Health Professions › General Health Professions

Employment and Welfare Studies

Works Count: 120141

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This cluster of papers explores the impact of precarious employment, unemployment, and economic crises on mental and physical health. It investigates the associations between job insecurity, temporary employment, and austerity measures with various health outcomes, including mental health disorders, mortality, and overall well-being. The research emphasizes the social determinants of health within the context of labor market dynamics and economic fluctuations.

Keywords

Precarious Employment; Unemployment; Mental Health; Economic Crisis; Job Insecurity; Health Outcomes; Temporary Employment; Austerity Measures; Social Determinants of Health; Labor Market

Employment and unemployment: a social-psychological analysis

1983-01-01

Adrian Furnham

Career burnout: causes and cures

1988-11-01

Ayala Malach Pines , Elliot Aronson

Work Stress and Social Support.

1983-05-01

Steven Deutsch , James S. House

Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States

2000-04-01

Arne L. Kalleberg , Barbara F. Reskin , Ken Hudson

The prevalence of nonstandard is a matter of concern if, as many assume, such are bad. We examine the relationship between nonstandard employment (on-call work and day labor, temporary-help agency … The prevalence of nonstandard is a matter of concern if, as many assume, such are bad. We examine the relationship between nonstandard employment (on-call work and day labor, temporary-help agency employment, employment with contract companies, independent contracting, other self-employment, and part-time employment in conventional jobs) and exposure to job characteristics, using data from the 1995 Current Population Survey. Of workers age 18 and over, 31 percent are in some type of nonstandard employment. To assess the link between type of employment and jobs, we conceptualize bad jobs as those with low pay and without access to health insurance and pension benefits. About one in seven in the United States is on these three dimensions. Nonstandard employment strongly increases workers' exposure to job characteristics, net of controls for workers' personal characteristics, family status, occupation, and industry. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide

2012-09-01

Michael Marmot , Jessica Allen , Ruth Bell +2 more

The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept

1984-07-01

Geert Hofstede

Research data on dominant work-related values patterns in 53 countries and regions are used to suggest how definitions of the quality of life are affected by national culture patterns. Research data on dominant work-related values patterns in 53 countries and regions are used to suggest how definitions of the quality of life are affected by national culture patterns.

Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?

2003-11-01

Alan B. Krueger , Jitka Malečková

The paper investigates whether there is a connection between poverty or low education and terrorism. We review evidence on hate crimes, which are closely related to terrorism; the occurrence of … The paper investigates whether there is a connection between poverty or low education and terrorism. We review evidence on hate crimes, which are closely related to terrorism; the occurrence of hate crimes is largely independent of economic conditions. We analyze data on support for attacks against Israeli targets from public opinion polls conducted in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; support for violent attacks does not decrease among those with higher education and higher living standards. The core contribution of the paper is a statistical analysis of the determinants of participation in Hezbollah militant activities; having a living standard above the poverty line or a secondary or higher education is positively associated with participation in Hezbollah. We also find that Israeli Jewish settlers who attacked Palestinians in the West Bank in the early 1980s were overwhelmingly from high-paying occupations. Although our results are tentative and exploratory, they suggest that neither poverty nor education has a direct, causal impact on terrorism.

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The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism

2000-01-01

Carrie R. Leana , Richard Sennett

Workplace flexibility is the topic of Richard Sennett's new book, “The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism,” his latest analysis of class, work, and … Workplace flexibility is the topic of Richard Sennett's new book, “The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism,” his latest analysis of class, work, and social relations. Sennett seeks to remind us that stability—currently so maligned by business writers and consultants--has distinct benefits for individuals and society. More important, he raises a warning flag about the costs of flexibility and the toll it can take on our energy, our relationships, and our very characters.

No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences.

2002-01-01

Magnus Sverke , Johnny Hellgren , Katharina Näswall

Meta-analytic techniques were used to estimate how job insecurity relates to its postulated outcomes. Consistent with the conceptual framework, the results indicate that job insecurity has detrimental consequences for employees' … Meta-analytic techniques were used to estimate how job insecurity relates to its postulated outcomes. Consistent with the conceptual framework, the results indicate that job insecurity has detrimental consequences for employees' job attitudes, organizational attitudes, health, and, to some extent, their behavioral relationship with the organization. Moderator analyses suggest that these relationships may be underestimated in studies relying on single-item measures of job insecurity and that the behavioral consequences of insecurity are more detrimental among manual, as compared with nonmanual, workers. Recommendations made for future research include utilization of multidimensional measures, consideration of a broader spectrum of outcomes and moderators, and use of longitudinal designs.

Psychological and Physical Well-Being During Unemployment: A Meta-Analytic Study.

2005-01-01

Frances M. McKee‐Ryan , Zhaoli Song , Connie R. Wanberg +1 more

The authors used theoretical models to organize the diverse unemployment literature, and meta-analytic techniques were used to examine the impact of unemployment on worker well-being across 104 empirical studies with … The authors used theoretical models to organize the diverse unemployment literature, and meta-analytic techniques were used to examine the impact of unemployment on worker well-being across 104 empirical studies with 437 effect sizes. Unemployed individuals had lower psychological and physical well-being than did their employed counterparts. Unemployment duration and sample type (school leaver vs. mature unemployed) moderated the relationship between mental health and unemployment, but the current unemployment rate and the amount of unemployment benefits did not. Within unemployed samples, work-role centrality, coping resources (personal, social, financial, and time structure), cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies displayed stronger relationships with mental health than did human capital or demographic variables. The authors identify gaps in the literature and propose directions for future unemployment research.

The Economic Burden of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)

2015-02-25

Paul E. Greenberg , Andrée-Anne Fournier , Tammy Sisitsky +2 more

Article Abstract Background: The economic burden of depression in the United States—including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and dysthymia—was estimated at $83.1 billion in 2000. We update these findings … Article Abstract Background: The economic burden of depression in the United States—including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and dysthymia—was estimated at $83.1 billion in 2000. We update these findings using recent data, focusing on MDD alone and accounting for comorbid physical and psychiatric disorders. Method: Using national survey (DSM-IV criteria) and administrative claims data (ICD-9 codes), we estimate the incremental economic burden of individuals with MDD as well as the share of these costs attributable to MDD, with attention to any changes that occurred between 2005 and 2010. Results: The incremental economic burden of individuals with MDD increased by 21.5% (from $173.2 billion to $210.5 billion, inflation-adjusted dollars). The composition of these costs remained stable, with approximately 45% attributable to direct costs, 5% to suicide-related costs, and 50% to workplace costs. Only 38% of the total costs were due to MDD itself as opposed to comorbid conditions. Conclusions: Comorbid conditions account for the largest portion of the growing economic burden of MDD. Future research should analyze further these comorbidities as well as the relative importance of factors contributing to that growing burden. These include population growth, increase in MDD prevalence, increase in treatment cost per individual with MDD, changes in employment and treatment rates, as well as changes in the composition and quality of MDD treatment services. See our Focus Collection of J Clin Psychiatry articles on healthcare economics.

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Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe

2013-03-27

Marina Karanikolos , Philipa Mladovsky , Jonathan Cylus +5 more

MANAGING CUSTOMER SERVICES: HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES, QUIT RATES, AND SALES GROWTH.

2002-06-01

Rosemary Batt

This study examined the relationship between human resource practices, employee quit rates, and organizational performance in the service sector. Drawing on a unique, nationally representative sample of call centers, multivariate … This study examined the relationship between human resource practices, employee quit rates, and organizational performance in the service sector. Drawing on a unique, nationally representative sample of call centers, multivariate analyses showed that quit rates were lower and sales growth was higher in establishments that emphasized high skills, employee participation in decision making and in teams, and human resource incentives such as high relative pay and employment security. Quit rates partially mediated the relationship between human resource practices and sales growth. These relationships were also moderated by the customer segment served.

Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-being: Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues

1999-06-01

Hans De Witte

Research on the psychological consequences of job insecurity is reviewed, showing that job insecurity reduces psychological well-being and job satisfaction, and increases psychosomatic complaints and physical strains. Next, three additional … Research on the psychological consequences of job insecurity is reviewed, showing that job insecurity reduces psychological well-being and job satisfaction, and increases psychosomatic complaints and physical strains. Next, three additional research questions are addressed, since these questions did not receive much attention in previous research. First, does the impact of job insecurity on workers differ according to their professional position, gender, and age? Second, how important is job insecurity compared to other stressors on the workfloor? Third, how important is job insecurity compared to the impact of unemployment? To analyse these issues, data were used from a Belgian plant, part of a European multinational company in the metalworking industry (N = 336). The results of this exploratory study showed that job insecurity was associated with lower well-being (score on the GHQ-12), after controlling for background variables, such as gender and age. A significant interaction with gender occurred, indicating that gender moderated the association between job insecurity and well-being. Job insecurity was not related to psychological well-being among women. Among men, a significant increase in distress was noted among those who felt insecure, but not among the secure. Interaction terms for occupational position and age were not statistically significant. Job insecurity turned out to be one of the most distressful aspects of the work situation. The GHQ-scores of the insecure respondents were not different from those of a representative sample of short-term unemployed, suggesting both experiences to be equally harmful. The consequences of these findings for future research are discussed.

Unhappiness and Unemployment

1994-05-01

Andrew E. Clark , Andrew J. Oswald

Journal Article Unhappiness and Unemployment Get access Andrew E. Clark, Andrew E. Clark CEREMAP, Paris and Centre for the Study of Micro Social Change, University of Essex We are grateful … Journal Article Unhappiness and Unemployment Get access Andrew E. Clark, Andrew E. Clark CEREMAP, Paris and Centre for the Study of Micro Social Change, University of Essex We are grateful to Danny Blanchflower, David Greenway, Barry McCormick and Peter Warr for useful discussions. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 104, Issue 424, 1 May 1994, Pages 648–659, https://doi.org/10.2307/2234639 Published: 01 May 1994

Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?

1995-01-01

Peggy A. Thoits

I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the … I review existing knowledge, unanswered questions, and new directions in research on stress, coping resource, coping strategies, and social support processes. New directions in research on stressors include examining the differing impacts of stress across a range of physical and mental health outcomes, the "carry-overs" of stress from one role domain or stage of life into another, the benefits derived from negative experiences, and the determinants of the meaning of stressors. Although a sense of personal control and perceived social support influence health and mental health both directly and as stress buffers, the theoretical mechanisms through which they do so still require elaboration and testing. New work suggests that coping flexibility and structural constraints on individuals' coping efforts may be important to pursue. Promising new directions in social support research include studies of the negative effects of social relationships and of support giving, mutual coping and support-giving dynamics, optimal "matches" between individuals' needs and support received, and properties of groups which can provide a sense of social support. Qualitative comparative analysis, optimal matching analysis, and event-structure analysis are new techniques which may help advance research in these broad topic areas. To enhance the effectiveness of coping and social support interventions, intervening mechanisms need to be better understood. Nevertheless, the policy implications of stress research are clear and are important given current interest in health care reform in the United States.

Why Are the Unemployed So Unhappy?Evidence from Panel Data

1998-02-01

Liliana Winkelmann , Rainer Winkelmann

This paper tests for the importance of non‐pecuniary costs of unemployment using a longitudinal data‐set on life‐satisfaction of working‐age men in Germany. We show that unemployment has a large detrimental … This paper tests for the importance of non‐pecuniary costs of unemployment using a longitudinal data‐set on life‐satisfaction of working‐age men in Germany. We show that unemployment has a large detrimental effect on satisfaction after individual specific fixed effects are controlled for. The non‐pecuniary effect is much larger than the effect that stems from the associated loss of income.

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Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses

2009-01-11

Karsten I. Paul , Klaus Moser

Precarious Work, Insecure Workers: Employment Relations in Transition

2009-02-01

Arne L. Kalleberg

The growth of precarious work since the 1970s has emerged as a core contemporary concern within politics, in the media, and among researchers. Uncertain and unpredictable work contrasts with the … The growth of precarious work since the 1970s has emerged as a core contemporary concern within politics, in the media, and among researchers. Uncertain and unpredictable work contrasts with the relative security that characterized the three decades following World War II. Precarious work constitutes a global challenge that has a wide range of consequences cutting across many areas of concern to sociologists. Hence, it is increasingly important to understand the new workplace arrangements that generate precarious work and worker insecurity. A focus on employment relations forms the foundation of theories of the institutions and structures that generate precarious work and the cultural and individual factors that influence people's responses to uncertainty. Sociologists are well-positioned to explain, offer insight, and provide input into public policy about such changes and the state of contemporary employment relations.

Unemployment Insurance and Unemployment Spells

1990-07-01

Bruce Meyer

This paper tests the effects of the level and length of unemployment insurance (UI> benefits on unemployment durations.The paper particularly studies individual behavior during the weeks just prior to when … This paper tests the effects of the level and length of unemployment insurance (UI> benefits on unemployment durations.The paper particularly studies individual behavior during the weeks just prior to when benefits lapse.Higher UI benefits are found to have a strong negative effect on the probability of leaving unemployment.However, the probability of leaving unemployment rises dramatically just prior to when benefits lapse When the length of benefits is extended, the probability of a spell ending is also very high in the week benefits were previously expected to lapse.Individual data are used with accurate information on spell durations, and the level and length of benefits.Semipararnetric estimation techniques are used and compared to alternative approaches.The semiparametric approach yields more plausible estimates and provides useful diagnostics.

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CONTENT, CAUSE, AND CONSEQUENCES OF JOB INSECURITY: A THEORY-BASED MEASURE AND SUBSTANTIVE TEST.

1989-12-01

Susan J. Ashford , Cynthia Lee , Philip Bobko

This research assessed the causes and consequences of job insecurity using a new theory-based measure incorporating recent conceptual arguments. We also compared the measure's reliability and const... This research assessed the causes and consequences of job insecurity using a new theory-based measure incorporating recent conceptual arguments. We also compared the measure's reliability and const...

Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health

2014-03-18

Joan Benach , Alejandra Vives , Marcelo Amable +3 more

Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in “flexible employment” … Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in “flexible employment” and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs that effectively put an end to its health-related impacts.

Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers

1992-02-01

Louis Jacobson , Robert Lalonde , Daniel G. Sullivan

The 1990-1991 recession has intensified concerns about the consequences of workers' job losses. To estimate the magnitude and temporal pattern of displaced workers' earnings losses, we exploit an unusual administrative … The 1990-1991 recession has intensified concerns about the consequences of workers' job losses. To estimate the magnitude and temporal pattern of displaced workers' earnings losses, we exploit an unusual administrative data set that includes both employees' quarterly earnings histories and information about their firms. We find that when high-tenure workers separate from distressed firms their long-term losses average 25 percent per year. Further, their losses mount even prior to separation, are not limited to workers in a few industrial sectors, and are substantial even for those who find new jobs in similar firms. This evidence suggests that displaced workers' earnings losses result largely from the loss of some unidentified attribute of the employment relationship.

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Unemployment as a Social Norm: Psychological Evidence from Panel Data

2003-04-01

Andrew E. Clark

This article uses seven waves of panel data to test for social norms in labor market status. The unemployed's well‐being is shown to be strongly positively correlated with reference group … This article uses seven waves of panel data to test for social norms in labor market status. The unemployed's well‐being is shown to be strongly positively correlated with reference group unemployment (at the regional, partner, or household level). This result, far stronger for men, is robust to controls for unobserved individual heterogeneity. Panel data also show that those whose well‐being fell the most on entering unemployment are less likely to remain unemployed. These findings suggest a psychological explanation of both unemployment polarization and hysteresis, based on the utility effects of a changing employment norm in the reference group.

Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century

2015-11-02

Anne Case , Angus Deaton

This paper documents a marked increase in the all-cause mortality of middle-aged white non-Hispanic men and women in the United States between 1999 and 2013. This change reversed decades of … This paper documents a marked increase in the all-cause mortality of middle-aged white non-Hispanic men and women in the United States between 1999 and 2013. This change reversed decades of progress in mortality and was unique to the United States; no other rich country saw a similar turnaround. The midlife mortality reversal was confined to white non-Hispanics; black non-Hispanics and Hispanics at midlife, and those aged 65 and above in every racial and ethnic group, continued to see mortality rates fall. This increase for whites was largely accounted for by increasing death rates from drug and alcohol poisonings, suicide, and chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis. Although all education groups saw increases in mortality from suicide and poisonings, and an overall increase in external cause mortality, those with less education saw the most marked increases. Rising midlife mortality rates of white non-Hispanics were paralleled by increases in midlife morbidity. Self-reported declines in health, mental health, and ability to conduct activities of daily living, and increases in chronic pain and inability to work, as well as clinically measured deteriorations in liver function, all point to growing distress in this population. We comment on potential economic causes and consequences of this deterioration.

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Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health

1997-07-01

David R. Williams , Yan Yu , James S. Jackson +1 more

This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress … This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.

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Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply

2000-12-01

David Card , Alan B. Krueger

Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply by David Card and Alan B. Krueger. Published in volume 90, issue 5, … Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply by David Card and Alan B. Krueger. Published in volume 90, issue 5, pages 1397-1420 of American Economic Review, December 2000

The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis

2009-07-01

David Stuckler , Sanjay Basu , Marc Suhrcke +2 more

Job Insecurity: Toward Conceptual Clarity

1984-07-01

Leonard Greenhalgh , Zehava Rosenblatt

A model is presented that summarizes existing knowledge concerning job insecurity, points at its deficiencies, and identifies further research needed to understand the nature, causes, and consequences of this increasingly … A model is presented that summarizes existing knowledge concerning job insecurity, points at its deficiencies, and identifies further research needed to understand the nature, causes, and consequences of this increasingly important phenomenon. Such knowledge is crucial because job insecurity is a key element in a positive feedback loop that accelerates organizational decline.

Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work

2000-08-01

Arne L. Kalleberg

Nonstandard employment relations—such as part-time work, temporary help agency and contract company employment, short-term and contingent work, and independent contracting—have become increasingly prominent ways of organizing work in recent years. … Nonstandard employment relations—such as part-time work, temporary help agency and contract company employment, short-term and contingent work, and independent contracting—have become increasingly prominent ways of organizing work in recent years. Our understanding of these nonstandard work arrangements has been hampered by inconsistent definitions, often inadequate measures, and the paucity of comparative research. This chapter reviews the emerging research on these nonstandard work arrangements. The review emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of contributions to this field, including research by a variety of sociologists, economists, and psychologists. It also focuses on cross-national research, which is needed to investigate how macroeconomic, political, and institutional factors affect the nature of employment relations. Areas for future research are suggested.

The Job Demand-Control (-Support) Model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research

1999-04-01

Margot van der Doef , Stan Maes

The Job Demand-Control (JDC) model (Karasek, 1979) and the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model (Johnson, and Hall, 1988) have dominated research on occupational stress in the last 20 years. This detailed … The Job Demand-Control (JDC) model (Karasek, 1979) and the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model (Johnson, and Hall, 1988) have dominated research on occupational stress in the last 20 years. This detailed narrative review focuses on the JDC(S) model in relation to psychological well-being. It covers research from 63 samples, published in the period 1979-1997. In the review a distinction is drawn between two different hypotheses prevailing in research on the models. According to the strain hypothesis of the JDC model, employees working in a high-strain job (high demands-low control) experience the lowest well-being. The buffer hypothesis states that control can moderate the negative effects of high demands on well-being. Translating these hypotheses to the expanded JDCS model, the iso-strain hypothesis predicts the most negative outcomes among workers in an iso-strain job (high demands-low control-low social support/isolation), whereas the buffer hypothesis states that social support can moderate the negative impact of high strain on well-being. Although the literature gives considerable support for the strain and iso-strain hypotheses, support for the moderating influence of job control and social support is less consistent. The conceptualization of demands and control is a key factor in discriminating supportive from nonsupportive studies. Only aspects of job control that correspond to the specific demands of a given job moderate the impact of high demands on well-being. Furthermore, certain subpopulations appear to be more vulnerable to high (iso)strain, whereas others benefit more from high control. On the basis of the results of this review, suggestions for future research and theoretical development are formulated.

Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults.

1996-10-01

Nancy Krieger , Stephen Sidney

OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between blood pressure and self reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. METHODS: Survey data were collected in year 7 (1992/93) of … OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between blood pressure and self reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. METHODS: Survey data were collected in year 7 (1992/93) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective multisite community-based investigation. Participants included 831 Black men, 1143 Black women, 1006 White men, and 1106 White women 25 to 37 years old. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure among working-class Black adults reporting that they typically accepted unfair treatment and had experienced racial discrimination in none of seven situations was about 7 mm Hg higher than among those reporting that they challenged unfair treatment and experienced racial discrimination in one or two of the situations. Among professional Black adults, systolic blood pressure was 9 to 10 mm Hg lower among those reporting that they typically challenged unfair treatment and had not experienced racial discrimination. Black-White differences in blood pressure were substantially reduced by taking into account reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Research on racial/ ethnic distributions of blood pressure should take into account how discrimination may harm health.

Estimating the true global burden of mental illness

2016-02-01

Daniel Vigo , Graham Thornicroft , Rifat Atun

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On The Meaning of Alienation

1959-12-01

Melvin Seeman

The problem of alienation is a pervasive theme in the classics of sociology, and the concept has a prominent place in contemporary work. This paper seeks to accomplish two tasks: … The problem of alienation is a pervasive theme in the classics of sociology, and the concept has a prominent place in contemporary work. This paper seeks to accomplish two tasks: to present an organized view of the uses that have been made of this concept; and to provide an approach that ties the historical interest in alienation to the modern empirical effort. Five alternative meanings of alienation are identified: powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation, and self-estrangement. The derivation of these meanings from traditional sociological analysis is sketched, and the necessity for making the indicated distinctions is specified. In each case, an effort is made to provide a viable research formulation of these five alternatives.

Social Class and Mental Illness

1959-03-01

Raymond G. Hunt , August B. Hollingshead , Frederick C. Redlich

Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

2016-08-03

Randy P. Auerbach , Jordi Alonso , William G. Axinn +7 more

Background Although mental disorders are significant predictors of educational attainment throughout the entire educational career, most research on mental disorders among students has focused on the primary and secondary school … Background Although mental disorders are significant predictors of educational attainment throughout the entire educational career, most research on mental disorders among students has focused on the primary and secondary school years. Method The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys were used to examine the associations of mental disorders with college entry and attrition by comparing college students ( n = 1572) and non-students in the same age range (18–22 years; n = 4178), including non-students who recently left college without graduating ( n = 702) based on surveys in 21 countries (four low/lower-middle income, five upper-middle-income, one lower-middle or upper-middle at the times of two different surveys, and 11 high income). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence and age-of-onset of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavioral and substance disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results One-fifth (20.3%) of college students had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders; 83.1% of these cases had pre-matriculation onsets. Disorders with pre-matriculation onsets were more important than those with post-matriculation onsets in predicting subsequent college attrition, with substance disorders and, among women, major depression the most important such disorders. Only 16.4% of students with 12-month disorders received any 12-month healthcare treatment for their mental disorders. Conclusions Mental disorders are common among college students, have onsets that mostly occur prior to college entry, in the case of pre-matriculation disorders are associated with college attrition, and are typically untreated. Detection and effective treatment of these disorders early in the college career might reduce attrition and improve educational and psychosocial functioning.

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality

2020-04-01

Titan Alon , Matthias Doepke , Jane Olmstead-Rumsey +1 more

The economic downturn caused by the current COVID-19 outbreak has substantial implications for gender equality, both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery.Compared to "regular" recessions, which affect men's employment … The economic downturn caused by the current COVID-19 outbreak has substantial implications for gender equality, both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery.Compared to "regular" recessions, which affect men's employment more severely than women's employment, the employment drop related to social distancing measures has a large impact on sectors with high female employment shares.In addition, closures of schools and daycare centers have massively increased child care needs, which has a particularly large impact on working mothers.The effects of the crisis on working mothers are likely to be persistent, due to high returns to experience in the labor market.Beyond the immediate crisis, there are opposing forces which may ultimately promote gender equality in the labor market.First, businesses are rapidly adopting flexible work arrangements, which are likely to persist.Second, there are also many fathers who now have to take primary responsibility for child care, which may erode social norms that currently lead to a lopsided distribution of the division of labor in house work and child care.

