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and irrigation. However, yield stagnation of rice has been observed in the past ten years in China. As its population rises, China will need to produce about 20% more rice by 2030 in order to meet its domestic needs if rice consumption per capita stays at the current level. This is not an easy task because several trends and problems in the Chinese rice production system constrain the sustainable increase in total rice production. Key trends include a decline in arable land, increasing water scarcity, global climate change, labor shortages, and increasing consumer demand for high-quality rice (which often comes from low-yielding varieties). The major problems confronting rice production in China are narrow genetic background, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, breakdown of irrigation infrastructure, oversimplified crop management, and a weak extension system. Despite these challenges, good research strategies can drive increased rice production in China. These include the development of new rice varieties with high yield potential, improvement of resistances to major diseases and insects, and to major abiotic stresses such as drought and heat, and the establishment of integrated crop management. We believe that a sustainable increase in rice production is achievable in China with the development of new technology through rice research.

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Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice

2001-07-01

B.A.M. Bouman , To Phuc Tuong

Productivity and management of rice–wheat cropping systems: issues and challenges

2001-02-01

Jagadish Timsina , David J. Connor

Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice systems in China

2005-06-28

Shaobing Peng , R. J. Buresh , Jianliang Huang +5 more

Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia

2003-12-16

P. Belder , B.A.M. Bouman , R. J. Cabangon +5 more

Distinguishing between yield advances and yield plateaus in historical crop production trends

2013-12-17

Patricio Grassini , Kent M. Eskridge , Kenneth G. Cassman

Food security and land required for food production largely depend on rate of yield gain of major cereal crops. Previous projections of food security are often more optimistic than what … Food security and land required for food production largely depend on rate of yield gain of major cereal crops. Previous projections of food security are often more optimistic than what historical yield trends would support. Many econometric projections of future food production assume compound rates of yield gain, which are not consistent with historical yield trends. Here we provide a framework to characterize past yield trends and show that linear trajectories adequately describe past yield trends, which means the relative rate of gain decreases over time. Furthermore, there is evidence of yield plateaus or abrupt decreases in rate of yield gain, including rice in eastern Asia and wheat in northwest Europe, which account for 31% of total global rice, wheat and maize production. Estimating future food production capacity would benefit from an analysis of past crop yield trends based on a robust statistical analysis framework that evaluates historical yield trajectories and plateaus.

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Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems

2005-01-26

B.A.M. Bouman , Shaobing Peng , A. R. Castañeda +1 more

Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions?

2002-02-01

Rachid Serraj , Thomas R. Sinclair

Osmolyte accumulation (OA) is frequently cited as a key putative mechanism for increasing yields of crops subjected to drought conditions. The hypothesis is that OA results in a number of … Osmolyte accumulation (OA) is frequently cited as a key putative mechanism for increasing yields of crops subjected to drought conditions. The hypothesis is that OA results in a number of benefits that sustain cell and tissue activity under water-deficit conditions. It has been proposed as an effective tolerance mechanism for water deficits, which could be enhanced in crops by traditional plant breeding, marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering, to generate drought-tolerant crops. However, field studies examining the association between OA and crop yield have tended to show no consistent benefit. The few, often-cited, investigations with positive associations were obtained under severe water deficits with extremely low yields or conditions with special water-supply scenarios when much of the benefit is plant survival. Under conditions where water deficits threaten crop survival, yields are so low that even large fractional yield gains offer little practical benefit to growers. Indeed, the often-cited benefit of turgor maintenance in cells is likely to result in crop behaviour that is exactly opposite to what is beneficial to crops. The one clear mechanism identified in this review for beneficial yield responses to OA is in the maintenance of root development in order to reach water that may be available deeper in the soil profile.

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Species, ecotype and cultivar differences in spikelet fertility and harvest index of rice in response to high temperature stress

2005-05-24

P. V. Vara Prasad , Kenneth J. Boote , L. H. Allen +2 more

Erect leaves caused by brassinosteroid deficiency increase biomass production and grain yield in rice

2005-12-20

Tomoaki Sakamoto , Yoichi Morinaka , Toshiyuki Ohnishi +7 more

Hormonal Changes in the Grains of Rice Subjected to Water Stress during Grain Filling

2001-09-01

Jianchang Yang , Jianhua Zhang , Zhiqing Wang +2 more

Abstract Lodging-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars usually show slow grain filling when nitrogen is applied in large amounts. This study investigated the possibility that a hormonal change may mediate the … Abstract Lodging-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars usually show slow grain filling when nitrogen is applied in large amounts. This study investigated the possibility that a hormonal change may mediate the effect of water deficit that enhances whole plant senescence and speeds up grain filling. Two rice cultivars showing high lodging resistance and slow grain filling were field grown and applied with either normal or high amount nitrogen (HN) at heading. Well-watered and water-stressed (WS) treatments were imposed 9 days post anthesis to maturity. Results showed that WS increased partitioning of fixed 14CO2 into grains, accelerated the grain filling rate but shortened the grain filling period, whereas the HN did the opposite way. Cytokinin (zeatin + zeatin riboside) and indole-3-acetic acid contents in the grains transiently increased at early filling stage and WS treatments hastened their declines at the late grain filling stage. Gibberellins (GAs; GA1 + GA4) in the grains were also high at early grain filling but HN enhanced, whereas WS substantially reduced, its accumulation. Opposite to GAs, abscisic acid (ABA) in the grains was low at early grain filling but WS remarkably enhanced its accumulation. The peak values of ABA were significantly correlated with the maximum grain filling rates (r = 0.92**,P &lt; 0.01) and the partitioning of fixed14C into grains (r = 0.95**,P &lt; 0.01). Exogenously applied ABA on pot-grown HN rice showed similar results as those by WS. Results suggest that an altered hormonal balance in rice grains by water stress during grain filling, especially a decrease in GAs and an increase in ABA, enhances the remobilization of prestored carbon to the grains and accelerates the grain filling rate.

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Development of drought-resistant cultivars using physiomorphological traits in rice

1995-02-01

S. Fukai , Mark Cooper

Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems

1998-03-01

Kenneth G. Cassman , Shaobing Peng , Daniel C. Olk +4 more

Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities

2010-11-20

Muhammad Farooq , Kadambot H. M. Siddique , Hafeez ur Rehman +3 more

Corn And Corn Improvement

1955-10-01

G. F. Sprague

Crops that feed the world 7: Rice

2012-02-21

Papa Abdoulaye Seck , Aliou Diagne , Samarendu Mohanty +1 more

What it will take to Feed 5.0 Billion Rice consumers in 2030

2005-09-01

G. S. Khush

How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice–wheat experiments in Asia?

2003-02-01

J. K. Ladha , David Dawe , Himanshu Pathak +7 more

Yield Potential Trends of Tropical Rice since the Release of IR8 and the Challenge of Increasing Rice Yield Potential

1999-11-01

Shaobing Peng , Kenneth G. Cassman , S. S. Virmani +2 more

ABSTRACT Since the release of IR8 in 1966, 42 additional indica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for the irrigated and favorable … ABSTRACT Since the release of IR8 in 1966, 42 additional indica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for the irrigated and favorable rainfed lowlands have been released in the Philippines. The maximum yield of IR8 has been reduced by about 2 Mg ha −1 during the past 30 yr. Empirical breeding for population improvement within the indica germplasm has resulted in the maintenance of rice yield potential in the tropics of about 10 Mg ha −1 . To break the yield barrier, several approaches are being explored. These include development of a new plant type (NPT) with low tillering capacity and large panicles from tropical japonica germplasm and exploitation of heterosis through intervarietal and intersubspecific hybrids. Hybrid rice between indicas increased yield potential by about 9% under the tropical conditions. The higher yield potential of indica/indica hybrids compared with indica inbred cultivars was attributed to the greater biomass production rather than harvest index. New plant type breeding has not yet improved yield potential due to poor grain filling and low biomass production. Factors that cause poor grain filling and low biomass production of the NPT lines have been identified. Selecting parents with good grain filling traits, introduction of indica genes into NPT's tropical japonica background, and a refinement of the original NPT design are expected to improve the performance of the NPT lines. Further enhancement in yield potential may be possible from use of intersubspecific heterosis between indica and NPT lines.

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Rice production in water-scarce environments.

2003-01-01

To Phuc Tuong , B.A.M. Bouman

Rice production in Asia needs to increase to feed a growing population. Though a complete assessment of the level of water scarcity in Asian rice production is still lacking, there … Rice production in Asia needs to increase to feed a growing population. Though a complete assessment of the level of water scarcity in Asian rice production is still lacking, there are signs that declining quality of water and declining availability of water resources are threatening the sustainability of the irrigated rice-based production system. Drought is one of the main constraints for high yield in rain-fed rice. Exploring ways to produce more rice with less water is essential for food security and sustaining environmental health in Asia. This chapter reviews the International Rice Research Institute's integrated approach, using genetics, breeding and integrated resource management to increase rice yield and to reduce water demand for rice production. Water-saving irrigation, such as saturated-soil culture and alternate wetting and drying, can drastically cut down the unproductive water outflows and increase water productivity. However, these technologies mostly lead to some yield decline in the current lowland rice varieties. Other new approaches are being researched to increase water productivity without sacrifice in yield. These include the incorporation of the C4 photosynthetic pathway into rice to increase rice yield per unit water transpired, the use of molecular biotechnology to enhance drought-stress tolerance and the development of aerobic rice, to achieve high and sustainable yields in non-flooded soil. Through the adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies, rice land will shift away from being continuously anaerobic to being partly or even completely aerobic. These shifts will have profound changes in water conservation, soil organic matter turnover, nutrient dynamics, carbon sequestration, soil productivity, weed ecology and greenhouse gas emissions. Whereas some of these changes can be perceived as positive, e.g. water conservation and decreased methane emission, some are perceived as negative, e.g. release of nitrous oxide from the soil and decline in soil organic matter. The challenge will be to develop effective integrated natural resource management interventions, which allow profitable rice cultivation with increased soil aeration, while maintaining the productivity, environmental services and sustainability of rice-based ecosystems.

