Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology

Polyamine Metabolism and Applications

Works Count: 46548

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This cluster of papers explores the diverse roles of polyamines and biogenic amines in biology, health, and food science. It covers their involvement in cancer, aging, autophagy, cellular functions, plant development, and their implications for therapeutic applications and food quality.

Keywords

Polyamines; Biogenic Amines; Metabolism; Cancer; Aging; Autophagy; Cellular Functions; Plant Development; Therapeutic Applications; Food Quality

PURIFICATION OF AMINE OXIDASE FROM BEEF PLASMA

1954-06-01

Celia White Tabor , Herbert Tabor , Sanford M. Rosenthal

The Role of Polyamines in the Neutralization of Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid

1960-03-01

Bruce N. Ames , Donald T. Dubin

Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes

1986-03-01

Anthony E. Pegg

Research Article| March 01 1986 Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes A E Pegg A E Pegg Search for other works by this author on: This Site … Research Article| March 01 1986 Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes A E Pegg A E Pegg Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1986) 234 (2): 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2340249 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation A E Pegg; Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes. Biochem J 1 March 1986; 234 (2): 249–262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2340249 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search © 1986 London: The Biochemical Society1986 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

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Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

1988-11-01

Mou‐Tuan Huang , Robert C. Smart , Ching-Quo Wong +1 more

The effects of topically applied curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity, epidermal DNA synthesis, and the promotion of skin tumors were … The effects of topically applied curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity, epidermal DNA synthesis, and the promotion of skin tumors were evaluated in female CD-1 mice. Topical application of 0.5, 1, 3, or 10 mumol of curcumin inhibited by 31, 46, 84, or 98%, respectively, the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity by 5 nmol of TPA. In an additional study, the topical application of 10 mumol of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, or ferulic acid inhibited by 91, 25, 42, or 46%, respectively, the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 5 nmol of TPA. The topical application of 10 mumol of curcumin together with 2 or 5 nmol of TPA inhibited the TPA-dependent stimulation of the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into epidermal DNA by 49 or 29%, respectively, whereas lower doses of curcumin had little or no effect. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were less effective than curcumin as inhibitors of the TPA-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis. Topical application of 1, 3, or 10 mumol of curcumin together with 5 nmol of TPA twice weekly for 20 weeks to mice previously initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene inhibited the number of TPA-induced tumors per mouse by 39, 77, or 98%, respectively. Similar treatment of mice with 10 mumol of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, or ferulic acid together with 5 nmol of TPA inhibited the number of TPA-induced tumors per mouse by 60, 28, or 35%, respectively, and higher doses of the phenolic acids caused a more pronounced inhibition of tumor promotion. The possibility that curcumin could inhibit the action of arachidonic acid was evaluated by studying the effect of curcumin on arachidonic acid-induced edema of mouse ears. The topical application of 3 or 10 mumol of curcumin 30 min before the application of 1 mumol of arachidonic acid inhibited arachidonic acid-induced edema by 33 or 80%, respectively.

Ornithine decarboxylase is degraded by the 26S proteasome without ubiquitination

1992-12-01

Yasuko Murakami , Senya Matsufuji , Takaaki Kameji +5 more

Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products

1996-11-01

Lone Gram , Hans Henrik Huss

Polyamines: Mysterious Modulators of Cellular Functions

2000-05-01

Kazuei Igarashi , Keiko Kashiwagi

A perspective of polyamine metabolism

2003-11-11

Heather Wallace , Alison V. Fraser , Alun D. Hughes

Polyamines are essential for the growth and function of normal cells. They interact with various macromolecules, both electrostatically and covalently and, as a consequence, have a variety of cellular effects. … Polyamines are essential for the growth and function of normal cells. They interact with various macromolecules, both electrostatically and covalently and, as a consequence, have a variety of cellular effects. The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homoeostasis argue that these amines are critical to cell survival. The regulation of polyamine content within cells occurs at several levels, including transcription and translation. In addition, novel features such as the +1 frameshift required for antizyme production and the rapid turnover of several of the enzymes involved in the pathway make the regulation of polyamine metabolism a fascinating subject. The link between polyamine content and human disease is unequivocal, and significant success has been obtained in the treatment of a number of parasitic infections. Targeting the polyamine pathway as a means of treating cancer has met with limited success, although the development of drugs such as DFMO (alpha-difluoromethylornithine), a rationally designed anticancer agent, has revolutionized our understanding of polyamine function in cell growth and provided 'proof of concept' that influencing polyamine metabolism and content within tumour cells will prevent tumour growth. The more recent development of the polyamine analogues has been pivotal in advancing our understanding of the necessity to deplete all three polyamines to induce apoptosis in tumour cells. The current thinking is that the polyamine inhibitors/analogues may also be useful agents in the chemoprevention of cancer and, in this area, we may yet see a revival of DFMO. The future will be in adopting a functional genomics approach to identifying polyamine-regulated genes linked to either carcinogenesis or apoptosis.

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Polyamines and environmental challenges: recent development

1999-01-01

Alain Bouchereau , Aziz Aziz , F. Larher +1 more

The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc.

1993-08-15

C Bello-Fernández , Graham Packham , John L. Cleveland

Constitutive c-myc expression suppresses cell cycle arrest, promotes entry into S phase, and results in the growth factor-independent expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17). The ODC gene contains a … Constitutive c-myc expression suppresses cell cycle arrest, promotes entry into S phase, and results in the growth factor-independent expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17). The ODC gene contains a conserved repeat of the Myc binding site, CACGTG, in intron 1. In this report, we demonstrate that c-Myc is a potent transactivator of ODC promoter-reporter gene constructs in fibroblasts that requires the CACGTG repeat. These sites conferred Myc responsiveness on heterologous promoter constructs, suggesting that ODC is regulated by Myc at the level of transcription initiation. Analysis of deletion and point mutants of c-myc revealed that domains required for transactivation of the ODC promoter did not include the leucine zipper of the Myc protein. This suggests that Myc may interact with transcription factors other than Max to transactivate the ODC gene.