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Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response

2020-04-27

M. Joanne Douglas , Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi , Martin Taulbut +2 more

Countries worldwide have implemented strict controls on movement in response to the covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to cut transmission by reducing close contact (box 1), but the measures have … Countries worldwide have implemented strict controls on movement in response to the covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to cut transmission by reducing close contact (box 1), but the measures have profound consequences. Several sectors are seeing steep reductions in business, and there has been panic buying in shops. Social, economic, and health consequences are inevitable. Box 1 ### Social distancing measuresRETURN TO TEXT The health benefits of social distancing measures are obvious, with a slower spread of infection reducing the risk that health services will be overwhelmed. But they may also prolong the pandemic and the restrictions adopted to mitigate it.1 Policy makers need to balance these considerations while paying attention to broader effects on health and health equity. Several groups may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of both the pandemic and the social distancing measures (box 2). Table 1 summarises several mechanisms through which the pandemic response is likely to affect health: economic effects, social isolation, family relationships, health related behaviours, disruption to essential services, disrupted education, transport and green space, social disorder, and psychosocial effects. Figure 1 shows the complexity of the pathways through which these effects may arise. Below we expand on the first three mechanisms, using Scotland as an example. The appendix on bmj.com provides further details of mechanisms, effects, and mitigation measures. Box 2 ### Groups at particular risk from responses to covid-19RETURN TO TEXT

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Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys

2020-07-31

Abi Adams‐Prassl , Teodora Boneva , Marta Golin +1 more

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The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era

1998-01-01

Madeline Crocitto , Michael B. Arthur , Denise M. Rousseau

Including contributions from leading scholars at Harvard Business School, Yale, and MIT's Sloan School of Management, this book explores the ways that careers have changed for workers as their firms … Including contributions from leading scholars at Harvard Business School, Yale, and MIT's Sloan School of Management, this book explores the ways that careers have changed for workers as their firms reorganize to meet global competition. As firms re-engineer, downsize, enter into strategic alliances with other firms, and find other ways to reduce costs, they frequently lay off workers. Job security has been replaced by insecurity and workers have been forced to take charge of their own career development in ways they have never done before. The contributors to the book analyse the implications for these workers, who now have While many find the challenge rewarding as they find new opportunities for growth, others are finding it difficult to adapt to new jobs in new locations. The book looks at policy issues that can provide safety nets for those who are not able to find a place in the new world of boundaryless careers.

Social Skills Rating System

1990-01-01

Frank M. Gresham , Scott Elliot

Conceptualizing Stigma

2001-08-01

Bruce G. Link , Jo C. Phelan

Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and … Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components–labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination–and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.

The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics.

1998-01-01

Robert Karasek , Chantal Brisson , Norito Kawakami +3 more

Stuck in a bad job? The dynamics of poor-quality employment in Chile, 2004–2019

2025-06-25

Kirsten Sehnbruch , Joaquín Prieto , Diego Palao | Social Science Research

What we expect of each other: contextualizing the psychological contracts of senior assistant nurses

2025-06-24

Robin Jonsson | Working with Older People

Purpose This study aims to examine how psychological contracts among senior assistant nurses are shaped by the expectations they hold of each other in the elderly care sector. Design/methodology/approach A … Purpose This study aims to examine how psychological contracts among senior assistant nurses are shaped by the expectations they hold of each other in the elderly care sector. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative thematic analysis was conducted on transcribed semistructured interviews with 15 experienced health-care employees (assistant nurses and health-care assistants) from a large public organization in Sweden. Findings The findings show that values emphasizing uniformity in workload, responsibility and rewards are central to assistant nurses’ psychological contracts. They are expected to care for coworkers and recipients, uphold professional caregiving ideals and ensure fair work distribution. However, these expectations are frequently breached due to role conflicts, workload imbalances and a lack of cohesion within teams, leading to frustration and perceived injustice – issues that are often overlooked by employers. Despite these challenges, factors such as job satisfaction, workplace acceptance, coworker support, task autonomy and adherence to caregiving principles help mitigate the impact of breaches. Practical implications To increase psychological contract fulfillment, health-care employers can, for example, oversee workload so that work tasks are distributed evenly between employees, enhance role clarity, initiate workplace dialogue concerning responsibilities and prevent conflicts by increasing the line manager’s presence in day-to-day work. Social implications Amid ongoing workforce shortages, high turnover rates and an aging population, organizations face increasing challenges in recruiting and retaining skilled personnel. This challenge is particularly pressing in the health-care sector, where shortages of qualified staff are expected to intensify in the coming years. Originality/value This study concludes by arguing that psychological contract research needs to move beyond the employee–employer focus and pay greater attention to the role of collectively shared norms, ideals and expectations, particularly in team-centric workplaces or contexts where collective ideals are strong.

Burnout among ASHA workers: Challenges in rural healthcare delivery

2025-06-24

G Pushpalatha , KM Shwetha | World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Burnout is a menace affecting healthcare employees, which include Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in India. ASHAs are important segment in rural healthcare by promoting maternal and infant fitness, accomplishing … Burnout is a menace affecting healthcare employees, which include Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in India. ASHAs are important segment in rural healthcare by promoting maternal and infant fitness, accomplishing immunization applications, and educating groups. However, they face multiple stressors which includes low remuneration, excessive workloads, lack of formal employment provisions, and resistance from community members. These demanding situations make ASHAs particularly vulnerable to burnout, that could result in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment. In this cross-sectional study, we tried to assess the degrees of burnout among ASHA workers in Shimoga with use of Maslach Burnout Inventory and semi-structured sociodemographic data sheet. The findings display that as burnout severity increase, both occupational exhaustion and depersonalization results in decline in personal accomplishment. At better ranges of burnout, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization notably reduce ASHAs' sense of personal accomplishment and professional competence.

What worked well in social protection during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2025-06-24

Boglárka Dely , Raphaela Hyee , Christopher Prinz | OECD social employment and migration working papers

Women and the Standard Workweek: Developing a Typology of Work Schedules in the UK

2025-06-24

Jennifer Whillans | Work Employment and Society

When do women work? Which women work when? Much of our understanding of the temporal organisation of women’s paid work relies on oversimplified stylised estimates of duration and categorical indicators … When do women work? Which women work when? Much of our understanding of the temporal organisation of women’s paid work relies on oversimplified stylised estimates of duration and categorical indicators of work timing. Using United Kingdom Time Use Survey 2014–2015 workweek grid data and innovative sequence analysis, this research provides new empirical evidence by identifying a typology of women’s work schedules , including variants of and departures from the standard workweek. Furthermore, sociodemographic and job characteristics are found to be associated with different work schedules. A feminist evaluation of findings highlights the insufficiency of the standard/nonstandard dichotomy and presents new ways of describing worktime that better capture the complex and diverse experiences of women. It concludes that, while the standard workweek is not strictly identifiable as a type of schedule, it acts as an organising principle of worktime among contemporary working women.

Mental health stigma of American college students: Business student perceptions

2025-06-24

Dorothy A. Thompson , Heidi L. Dent , Monica B. Fine | Journal of Education for Business

Gendered associations between time-related underemployment and mental health: longitudinal evidence from 21 waves of cohort data

2025-06-24

Jennifer Ervin , Brendan Churchill , Yamna Taouk +2 more | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

Background Underemployment is an increasing feature of global labour markets. However, the mental health impacts of underemployment remain relatively under-researched. Longitudinal evidence is particularly sparse, as is accounting for gender … Background Underemployment is an increasing feature of global labour markets. However, the mental health impacts of underemployment remain relatively under-researched. Longitudinal evidence is particularly sparse, as is accounting for gender differences in the association. Addressing key gaps, this study examines the association between time-related underemployment and mental health in Australian adults. Methods Pooled panel data from 21 waves (2002–2022) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (n=18 288 participants, 124 531 observations) was used. Fixed-effects linear regression and Mundlak adjustment modelling was conducted to examine how time-related underemployment (not underemployed, underemployed 1–5, 6–10, 11–20 and ≥21 hours) was associated with 5-item mental health scale, with adjustment for time-varying confounders. Results A stepwise (or dose-dependent) association was observed between increasing time-related underemployment and mental health for both genders, with the strongest association observed in those underemployed by ≥21 hours for both women (−1.88, 95% CI −3.09 to –0.67) and men (−2.24, 95% CI −3.59 to –0.89). Some gender differences were observed. Most notably, more women in our sample were underemployed compared with men. Conclusions Addressing rising underemployment in labour markets has the potential to improve population mental health for everyone. Furthermore, targeted social policy to reduce gendered exposure to underemployment in Australia is also key to mental health gains in working-age women.