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High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2007-04-12

SVK Jagadish , PQ Craufurd , TR Wheeler

In future climates, greater heat tolerance at anthesis will be required in rice. The effect of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility was studied on IR64 (lowland indica) and … In future climates, greater heat tolerance at anthesis will be required in rice. The effect of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility was studied on IR64 (lowland indica) and Azucena (upland japonica) at 29.6 °C (control), 33.7 °C, and 36.2 °C tissue temperatures. The objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the effect of temperature on flowering pattern; (ii) examine the effect of time of day of spikelet anthesis relative to a high temperature episode on spikelet fertility; and (iii) study the interactions between duration of exposure and temperature on spikelet fertility. Plants were grown at 30/24 °C day/night temperature in a greenhouse and transferred to growth cabinets for the temperature treatments. Individual spikelets were marked with paint to relate fertility to the time of exposure to different temperatures and durations. In both genotypes the pattern of flowering was similar, and peak anthesis occurred between 10.30 h and 11.30 h at 29.2 °C, and about 45 min earlier at 36.2 °C. In IR64, high temperature increased the number of spikelets reaching anthesis, whereas in Azucena numbers were reduced. In both genotypes ≤1 h exposure to ≥33.7 °C at anthesis caused sterility. In IR64, there was no interaction between temperature and duration of exposure, and spikelet fertility was reduced by about 7% per °C > 29.6 °C. In Azucena there was a significant interaction and spikelet fertility was reduced by 2.4% °Cd−1 above a threshold of 33 °C. Marking individual spikelets is an effective method to phenotype genotypes and lines for heat tolerance that removes any apparent tolerance due to temporal escape.

A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification (SRI) from Madagascar: opportunities for improving farming systems for resource-poor farmers

2002-03-01

W.A. Stoop , Norman Uphoff , Amir Kassam

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

2008-05-14

Shaobing Peng , G. S. Khush , P. S. Virk +2 more

Root-Specific Expression ofOsNAC10Improves Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice under Field Drought Conditions

2010-03-24

Jin Seo Jeong , Youn Shic Kim , Kwang Hun Baek +6 more

Abstract Drought poses a serious threat to the sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa) yields in rain-fed agriculture. Here, we report the results of a functional genomics approach that identified a … Abstract Drought poses a serious threat to the sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa) yields in rain-fed agriculture. Here, we report the results of a functional genomics approach that identified a rice NAC (an acronym for NAM [No Apical Meristem], ATAF1-2, and CUC2 [Cup-Shaped Cotyledon]) domain gene, OsNAC10, which improved performance of transgenic rice plants under field drought conditions. Of the 140 OsNAC genes predicted in rice, 18 were identified to be induced by stress conditions. Phylogenic analysis of the 18 OsNAC genes revealed the presence of three subgroups with distinct signature motifs. A group of OsNAC genes were prescreened for enhanced stress tolerance when overexpressed in rice. OsNAC10, one of the effective members selected from prescreening, is expressed predominantly in roots and panicles and induced by drought, high salinity, and abscisic acid. Overexpression of OsNAC10 in rice under the control of the constitutive promoter GOS2 and the root-specific promoter RCc3 increased the plant tolerance to drought, high salinity, and low temperature at the vegetative stage. More importantly, the RCc3:OsNAC10 plants showed significantly enhanced drought tolerance at the reproductive stage, increasing grain yield by 25% to 42% and by 5% to 14% over controls in the field under drought and normal conditions, respectively. Grain yield of GOS2:OsNAC10 plants in the field, in contrast, remained similar to that of controls under both normal and drought conditions. These differences in performance under field drought conditions reflect the differences in expression of OsNAC10-dependent target genes in roots as well as in leaves of the two transgenic plants, as revealed by microarray analyses. Root diameter of the RCc3:OsNAC10 plants was thicker by 1.25-fold than that of the GOS2:OsNAC10 and nontransgenic plants due to the enlarged stele, cortex, and epidermis. Overall, our results demonstrated that root-specific overexpression of OsNAC10 enlarges roots, enhancing drought tolerance of transgenic plants, which increases grain yield significantly under field drought conditions.

Traits and selection strategies to improve root systems and water uptake in water-limited wheat crops

2012-05-01

Robert J. Wasson , Richard A. Richards , Ravish Chatrath +6 more

Wheat yields globally will depend increasingly on good management to conserve rainfall and new varieties that use water efficiently for grain production. Here we propose an approach for developing new … Wheat yields globally will depend increasingly on good management to conserve rainfall and new varieties that use water efficiently for grain production. Here we propose an approach for developing new varieties to make better use of deep stored water. We focus on water-limited wheat production in the summer-dominant rainfall regions of India and Australia, but the approach is generally applicable to other environments and root-based constraints. Use of stored deep water is valuable because it is more predictable than variable in-season rainfall and can be measured prior to sowing. Further, this moisture is converted into grain with twice the efficiently of in-season rainfall since it is taken up later in crop growth during the grain-filling period when the roots reach deeper layers. We propose that wheat varieties with a deeper root system, a redistribution of branch root density from the surface to depth, and with greater radial hydraulic conductivity at depth would have higher yields in rainfed systems where crops rely on deep water for grain fill. Developing selection systems for mature root system traits is challenging as there are limited high-throughput phenotyping methods for roots in the field, and there is a risk that traits selected in the lab on young plants will not translate into mature root system traits in the field. We give an example of a breeding programme that combines laboratory and field phenotyping with proof of concept evaluation of the trait at the beginning of the selection programme. This would greatly enhance confidence in a high-throughput laboratory or field screen, and avoid investment in screens without yield value. This approach requires careful selection of field sites and years that allow expression of deep roots and increased yield. It also requires careful selection and crossing of germplasm to allow comparison of root expression among genotypes that are similar for other traits, especially flowering time and disease and toxicity resistances. Such a programme with field and laboratory evaluation at the outset will speed up delivery of varieties with improved root systems for higher yield.

Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China

2011-09-30

Mingsheng Fan , Jianbo Shen , Lixing Yuan +4 more

In recent years, agricultural growth in China has accelerated remarkably, but most of this growth has been driven by increased yield per unit area rather than by expansion of the … In recent years, agricultural growth in China has accelerated remarkably, but most of this growth has been driven by increased yield per unit area rather than by expansion of the cultivated area. Looking towards 2030, to meet the demand for grain and to feed a growing population on the available arable land, it is suggested that annual crop production should be increased to around 580 Mt and that yield should increase by at least 2% annually. Crop production will become more difficult with climate change, resource scarcity (e.g. land, water, energy, and nutrients) and environmental degradation (e.g. declining soil quality, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and surface water eutrophication). To pursue the fastest and most practical route to improved yield, the near-term strategy is application and extension of existing agricultural technologies. This would lead to substantial improvement in crop and soil management practices, which are currently suboptimal. Two pivotal components are required if we are to follow new trajectories. First, the disciplines of soil management and agronomy need to be given increased emphasis in research and teaching, as part of a grand food security challenge. Second, continued genetic improvement in crop varieties will be vital. However, our view is that the biggest gains from improved technology will come most immediately from combinations of improved crops and improved agronomical practices. The objectives of this paper are to summarize the historical trend of crop production in China and to examine the main constraints to the further increase of crop productivity. The paper provides a perspective on the challenge faced by science and technology in agriculture which must be met both in terms of increased crop productivity but also in increased resource use efficiency and the protection of environmental quality.

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Plant Breeding and Drought in C3 Cereals: What Should We Breed For?

2002-06-15

J. L. Araus

Drought is the main abiotic constraint on cereal yield. Analysing physiological determinants of yield responses to water may help in breeding for higher yield and stability under drought conditions. The … Drought is the main abiotic constraint on cereal yield. Analysing physiological determinants of yield responses to water may help in breeding for higher yield and stability under drought conditions. The traits to select (either for stress escape, avoidance or tolerance) and the framework where breeding for drought stress is addressed will depend on the level and timing of stress in the targeted area. If the stress is severe, breeding under stress‐free conditions may be unsuccessful and traits that confer survival may become a priority. However, selecting for yield itself under stress‐alleviated conditions appears to produce superior cultivars, not only for optimum environments, but also for those characterized by frequent mild and moderate stress conditions. This implies that broad avoidance/tolerance to mild–moderate stresses is given by constitutive traits also expressed under stress‐free conditions. In this paper, we focus on physiological traits that contribute to improved productivity under mild–moderate drought. Increased crop performance may be achieved through improvements in water use, water‐use efficiency and harvest index. The first factor is relevant when soil water remains available at maturity or when deep‐rooted genotypes access water in the soil profile that is not normally available; the two latter conditions become more important when all available water is exhausted by the end of the crop cycle. Independent of the mechanism operating, a canopy able to use more water than another would have more open stomata and therefore higher canopy temperature depression, and 13C discrimination (Δ13C) in plant matter. The same traits would also seem to be relevant when breeding for hot, irrigated environments. Where additional water is not available to the crop, higher water‐use efficiency (WUE) appears to be an alternative strategy to improve crop performance. In this context Δ13C constitutes a simple but reliable measure of WUE. However, in contrast to lines performing better because of increased access to water, lines producing greater biomass due to superior WUE will have lower Δ13C values. WUE may be modified not only through a decrease in stomatal conductance, but also through an increase in photosynthetic capacity. Harvest index is strongly reduced by terminal drought (i.e. drought during grain filling). Thus, phenological traits increasing the relative amount of water used during grain filling, or adjusting the crop cycle to the seasonal pattern of rainfall may be useful. Augmenting the contribution of carbohydrate reserves accumulated during vegetative growth to grain filling may also be worthwhile in harsh environments. Alternatively, extending the duration of stem elongation without changing the timing of anthesis would increase the number of grains per spike and the harvest index without changing the amount of water utilized by the crop.

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Increasing crop productivity when water is scarce—from breeding to field management

2005-08-11

J. B. Passioura

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Strategies for developing Green Super Rice

2007-10-09

Qifa Zhang

From a global viewpoint, a number of challenges need to be met for sustainable rice production: ( i ) increasingly severe occurrence of insects and diseases and indiscriminate pesticide applications; … From a global viewpoint, a number of challenges need to be met for sustainable rice production: ( i ) increasingly severe occurrence of insects and diseases and indiscriminate pesticide applications; ( ii ) high pressure for yield increase and overuse of fertilizers; ( iii ) water shortage and increasingly frequent occurrence of drought; and ( iv ) extensive cultivation in marginal lands. A combination of approaches based on the recent advances in genomic research has been formulated to address these challenges, with the long-term goal to develop rice cultivars referred to as Green Super Rice. On the premise of continued yield increase and quality improvement, Green Super Rice should possess resistances to multiple insects and diseases, high nutrient efficiency, and drought resistance, promising to greatly reduce the consumption of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and water. Large efforts have been focused on identifying germplasms and discovering genes for resistance to diseases and insects, N- and P-use efficiency, drought resistance, grain quality, and yield. The approaches adopted include screening of germplasm collections and mutant libraries, gene discovery and identification, microarray analysis of differentially regulated genes under stressed conditions, and functional test of candidate genes by transgenic analysis. Genes for almost all of the traits have now been isolated in a global perspective and are gradually incorporated into genetic backgrounds of elite cultivars by molecular marker-assisted selection or transformation. It is anticipated that such strategies and efforts would eventually lead to the development of Green Super Rice.