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Modulation of cellular function by polyamines

2009-07-29

Kazuei Igarashi , Keiko Kashiwagi

mTOR regulation of autophagy

2010-01-18

Chang Hwa Jung , Seung‐Hyun Ro , Jing Cao +2 more

Nutrient starvation induces autophagy in eukaryotic cells through inhibition of TOR (target of rapamycin), an evolutionarily‐conserved protein kinase. TOR, as a central regulator of cell growth, plays a key role … Nutrient starvation induces autophagy in eukaryotic cells through inhibition of TOR (target of rapamycin), an evolutionarily‐conserved protein kinase. TOR, as a central regulator of cell growth, plays a key role at the interface of the pathways that coordinately regulate the balance between cell growth and autophagy in response to nutritional status, growth factor and stress signals. Although TOR has been known as a key regulator of autophagy for more than a decade, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have not been clearly understood. This review discusses the recent advances in understanding of the mechanism by which TOR regulates autophagy with focus on mammalian TOR (mTOR) and its regulation of the autophagy machinery.

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Analysis of Polyamines in Higher Plants by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

1982-03-01

Hector E. Flores , Arthur W. Galston

A sensitive (0.01-1 nmol) method has been developed for the analysis of polyamines in higher plant extracts based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of their benzoyl derivatives (Redmond, Tseng … A sensitive (0.01-1 nmol) method has been developed for the analysis of polyamines in higher plant extracts based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of their benzoyl derivatives (Redmond, Tseng 1979 J Chromatogr 170: 479-481). Putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermidine, spermine, and the less common polyamines nor-spermidine and homospermidine can be completely resolved by reverse phase HPLC, isocratic elution with methanol:water (64%, v/v) through a 5-mum C(18) column, and detection at 254 nm. The method can be directly applied to crude plant extracts, and it is not subject to interference by carbohydrates and phenolics. A good quantitative correlation was found between HPLC analysis of benzoylpolyamines and thin layer chromatography of their dansyl derivatives. With the HPLC method, polyamine titers have been reproducibly estimated for various organs of amaranth, Lemna, oat, pea, Pharbitis, and potato. The analyses correlate well with results of thin layer chromatography determinations.

Mammalian TOR: A Homeostatic ATP Sensor

2001-11-02

Patrick B. Dennis , Anja Jaeschke , Masao Saitoh +3 more

The bacterial macrolide rapamycin is an efficacious anticancer agent against solid tumors. In a hypoxic environment, the increase in mass of solid tumors is dependent on the recruitment of mitogens … The bacterial macrolide rapamycin is an efficacious anticancer agent against solid tumors. In a hypoxic environment, the increase in mass of solid tumors is dependent on the recruitment of mitogens and nutrients. When nutrient concentrations change, particularly those of essential amino acids, the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) functions in regulatory pathways that control ribosome biogenesis and cell growth. In bacteria, ribosome biogenesis is independently regulated by amino acids and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here we demonstrate that the mTOR pathway is influenced by the intracellular concentration of ATP, independent of the abundance of amino acids, and that mTOR itself is an ATP sensor.

Ethylene biosynthesis: Identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene

1979-01-01

Douglas O. Adams , Shang Fa Yang

L-[ U - 14 C]Methionine fed to apple tissue was efficiently converted to ethylene when the tissue was incubated in air. In nitrogen, however, it was not metabolized to ethylene … L-[ U - 14 C]Methionine fed to apple tissue was efficiently converted to ethylene when the tissue was incubated in air. In nitrogen, however, it was not metabolized to ethylene but was instead converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). When apple tissues were fed with L-[ methyl - 14 C]methionine or L-[ 35 S]methionine and incubated in nitrogen, radioactivity was found subsequently in methylthioribose. This suggests that methionine is first converted to S -adenosylmethionine which is in turn fragmented to ACC and methylthioadenosine. Methylthioadenosine is then hydrolyzed to methylthioribose. The conclusion that ACC is an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene is based on the following observations: Labeled ACC was efficiently converted to ethylene by apple tissue incubated in air; the conversion of labeled methionine to ethylene was greatly decreased in the presence of unlabeled ACC, but the conversion of labeled ACC to ethylene was little affected by the presence of unlabeled methionine; and 2-amino-4-(2′-aminoethoxy) trans -3-butenoic acid, a potent inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate-mediated enzyme reactions, greatly inhibited the conversion of methionine to ethylene but did not inhibit conversion of ACC to ethylene. These data indicate the following sequence for the pathway of ethylene biosynthesis in apple tissue: methionine → S -adenosylmethionine → ACC → ethylene. A possible mechanism accounting for these reactions is presented.

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Polyamines and abiotic stress: recent advances

2007-03-13

María Daniela Groppa , María Patricia Benavides

An improved 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method for the determination of amines

1975-03-01

Stephen L. Snyder , P. Z. Sobocinski

Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture

1981-05-01

J Kruh

Polyamines in rapid growth and cancer

1978-04-01

J Jänne , Hannu Pösö , Aarne Raina

Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding

2004-10-01

Eugene W. Gerner , Frank L. Meyskens

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Significance of biogenic amines to food safety and human health

1996-10-01

Ali R. Shalaby

Histamine Food Poisoning: Toxicology and Clinical Aspects

1986-01-01

Steve L. Taylor , Ronald R. Eitenmiller

Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been … Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. Fish are most commonly involved in incidents of histamine poisoning, although cheese has also been implicated on occasion. The historic involvement of tuna and mackerel in histamine poisoning led to the longtime usage of the term, scombroid fish poisoning, to describe this food-borne illness. Histamine poisoning is characterized by a short incubation period, a short duration, and symptoms resembling those associated with allergic reactions. The evidence supporting the role of histamine as the causative agent is compelling. The efficacy of antihistamine therapy, the allergic-like symptomology, and the finding of high levels of histamine in the implicated food suggest strongly that histamine is the causative agent. However, histamine ingested with spoiled fish appears to be much more toxic than histamine ingested in an aqueous solution. The presence of potentiators of histamine toxicity in the spoiled fish may account for this difference in toxicity. Several potentiators including other putrefactive amines such as putrescine and cadaverine have been identified. Pharmacologic potentiators may also exist; aminoguanidine and isoniazid are examples. The mechanism of action of these potentiators appears to be the inhibition of intestinal histamine-metabolizing enzymes. This enzyme inhibition causes a decrease in histamine detoxification in the intestinal mucosa and results in increased intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of unmetabolized histamine.