Association of company downsizing with the risk of mental distress among employees in the Norwegian working population

2025-06-24

Eirik Degerud , Andrea R. Marti , Tom Sterud | PLOS mental health.

Studies indicate that downsizing can have a negative influence on the mental health of employees who keep their jobs. This study examines how downsizing impacts the mental health of remaining … Studies indicate that downsizing can have a negative influence on the mental health of employees who keep their jobs. This study examines how downsizing impacts the mental health of remaining employees, focusing on their proximity to downsizing and ratings of involvement, information, and support during downsizing. Based on data from three iterations (2013, 2016 and 2019) of a nationwide survey in Norway, we included respondents employed by the same company in two consecutive surveys. We used logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for incident mental distress in the second survey among employees without distress in the first survey. Compared to unexposed employees ( n = 2,571), the OR (95% CI) for employees exposed to downsizing was 1.57 (1.16 − 2.13) overall ( n = 1,300). When differentiating exposed employees by proximity, the ORs were 1.78 (1.26 − 2.49) for those with downsizing in their own department ( n = 784) and 1.26 (0.79 − 1.95) for those with downsizing in another department ( n = 516), respectively. Furthermore, among employees exposed in their own department, the ORs differed according to their rating of involvement, information, and support during downsizing: 1.27 (0.82 − 1.91) for sufficient ( n = 580) and 5.02 (3.03 − 8.04) for insufficient ( n = 149). Downsizing was associated with a higher risk of mental distress among employees who kept their job, but the findings also suggest that companies might reduce this risk through employment involvement, information and support to employees affected the most by downsizing.

The Greek long-term care sector against COVID-19:

2025-06-24

Costis Prouskas , Michael Goudoumas | Policy Press eBooks

Childhood violence and adult cardiovascular disease: issues to be addressed

2025-06-24

Hongyan Pu , Fan Zhang , Huachun Zhang | European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Precarious Employment in Labor Law and Policy

2025-06-24

Andie Noack , Eric Tucker , Leah F. Vosko | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract This chapter focuses on the challenge that precarious employment in Canada’s labor force poses to protective labor law and policy, and thus to state policy more generally. Precarious employment … Abstract This chapter focuses on the challenge that precarious employment in Canada’s labor force poses to protective labor law and policy, and thus to state policy more generally. Precarious employment is conceptualized as work for remuneration characterized by multiple dimensions of labor market insecurity, such as job uncertainty, low income, lack of control over the labor process, and higher risks of ill health. The chapter shows that these dimensions of insecurity are associated with particular forms of employment including self-employment, part-time forms of self- and paid employment, as well as temporary paid employment. In considering workers’ legal protections, the chapter focuses on three distinct domains: employment standards (ES), collective bargaining, and occupational health and safety (OHS). It demonstrates that precariously employed workers are vulnerable to ES violations, are less likely to benefit from laws that facilitate access to collective bargaining coverage, and tend to experience relatively high rates of injury and benefit less from OHS regulation.

Stigmatized Labor in the Mirror of Collective Shadow: from Rejection to Integration

2025-06-24

Alexandr Shcheglov | Discourse

Introduction. The relevance of the study stems from the need to comprehend labor stigmatization, particularly in the context of “dirty work”, which, despite its social importance, faces devaluation. The aim … Introduction. The relevance of the study stems from the need to comprehend labor stigmatization, particularly in the context of “dirty work”, which, despite its social importance, faces devaluation. The aim is to frame stigmatized labor as a metaphor for the collective “Shadow of society”, reflecting repressed aspects of human existence. The scientific novelty lies in integrating Jungian analytical psychology and sociological approaches to analyze stigmatization mechanisms. Methodology and sources. The research employs Carl Jung’s “Shadow” concept, interpreting stigmatized labor as a projection of the collective unconscious, alongside sociological analysis of empirical data (interviews, observations). The work draws on Everett Hughes’ classification of “dirty work” and modern studies on labor invisibility. Results and discussion. Patterns of stigmatization linked to the denial of corporeality, vulnerability, and mortality were identified. Professions associated with physical, social, and moral “dirt” become targets for collective fears. The invisibility phenomenon (ignoring, boundary violations) confirms structural inequality and dehumanization. Conclusion. The study highlights that labor stigmatization stems from the rejection of the collective “Shadow”, leading to social disintegration. Recognizing the value of “dirty work” and integrating repressed aspects are crucial for achieving social integrity and justice.

First Fired, Last Hired, and Lower Paid: Re-employment Outcomes Among Displaced Workers With Disabilities, 2007–2021

2025-06-24

Michelle Maroto , David Pettinicchio | Research in social science and disability

The Disruptive Long-Term Costs of International Migration on Subjective Well-Being

2025-06-24

Gabriel Rodríguez-Puello , Leonidas Hernandez , Diana Romero-Espinosa +1 more | Journal of Happiness Studies

Abstract People often move internationally to improve their personal situation. Yet, integration into the host society can be challenging and have negative immediate consequences on individuals’ well-being. This paper explores … Abstract People often move internationally to improve their personal situation. Yet, integration into the host society can be challenging and have negative immediate consequences on individuals’ well-being. This paper explores the relationship between international migration and subjective well-being for a sample of European individuals. We use an instrumental variable panel data approach to estimate the monetary cost of individuals’ well-being post-migration. Specifically, we estimate the average cost an individual is willing to bear to accept the potential negative effects of international migration on their well-being. Our results reveal a negative relationship between international migration and subjective well-being. Our estimates suggest that an average migrant is willing to accept an increase of EUR 1164 (roughly USD$1605) in their monthly overall income to migrate across international borders and endure a negative impact on their well-being as captured by their level of life satisfaction. This negative association is particularly pronounced the more years since migration and among those from lower-middle-income countries. Our work highlights the importance of studying the determinants of well-being for individuals and contributes evidence to inform policies seeking to improve the local conditions of recent migrants and their adaptation to the new environment.

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The Challenge of Contingent Work Practices for People With Disabilities: Findings From Qualitative and Survey Research

2025-06-24

Nathan W. Moon , Frances Harris , Maureen Linden +2 more | Research in social science and disability

Intragenerational Household Net Worth Mobility and Mental Health Outcomes in the United States

2025-06-23

Grzegorz Bulczak | Social Science Quarterly

ABSTRACT Objective Household finances are often studied in relation to various life outcomes, but there is a lack of research on any links between intragenerational net worth mobility and health. … ABSTRACT Objective Household finances are often studied in relation to various life outcomes, but there is a lack of research on any links between intragenerational net worth mobility and health. This research aims to disentangle the effects of household net worth on individuals’ health at two different time points, 8 years apart, and possible mobility effects arising from any changes in household finances between those two points in time. So far, these issues have not been sufficiently explored, and filling this gap will allow a better understanding of the effect of financial resources and financial mobility on the health of young adults. Methods This study uses data about 8583 individuals from the United States National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and Sobel's diagonal reference model (DRM), developed to study the influence of social mobility, taking into account origin and destination effects, to test if intragenerational net worth mobility, net of origin, and destination positions, is linked to the mental health of individuals. Results This study identifies linkages between household net worth and individuals’ mental health. The results are in line with theoretical expectations and past empirical studies showing that not only socioeconomic position but also social mobility shapes health outcomes. Even after accounting for debt and asset value explicitly, the influence of net worth position and mobility on mental health remains largely unaffected. The main findings suggest that individuals living in negative or break‐even net worth households experience poorer health. There are distinct patterns indicating that each of the three net worth categories is associated with substantial health differences. Conclusion This investigation offers valuable insight into the role of social determinants in shaping health disparities among individuals. The conducted analysis shows that household net worth is strongly associated with the mental health of adults. The results indicate that health‐related policies should be formulated and implemented not only on one measure of household finances and that the difference between household assets and debt is one of the best candidates in this category.