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Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures

2010-08-09

Jarrod R. Welch , Jeffrey R. Vincent , Maximilian Auffhammer +3 more

Data from farmer-managed fields have not been used previously to disentangle the impacts of daily minimum and maximum temperatures and solar radiation on rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia. We used … Data from farmer-managed fields have not been used previously to disentangle the impacts of daily minimum and maximum temperatures and solar radiation on rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia. We used a multiple regression model to analyze data from 227 intensively managed irrigated rice farms in six important rice-producing countries. The farm-level detail, observed over multiple growing seasons, enabled us to construct farm-specific weather variables, control for unobserved factors that either were unique to each farm but did not vary over time or were common to all farms at a given site but varied by season and year, and obtain more precise estimates by including farm- and site-specific economic variables. Temperature and radiation had statistically significant impacts during both the vegetative and ripening phases of the rice plant. Higher minimum temperature reduced yield, whereas higher maximum temperature raised it; radiation impact varied by growth phase. Combined, these effects imply that yield at most sites would have grown more rapidly during the high-yielding season but less rapidly during the low-yielding season if observed temperature and radiation trends at the end of the 20th century had not occurred, with temperature trends being more influential. Looking ahead, they imply a net negative impact on yield from moderate warming in coming decades. Beyond that, the impact would likely become more negative, because prior research indicates that the impact of maximum temperature becomes negative at higher levels. Diurnal temperature variation must be considered when investigating the impacts of climate change on irrigated rice in Asia.

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Weed Management in Direct‐Seeded Rice

2007-01-01

A. N. Rao , David E. Johnson , B. Sivaprasad +2 more

Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize

2004-07-30

Sander J. Zwart , W.G.M. Bastiaanssen

Systems thinking, systems practice

1982-04-01

Richard Huggett

Methods of enzymatic analysis

1964-12-01

A.Jay Merritt

Rice yields and water use under alternate wetting and drying irrigation: A meta-analysis

2017-01-09

Daniela R. Carrijo , Mark Lundy , Bruce A. Linquist

Rice systems provide a major source of calories for more than half of the world's population; however, they also use more water than other major crops. Alternate wetting and drying … Rice systems provide a major source of calories for more than half of the world's population; however, they also use more water than other major crops. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice (introduction of unsaturated soil conditions during the growing season) that can reduce water inputs in rice, yet it has not been widely adopted, in part, due to the potential for reduced yields. We conducted a meta-analysis to: 1) quantify the effect of AWD on rice yields and water use; and 2) to identify soil properties and management practices that favor AWD yields and promote low water use relative to continuous flooding (CF- control). We analyzed 56 studies with 528 side-by-side comparisons of AWD with CF. Overall, AWD decreased yields by 5.4%; however under Mild AWD (i.e. when soil water potential was ≥ −20 kPa or field water level did not drop below 15 cm from the soil surface), yields were not significantly reduced in most circumstances. In contrast, Severe AWD (when soils dried beyond −20 kPa) resulted in yield losses of 22.6% relative to CF. These yield losses were most pronounced in soils with pH ≥ 7 or carbon < 1% or when AWD was imposed throughout the season. While water use was lowest under Severe AWD, under Mild AWD water use was reduced by 23.4% relative to CF. Our findings both highlight the potential of AWD to reduce water inputs without jeopardizing yield as well as the conditions under which these results can be realized.

Direct Seeding of Rice

2011-01-01

Virender Kumar , J. K. Ladha

Differential effect of dilute alkali on 25 varieties of milled white rice

1958-05-22

Ruby Rice Little , G. B. Hilder , Elsie H. Dawson

Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques

2018-01-01

Mohammad Zaman , Shabbir A. Shahid , Lee Heng

Irrigation of Agricultural Crops

1991-08-01

B. A. Stewart , D. R. Nielsen

Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos

2008-12-10

Hidetoshi Asai , Benjamin K. Samson , Stephan M. Haefele +6 more

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFICIENT MEDIUM FOR ANTHER CULTURE OF RICE THROUGH COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTS ON THE NITROGEN SOURCES

1975-05-20

Chih-Ching Chu , Wang Ching-chū , Sun Ching-san +4 more

The experiments have revealed that (NH4)2SO4 combined with KNO3 at low concentration is of advantage to the formation, growth and differentiation of pollen callus in rice, whereas the high concentration … The experiments have revealed that (NH4)2SO4 combined with KNO3 at low concentration is of advantage to the formation, growth and differentiation of pollen callus in rice, whereas the high concentration of (NH4)2SO4, whether used separately or in combination with KNO3, obviously inhibits the pollen callus formation. The optimum NH4+ concen- tration is about 7.0 mM (equal to 3.5 mM (NH4)2SO4). A basic medium containing 3.5 mM (NH4)2SO4 and 28 mM KNO3 as nitrogen sources has been established. On such medium the frequency of the pollen callus formation is higher than that on Millers me- dium, and the differentiation of shoot from pollen callus is satisfactory.

Analysis of Antioxidant Characteristics and Related Gene ExpressionProfiles of Rice Drought-Tolerance Lines Derived from Embryo-Soakingwith Alternanthera philoxeroides DNA Solution

2025-11-12

Yan Li , Jia Gui Xiang , Yaqing Wang +4 more

Drought is one of major abiotic stress limiting rice stable production. In the study, four rice cultivars, IAPAR9 (upland rice cultivar), H8 and H10 (droughttolerance variant lines derived from 6527 … Drought is one of major abiotic stress limiting rice stable production. In the study, four rice cultivars, IAPAR9 (upland rice cultivar), H8 and H10 (droughttolerance variant lines derived from 6527 embryo-soaked with Alternanthera philoxeroides DNA solution) and 6527 (ordinary rice cultivar), were used to study the antioxidant characteristics of drought-resistant varieties by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and their related gene expression profiles. The results showed that the SOD activity, POD activity and MDA content were increased significantly under drought stress, while decreased in the yield and its related traits such as seed setting ratio, 1000-grain weight and grain number per panicle. The SOD and POD activities in drought-tolerant rice (H8, H10 and IAPAR9) were significantly higher than those in drought-sensitive 6527. Less MDA content was produced in drought-tolerant rice (H8, H10 and IAPAR9) than sensitive 6527. The yield of H8 was significantly higher than that of other cultivars, and the seed setting ratio and 1000-grain weight from those with drought-tolerant were significantly higher than that of sensitive 6527. After drought stress, there were 11 genes related to antioxidant progress whose expression profiles changed significantly between H8 and 6527. These results suggested that drought tolerant cultivars maybe subdue harms from the peroxidation by inducing the express of related genes of antioxidant process, further increasing the SOD activity and POD activity. Thus, their enhancement of drought resistance could maintain the normal growth and development under drought stress and achieve maximum photosynthate storage.

UAV as a Bridge: Mapping Key Rice Growth Stage with Sentinel-2 Imagery and Novel Vegetation Indices

2025-06-25

Jianping Zhang , Rundong Zhang , Qi Meng +3 more | Remote Sensing

Rice is one of the three primary staple crops worldwide. The accurate monitoring of its key growth stages is crucial for agricultural management, disaster early warning, and ensuring food security. … Rice is one of the three primary staple crops worldwide. The accurate monitoring of its key growth stages is crucial for agricultural management, disaster early warning, and ensuring food security. The effective collection of ground reference data is a critical step for monitoring rice growth stages using satellite imagery, traditionally achieved through labor-intensive field surveys. Here, we propose utilizing UAVs as an alternative means to collect spatially continuous ground reference data across larger areas, thereby enhancing the efficiency and scalability of training and validation processes for rice growth stage mapping products. The UAV data collection involved the Nanchuan, Yongchuan, Tongnan, and Kaizhou districts of Chongqing City, encompassing a total area of 377.5 hectares. After visual interpretation, centimeter-level high-resolution labels of the key rice growth stages were constructed. These labels were then mapped to Sentinel-2 imagery through spatiotemporal matching and scale conversion, resulting in a reference dataset of Sentinel 2 data that covered growth stages such as jointing and heading. Furthermore, we employed 30 vegetation index calculation methods to explore 48,600 spectral band combinations derived from 10 Sentinel-2 spectral bands, thereby constructing a series of novel vegetation indices. Based on the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) algorithm, we identified an optimal subset of features that were both highly correlated with rice growth stages and mutually complementary. The results demonstrate that multi-feature modeling significantly enhanced classification performance. The optimal model, incorporating 300 features, achieved an F1 score of 0.864, representing a 2.5% improvement over models based on original spectral bands and a 38.8% improvement over models using a single feature. Notably, a model utilizing only 12 features maintained a high classification accuracy (F1 = 0.855) while substantially reducing computational costs. Compared with existing methods, this study constructed a large-scale ground-truth reference dataset for satellite imagery based on UAV observations, demonstrating its potential as an effective technical framework and providing an effective technical framework for the large-scale mapping of rice growth stages using satellite data.

Comparison of economics, energy budgeting and carbon footprint of unmanned aerial vehicle and knapsack-based weed management practices in dry direct-seeded rice

2025-06-25

Karthickraja Aroulradj , Saravanane Pasoubady , Ramadoss Poonguzhalan Angel +1 more | Plant Science Today

A field experiment assessed the knowledge gap in economic, energetics and carbon dynamics of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and knapsack-based herbicide applications in dry direct-seeded rice. Twelve treatments were arranged in … A field experiment assessed the knowledge gap in economic, energetics and carbon dynamics of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and knapsack-based herbicide applications in dry direct-seeded rice. Twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized block design replicated thrice with varying UAV spray volumes (25, 50, 75 and 100 L ha-1) and knapsack spray volume of 500 L ha-1 at 75 % HRD (pendimethalin + penoxsulam on 3 DAS at 468.8 g ha-1 fb bispyribac-sodium on 20 DAS at 18.8 g ha-1) and 100 % HRD (pendimethalin + penoxsulam on 3 DAS at 625 g ha-1 fb bispyribac-sodium on 20 DAS at 25 g ha-1), along with hand weeding twice and unweeded control. Results showed that UAV spray volume at 50 L ha-1 with 100 % HRD was significant over other weed management practices by higher grain yield (3866.0 kg ha-1), higher NPK nutrient uptake (105.4, 21.7 and 130.8 kg ha-1), higher B:C ratio (2.13), improved energy efficiency (11.58), higher energy profitability (10.58 kg MJ-1), higher carbon sustainability index (18.4) and lower carbon emission (0.064 kg CO2 eq. kg-1 yield). Therefore, UAV spray at 50 L ha-1 of pendimethalin + penoxsulam on 3 DAS at 625 g ha-1 fb bispyribac-sodium on 20 DAS at 25 g ha-1 (100 % HRD) is recommended for DDSR cultivating farmers in the coastal deltaic ecosystem of South India.