Agmatine: an Endogenous Clonidine-Displacing Substance in the Brain

1994-02-18

Gen Li , S. Regunathan , Colin J. Barrow +3 more

Clonidine, an antihypertensive drug, binds to α 2 -adrenergic and imidazoline receptors. The endogenous ligand for imidazoline receptors may be a clonidine-displacing substance, a small molecule isolated from bovine brain. … Clonidine, an antihypertensive drug, binds to α 2 -adrenergic and imidazoline receptors. The endogenous ligand for imidazoline receptors may be a clonidine-displacing substance, a small molecule isolated from bovine brain. This clonidine-displacing substance was purified and determined by mass spectroscopy to be agmatine (decarboxylated arginine), heretofore not detected in brain. Agmatine binds to α 2 -adrenergic and imidazoline receptors and stimulates release of catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells. Its biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase, is present in brain. Agmatine, locally synthesized, is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptors, a noncatecholamine ligand at α 2 -adrenergic receptors and may act as a neurotransmitter.

The coordinate regulation of the p53 and mTOR pathways in cells

2005-05-31

Zhaohui Feng , Haiyan Zhang , Arnold J. Levine +1 more

Cell growth and proliferation requires an intricate coordination between the stimulatory signals arising from nutrients and growth factors and the inhibitory signals arising from intracellular and extracellular stresses. Alteration of … Cell growth and proliferation requires an intricate coordination between the stimulatory signals arising from nutrients and growth factors and the inhibitory signals arising from intracellular and extracellular stresses. Alteration of the coordination often causes cancer. In mammals, the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) protein kinase is the central node in nutrient and growth factor signaling, and p53 plays a critical role in sensing genotoxic and other stresses. The results presented here demonstrate that activation of p53 inhibits mTOR activity and regulates its downstream targets, including autophagy, a tumor suppression process. Moreover, the mechanisms by which p53 regulates mTOR involves AMP kinase activation and requires the tuberous sclerosis (TSC) 1/TSC2 complex, both of which respond to energy deprivation in cells. In addition, glucose starvation not only signals to shut down mTOR, but also results in the transient phosphorylation of the p53 protein. Thus, p53 and mTOR signaling machineries can cross-talk and coordinately regulate cell growth, proliferation, and death.

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Role of Polyamines in the Control of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

1981-09-01

Olle Heby

Catalytic irreversible inhibition of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (E.C.4.1.1.17) by substrate and product analogs

1978-04-01

Brian W. Metcalf , Philippe Bey , Charles Danzin +3 more

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic irreversible inhibition of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (E.C.4.1.1.17) by substrate and product analogsB. W. Metcalf, P. Bey, C. Danzin, M. J. Jung, P. Casara, and J. P. … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic irreversible inhibition of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (E.C.4.1.1.17) by substrate and product analogsB. W. Metcalf, P. Bey, C. Danzin, M. J. Jung, P. Casara, and J. P. VevertCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 8, 2551–2553Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00476a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00476a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1325Altmetric-Citations840LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants

2010-01-01

Sarvajeet Singh Gill , Narendra Tuteja

Environmental stresses including climate change, especially global warming, are severely affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential of major crops are … Environmental stresses including climate change, especially global warming, are severely affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential of major crops are routinely lost due to the unfavorable environmental factors. On the other hand, the world population is estimated to reach about 10 billion by 2050, which will witness serious food shortages. Therefore, crops with enhanced vigour and high tolerance to various environmental factors should be developed to feed the increasing world population. Maintaining crop yields under adverse environmental stresses is probably the major challenge facing modern agriculture where polyamines can play important role. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are group of phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds with aliphatic nitrogen structure and present in almost all living organisms including plants. Evidences showed that polyamines are involved in many physiological processes, such as cell growth and development and respond to stress tolerance to various environmental factors. In many cases the relationship of plant stress tolerance was noted with the production of conjugated and bound polyamines as well as stimulation of polyamine oxidation. Therefore, genetic manipulation of crop plants with genes encoding enzymes of polyamine biosynthetic pathways may provide better stress tolerance to crop plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of PAs is also another option for increasing the stress tolerance potential in plants. Here, we have described the synthesis and role of various polyamines in abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

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Targeting polyamine metabolism and function in cancer and other hyperproliferative diseases

2007-04-27

Robert A. Casero , Laurence J. Marton

Improved screening procedure for biogenic amine production by lactic acid bacteria

1999-12-01

Sara Bover‐Cid , Wilhelm H. Holzapfel

Biogenic amines and their production by microorganisms in food

1994-02-01

Anna Halász , Ágnes Baráth , Lívia Simon‐Sarkadi +1 more

Occurrence and formation of biologically active amines in foods

1990-08-01

B. ten Brink , C. Damink , Han Joosten +1 more

Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance

2010-03-10

Rubén Alcázar , Teresa Altabella , Francisco Marco +5 more

Phytochelatins, the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants, are synthesized from glutathione by a specific γ-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase)

1989-09-01

Erwin Grill , Susanne Löffler , Ernst‐L. Winnacker +1 more

An enzyme has been discovered and characterized from Silene cucubalus cell suspension cultures that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptide moiety of glutathione to an acceptor glutathione molecule or … An enzyme has been discovered and characterized from Silene cucubalus cell suspension cultures that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptide moiety of glutathione to an acceptor glutathione molecule or a growing chain of [Glu(-Cys)](n)-Gly oligomers, thus synthesizing phytochelatins, the metal-binding peptides of higher plants and select fungi. The enzyme was named gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase and given the trivial name phytochelatin synthase. The primary reaction catalyzed is [Glu(-Cys)]-Gly + [Glu(-Cys)](n)-Gly --> [Glu(-Cys)](n+1)-Gly + Gly. The enzyme is isoelectric near pH 4.8 and has temperature and pH optima at 35 degrees C and 7.9, respectively. Phytochelatin synthase is constitutively present in cell cultures of various plant species and its formation is not noticeably induced by heavy metal ions in the growth medium. The enzyme (M(r)95,000) seems to be composed of four subunits, the dimer (M(r)50,000) being also catalytically active. Cd(2+) is by far the best metal activator of the enzyme followed by Ag(+), Bi(3+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+), and Au(+). The K(m) for glutathione is 6.7 mM. The enzyme activity seems to be self-regulated in that the product of the reaction (the phytochelatins) chelates the enzyme-activating metal, thus terminating the enzyme reaction. The molar ratio of the gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptide in phytochelatin to Cd(2+) in the newly formed complex was 2:1.