Introduction: Zygmunt Bauman, Liquidity and Racism

2025-06-23

Nathan Kerrigan , Damian Breen , Yusef Bakkali | Bristol University Press eBooks

Complicating Work–Life Balance in Higher Education: Perspectives from Geography

2025-06-23

Ann M. Oberhauser , Barnali Dixon , Joann Mossa | The Professional Geographer

Minimum Wages and Homelessness

2025-06-23

Seth J. Hill

I study minimum wage policies as a potential contributing factor to the persistent challenge of homelessness faced by American cities. Some risk factors of homelessness - substance abuse, unstable support … I study minimum wage policies as a potential contributing factor to the persistent challenge of homelessness faced by American cities. Some risk factors of homelessness - substance abuse, unstable support network, mental illness - also make individuals less competitive in the job market. If minimum wage increases have differential effects that depend upon individual characteristics, negative consequences of minimum wages could fall disproportionately on cohorts already at risk of homelessness. Using synthetic and local-projection difference-in-differences methods and Department of Housing and Urban Development homelessness data, I find that minimum wage hikes led to increased homelessness in American municipalities between 2006 and 2019. Further analysis suggests that disemployment, but not migration to higher wages or inflation in rental housing prices, is a mechanism. The findings highlight the importance for homelessness of labor market conditions for at-risk populations and suggest more research on the distributional effects of minimum wage laws.

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Mothers' labour market entry afterchildbirth: the role of pre-pregnancy job characteristics and socio-demographic factors

2025-06-23

Fruzsina Ökrös , Zsuzsanna Makay | Demográfia

In Hungary, women often take advantage of maternity and child-raising allowancesand, according to social norms, typically stay at home for a relatively longtime after giving birth. However, little is known … In Hungary, women often take advantage of maternity and child-raising allowancesand, according to social norms, typically stay at home for a relatively longtime after giving birth. However, little is known about the factors that influencethe length of career breaks. This study examines the impact of labour marketcharacteristics and other socio-demographic factors prior to childbirth on mothers’labour market participation during the first 40 months after giving birth.The descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses are based on the first fivewaves of the longitudinal panel study ‘Cohort ‘18 Growing Up in Hungary.’ Thesurvey started in 2018, and the participating women were interviewed five timesbetween pregnancy and their child’s fifth birthday. We analyse the postnatalemployment of 6,800 mothers.The results show that although a significant proportion of mothers continueto be primary caregivers after childbirth, the rate of postnatal employment hassomewhat increased compared to previous decades. Controlling for various factors,including the number of children, the analysis reveals that approximately90% of mothers are not employed during the first year and a half following childbirth.This proportion declines to 77% once the child reaches the age of two. Afterthe age of three, 43% of mothers are employed, and this proportion does notreach 50% by the time the child is 40 months old. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we also find that stronger labourmarket attachment and key background factors – such as birth order, additionalchildren, income, and relationship stability– play a more important role in returningto work than job-specific characteristics such as sector, contract type or formof employment. Mothers who were employed in the seventh month of pregnancyshowed a particularly early return to work. In addition, our study identifiesa group of around 8% of mothers who had never worked before becomingpregnant, for whom childbearing further restricts their future employment andfinancial opportunities.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS ON THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AMONG THE WORKING-AGE POPULATION, CONSIDERING DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN POLAND

2025-06-23

Agnieszka Jakubowska | Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists

<ns3:p>The growing prevalence of chronic depressive disorders among the working-age population represents a serious and increasingly costly challenge for the economy. This study aims to assess the economic burden of … <ns3:p>The growing prevalence of chronic depressive disorders among the working-age population represents a serious and increasingly costly challenge for the economy. This study aims to assess the economic burden of depressive disorders in this group, taking into account spatial variation across functional areas (urban and rural districts) in Poland. It also examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inequality levels between differently urbanised areas. The analysis is based on data from EUROSTAT, the Polish Central Statistical Office (CSO), and the Ministry of Health for the period 2016-2022. The working hypothesis assumes that the pandemic triggered a long-term increase in the average burden of depressive disorders, accompanied by a decline in regional disparities due to a convergence process. The burden is measured as absenteeism from work due to illness, expressed per thousand working-age individuals in each district. Convergence analysis is applied to evaluate the evolution of disparities. The results reveal pronounced inequalities, with the highest burden in highly urbanised areas. However, between 2016 and 2022, a gradual reduction in these disparities was observed, despite a general increase in the overall burden – indicating negative convergence. These findings add to the literature by highlighting the spatial dimension of mental health inequalities and the broader economic implications of the pandemic.</ns3:p>

Artificial intelligence and the wellbeing of workers

2025-06-23

Osea Giuntella , Johannes König , Luca Stella | Scientific Reports

Money Comes, Money Goes—Does Stress Follow Suit? A Longitudinal and Nonlinear Perspective on Workers’ Financial Stress

2025-06-23

Andrea Bazzoli , Ian M. Hughes | Journal of Business and Psychology

Caracterización del empleo en el Ecuador antes de la pandemia COVID-19

2025-06-23

Roberto Erazo , Corina Salomé Tobar Quevedo , Diana Angely Flores Salazar +2 more | South Florida Journal of Development

Este artículo proporciona un análisis exhaustivo sobre la situación del empleo en Ecuador antes de la pandemia COVID-19, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (ENEMDU) del Instituto Nacional … Este artículo proporciona un análisis exhaustivo sobre la situación del empleo en Ecuador antes de la pandemia COVID-19, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (ENEMDU) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). Aemás, se examinan la estructura de la población en edad de trabajar, las condiciones laborales, el subempleo y el desempleo, así como la influencia del género, la etnia y el nivel educativo en el mercado laboral. Los resultados revelan una notable desigualdad de género, un predominio de la informalidad laboral y un crecimiento lento en la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral. El artículo concluye con recomendaciones sobre políticas públicas para abordar estos desafíos y fomentar un mercado laboral más inclusivo.

La brecha salarial antes de la pandemia COVID-19: análisis de posibles causas y propuestas para su reducción

2025-06-23

Roberto Erazo , Corina Salomé Tobar Quevedo , Daniel E. Salazar +2 more | South Florida Journal of Development

El presente artículo analiza la brecha salarial en Ecuador antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, enfocándose en su evolución, causas subyacentes y las medidas necesarias para su reducción. Utilizando datos … El presente artículo analiza la brecha salarial en Ecuador antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, enfocándose en su evolución, causas subyacentes y las medidas necesarias para su reducción. Utilizando datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC) y el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021, se examinan las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres, así como las implicaciones socioeconómicas de estas disparidades. El análisis revela que, a pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales, la brecha salarial se ha mantenido considerable, especialmente en sectores con alta concentración de mujeres. Se presentan propuestas fundamentadas para abordar esta problemática, incluyendo la implementación de políticas públicas efectivas, el fortalecimiento del marco normativo y el fomento de prácticas laborales inclusivas. Este artículo busca contribuir al entendimiento y solución de una de las principales desigualdades económicas en el país.