Comparative socio-economic analysis of manual and mechanized transplantation method of spring rice (Oryza sativa) production in Chitwan, Nepal

2025-06-25

Ganesh Thapa , Yanjal Kunwar | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

This study aimed to assess and compare the socioeconomic aspects of mechanized and manual transplantation methods in spring rice production. A survey was conducted in 2024 through pre-tested interview schedules … This study aimed to assess and compare the socioeconomic aspects of mechanized and manual transplantation methods in spring rice production. A survey was conducted in 2024 through pre-tested interview schedules and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) to collect primary data, while secondary data were collected from relevant publications. A total of 90 farmers (45 using manual transplantation and 45 using mechanized transplantation) were selected through simple random sampling from two purposively chosen municipalities. Among the respondents, 51.1% continued using the traditional manual transplantation method, while 48.9% adopted the mechanized transplantation method, citing cost-effectiveness as a key factor. Similarly, 36.69% of labour cost was accounted for total cost of production in manual transplantation method whereas only 23.45% of labour cost was accounted for total cost of production in mechanized transplantation method. The average gross margin per hectare in mechanized transplantation method (NPR 93325.25/ USD 681.58) was higher than the manual transplantation method (NPR 64654.561/ USD 472.19). Using mechanized transplantation method was more profitable (BCR: 1.76) than using manual transplantation method (BCR: 1.50) in spring rice production. The findings indicated that mechanized transplantation method significantly (p<0.05 reduces dependence on labour and enhances profitability in spring rice production. Therefore, I creased promotion of mechanization, along with policy measures and access to appropriate machinery, could reverse the productivity decline and improve the economic resilience of rice farmers in Chitwan, Nepal.

Evaluation of yield and agronomic traits of spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in sub-tropical zone of Sunsari, Nepal

2025-06-25

B. C. Mahato , A. Khanal , Barsha Poudel | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

Rice is a high-value economic crop and a primary food source for a large portion of the global population. Enhancing its potential yield is crucial to meet the growing food … Rice is a high-value economic crop and a primary food source for a large portion of the global population. Enhancing its potential yield is crucial to meet the growing food demands driven by population increase and changing climatic conditions. This research work was aimed to evaluate the phenological, morphological, and yield-contributing characters of seven genotypes of rice, a check variety (Chaite-5), under the prevailing spring season conditions to choose good genotypes with better productivity for potential cultivation in such agro-climatic regions. The experiment was conducted in spring season during the year 2024 under a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications on the research farm. Phenological, morphological, and yield traits like yield, biomass production, harvest index, grains/spike, and sterility percentage were taken into consideration. Statistical analysis with correlation coefficients was carried out to ascertain the relationship between traits and grain yield. The results revealed significant (p<0.05) genetic variability among the genotypes. Among them, IR 17L 1420 was recorded with highest biomass and grain yield, while IR 16L 1619 exhibited the highest harvest index of rice. In contrast, the check variety Chaite-5 demonstrated lower productivity and higher sterility. Correlation analysis showed significant and positive relationships between grain yield and traits such as biomass, harvest index, and grains per spike of rice. These findings suggest that selecting genotypes with high biomass, superior harvest index, and low sterility rates could effectively enhance rice productivity. The study provides valuable insights for rice breeding programs and cultivar improvement under spring-season cultivation conditions.

Performance of rice variety Binadhan-12 as affected by nitrogen management practices under different submergence conditions

2025-06-25

Md. Wahidul Islam , Shafia Nahid Kusum , Md. Rashedur Rahman +3 more | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the Aman (summer season) season from August to December to find out the effect of different … An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the Aman (summer season) season from August to December to find out the effect of different N management practices on the performance of Binadhan-12 under submerged condition. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design where submergence levels were allocated in the main plots and nitrogen levels were distributed in sub plots with three replications. Four submergence levels (S0=Control, S1=Submergence up to 15 days after seedling establishment, S2 = Submergence up to 20 days after seedling establishment, S3 = Submergence up to 25 days after seedling establishment) and five Nitrogen levels (N0 = Control, N1 = 100 kg N ha-1 in 3 splits after submergence, N2 = 150 kg N ha-1 in 3 splits after submergence, N3 = 100 kg N ha-1 in 2 splits after submergence, N4 = 150 kg N ha-1 in 2 splits after submergence) were used as treatments. All the crop characters showed significant differences due to the application of nitrogen. When 150 kg N/ha was applied, it showed superior performance for all the crop characters and highest grain yield (2.82 t ha-1) was obtained from this treatment. In case of submergence level maximum yield (3.49 t ha-1) was obtained in no submergence condition. However, in submergence situation, the grain yield of 2.77 t ha-1 was obtained when 150 kg N/ha was applied with three equal splits until the plants were submerged for 15 days after submergence.

Factors comprising tolerance to high temperature induce floret sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in paddy field under common agricultural practices in Cagayan, Philippines

2025-06-24

Tsutomu Matsui , Evelyn S. Ladia , Francisco Alcón Enríquez +5 more | Field Crops Research

Depth wise (“0 to 15” and “15 to 30” cm) Distribution of Soil Physical Properties of Dausa Tehsil of Dausa District of Rajasthan, India

2025-06-24

P. C. Bairwa , Kishor Sharma , Shakuntala +7 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

An investigation on Depth wise (“0 to15” and “15 to 30” cm) distribution of Soil physical properties of Dausa tehsil of Dausa district of Rajasthan was undertaking in the year … An investigation on Depth wise (“0 to15” and “15 to 30” cm) distribution of Soil physical properties of Dausa tehsil of Dausa district of Rajasthan was undertaking in the year 2021. 242 soil samples were collected at two depth (“0 to 15” and “15 to 30” cm) and analysed. Different results were recorded. The sand content varies from 73.00 to 82.80 and 71.30 to 81.30 per cent, silt content varies from 9.10 to 14.20 and 9.50 to 15.60 and clay content ranged from 7.90 to 12.80 and 8.60 to 13.30 per cent. The bulk density was ranged from 1.45 to 1.54 and 1.46 to 1.55 Mg m-3, while, particle density was ranged from 2.49 to 2.67 and 2.51 to 2.68 Mg m-3. The percent porosity was varying from 38.40 to 45.69 and 38.34 to 44.78%. under surface (“0 to 15” cm) and sub-surface (“15 to 30” cm) layers respectively. Based on sand, silt and clay contents, these soils classified into sandy loam and loamy sand textural classes. Out of 121 sub-surface soil samples 13 (10.74%) fell in loamy sand and 108 (89.26%) samples fell in sandy loam texture class. Therefore, the majority of soils were belonged to sandy loam category.

Biochar Incorporation Enhances Growth, Yield, and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice under Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation

2025-06-24

Subesh Dhakal , Sheikh Faruk Ahmed , Deepranjan Sarkar +5 more | Water Conservation Science and Engineering

Rice yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies, and soil physicochemical properties as influenced by alternate wetting and drying coupled with N-fertilizer interactions in Bangladesh

2025-06-24

Md. Touhidul Islam , Abdullah Al Ferdaus , Jannatun Nahar Lia +4 more | Paddy and Water Environment

Impact of harvesting and threshing methods of rice: A comprehensive review on seed quality and storage behaviour

2025-06-24

R. Jeya Chandra , Poomaruthai Masilamani , B. Suthakar +3 more | Plant Science Today

Rice, being a staple food produced on a large scale production accounts for more than 135 million tonnes in the year 2023. Harvesting and threshing operations are important and influential … Rice, being a staple food produced on a large scale production accounts for more than 135 million tonnes in the year 2023. Harvesting and threshing operations are important and influential processes on quality, quantity and production cost in rice. Harvesting the rice crops using sickles is a common method is a labour-intensive process that causes labour shortages and often delay seed losses, grain loss due to over maturity, inefficient techniques may cause seed quality deterioration, shattering of seeds, post-harvest losses of 30 % and mechanical damage. Threshing, cleaning and winnowing causes various problems with post harvest losses, seed breakage, improper removal of stones, debris, chaffy materials in the paddy seed. To overcome these techniques harvesting and threshing can be done by mechanized harvesting using combine harvester offers an alternate solution. Combine harvester allows timely harvesting while minimizing losses. However, improper adjustment in machine harvesting can cause mechanical damage with reduced seed quality. These factors impact on seed yield as well as storage, inadequate drying, seed spillage and viability loss, which results reduction in a germination potential. The ideal moisture content of 20-25 % for harvesting rice is usually too high for safe storage with low mechanical losses. Additionally, employing hermetic storage techniques and controlled drying processes further enhance seed longevity and quality by preventing microbial contamination, pest and insect damage. Implementing these improved methods can significantly reduce post harvest losses, ensure better seed quality and improve the storability of rice which address the growing demand for seed production over traditional methods.

Salinity Stress in Rice: Multilayered Approaches for Sustainable Tolerance

2025-06-23

M. F. Saleem , Ahmad Khan , Jiangping Tu +5 more | International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Salt accumulation in arable lands causes significant abiotic stress, resulting in a 10% loss in global arable land area and jeopardizing food production and agricultural sustainability. In order to attain … Salt accumulation in arable lands causes significant abiotic stress, resulting in a 10% loss in global arable land area and jeopardizing food production and agricultural sustainability. In order to attain high and sustainable food production, it is imperative to enhance traditional agricultural practices with modern technology to enable the restoration of arable lands afflicted by salinity. This review consolidates recent rice-specific advancements aimed at enhancing salt stress resilience through integrated strategies. We explore the functions of primary and secondary metabolic pathways, organic amendments, microbial symbiosis, and plant growth regulators in reducing the negative impacts of salt. Furthermore, we highlight the significance of emerging genetic and epigenetic technologies, including gene editing and transcriptional regulation, in developing salt-tolerant rice cultivars. Physiological studies reveal salt stress responses in rice plants, biochemical analyses identify stress-related metabolites, microbial investigations uncover beneficial plant–microbe interactions, and molecular approaches enable the identification of key genes—together providing essential insights for developing salt-tolerant rice varieties. We present a comprehensive overview of the multilayered strategies—ranging from agronomic management and physiological adaptations to molecular breeding and microbial applications—that have been developed and refined over recent decades. These approaches have significantly contributed to understanding and improving salinity tolerance mechanisms in rice. This review provides a foundational framework for future research and practical implementation in stress-resilient rice farming systems.