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Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet-derived growth factor

1983-07-01

Brent Cochran , Angela Reffel , Charles D. Stiles

Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications

2001-02-01

Thresia Thomas

Amine synthesis in rapidly growing tissues: ornithine decarboxylase activity in regenerating rat liver, chick embryo, and various tumors.

1968-08-01

D Russell , Solomon H. Snyder

Commnunicated by Commnunicated by

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Factor Stimulating Transcription by RNA Polymerase

1969-01-01

Richard R. Burgess , Andrew Travers , John J. Dunn +1 more

1,4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine), Spermidine, and Spermine

1976-06-01

C W Tabor , Herbert Tabor

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth … The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More

Biogenic amines: their importance in foods

1996-04-01

M.H.Silla Santos

Polyamines in microorganisms

1985-03-01

C W Tabor , Herbert Tabor

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Polyamines: essential factors for growth and survival

2008-07-01

T. Kusano , Thomas Berberich , Chika Tateda +1 more

Histamine and histamine intolerance

2007-05-01

Laura Maintz , Natalija Novak

Polyamine metabolism and its importance in neoplastic growth and a target for chemotherapy.

1988-02-15

Anthony E. Pegg

The polyamine-biosynthetic pathway represents an inviting target for the development of agents inhibiting carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Polyamines play an essential role in the proliferation and development of mammalian cells. … The polyamine-biosynthetic pathway represents an inviting target for the development of agents inhibiting carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Polyamines play an essential role in the proliferation and development of mammalian cells. Deranged polyamine metabolism may be an important factor in carcinogenesis. Depletion of polyamines inhibits growth of neoplastic cells in vitro and in animal models. Several different classes of other anticancer agents may under some conditions exert enhanced effects when polyamine levels are depleted. Some suitable inhibitors of polyamine production are currently available and other promising compounds are presently being tested. It should soon prove possible to block polyamine biosynthesis at every step in the pathway. The use of these inhibitors alone and combined either with each other or with other antitumor agents will enable a full examination of the potential of this approach.

Polyamine metabolism and function

1982-11-01

Anthony E. Pegg , Peter P. McCann

Polyamines are ubiquitous organic cations of low molecular weight. The content of these amines is closely regulated by the cell according to the state of growth. The reactions responsible for … Polyamines are ubiquitous organic cations of low molecular weight. The content of these amines is closely regulated by the cell according to the state of growth. The reactions responsible for the biosynthesis and interconversion of the polyamines and their precursor putrescine are described and the means by which polyamine content can be varied in response to exogenous stimuli are discussed. The role of polyamines in the cell cycle, cell division, tissue growth, and differentiation is considered. Recent studies using highly specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine to prevent accumulation of polyamines have indicated that the synthesis of polyamines is intimately associated with these processes. Such inhibitors have great potential for investigation of the cellular role of polyamines.

Endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms

1966-09-01

Marion A. Brooks

Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond

1998-11-15

Guoyao Wu , Sidney M. Morris

Arginine is one of the most versatile amino acids in animal cells, serving as a precursor for the synthesis not only of proteins but also of nitric oxide, urea, polyamines, … Arginine is one of the most versatile amino acids in animal cells, serving as a precursor for the synthesis not only of proteins but also of nitric oxide, urea, polyamines, proline, glutamate, creatine and agmatine. Of the enzymes that catalyse rate-controlling steps in arginine synthesis and catabolism, argininosuccinate synthase, the two arginase isoenzymes, the three nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes and arginine decarboxylase have been recognized in recent years as key factors in regulating newly identified aspects of arginine metabolism. In particular, changes in the activities of argininosuccinate synthase, the arginases, the inducible isoenzyme of nitric oxide synthase and also cationic amino acid transporters play major roles in determining the metabolic fates of arginine in health and disease, and recent studies have identified complex patterns of interaction among these enzymes. There is growing interest in the potential roles of the arginase isoenzymes as regulators of the synthesis of nitric oxide, polyamines, proline and glutamate. Physiological roles and relationships between the pathways of arginine synthesis and catabolism in vivo are complex and difficult to analyse, owing to compartmentalized expression of various enzymes at both organ (e.g. liver, small intestine and kidney) and subcellular (cytosol and mitochondria) levels, as well as to changes in expression during development and in response to diet, hormones and cytokines. The ongoing development of new cell lines and animal models using cDNA clones and genes for key arginine metabolic enzymes will provide new approaches more clearly elucidating the physiological roles of these enzymes. Correspondence may be addressed to either Dr. G. Wu (e-mail [email protected]) or Dr. S. M. Morris, Jr. (e-mail [email protected]) at the addresses given.

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The Relationship among Tyrosine Decarboxylase and Agmatine Deiminase Pathways in Enterococcus faecalis

2017-11-01

Marta Pérez , Víctor Ladero , Beatriz del Río +7 more

Enterococci are considered mainly responsible for the undesirable accumulation of the biogenic amines tyramine and putrescine in cheeses. The biosynthesis of tyramine and putrescine has been described as a species … Enterococci are considered mainly responsible for the undesirable accumulation of the biogenic amines tyramine and putrescine in cheeses. The biosynthesis of tyramine and putrescine has been described as a species trait in Enterococcus faecalis. Tyramine is formed by the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine, by the tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) route encoded in the tdc cluster. Putrescine is formed from agmatine by the agmatine deiminase (AGDI) pathway encoded in the agdi cluster. These biosynthesis routes have been independently studied, tyrosine and agmatine transcriptionally regulate the tdc and agdi clusters. The objective of the present work is to study the possible co-regulation among TDC and AGDI pathways in E. faecalis. In the presence of agmatine, a positive correlation between putrescine biosynthesis and the tyrosine concentration was found. Transcriptome studies showed that tyrosine induces the transcription of putrescine biosynthesis genes and up-regulates pathways involved in cell growth. The tyrosine modulation over AGDI route was not observed in the mutant Δtdc strain. Fluorescence analyses using gfp as reporter protein revealed PaguB (the promoter of agdi catabolic genes) was induced by tyrosine in the wild-type but not in the mutant strain, confirming that tdc cluster was involved in the tyrosine induction of putrescine biosynthesis. This study also suggests that AguR (the transcriptional regulator of agdi) was implicated in interaction among the two clusters.