Agent-Based Modeling to Stress Test New York State Healthcare Robustness

2025-06-23

Brandon Bedenbedner | Northeast Journal of Complex Systems

Responsibility-sensitive welfare weights for health

2025-06-22

Matthew Robson , Owen O’Donnell , Tom Van Ourti | Journal of Health Economics

We estimate welfare weights for health to facilitate program evaluation allowing for aversion to health inequality and to health inequity by three non-health characteristics. In a UK general population sample, … We estimate welfare weights for health to facilitate program evaluation allowing for aversion to health inequality and to health inequity by three non-health characteristics. In a UK general population sample, 569 online experiment participants distribute constrained resources to determine the health of hypothetical individuals distinguished by randomly generated resource productivity as well as sex, income and smoking (41,460 observations). We elicit beliefs about responsibility for income and smoking, and use their associations with the allocations to estimate responsibility-sensitive weights for health by those two characteristics. We find weak prioritisation of females' health, moderate prioritisation of the health of poorer individuals and strong prioritisation of the health of non-smokers over that of smokers. Substantial aversion to health inequality lowers weights on females and non-smokers, who are health-advantaged, and raises the weight on the poor, who are health-disadvantaged. As beliefs about responsibility for income and smoking strengthen, weights on the poor decrease and weights on non-smokers significantly increase.

Navigating Graduate Employability: The Roles of Job-Seeking Behavior, Educational Quality, Professional Skills, and Resilience in Shaping Employment Outcomes in China

2025-06-22

Yue Liu , Rizwan Ahmad | International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Reframing perceptions of immigrants’ desirability in a time of labour shortages: the case of racialised immigrant workers in Denmark

2025-06-21

Dorothea Pozzato | Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

Mental health and labour productivity

2025-06-21

Nigel Rice , Jennifer Roberts , Cristina Sechel | Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

Welfare dynamics of minimum income recipients in Spain: A sequence analysis of employment and activation trajectories

2025-06-20

Laureano Martínez , Victoria Bogino Larrambebere | International Journal of Social Welfare

Abstract This paper sheds light on the trajectories of working‐age beneficiaries of means‐tested minimum income schemes (MIS) regarding employment, activation, and benefit receipt. For this purpose, we address two main … Abstract This paper sheds light on the trajectories of working‐age beneficiaries of means‐tested minimum income schemes (MIS) regarding employment, activation, and benefit receipt. For this purpose, we address two main questions: What types of trajectories can be identified in the MIS in terms of spell length, access to employment, and labor activation? What factors influence belonging to a certain trajectory? Drawing on monthly administrative longitudinal data, we analyzed MIS benefit trajectories between 2016 and 2020 in Spain using sequence and cluster analysis. The results indicate a significant polarization between long‐term trajectories characterized by a substantial presence in labor activation measures and those recipients with a short spell in the program and considerable access to employment. An intermediate path is constituted by medium‐duration trajectories, with average access to employment and activation. This leads to important recommendations for program reforms aimed at adopting differentiated measures according to the type of social problems behind each trajectory.

Trapping workers’ consent? Temporary work agencies’ role in reproducing labour power of non-local workers for Hungarian manufacturing companies

2025-06-20

Tibor T. Meszmann , Olena Fedyuk | Capital & Class

In Central Eastern European countries, temporary work agencies have become increasingly prominent, powerful and indispensable actors in providing labour to user companies in manufacturing. In explaining the success of the … In Central Eastern European countries, temporary work agencies have become increasingly prominent, powerful and indispensable actors in providing labour to user companies in manufacturing. In explaining the success of the staffing sector in Hungary, we go beyond a broader production/regulatory environment that provided a fertile ground to the rise of temporary agencies and a resulting (local) labour control regime. We highlight the element of workers’ consent as a necessary condition for the rise of this sector based on atypical, triangular employment. Namely temporary agency work is a rather confusing triangular employment form, that involves a temporary employment relationship between a temporary work agency and a worker, where the worker is assigned to work for, and under the control of a third party, a user company. We ask how labour power is reproduced at the intersection of control structures (on part of two employers and the state) and consent (on part of workers as owners of labour power). From the workers’ perspective, we show that temporary work agencies and the triangular employment relationship appears with both multiple offers of temporary ‘mobility’ and individualised, obscure entrepreneurial risk taking, which eventually ‘traps’ workers’ consent to the sector, thus shaping specific forms of individualised working subjectivities and facilitating particular forms of social reproduction with short-term benefits and long-term vulnerabilities. Our analysis is based on 5 years of field research, interviews with non-local temporary agency workers, employed in six newly industrialised regions in Hungary that are dominated by large multinational user companies.

What Is the Role of Industry-Based Intermediary Organisations in Supporting Workplace Mental Health in Australia? A Scoping Review

2025-06-20

Kristy Burns , Louise A. Ellis , Abílio de Almeida Neto +2 more | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Despite increasing interest in workplace mental health, limited attention has been paid to the role of industry-based intermediary organisations in delivering mental health support. This scoping review addresses this gap … Despite increasing interest in workplace mental health, limited attention has been paid to the role of industry-based intermediary organisations in delivering mental health support. This scoping review addresses this gap by examining the mental health-related activities of industry intermediaries in Australia. A systematic search of the peer-reviewed and grey literature from 2010 to 2023, supported by expert consultation and conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, identified 35 relevant records. Interventions were categorised using the WHO Guidelines on Mental Health at Work and evaluation activities coded according to the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Research. Organisational-level interventions were the most common (54%), followed by individual psychosocial support for distressed workers (40%). Mental health-specific intermediaries offered more WHO-recommended interventions and were more likely to evaluate their programs. Although evaluations suggested improvements in mental health literacy and high program acceptability, evidence of impact on worker health and organisational outcomes was limited. The findings suggest that intermediary organisations—including unions, business associations, and professional bodies—are well positioned to support tailored mental health strategies. However, the current lack of robust evaluations limits the understanding of their effectiveness. Future efforts should prioritise industry–research collaborations to strengthen the evidence base and inform sustainable investment in workplace mental health initiatives.

AI-driven job insecurity and work performance: unveiling the mediating role of psychological well-being

2025-06-20

Sheela Narang Wadhwa , Garima Bhardwaj , Arun Pratap Srivastava +1 more | International Journal of Information Technology

Weathering the storms? Minimum-income benefits as a crisis response

2025-06-20

Herwig Immervoll , Felizia Pasteiner | OECD social employment and migration working papers

The Shifting Federal and State Policy Landscapes for Health Insurance Coverage of Noncitizen Immigrants: Where Are We Thirty Years After PRWORA?

2025-06-20

Arturo Vargas Bustamante , Alejandra Carolina Soto González , Aresha Martinez-Cardoso +3 more | Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law

Abstract Since the 1996 passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), states have taken different approaches to noncitizen health coverage. California and Illinois expanded access using … Abstract Since the 1996 passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), states have taken different approaches to noncitizen health coverage. California and Illinois expanded access using state funds, driven by policy innovation and advocacy coalitions, while Texas and Georgia maintained restrictive policies that reflected conservative politics and fiscal concerns. This study used the Policy Diffusion and Policy Contexts frameworks to analyze PRWORA influence on state decisions on immigrant health coverage. By examining the policy trajectories of California, Illinois, Texas, and Georgia, we highlighted the growing fragmentation in immigrant health coverage. The study reviewed trends in health insurance and Medicaid enrollment among noncitizens from 2008 to 2023 using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) and a RAND cost estimation tool. California and Illinois showed greater improvements in insurance coverage and Medicaid enrollment, while Texas and Georgia had lower gains. We found that restrictive policies led to higher uninsured rates and different tradeoffs in terms of cost and potential enrollment of noncitizens into Medicaid. Future policy developments will likely be influenced by federal policy changes, demographic shifts, and advocacy efforts. Understanding these dynamics is important for addressing disparities in immigrant health care access and informing policy debates.