Correction to “Effect of stage‐wise deficit irrigation on crop water productivity of different varieties of teff (<scp>Eragrostis tef</scp>)”

2025-06-23

| World Water Policy

Superior Wheat Yield and Profitability in Conservation Agriculture with Diversified Rotations vs. Conventional Tillage in Cold Arid Climates

2025-06-23

Harun Cicek , Mia Schoeber , İrfan Gültekin +7 more | Land

Wheat productivity in dry regions of the world such as Central Asia and the Mediterranean is experiencing significant declines due to erratic weather events. Conservation agriculture (CA) has been promoted … Wheat productivity in dry regions of the world such as Central Asia and the Mediterranean is experiencing significant declines due to erratic weather events. Conservation agriculture (CA) has been promoted as a promising alternative for drylands to address climate-change-induced water scarcity and soil degradation. A long-term experiment in the Central Anatolian region of Türkiye compared CA and conventional tillage (CT) using diversified two- and four-year rotations. All rotations outperformed the wheat–wheat control, with the highest yields in wheat–fallow and wheat–lentil rotations. Four-year rotations generally yielded more than two-year ones under both CA and CT, except wheat–fallow and wheat–lentil, which matched four-year results. In two-year-rotations, yield differences between CA and CT were largest in wheat–wheat and wheat–lentil, with CA increasing yields by around 50% and 60% for chickpea and lentil, respectively. Chickpea and lentil also had a similar positive effect on wheat yield in four-year rotations. All rotations were more profitable under CA than CT, with chickpea and lentil rotations achieving the highest gross margin. Soil organic matter content was significantly greater under CA compared to CT within each two-year crop rotation. Our study clearly demonstrated the advantages of CA over CT in terms of production, soil quality and economics.

Agrostis tsomgoensis (Poaceae, Agrostidinae)––a new pooid grass species from Sikkim Himalaya, India

2025-06-23

Dileshwar Prasad , Smita Tiwari , Sangam Sharma +2 more | Phytotaxa

A new species, Agrostis tsomgoensis, sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Sikkim, India. It is distinguished from other known species of Agrostis in having glumes almost twice the lemma … A new species, Agrostis tsomgoensis, sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Sikkim, India. It is distinguished from other known species of Agrostis in having glumes almost twice the lemma length, lemma unawned and glabrous, palea half of the lemma length, and anthers 0.33–0.66 mm long. Comparison with similar species, A. clavata, A. scabra and A. micrantha, is presented. A detailed morphological description, photograph, distribution map, and taxonomic notes for this species are also provided.

Optimization of rice production in tidal swamps by combining bio-organic fertilizers and cropping systems

2025-06-23

Neni Marlina , A. Haitami , Gusmiatun Gusmiatun +4 more | Journal of Ecological Engineering

Optimizing Axial Flow Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.) Thresher for Efficient Performance: A Taguchi Orthogonal Array Approach

2025-06-23

Kishan Patel , Rajesh Kumar Naik , R. R. Potdar +1 more | Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)

The traditional methods of threshing finger millet crop, such as beating with a stick or foot trampling, are highly drudgery prone, time-consuming, and labour-intensive operation. To overcome these limitations, an … The traditional methods of threshing finger millet crop, such as beating with a stick or foot trampling, are highly drudgery prone, time-consuming, and labour-intensive operation. To overcome these limitations, an axial flow mechanical thresher developed by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur for finger millet crops was evaluated for optimization of operational parameters. Operational parameters such as feed rate (FR), peripheral speed (PS), moisture content (MC), sieve size (SS), inclination angle (IA) and stroke length (SL) were optimized to maximize threshing efficiency (TE), output capacity (OC) and cleaning efficiency (CE) of the thresher. Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays were used to estimate the optimum conditions for threshing and cleaning unit. It is apparent from the study that the highest TE, OC, and CE were achieved at FR of 3 kg min-1, PS of 9.14 m s-1, MC of 11%, SS of 3 mm, IA of 4°, and SL of 20 mm. At optimized conditions, the highest TE, OC, and CE of 99.10%, 2.56 kg min-1, and 96.34% were observed, with a minimum broken percentage of 1.60%.

Elucidating the Process of Decline in <scp>NERICA</scp> Upland Rice Production Caused by Water Shortage to Identify Effective Water Use Functions to Sustain Production

2025-06-23

Henry T. Nguyen , Kuniyuki Saitoh , Tohru Kobata +2 more | Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

ABSTRACT The superior productivity under drought conditions in New Rice for Africa (NERICA) upland rice is expected to overcome low yields in sub‐Saharan rainfed regions of Africa. However, the core … ABSTRACT The superior productivity under drought conditions in New Rice for Africa (NERICA) upland rice is expected to overcome low yields in sub‐Saharan rainfed regions of Africa. However, the core processes and contributing functions of the productivity of this rice under drought are not fully understood. Biomass production ( BP ) is one component of grain production ( GP ) ( GP = BP × HI , where HI is harvest index) and BP is indicated by the water use efficiency coefficient ( k ) × transpiration per vapour water deficit of air ( T / VWD ). Our objective was to determine which of k , T / VWD , and HI strongly contributed to the maintenance of GP during drought conditions in the reproductive stages, thereby identifying a key function in the water use process that maintains GP in NERICA upland rice under drought conditions. First, the k and T/ VWD values in four NERICA upland cultivars and three Oryza sativa cultivars with contrasting traits for drought resistance were compared in a 4 L pot held under three different field capacities for 14 days. k was approximately constant under different soil moisture contents and mainly T/ VWD changed BP . Second, the responses of T/ VWD to soil drying in these seven cultivars were compared in 15 L pots for 10 days. The ratios of T/ VWD in desiccated soil to watered control plants ( T/T 0 ) in all cultivars similarly decreased with a decrease in the fraction of transpirable soil water ( FTSW ). Third, the FTSW values were compared for two NERICA upland cultivars and one drought sensitive O. sativa cultivar selected from these seven cultivars in 31 L pots with depths of 1 m irrigated at four different soil depths. The FTSW values weighed by root distribution in NERICA upland cultivars watered deep in their soils were higher than those in the O. sativa cultivars, resulting in higher BP , GP , and HI values. These results indicate that the process by which drought reduced grain production in NERICA upland rice was as follows: the decreased FSW caused by reductions in water supply suppressed biomass production by reducing the transpiration level and moreover, the reduced harvest index due to sterility. Reductions of biomass production and harvest index decreased grain production. Hence, greater FTSW due to more developed roots could be a key elemental function for maintaining rice productivity due to keeping transpiration and harvest index.

Exploring soil dynamics, microbial life and nutrient cycling in non-puddled rice: A comparative study

2025-06-23

P. Abarajitha , K. Subrahmaniyan , S. Elamathi +4 more | Plant Science Today

Non-puddled rice cultivation is gaining traction as a sustainable alternative to traditional puddled transplanting, particularly due to its potential to enhance soil health, nutrient use efficiency and mitigate environmental impacts. … Non-puddled rice cultivation is gaining traction as a sustainable alternative to traditional puddled transplanting, particularly due to its potential to enhance soil health, nutrient use efficiency and mitigate environmental impacts. This review synthesizes recent findings from studies conducted in India and other rice-growing nations, comparing the effects of non-puddled and puddled systems on key soil properties and processes. Evidence suggests that non-puddled rice cultivation generally leads to improved soil physical properties, including increased porosity and reduced bulk density, facilitating better water infiltration and root development. These changes promote beneficial soil biota activity, enhancing nutrient cycling and availability. Consequently, non-puddled systems often exhibit higher nitrogen use efficiency by 15-20 % and phosphorus use efficiency 10-20 % thereby reducing losses and increasing overall nutrient use efficiency which further influenced to reduced fertilizer requirement. Non-puddled rice systems increase water productivity by improving soil structure and water infiltration. This enhances root growth, allowing plants to access more water. Reduced percolation and seepage losses, along with efficient water use by plants, further contribute to higher productivity. Non-puddled systems also facilitate alternate wetting and drying irrigation, reducing water consumption efficiency compared to puddled transplanted rice. Nutrient and water use efficiency, requiring lower fertilizer inputs and water, while achieving comparable or even higher yields compared to puddled rice with respect to soil physical and biological characteristics. Furthermore, the reduced flooding associated with non-puddling significantly lowers methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas. This review highlights the potential of non-puddled rice cultivation to contribute more sustainable and resilient rice production systems while addressing pressing environmental concerns.

Extent of Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Technology for Sustainable Rice Production in Tripura, India

2025-06-21

Binoy Tripura , K. Kálai , R. N. Sarma | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

The present study was conducted on 240 number of respondents randomly selected from forty (40) number of villages under the Gomati and North district of Tripura. For finding out the … The present study was conducted on 240 number of respondents randomly selected from forty (40) number of villages under the Gomati and North district of Tripura. For finding out the extent of adoption of system of rice intensification (SRI) technology, 20 independent and one dependent variable were selected for the study. Data were collected through personal interviews during the Aman season of 2022–23. For data analysis, frequency; percentage; ranking and coefficient of correlation was carried out. It was revealed that around 60.00% of the paddy farmer fall under medium level of adoption and only 26.67% of the paddy farmers had a high level of adoption. It was evident that age, education, annual income, income from paddy cultivation, land holding, innovation proneness, training exposure, Government subsidies and market orientation are found to be positively correlated and significant with adoption of SRI practices and major constraint faced by respondents was identified as labour constraints as priority constraints faced by most farmers followed by lack of technical knowledge.