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Spermidine in health and disease

2018-01-25

Frank Madeo , Tobias Eisenberg , Federico Pietrocola +1 more

Having your longevity and eating too Although caloric restriction has clear benefits for maximizing health span and life span, it is sufficiently unpleasant that few humans stick to it. Madeo … Having your longevity and eating too Although caloric restriction has clear benefits for maximizing health span and life span, it is sufficiently unpleasant that few humans stick to it. Madeo et al. review evidence that increased intake of the polyamine spermidine appears to reproduce many of the healthful effects of caloric restriction, and they explain its cellular actions, which include enhancement of autophagy and protein deacetylation. Spermidine is found in foods such as wheat germ, soybeans, nuts, and some fruits and vegetables and produced by the microbiota. Increased uptake of spermidine has protective effects against cancer, metabolic disease, heart disease, and neurodegeneration. Science , this issue p. eaan2788

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Scientific Opinion on risk based control of biogenic amine formation in fermented foods

2011-10-01

A qualitative risk assessment of biogenic amines (BA) in fermented foods was conducted, using data from the scientific literature, as well as from European Union-related surveys, reports and consumption data.Histamine … A qualitative risk assessment of biogenic amines (BA) in fermented foods was conducted, using data from the scientific literature, as well as from European Union-related surveys, reports and consumption data.Histamine and tyramine are considered as the most toxic and food safety relevant, and fermented foods are of particular BA concern due to associated intensive microbial activity and potential for BA formation.Based on mean content in foods and consumer exposure data, fermented food categories were ranked in respect to histamine and tyramine, but presently available information was insufficient to conduct quantitative risk assessment of BA, individually and in combination(s).Regarding BA risk mitigation options, particularly relevant are hygienic measures to minimize the occurrence of BA-producing microorganisms in raw material, additional microbial controls and use of BAnonproducing starter cultures.Based on limited published information, no adverse health effects were observed after exposure to following BA levels in food (per person per meal): a) 50 mg histamine for healthy individuals, but below detectable limits for those with histamine intolerance; b) 600 mg tyramine for healthy individuals not taking monoamino oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs, but 50 mg for those taking third generation MAOI drugs or 6 mg for those taking classical MAOI drugs; and c) for putrescine and cadaverine, the information was insufficient in that respect.Presently, only high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods enable simultaneous and high sensitivity quantification of all BA in foods, hence are best suited for monitoring and control purposes.Monitoring of BA concentrations in fermented foods during the production process and along the food chain would be beneficial for controls and further knowledge.Further research on BA in fermented foods is needed; particularly on toxicity and associated concentrations, production process-based control measures, further process hygiene and/or food safety criteria development, and validation of analysis methods.

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Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

1980-06-01

Noor Embi , Dennis B. Rylatt , Philip Cohen

A glycogen synthase kinase was partially purified from rabbit skeletal muscle by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose and chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The enzyme was highly specific for glycogen … A glycogen synthase kinase was partially purified from rabbit skeletal muscle by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose and chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The enzyme was highly specific for glycogen synthase. In the standard assay, the relative rates of phosphorylation were: glycogen synthase (100), phosvitin (2.5), phosphorylase kinase (< 1), casein (0.3), protein phosphatase inhibitor‐1 (< 0.1), phosphorylase(< 0.01), mixed histones (< 0.01). The enzyme was separated from virtually all phosvitin kinase and casein kinase activity by the chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. The K m values for ATP and GTP were 0.02 mM and 0.5 mM respectively, and a similar maximum reaction velocity was obtained with each nucleoside triphosphate. The activity of the enzyme was unaffected by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ions, calcium ions plus calmodulin, and the specific protein inhibitor of cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase. The properties of the enzyme demonstrated that it was distinct from both cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase, the two well characterized glycogen synthase kinases in skeletal muscle. This enzyme was therefore termed glycogen synthase kinase‐3. The phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by glycogen synthase kinase‐3 reached a pleateau near 1.5 molecule phosphate incorporated per subunit under optimal conditions. The activity of glycogen synthase measured in the absence of glucose 6‐phosphate was decreased fivefold and the apparent K a for glucose 6‐phosphate was increased 15‐fold, when 1.2 molecule phosphate per sub‐unit had been introduced into the enzyme. Phosphorylation to a similar extent with either cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase or phosphorylase kinase produced smaller changes in activity. Glycogen synthase was phosphorylated by cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase and glycogen synthase kinase‐3, using conditions where the phosphorylation by any one protein kinase reached a plateau near one molecule of phosphate incorporated per subunit. The different protein kinases were used separately and in combination to generate seven different phosphorylated species of glycogen synthase. The phosphorylation of glycogen synthase approached two molecules per subunit when any two protein kinases were combined, and three molecules per subunit when all three protein kinases were combined, and the inactivation produced by the different protein kinases was essentially additive. The results imply that each protein kinase preferentially phosphorylates a different site(s) on glycogen synthase, and this is confirmed by the amino acid sequence analysis described in the following paper in this journal.