Depressive symptoms and employment status change in South Africa: A longitudinal study

2025-06-20

M Muchemwa , Tholene Sodi | Acta Psychologica

Work as a social determinant of health on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases: A literature review

2025-06-19

Anjanette Wells , Melissa Previtera , Michael Markey +6 more | PubMed

Background Work, a social determinant of health (SDOH) can both affect and be affected by health. Objective To examine literature related to work as a SDOH on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal … Background Work, a social determinant of health (SDOH) can both affect and be affected by health. Objective To examine literature related to work as a SDOH on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disease among U.S. workers. Methods A literature review was conducted. All studies investigating work-related SDOH on the following cardiovascular (stroke, hypertension) and musculoskeletal disease (arm and leg limbs, pain). Epigenetic influences were also evaluated, as it relates to these diseases. Results The core concept of “work” as a SDOH on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disease has yielded the “bio-ecological work” model, comprised of four main levels of influence: Work Environment, Interpersonal, Psychological, and Intrapersonal. The Work Environmental dimension includes: The health effects of unemployment and job insecurity, the impact of shift work schedules on health, balance between work effort and reward, the psychosocial work environment, the influence of control at work, demands, and decision latitude on worker's health, the link between health and the physical risks and hazards of work. The Interpersonal level consists of: The health implications of balancing work and family responsibilities and social support at work. The Psychological dimension includes perceived discrimination in the workplace and acute work-related stress and chronic disease. And the Intrapersonal level consists of workplace exposures on epigenetics, telomere length, and microRNA molecules. Conclusion This work is important to inspire capacity building and research in occupational health, to prevent cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders in order to preserve a productive life for the ageing population.

Building Collaboration in a Multigenerational Workforce

2025-06-19

Jefta Harlianto , Rudi Rudi , Heber Cornelia Br Ginting Ginting | IGI Global eBooks

Fostering collaboration among different age groups is not just a cultural moral value but a strategic necessity in increasingly multigenerational workplaces. This chapter explores the interrelations of intergenerational inclusivity and … Fostering collaboration among different age groups is not just a cultural moral value but a strategic necessity in increasingly multigenerational workplaces. This chapter explores the interrelations of intergenerational inclusivity and employee mental health on workplace productivity. Creating successful collaboration can no longer be taken for granted when five different generations are part of the workforce. It needs to be designed and promoted strategically. This chapter suggests a conceptual framework that reframes workplace productivity not as a direct result of mental health but as one significantly influenced by social dynamics. Empirical findings indicate that mental health alone does not significantly influence productivity. In an inclusive workplace, well-being is more likely to convert into sustained performance. Further, intergenerational inclusivity is a protective factor from the negative impact of psychological distress, addressing how much the workforce can function effectively despite the stress.

Critical Examining the New Labour Codes of India in Respect to the Existing Provisions

2025-06-19

Somnath Chatterji | International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

The ongoing discussion regarding Indian labor laws impeding the flexibility of the labor market has become a prominent issue over the past two decades, following the economic liberalization period. In … The ongoing discussion regarding Indian labor laws impeding the flexibility of the labor market has become a prominent issue over the past two decades, following the economic liberalization period. In an effort to streamline and simplify labor laws to promote a more business-friendly environment, the Indian government has introduced new labor codes, marking a significant milestone in labor law reform over the last thirty years. Conversely, labor unions strongly argue that the Indian labor market remains 'flexible' to the benefit of employers, despite the existence of what they perceive as 'restrictive' labor laws, and any further weakening of the current labor law framework will negatively impact the working class. This article delves into the consequences of the recent shift in India's labor law landscape brought about by the new labor codes. It also underscores the importance of addressing the latest labor market insecurities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, while transitioning towards a new labor governance framework as outlined in the labor codes. India's labor laws were previously governed by a multitude of legislations, primarily aimed at promoting social welfare and security. The year 2020 witnessed a significant transformation in India's labor laws, with the consolidation of existing laws into four new Labor Codes. This piece specifically examines the impact of these Codes on India's unorganized sector and its Information Technology ("IT") Sector, where the trend of layoffs is prevalent. Additionally, it explores how the exclusion of the Codes from the unorganized sector detrimentally affects its stakeholders. This analysis is critical, especially in light of recent socioeconomic developments affecting workers in India, particularly in emerging industries such as information technology, namely the pink-slip tendency in the IT industry, which was shown to be widespread during the COVID pandemic era. The research of the unorganised sector is especially essential because it shows gaps in current regulations and emphasises the inadequate improvements brought about by the Labour Codes. The essay collects and analyses data using the doctrinal approach of legal research. It also presents an overview of the employment legal framework in India and its culminating into the four employment Codes, finally establishing the inadequacies of the Codes in its current form and suggesting prospective reforms.

Decent work and job quality

2025-06-19

Patricia Findlay | Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

Precarity

2025-06-19

Cat Spellman , Jo McBride , Andrew Smith | Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM AND THE PROBLEM OF THE WORKING POOR

2025-06-19

N. Vishnevskaya , Anna Zudina | Public Administration Issues

Poverty remains one of the pressing social problems of the modern world, and Russia is no exception. The most common cause of poverty is a shortage of income; however, employment … Poverty remains one of the pressing social problems of the modern world, and Russia is no exception. The most common cause of poverty is a shortage of income; however, employment and wages do not always guarantee that a family will escape poverty. The purpose of this paper is to systematize foreign and Russian scientific research devoted to the study of the causes and mechanisms of the emergence of the “working poor”. It presents a comprehensive view of poverty as a labor market problem, which is based on both the lack of jobs and their poor quality. Special attention is paid to the relationship between poverty and certain labor market institutions – employment protection legislation and minimum wages. In countries where the level of employment and involvement of households in employment is traditionally high (including Russia), the quality of employment and, above all, the reduction of low-paid employment becomes a fundamental issue of poverty reduction policy. However, in this case it should be taken into account that many low-paid employed people live in “non-poor” households. The opposite is also true: many poor households do not have low-paid workers, their poverty is due to other reasons not related to the labor market (first of all, the composition and size of the household). Therefore, as the experience of many countries shows, raising the minimum wage, as a rule, cannot be the only tool to reduce poverty.

The political lessons of precarious work: How profiles of perceived income inadequacy and job insecurity relate to union membership and political trust

2025-06-19

Anahí Van Hootegem , Eva Selenko , Katharina Klug | Economic and Industrial Democracy

This study examines the dynamics of job insecurity and perceived income inadequacy trajectories and their implications for political attitudes. The authors examine these phenomena over a period of five years, … This study examines the dynamics of job insecurity and perceived income inadequacy trajectories and their implications for political attitudes. The authors examine these phenomena over a period of five years, using latent class growth analysis. Using data from the Dutch LISS panel with 5662 employees, the study uncovers five distinct profiles that portray diverse levels of job insecurity and perceived income inadequacy, which are relatively stable across time or show only small changes: (1) very low job insecurity and adequate incomes, (2) converging low job insecurity and adequate incomes, (3) low job insecurity and high income inadequacy, (4) increasing job insecurity and high income inadequacy, (5) high job insecurity and adequate incomes. The study explores connections between these trajectories and political attitudes and behaviour, particularly union membership and trust. Union membership is highest among those with the greatest job insecurity. Examining trust in government, the economy, democracy and parliament, the authors find significant differences in trust levels among the five profiles. The most precarious profile consistently registers the lowest trust scores.

Session 9. Oral Presentation for: Exploring effective indicators of modern slavery risk: on-site audit insight

2025-06-19

Sophie Ryan | Australian Energy Producers journal.

Presented on 27 May 2025: Session 9 The pervasive issue of modern slavery, encompassing forced labour, child labour, debt bondage, and deceptive recruitment practices, continues to afflict an estimated 50 … Presented on 27 May 2025: Session 9 The pervasive issue of modern slavery, encompassing forced labour, child labour, debt bondage, and deceptive recruitment practices, continues to afflict an estimated 50 million individuals globally. In response, the Australian government has enacted the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth), which mandates eligible entities to identify and mitigate risks within their supply chains, as well as to issue publicly available Modern Slavery Statements. The 2023 independent review of the Australian Modern Slavery Act highlighted the need to strengthen reporting entities’ supply chain due diligence. There has been heated debate about what effective risk-based approach can be adopted. The existing literature examining indicators of modern slavery risk based on empirical case studies remains limited and has primarily focussed on conceptual frameworks and theoretical approaches. This study aims to present the prevalent trends and common issues that have been identified via over 100 on-site audits, particularly in the context of China, where Australia’s significant reliance on manufacturing and production raises salient human rights considerations. The most prevalent major non-compliances include deficiencies in emergency and fire safety, excessive working hours, and remuneration-related concerns. These critical issues serve as substantial indicators of potential modern slavery risks, which provides valuable guidance for organisations to closely monitor these indicators and implement robust strategies to identify and mitigate modern slavery risks within their supply chain. To access the Oral Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here