Crop Residue Management and its Impact on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Rice-Wheat Cropping Sequence in Tarai Belt of Shivalik Himalaya

2025-06-21

Abhilasha Pathak , Prashant Singh , Jai Paul +2 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

The rice–wheat cropping system is among the most extensively practised agricultural systems globally and is particularly prevalent in northwest India. The study emphasized that in situ crop residue management practices … The rice–wheat cropping system is among the most extensively practised agricultural systems globally and is particularly prevalent in northwest India. The study emphasized that in situ crop residue management practices offer the most effective solution to mitigate the widespread issue of residue burning. Crop diversification in rice-based cropping systems has been recognised as an effective strategy for fulfilling the objectives of enhancing productivity for food security, judicious uses of resources and sustainable agriculture for the marginalised group of farmers. A two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on the yield and nutrient uptake of rice and wheat crops. Detailed meteorological data for the cropping season—based on mean weekly observations recorded at the Meteorological Observatory of the Crop Research Centre during the experimental period. For the determination of available nutrients, the AB-DTPA (ammonium bicarbonate–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) extractable concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), and potassium (K₂O) were measured following the standard procedure. The results revealed that the application of inorganic fertilizers (T9) consistently produced the highest grain and straw yields in both rice (55.24 and 70.87 q ha⁻¹) and wheat (52.21 and 75.05 q ha⁻¹), primarily due to the rapid availability of nutrients that support optimal crop growth. In contrast, control treatments without nutrient inputs (T8) recorded the lowest yields across both crops. Treatments incorporating crop residues (T2–T7) generally resulted in lower yields compared to those receiving full inorganic inputs, likely due to the slower release of nutrients during residue decomposition. However, combinations involving crop residues, green manures, and Pusa Decomposer (notably T3 and T5) demonstrated improved performance among the organic treatments, indicating synergistic effects on nutrient cycling and soil health. Nutrient uptake followed similar patterns, with T9 showing the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake in both crops. Integrated nutrient management, combining organic and inorganic sources, significantly enhanced nutrient uptake compared to the control and sole organic treatments. These findings underscore the importance of balanced and integrated fertilization strategies to optimize crop productivity and nutrient efficiency in rice-wheat cropping systems. Supporting literature further reinforces the benefits of combining organic amendments with recommended fertilizer doses for sustained soil fertility and crop yield improvement.

Quantitative assessment of heat tolerance in new rice varieties through field survey during natural extreme heat events

2025-06-20

Ting Sun , T. Miao , Jianan Hu +7 more | European Journal of Agronomy

Phenotypic Characterization and Association Analysis of Morphological Traits in Diverse Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)

2025-06-20

Sandhya Bakode , Sanjay Singh , G. K. Koutu +2 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

This study evaluates the morphological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their interrelationships using Pearson correlation coefficients. Morphological traits are critical for understanding genetic diversity and guiding breeding applications. … This study evaluates the morphological traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their interrelationships using Pearson correlation coefficients. Morphological traits are critical for understanding genetic diversity and guiding breeding applications. Strong positive correlations, such as between leaf auricle and collar presence or panicle awn presence and length, emphasize linked traits that can be targeted together for improvement, while moderate and negative correlations reveal potential trade-offs and complementary traits for selection. The independence of traits like sterile lemma color and node coloration offers flexibility in breeding without affecting other characteristics. Cluster 1, with its unique morphological traits, provides a source of genetic diversity and resilience, while Cluster 2 represents genotypes with moderate similarity, ideal for enhancing adaptability and yield potential through crossbreeding. Cluster 3, comprising widely cultivated genotypes, serves as a stable genetic base for maintaining high yield and disease resistance, and Cluster 4, with its specialty traits like aroma and stress tolerance, offers opportunities for developing premium rice varieties.

Analysis of Genetic Variability and Association for Yield Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm Lines

2025-06-20

B. Hariharan , R. Mahendran , M. Jegadeeswaran +3 more | Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal

Background: To analyze the genetic variability and association among 130 rice germplasm lines for yield and yield attributing traits. Methods: An experiment was done to study 11 quantitative traits in … Background: To analyze the genetic variability and association among 130 rice germplasm lines for yield and yield attributing traits. Methods: An experiment was done to study 11 quantitative traits in 130 rice genotypes for yield and yield components. Data analyze for variability and correlation were done using R studio version 4.4.2 software. Result: The traits of yield per plant, weight of thousand grain, productive tillers per plant, grains per panicle, length of flag leaf, weight of the leaf and length of the panicle had high PCV and GCV. Yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with weight of thousand grain and grains per panicle. Hence, these traits may be utilized as selection indices to improve yield in the rice breeding program.

Effect of Organic Farming on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Sugarcane under South Gujarat Condition

2025-06-20

R. R. Sisodiya , K. G. Patel , P. K. Dubey +4 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

The experiment was conducted at Organic Farm, Aspee College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat) during the rabi seasons of the years 2019–20 and 2020–21 The soil of the … The experiment was conducted at Organic Farm, Aspee College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat) during the rabi seasons of the years 2019–20 and 2020–21 The soil of the experimental field was clayey in texture, with electrical conductivity within the safe limit (0.46 dS/m). The soil was medium in organic carbon (0.67%) and slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.70), medium in available nitrogen (248.30 kg/ha) and P2O5 (43.0 kg/ha), high in available K2O (416.20 kg/ha), DTPA-extractable Fe (18.90 mg/kg), Mn (16.90 mg/kg), Cu (2.60 mg/kg), and DTPA-extractable Zn (1.48 mg/kg). The treatments, viz., (Factor A Spacing, S1: 90 cm; S2: 60-120-60 cm (paired row with green manuring). (Factor B Manure levels, M1: NADEP @ 100% RDN; M2: NADEP @ 75% RDN; M3: NADEP @ 50% RDN; and M4: NADEP @ 25% RDN + Sugarcane trash @10 t/ha + jeevamrut @ 2000 l/ha., were applied to the sugarcane crop in the rabi season and replicated three times in factorial randomized block design. Number of internodes and cane girth was not affected significantly by any of the treatments. However, total plant height and millable cane height as well as single cane weight were affected significantly by the treatment of compost only. Higher values of these parameters were observed in compost treatment M1, followed by M2, M3 and M4. Similar trend of treatments was observed in case of millable cane yield/ha. Significantly higher millable cane yield was observed in treatment M1during the years 2019-20, 2020-21 and in pooled analysis. However, this treatment was remained statistically at par with treatment M2 treatment.

Effects of Colchicine on the Morphology, Yield Components and Correlation of the M2 Variant Population of Rd.43 Rice Varieties

2025-06-20

Suntaree Surson , Suphasit Sitthaphanit , Jakkapat Prachachit +3 more | Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

Background: The initial objective of the RD.43 rice project was to induce polyploid rice to improve yield components and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. During the study, several RD.43 variant … Background: The initial objective of the RD.43 rice project was to induce polyploid rice to improve yield components and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. During the study, several RD.43 variant rice plants emerged. These plants presented several interesting traits. Methods: The working group collected M1 RD.43 variant rice plants (M2 variant rice populations) to study their morphology, yield components and trait correlation. The objective of this study was to examine the morphology, stomata, yield components and correlations between different traits of M2 RD.43 variant rice populations. Result: This study revealed that M2 RD.43 variant rice populations had improved height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf thickness, first shoot diameter, number of shoots and SPAD value compared to the mother plants. Certain M2 RD.43 variant rice populations have higher yield components (number of panicles, total number of seeds, number of full seeds, seed weight, seed width and seed length) than the mother plants. A research found that variant plants have longer stomata than mother plants. Correlation analysis revealed that the number of shoots per plant increased panicles, shriveled seeds, seeds with tails, total number of seeds, number of leaves and leaf length, while full seeds, full seed weight, percentage of pollination and stomatal density decreased.

Impact of Land Configuration and Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Yield Attributes of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System

2025-06-20

Dhanpreet Kaur , Arshdeep Singh , Umesh Kumar Singh | Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal

Background: Wheat and black gram both are important crops in India and both crops are well known for their nutritional values. Wheat and black gram face some problems while cultivation … Background: Wheat and black gram both are important crops in India and both crops are well known for their nutritional values. Wheat and black gram face some problems while cultivation like water- logging in wheat and water stagnation in blackgram. These can be resolved by adopting the effective land configuration and nutrient management techniques. By keeping this view, the field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of land configuration and nutrient management on performance of black gram and wheat. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi season of 2023 and 2024 on sandy loam soil at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, to evaluate the impact of land configuration and nutrient management practices on growth and yield attributes of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The treatments comprised of three land configurations (Flat line sowing, Raised bed (67.5 cm) and Broad bed (105 cm) as main plot and six nutrient management options (100% RDF, 100% RDF with seed inoculation, 100% nitrogen through FYM, 100% nitrogen through FYM with seed inoculation, 50% NPK through fertilizer + 50% nitrogen through FYM, 50% NPK through fertilizer + 50% nitrogen through FYM with seed inoculation) as sub plot. The design of experiment was split plot with three replications. Result: The results discovered that raised bed raises the growth and yield of the black gram as well as wheat grown in sequence as compared to flatbed method. In nutrient management, 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) with seed inoculation treatment combination was noticed highest values of all the growth and yield attributing parameters of black gram and succeeding wheat than other treatments.

Evaluation of Azoxystrobin and Thifluzamide-Based Treatments for Effective Management of Sheath Blight in Rice

2025-06-19

B. Kumar , Sonam Bhatt , Anjay Singh Bisht | Journal of Mycopathological research

Planting time and seedling age: Deciphering yield and economic output under mechanized transplanting of rice in Tamil Nadu

2025-06-19

S. Elamathi , K Subrahmaniyan , P. Rajarathinam +5 more | Plant Science Today

Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, conducted a study to establish a package of techniques for mechanised rice transplantation in 2021-22 and 2022-23. Six treatments were tested in a randomised … Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, conducted a study to establish a package of techniques for mechanised rice transplantation in 2021-22 and 2022-23. Six treatments were tested in a randomised block design, including two ages of seedlings (15 and 21 days old), two planting periods (normal and 15 days delayed) and conventional transplanting with 25 days old seedlings under normal and 15 days delayed conditions. The mat nursery was constructed for the 8-row "Yanmar" transplanting machine. Mechanised transplanting with 15-day-old seedlings under regular June planting resulted in a higher number of tillers (355 m-2), grains per panicle (162) and grain yield (5511 kg ha-1). Delaying transplanting by 15 days resulted in a drop in grain output. Rice transplanting delayed beyond June 30th resulted in a yield drop ranging from 361 to 1001 kg ha-1. Mechanised transplanting of 15-day-old seedlings resulted in higher net revenue (54506 ₹ ha-1) and B-C ratio (2.2) during the regular June planting season. Regardless of the age of the transplanted seedling, a 15-day delay in transplantation resulted in a drop in grain output.