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Insight into the functional and structural relationship of ornithine decarboxylase and its mutants from <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i>

2025-06-25

Nonvide Nicolas Adiko , Hye‐Sook Seo , Dae‐Won Ki +2 more | Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of l ‐ornithine to putrescine using pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP). Lactobacilli act probiotically by … Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of l ‐ornithine to putrescine using pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP). Lactobacilli act probiotically by stimulating the immune system, defending against pathogens, and mitigating the impact of various chronic illnesses. To better understand the function and structure of ODC from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LrODC‐WT), we investigated its enzymatic activity, kinetic characteristics, crystal structure, and further examined a variety of single‐residue mutants. We found that active LrODC‐WT has the following kinetic parameters: K M 6.83 ± 1.01 mM, k cat 1.44 ± 0.1 s −1 , and k cat / K M 210.83 ± 19.37 M −1 s −1 . Unlike LrODC‐WT, H346A, F186A, H216F, and E281Q showed no catalytic activity. H346A showed maximum unfolding at 2 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), while the other enzymes exhibited peak unfolding effects at 1 M, indicating that H346A shows higher resistance to GdnHCl. The PLP binding in LrODCs using a UV/Vis spectrometer showed that LrODC‐WT possesses high PLP, while F186A and H346A demonstrated 50% PLP of LrODC‐WT, and absent in H216F and E281Q. The crystal structure of LrODC‐WT was identified as a tetramer in which PLP was bound to all four subunits and interacted with residue K347 for Schiff base formation. While the crystal structures of H216F and H346A form dimers, an LrODC‐WT tetramer can form via hydrogen bonding of D544 and N270. An improved understanding of the structure and function of LrODCs is relevant for controlling its polyamine production and for optimizing L. rhamnosus strains for use as a more potent probiotic.

Correction to: Polyamines of unique structure are integrated in Synura echinulata biosilica

2025-06-24

Oliver Reinke , Susanne Machill , Eike Brunner | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

A Benzothiazole-Derived Nanohybrid Material Tailored Smart Strip: A Smartphone-Assisted Colorimetric Kit for the Quantification of Spermidine Levels in Food Samples

2025-06-20

Khushdeep Kaur , Divya , Sanchit Kalra +2 more | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Elevated levels of biogenic polyamines, specifically spermidine, have been linked to several foodborne diseases, thereby compromising global food safety and quality standards worldwide. It has also been recognized as a … Elevated levels of biogenic polyamines, specifically spermidine, have been linked to several foodborne diseases, thereby compromising global food safety and quality standards worldwide. It has also been recognized as a key biomarker for cancer diagnosis in early stages. Therefore, estimating spermidine levels is a crucial indicator in controlling foodborne illnesses. To address this, we propose a benzothiazole-based nanohybrid material, KK1-ZnO nanohybrid material + Cu(I), to analyze spermidine levels. The performance of KK1-ZnO nanohybrid material + Cu(I) toward detecting spermidine has been evaluated by a series of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Further, a cost-effective, easy-to-use Smart Strip-based portable colorimetric kit has been proposed to visually analyze safe spermidine levels in food samples. This Smart Strip enables on-site detection and quantification of spermidine levels by comparing the Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) parameters for easy analysis. The pale-yellow strips coated with the KK1-ZnO nanohybrid material + Cu(I) turned greenish-blue upon exposure to spermidine. The Smart Strip kit offers different reference levels for easy comparison and quantification, thereby promoting human health and well-being. With this technology, one can easily assess spermidine levels in food samples, supporting healthier dietary decisions and overall well-being.

Rapamycin for longevity: the pros, the cons, and future perspectives

2025-06-20

Kelley M. Roark , Philip H. Iffland | Frontiers in Aging

Rapamycin, an antibiotic discovered in the 1970s from Streptomyces hygroscopicus on Easter Island (Rapanui), has become a critical tool in biomedical research. Initially recognized for its potent antifungal and immunosuppressive … Rapamycin, an antibiotic discovered in the 1970s from Streptomyces hygroscopicus on Easter Island (Rapanui), has become a critical tool in biomedical research. Initially recognized for its potent antifungal and immunosuppressive properties, rapamycin has recently gained significant attention for anti-aging therapy and seizure treatment via mTOR pathway inhibition. The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved metabolic signaling cascade that regulates cell division, growth, and survival. There is growing evidence that mTOR pathway activity accelerates aging and the development of age-related diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and declining immune function. Therefore physicians and “biohackers” are using mTOR inhibition via rapamycin (and rapamycin analogs) off-label for prevention of age-related conditions despite not being widely recognized as a treatment by the broader clinical community. Currently, rapamycin (i.e., sirolimus and everolimus) is FDA approved for the prevention of transplant organ rejection and for anti-seizure therapy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC; caused by variants in TSC1 or 2 ). We aim to summarize the mTOR pathway, the impact rapamycin has on the mTOR pathway, and the state of rapamycin use in the field of aging and longevity. Importantly, we will discuss the gaps in knowledge, pitfalls, and potential for the use of rapamycin to prevent aging/age-related disease and discuss the lessons learned from achieving FDA approval of evirolimus for TSC-related seizures after many years of off-label use.

Determining Factors for Spermidine-Induced Modulation of Conformational Stability and Dynamics of Horse Myoglobin

2025-06-20

Manisha Yadav , Muthusamy Sureshan , K. Saraboji +2 more | Biochemistry

The present work describes how water-miscible natural polyamine (NPA) spermidine (SPD) alters the conformational stability and dynamics of horse myoglobin (h-Mb) at pH 7.4. Analysis of thermal- and chemical-induced unfolding … The present work describes how water-miscible natural polyamine (NPA) spermidine (SPD) alters the conformational stability and dynamics of horse myoglobin (h-Mb) at pH 7.4. Analysis of thermal- and chemical-induced unfolding profiles of h-Mb at different concentrations of SPD at pH 7.4 revealed that SPD (≥5 mM) reduces the conformational stability of h-Mb. The effect of SPD was further corroborated using MD simulations, which showed that SPD (≥5 mM) enhanced the conformational fluctuations and reduced the structural stability of h-Mb. The SPD concentration effect on the thermodynamic equilibria (KU) of h-Mb was translated to the changes in preferential interaction coefficient (ΔΓ23) and hydration number (ΔΓw). The finding of the positive value of ΔΓ23 and the negative value of ΔΓw suggests that the interaction of SPD with h-Mb and the exclusion of water from the protein reduce the conformational stability of h-Mb. Analysis of SPD effects on enthalpy-entropy plots and temperature dependence of unfolding free energy of h-Mb suggests that the SPD forms soft, attractive enthalpic interactions with h-Mb. Analysis of SPD impact on the urea-concentration-dependent thermal unfolding midpoint temperature showed that SPD exhibits an additive effect to the urea-mediated decrease in the thermal stability of h-Mb.