Predicting Optimal Crops Using Environmental and Soil Data

2025-06-19

Saswati Parua , Subir Gupta , Dhiman Debsarma +3 more | CRC Press eBooks

Alternate wetting and drying and nitrogen fertilizations under different soil conditions alter carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolisms in rice

2025-06-19

Kyoung Rok Geem , Gahyun Kim , Jwakyung Sung | Applied Biological Chemistry

Cumulative effect of crop establishment method and herbicides on nutrient uptake, content and productivity of wheat in the Gird region of North India

2025-06-19

Pathlavath Pavan , رائد أحمد يوسف عباس الجبوري , S Janmejay +5 more | Plant Science Today

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the cumulative effects of crop establishment methods and herbicides on nutrient uptake and productivity of wheat in the … A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the cumulative effects of crop establishment methods and herbicides on nutrient uptake and productivity of wheat in the Gird region of North India. Treatments comprised of three crop establishment methods viz., conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) in main plots along with seven weed control treatments as subplots. Significantly higher grain yield (4.81 t/ha) was recorded under ZT due to reduced weed density and biomass, compared to the other tillage practices. The highest grain and straw yields (5.16 and 7.50 t/ha) were obtained under two hand weeding with ZT, which was statistically at par with the application of clodinafop + metsulfuron (60+4 g/ha) under the ZT system. Significantly higher N, P and K uptake and content by wheat were recorded under CT, followed by MT and ZT. Among herbicide treatments, the lowest nutrient uptake was recorded in the weedy check, while the highest uptake was observed under two hand weeding at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), which was statistically at par with clodinafop + metsulfuron-methyl (60+4 g/ha). However, weeds followed opposing trends. ZT had the highest harvest index (40.08 %) compared to MT and CT. Furthermore, among herbicide treatments the maximum harvest index was observed with two hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS (40.85 %); which was statistically equal to clodinafop + metsulfuron-methyl (60+4) g/ha (40.30 %). Reduced tillage significantly decreased soil bulk density in ZT (1.33 g/cm³) compared to MT (1.35 g/cm³) and CT (1.36 g/cm³), according to soil analysis. On the other hand, porosity and organic carbon showed the opposite trends. Available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in soil were recorded significantly higher under CT, followed by MT and ZT. CT recorded lower values of soil available N and higher values of soil P and K, while ZT recorded higher values of soil available N and lower values of soil P and K during the two-year study. Significantly higher values of available soil N and K were recorded under CT, followed by MT and ZT. However, ZT recorded significantly lower values of available soil nitrogen and potash accompanied by higher values of soil phosphorus. On the other hand, ZT recorded significantly lower values of available soil N and K coupled with higher values of available soil K during the pooled analysis.

Alternating Wetting and Moderate Drying Irrigation Promotes Phosphorus Uptake and Transport in Rice

2025-06-19

Jiangyao Fu , Ying Liu , Yajun Zhang +5 more | Agronomy

Despite the essential role of phosphorus (P) in rice growth, P-use efficiency (PUE) remains low due to limited bioavailable P in soils and an over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to … Despite the essential role of phosphorus (P) in rice growth, P-use efficiency (PUE) remains low due to limited bioavailable P in soils and an over-reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to resource waste and environmental risks, such as eutrophication. This study investigates whether and how alternating wetting and moderate drying (AWMD) irrigation promotes P absorption and transport in rice. This study was conducted over two years using a pot experiment. Conventional flooding (CF) irrigation was applied throughout the growing season, while AWMD irrigation was imposed from two weeks after transplanting to one week before harvest. AWMD improved shoot biomass by 8.7–9.4% and the photosynthetic rate by 12–15%, significantly enhanced PUE, and optimized root traits and enzyme activities related to P uptake. It also promoted leaf acid phosphatase and ribonuclease activities, facilitating P remobilization to grains. In conclusion, AWMD enhanced the ability of roots to absorb P and optimized the redistribution of P between vegetative organs and grains, synergistically increasing grain yield and PUE in rice.

Impact of moisture content on seed quality of combine-harvested rice varieties

2025-06-19

R. Jeya Chandra , Poomaruthai Masilamani , B. Suthakar +3 more | Plant Science Today

The study was conducted with different rice varieties viz., TRY 3, CO (R) 50 and ADT 54 harvested using a tractor driven combine harvester with John Deere two wheel drive … The study was conducted with different rice varieties viz., TRY 3, CO (R) 50 and ADT 54 harvested using a tractor driven combine harvester with John Deere two wheel drive tractor across distinct moisture contents at various stages viz., at physiological maturity, two days, four days and six days after physiological maturity stage. The treatments aimed to deduct seed quality evaluation through physical parameters viz., broken seed, dehusked seed, pure seed and husk percentage, seed to husk ratio, mechanical properties and physiological properties of seed was evaluated using ferric chloride and further, whereas physiological parameters such as germination, seedling growth and vigour index. The result showed that harvesting at physiological maturity achieved 91 % germination rate, which subsequently decreased at six days after maturity stages to 86 %. Whereas seeding length, dry matter production and seedling vigour obtained during physiological maturity stage and six days after maturity stage of root length 24.6 cm and 22.7 cm, shoot length as 13.1 cm and 10.4 cm, dry matter as 0.150 and 0.121 (g/10 seedling), vigour index of 3350 and 2843 respectively. The chemical method using ferric chloride, detected 7.7 to 8.4 % mechanical damage irrespective of the varieties studied with different moisture levels. However, germination percentage from harvesting at physiological maturity stage or four to six days after maturity stages which maintain more than 80 % germination irrespective of the varieties studied and satisfied the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards.

Screening and identification of rice genotypes with resistance to False Smut Disease

2025-06-19

S. N. Reddy , Kavita Sinha , Bidhan Roy +3 more | Journal of Mycopathological research

Crop Calendar Adjustments for Enhanced Rainwater Harvesting in Rice Cultivation of the Plain of Reeds Under Climate Variability

2025-06-19

Thai Phung , Kieu Tram Thi Huynh , Van Thi Phan +1 more | Research in Ecology

Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources, particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions. This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and … Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources, particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions. This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and future irrigation water needs for rice cultivation in this critical subregion, aiming to identify optimal sowing schedules (OSS) that enhance rainwater utilization and reduce irrigation dependency. The model was driven by current climate data and future projections (2041-2070 and 2071-2099) derived from downscaled Global Circulation Models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The AquaCrop model demonstrated robust performance during validation and calibration, with d-values (0.82-0.93) and R² values (0.85-0.92) indicating strong predictive accuracy for rice yield. Simulation results for efficient irrigation water potential (IWP) under RCP4.5 revealed that strategic shifts in sowing dates can substantially alter water requirements; for instance, advancing the winter-spring sowing to December 5th decreased IWP by 15.6% in the 2041-2070 period, while delaying summer-autumn crop sowing to April 20th increased IWP by 48.6% due to greater reliance on irrigation as rainfall patterns shift. Similar dynamic responses were observed for the 2071-2099 period and for autumn-winter crops. These findings underscore that AquaCrop modeling can effectively predict future irrigation needs and that adjusting cultivation calendars presents a viable, low-cost adaptation strategy. This approach allows farmers in the Plain of Reeds to optimize rainwater use, thereby reducing dependency on supplementary irrigation and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate variability, contributing to more sustainable agricultural water management.

WOX11-OsPRX130 module confers rice drought tolerance by maintaining ROS homeostasis in rice root

2025-06-19

Mingfang Tan , Yijie Wang , Yu Zhao | Rice

Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with drought stress. A resilient root system, coupled with appropriate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is crucial for optimal growth and increased … Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with drought stress. A resilient root system, coupled with appropriate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is crucial for optimal growth and increased yield under drought stress. Accumulating studies have shown a strong link between root development, ROS, and drought tolerance. WOX11, as a master regulator of crown root (CR) development in rice, also governs root redox metabolism. However, it remains unknown whether WOX11 modulates ROS homeostasis in roots to facilitate adaptation to drought stress. In this study, we found that WOX11 directly binds to the promoter of the peroxidase gene OsPRX130, thereby enhancing drought tolerance by regulating CR growth. Notably, OsPRX130 is predominantly expressed in rice roots and its expression is induced by drought stress. Knockout of OsPRX130 inhibited CR growth by reducing ROS levels, ultimately compromising the drought tolerance in rice. Taken together, our findings shed light on the mechanism by which WOX11 mediates ROS accumulation through modulating the class III peroxidase gene OsPRX130 during rice CR development. This provides new insights into the functions of PRX genes during CR development. More importantly, our results deepen our understanding of how WOX11 regulates root development to enhance drought tolerance in rice and provide an alternative breeding strategy using WOX11 to control root system architecture for developing crop varieties with high drought adaptability.

Feasibility assessment of rice fallow crops in the machine harvested rice fields for sustaining rice fallow crop production

2025-06-19

G Uma Devi , E. Subramanian , A Gurusamy +3 more | Plant Science Today

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, to assess the performance of different rice fallow crops in machine-harvested rice fields. Three crops were selected … A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, to assess the performance of different rice fallow crops in machine-harvested rice fields. Three crops were selected for the trials: urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum). The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications, with vertical plots assigned to different crops and horizontal plots to varying seed rates and sowing times. The results of the study were particularly noteworthy for the urdbean. When urdbean was sown on the same day as the rice harvest with a 20 % increased seed rate (36 kg ha-1 ), it significantly outperformed all other treatments. This combination recorded the highest net income among the crops tested, demonstrating its superior economic viability in rice fallow systems. The study highlighted the importance of adjusting seed rates to compensate for potential yield losses. Specifically, increasing the seed rate by 20 % proved to be an effective strategy to mitigate yield reductions caused by the trampling effect of the combined harvester. This approach improved yield and enhanced the profitability of blackgram cultivation in rice fallow systems. The research concluded that this strategy of increased seed rate and immediate sowing after rice harvest particularly benefited the urdbean. It offers a practical and viable approach to optimizing production in rice fallow systems, potentially leading to improved agricultural productivity and economic returns for farmers utilizing these cropping patterns.