Evaluation of synthesis and extracellular excretion of biogenic amines by the aquatic moss <i>Vesicularia dubyana</i>

2025-06-20

Alexander Y. Belyshenko , M. M. MORGUNOVA , Ekaterina V. Malygina +7 more | Journal of Bryology

The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Knockout EDARADD Affects the Metastatic Ability of T24 Bladder Cancer Cells

2025-06-19

Ning Gao | Theoretical and Natural Science

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor in the urinary system. It has been reported that the expression of EDARADD, which is called ectodysplasin-A receptor-associated death domain, in bladder cancer … Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor in the urinary system. It has been reported that the expression of EDARADD, which is called ectodysplasin-A receptor-associated death domain, in bladder cancer is higher than in normal bladder tissue and it can impact the metastasis of bladder cancer by modulating the process of EMT. But the specific mechanism is still not clear. This study embarks on exploring the specific mechanism of how EDARADD knockout in T24 cells will affect the progress of bladder cancer. The study will test the change of Trim21 expression and Snail1 expression after EDARADD knockout in the T24 bladder cancer cells and explore whether interactions occur between EDARADD and Trim21 or between Trim21 and Snail1. With our result, we hope to show that EDARADD knockout will up-regulate the Trim21 expression, down-regulate the Snail1 expression. we also hope to show that EDARADD can interact with Trim21 and Trim21 can interact with Snail1. These results are consistent with our hypothesis.

Potential Role of Probiotic Strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Control of Histamine Metabolism

2025-06-19

Gina Cavaliere , Egidia Costanzi , Beniamino T. Cenci‐Goga +2 more | Biology

Histamine intolerance is a condition that occurs when there is an imbalance between the accumulation and degradation of histamine within the body. Excess histamine is metabolized and then degraded by … Histamine intolerance is a condition that occurs when there is an imbalance between the accumulation and degradation of histamine within the body. Excess histamine is metabolized and then degraded by two enzymes, of which the most abundant is the vesicular diamine oxidase (DAO). An imbalance or a state of dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been observed in patients with histamine intolerance compared to healthy individuals. Studies indicate that the administration of bifidobacteria or lactobacilli alone or in mixtures can alter colonic microbiota populations and metabolic activities. The present study has evaluated the ability of a probiotic bacterial strain to stimulate the release of cellular DAO from an in vitro model of the human intestinal epithelial barrier. The results indicate that, under the experimental conditions used, probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP115 has a significant stimulatory effect on DAO secretion in adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29.

The involvement of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in modulating polyamine metabolism and low-temperature tolerance enhancement in white clover

2025-06-19

Shuyang Yao , Li Lin , Haojun Xiong +4 more | Frontiers in Plant Science

Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening, making it difficult to revive the plants in the spring. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are … Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening, making it difficult to revive the plants in the spring. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely known for their ability to enhance host stress tolerance. It is unclear whether AMF can enhance the low-temperature tolerance of white clover, which is associated with polyamines. The purpose of this study was to examine how inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae affected the biomass, leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange, levels of root polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), activities of key polyamine-related enzymes, and the expression level of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase ( TrSAMDC1 ) gene at low temperatures (4°C for four days). The low-temperature treatment inhibited the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased shoot, root, and total biomass, with greater increases found at optimal temperatures (22°C/18°C, 16 h/8 h, day/night temperature) than at low temperatures. Similarly, AMF inoculation significantly improved leaf gas exchange parameters, with larger increases observed at optimal temperatures than at low temperatures. Low temperatures caused a considerable increase in putrescine and spermidine levels, while simultaneously decreasing spermine levels. Mycorrhizal inoculation elevated putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels regardless of temperature conditions, along with a significant rise in the (spermidine+spermine)/putrescine ratio. Mycorrhizal plants also exhibited considerably increased activities of arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase, but not ornithine decarboxylase, in response to low temperatures. Mycorrhizal inoculation, together with low temperatures, elevated TrSAMDC1 expression. The observed alterations in mycorrhiza-mediated polyamines were primarily attributed to increased arginine decarboxylase activity and TrSAMDC1 expression. This study demonstrated the role of mycorrhizal fungi in modulating polyamine metabolism and enhancing plant tolerance to low-temperature stress.

A reaction based fluorescent sensor for the detection of histamine and its application in fish samples

2025-06-19

Fuat Gökbel , Abdurrahman Karagoz , Ziya Aydın +1 more | Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy

Spermidine is a key polyamine required by intracellular parasites for survival within host erythrocytes

2025-06-18

Pallavi Singh , Jae‐Yeon Choi , Emmanuel Cornillot +1 more | Science Advances

Intracellular parasites, including Babesia and Plasmodium , the agents of human babesiosis and malaria, depend on the salvage or de novo synthesis of critical nutrients for survival within human erythrocytes. … Intracellular parasites, including Babesia and Plasmodium , the agents of human babesiosis and malaria, depend on the salvage or de novo synthesis of critical nutrients for survival within human erythrocytes. Among these, polyamines play a pivotal role, but their specific requirements and molecular functions in intraerythrocytic parasites remain poorly understood. We identify spermidine as a key polyamine for Babesia duncani and Plasmodium falciparum for intraerythrocytic development. We demonstrate that spermidine is indispensable for regulating protein translation through hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A, and its depletion leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Disruption of spermidine biosynthesis or its conversion from spermine results in parasite death. We also show that B. duncani and other Babesia species use an ancestral spermidine synthase–like enzyme, highlighting a distinct evolutionary adaptation from P. falciparum . Our results reveal the spermidine’s dual role in oxidative stress defense and translation regulation, positioning spermidine biosynthesis as a critical vulnerability and a promising therapeutic target.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Soybean Polyamine Oxidase Genes Reveals Their Roles in Flower Development and Response to Abiotic Stress