Unlocking the potential of foxtail millet: Spatial strategy and multiple benefits of expanding cultivation on marginal lands in China

2025-06-18

Lingcen Liu , Junyi Zhang , Zhongxiao Sun +1 more | Agricultural Systems

Association and Genetic Variability Studies for Reproductive Stage Salinity Tolerance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2025-06-18

Vani Praveena M , Venkata Ramana Rao Puram , Jyothi Badri +3 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

Salinity is the second major abiotic stress which significantly affect the rice crop particularly at reproductive stage. Understanding the genetic variability and trait relationship in terms of direct and indirect … Salinity is the second major abiotic stress which significantly affect the rice crop particularly at reproductive stage. Understanding the genetic variability and trait relationship in terms of direct and indirect effects is important to strength the breeding programme to develop salt tolerant rice varieties. Hence, a study was carried out in rice to evaluate 204 F3:4 (MTU 1061 × MTU 1121) progenies along with two parents and checks during kharif 2021 and rabi 2021-22. In this study, highest positive direct effects were observed for the traits number of total grains/panicle (0.4536, 0.4499), panicle length (0.1015, 0.0994), productive tillers per plant (0.1008, 0.0974) and spikelet fertility (0.0913, 0.0953) at genotypic and phenotypic levels. High PCV and GCV was observed for spikelet fertility, number of filled grains/panicle, number of total grains/panicle and grain yield/plant. The traits panicle length (64.28%), flag leaf length (74.34%), plant height (80.34%), productive tillers per plant (94.94%), number of filled grains/panicle (99.66%) and number of total grains/panicle (99.99%) displayed high heritability values. Higher genetic advance over mean (GAM) was observed for spikelet fertility, number of filled grains/panicle, productive tillers per plant and number of total grains/panicle. High GAM and heritability were observed for the traits number of filled grains/ panicle, number of total grains/panicle, productive tillers per plant and spikelet fertility. Thus, these traits should be prioritized while selecting rice lines for increasing yield under salt stress conditions as they have moderate to high PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance over mean.

Morphological variations of Paspalum scrobiculatum and Paspalum distichum in Kerala

2025-06-18

MJ MITHRAJA , KR KAITHA , Rashmi Raj | Phytomorphology Phytomorphology An International Journal of Plant Sciences

Genetic Association and Path Coefficient Analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotype

2025-06-18

S. Nandi , x Mayank , Gera Roopa Lavanya | International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

Alleviation of sodic water irrigation induced sodicity through microbial bioformulations

2025-06-18

HARI MOHAN MEENA , Manpreet Singh Mavi , T. M. Saini +2 more | The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without … A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. Cotton seeds were inoculated just before sowing with microbial consortia, viz. (a) un-inoculated; (b) Azo (Azotobacter); (c) Azo + PSB (phosphorous solubilizing bacteria) and (d) Azo + PSB + ZnSB (Zinc solubilizing bacteria). Results revealed that compared with CW irrigated plots, seed-cotton yield decreased by 27.4% in SW irrigated plots. Likewise, soil pH values increased by 8.0% while microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 19.0% under SW compared with CW irrigation. Among different bioformulations, the pooled mean value of seed cotton yield (SCY) was the maximum (45.9 q/ha) for plots inoculated with consortia of Azo + PSB + ZnSB relative to the un-inoculated treatment (41.8 q/ha). Application of microbial consortia Azo + PSB + ZnSB with gypsum (12.5% or 25% of GR) to SW-irrigated plots showed seed-cotton yield greater than those plots amended with gypsum at 50% GR. Similarly, soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased, whereas MBC and dehydrogenase- activity increased with combined application of gypsum and bioformulations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the farmers facing scarcity of good quality gypsum can use these bio-formulation to substitute some part of the gypsum requirement for ameliorating soils irrigated with SW.

Influence of Nano DAP-based Phosphorus Application through Seedling Dipping and Foliar Spray on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2025-06-18

Yogendra Singh , Ravikesh Kumar Pal , Mandeep Kumar +3 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

During the 2024 kharif season, a field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research Farm of Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the effects of applying phosphorus … During the 2024 kharif season, a field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research Farm of Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the effects of applying phosphorus based on nano DAP via foliar spray and seedling dipping on transplanted rice yield, growth, and yield attributes. Ten treatment combinations made up the trial, which was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The crop was grown using all advised agronomic techniques, and fertilizer was used in accordance with the treatments. The results revealed that application of 75% recommended P + 100% recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 + Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT proved most effective in enhancing growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation at all crop growth stages, yield attributes viz., number of productive tillers (424.15 m-2), grains penicle-1 (104.49), and panicle length (25.76 cm), grain yield (4.22 t ha-1), straw yield (6.08 t ha-1), biological yield (10.30 t ha-1) and harvest index (40.98%), which was statistically similar with the treatment where 75% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 2.5 ml litre-1 + Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT, 50% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 + 2 Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT and 75 DAT, 50% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 2.5 ml litre-1 + 2 Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT and 75 DAT and 100% recommended N: P: K were applied, while significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Thus, it can be determined that 25% DAP substitution with seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 and foliar spray of nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 at 30 DAT was found to be the most effective option for achieving higher growth and yield attributes performance, resulting in a higher yield of transplanted rice.

Water management during the grain-filling period affects rice grain quality due to changes in both the temperature and nitrogen content of paddy water

2025-06-18

Kazuhiro Nishida , Yushi Matsumoto , Tadashi Tsukaguchi +2 more | Field Crops Research

Analysing agricultural distress in the eastern plateau of West Bengal's Rarh Region: integrating hybrid deep ensemble and GIS-based soft computing

2025-06-18

Gopal Chowdhury , Ashis Kumar Saha | Deleted Journal

Augmentation of nutritional security through millets in Second Green Revolution

2025-06-17

G Gokulnath , S. Vallal Kannan , Sushma Rani +3 more | Plant Science Today

Millets are highly resilient crops that can thrive in diverse climatic conditions and marginal lands with minimal water and input requirements. As the world faces the challenges of climate change, … Millets are highly resilient crops that can thrive in diverse climatic conditions and marginal lands with minimal water and input requirements. As the world faces the challenges of climate change, population growth and food insecurity. Millets have emerged as promising crops for sustainable agriculture and a potential crop of the Second Green Revolution, which focuses on rainfed agriculture. These crops offer several advantages firstly, their ability to withstand climate fluctuations and suitability for rainfed conditions make them a climate-smart solution for crop production in the face of prolonged droughts and changing weather patterns. Secondly millets are nutritionally rich containing essential micronutrients and dietary fibres which can help address the prevalent issue of malnutrition in many parts of the world. However, the mainstream adoption of millets faces several challenges including limited research and development inadequate infrastructure and insufficient market integration. To unlock the full potential of millets in the Second Green Revolution a comprehensive approach is required encompassing research, policy support, market development and consumer awareness. By harnessing the unique features of millets, the agricultural sector can move towards a more sustainable, resilient and inclusive future contributing significantly to global food security and nutrition goals. These crops offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by climate change and population growth while promoting sustainable and nutritious food production.

Enhancing Rice Water Productivity: Insights From Crop Water Needs and Irrigation in Pakistan

2025-06-17

Ghani Akbar , Noman Latif Sadozai , Muhammad Ashraf | Irrigation and Drainage

ABSTRACT Excessive irrigation significantly reduces rice ( Oryza sativa L.) water productivity in Pakistan. This study evaluated crop water requirements, irrigation trends and water productivity across Pakistan's rice‐growing regions. Field … ABSTRACT Excessive irrigation significantly reduces rice ( Oryza sativa L.) water productivity in Pakistan. This study evaluated crop water requirements, irrigation trends and water productivity across Pakistan's rice‐growing regions. Field data on crop yield, soil characteristics, irrigation practices and 10 years of weather data were collected from 11 districts across four provinces. The FAO AquaCrop model was used to assess crop water requirements (evapotranspiration, ET), the root zone water balance and water productivity. The crop water requirements ranged from 787 to 1151 mm, while irrigation consistently exceeded these needs by 95% to 123%. The irrigation water productivity (WPi) ranged from 0.09 to 0.19 kg/m 3 , and the evapotranspiration (ET) water productivity (WPet) ranged from 0.20 to 0.41 kg/m 3 . Excessive irrigation, 2 to 3 times the actual crop water needs, is attributed to traditional practices, a lack of knowledge and suboptimal irrigation schedules. Optimizing irrigation scheduling, adopting advanced technologies, and using high‐yielding, drought‐tolerant rice varieties could reduce water losses and improve crop yields. These findings offer actionable strategies to increase water productivity and ensure food security in Pakistan's rice‐growing regions, with potential applications in other water‐scarce, rice‐producing countries facing similar challenges.

Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Yield and Grain Quality in Diverse Rice Genotypes Under Cold Temperate Conditions

2025-06-17

Guo‐Hua Ding , Bin Han , Kai Liu +7 more | Agriculture

The purpose of this research is to clarify the genetic groups associated with high-quality germplasms with different genotypes and investigate the responses of their yield and quality traits to varied … The purpose of this research is to clarify the genetic groups associated with high-quality germplasms with different genotypes and investigate the responses of their yield and quality traits to varied fertilization regimes, thereby providing references for premium breeding and cultivation practices. A total of 29 samples, including 15 newly developed lines and 14 elite cultivars, were analyzed as to their genetic structure. A split-plot field experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of yield, quality, and agronomic traits to different fertilization treatments. The 29 samples were classified into three genetic groups. Line 1, developed by our team, formed a unique group, while Lines 3 and 8 constituted another distinct group. In the 2022 trial, the protein content ranged from 6.8% to 9.0%, amylose content from 17.9% to 20.1%, and taste value from 73.8 to 85.7. The top five samples in yield were Line 4, Line 2, Line 5, Line 6, and Line 1, with significant differences among them (p < 0.05) and markedly higher yields compared to other samples. For taste value, Longdao 17029, Line 2, Line 4, Line 5, and Line 6 ranked highest, with Longdao 17029 exhibiting significantly superior taste scores (p < 0.05). Fertilizer treatments ranked by yield were as follows: Treatment 1 (N120P100K100) > Treatment 4 (Longfutianxia slow-release fertilizer) > Treatment 2 (N96P100K100 + bio-organic fertilizer) > Treatment 3 (N0P0K0), with significant differences (p < 0.05). Treatment 2 achieved a significantly higher taste value than the others (p < 0.05). In the 2023 trial, Longdao 17029 demonstrated higher leaf color index and net photosynthetic rate during the grain-filling stage, compared to Longdao 18 and Longdao 21. Lines 1, 3, and 8 are valuable for broadening the genetic diversity of rice in cold regions. Line 4 and Longdao 17029 show potential as novel germplasms for improving yield and taste quality. Moderate nitrogen reduction, combined with bio-organic fertilizer application, enhances rice taste value.