2025-06-18

Yang Yu , Byung Rae Jin , Meina Gao +3 more | Plants

Polyamine oxidase (PAO) is an important enzyme that functions in the catabolism of polyamines. While plant PAOs have been studied in several species, there is a lack of research on … Polyamine oxidase (PAO) is an important enzyme that functions in the catabolism of polyamines. While plant PAOs have been studied in several species, there is a lack of research on this gene family in soybean (Glycine max L.), one of the major food crops worldwide. Here, a genome-wide analysis identified 16 GmPAOs from the soybean genome, which were unevenly distributed in nine soybean chromosomes and were then phylogenetically classified into three groups. Collinearity analysis identified 17 duplicated gene pairs from the GmPAO family, and their Ka/Ks values were all less than one, indicating that the GmPAO family has undergone purifying selection during evolution. Analyses of the conserved motif and gene structure revealed the sequence differences among the GmPAOs of the three groups, suggestive of their functional differentiation. Additionally, the prediction of the secondary and tertiary structure of the GmPAOs provided a further basis for revealing their biological functions. A number of cis-acting elements relevant to development, phytohormone, and stress response were discovered in the promoter regions of the GmPAOs, which might be responsible for their functional diversities. Expression pattern analysis indicated that more than half of the GmPAOs showed preference in flower, two showed specificity in stem and shoot apical meristem, whereas four were barely expressed in all samples. Expression profiling of the GmPAOs also revealed that they were involved in the response to abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, and especially submergence stress. All these results lay an important foundation for further characterizing the functional roles of GmPAOs in soybean development and response to abiotic stresses.

Association of dietary spermidine intake with biological age acceleration and the mediating role of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the UK Biobank

2025-06-18

Xiaofeng Ma , Panpan Zhu , Jing Ning +5 more | The journal of nutrition health & aging

A self‐sufficient β‐Methylarginine Biosynthetic Pathway in Planctomyces

2025-06-16

Darwin Lara , Bai Jin Zeng , Yang Hai | ChemBioChem

β‐Methylamino acids (β‐MAAs) enhance the bioactivity of natural products and possess intrinsic pharmacological properties as free amino acids. While the biosynthetic capacity for this class of non‐canonical amino acids has … β‐Methylamino acids (β‐MAAs) enhance the bioactivity of natural products and possess intrinsic pharmacological properties as free amino acids. While the biosynthetic capacity for this class of non‐canonical amino acids has been established in certain bacterial lineages such as Gammaproteobacteria and Actinomycetes, other bacterial phyla remain largely unexplored. Here we report the genome‐mining guided discovery of a novel biosynthetic gene cluster capable of producing β‐methylarginine, from the phylum Planctomycetes. We provide both in vivo and in vitro evidence that Planctomycetes employ a transaminase (PlaA) and a methyltransferase (PlaB) to synthesize this β‐MAA. Unlike previously described β‐methylarginine biosynthetic pathways, PlaA and PlaB function as a self‐sufficient enzyme cascade that operates without the need for additional keto acid and amino acid partners. These findings expand the catalytic repertoire for β‐MAAs biosynthesis and establish Planctomycetes as a new source of secondary metabolites discovery.

Prevalencia de cisticercosis porcina en el camal municipal del cantón Pelileo, 2023

2025-06-16

Jaine Labrada-Ching , Pamela Alejandra Paredes-Carvajal , Ligia Ivette Valle-Ortiz +1 more | Deleted Journal

Porcine cysticercosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larva of Taenia solium, represents a significant public health and economic problem in regions where pig farming is common. This study was … Porcine cysticercosis, a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larva of Taenia solium, represents a significant public health and economic problem in regions where pig farming is common. This study was conducted at the Municipal Slaughterhouse of Pelileo canton, in the city of Ambato, Ecuador, during 2023, with the aim of determining the prevalence of cysticercosis in slaughtered pigs, identifying the affected organs, and evaluating the causes of condemnation for human consumption. A descriptive and quantitative study was carried out, analyzing information from pigs originating from various areas of the country. During slaughter, visual inspections and palpations of main organs such as the heart, tongue, liver, and masseter muscles were performed to detect T. solium cysts. The collected data was recorded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 365. The results showed a prevalence of 0.31% of cysticercosis in pigs slaughtered during 2023. The most affected organs were the liver, lungs, and heart, with a prevalence of 0.95% among condemned organs. Although the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in the Pelileo slaughterhouse is relatively low, the disease remains a frequent finding. It is recommended to implement stricter control and prevention measures in artisanal pig productions, as well as education programs, health surveillance, deworming, and awareness to reduce the incidence of this zoonosis.

Enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid levels promote degeneration of silk glands following spermidine supplementation in Bombyx mori

2025-06-13

Brinda Goda Lakshmi Didugu , Anitha Mamillapalli | Amino Acids

Silk glands are modified labial glands that produce silk which has immense commercial importance. Silk is extruded out in liquid form after which the glands undergo autophagy and apoptosis during … Silk glands are modified labial glands that produce silk which has immense commercial importance. Silk is extruded out in liquid form after which the glands undergo autophagy and apoptosis during larval to pupal transition. Biogenic amines, specially spermidine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to play an important role in autophagy. Yet, GABA is not identified in the silk glands till now and therefore its role in autophagy remains unknown. Current study aimed to evaluate role of biogenic amines in the autophagy of silk glands. Fifth instar silkworms were fed with control and spermidine supplemented mulberry leaves under controlled conditions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of biogenic amines were analyzed in silk glands of control and spermidine fed groups at the end of feeding stage, spinning and pre-pupal stages. Biogenic amines were significantly decreased in the silk glands from feeding stage to non-feeding prepupal stages. Elevated levels of biogenic amines; putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were observed in silk glands at pre-pupal stage in the spermidine fed group. The unknown biogenic amine whose levels were significantly elevated during silk gland degeneration in both control and spermidine fed groups was identified as GABA by spectroscopic techniques. This is the first report of the identification of GABA in the silk glands of Bombyx mori which increased significantly following spermidine supplementation, resulting in elevated levels of calcium deposits, contributing to the early degeneration of the silk glands.

Comprehensive Analysis of Genetic and Morphological Diversity in Echinochloa spp. Populations Infesting Paddy Fields in Ningxia, China

2025-06-12

Jinhui Li , Yi Zhang , Yan Liu +4 more | International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Barnyard grass is the most problematic weed in paddy fields in Ningxia. Its substantial morphological variation complicates both identification and control, yet the genetic diversity of barnyard grass infesting paddy … Barnyard grass is the most problematic weed in paddy fields in Ningxia. Its substantial morphological variation complicates both identification and control, yet the genetic diversity of barnyard grass infesting paddy fields in Ningxia has not been thoroughly studied. In this research, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 46 barnyard grass populations from Ningxia’s paddy fields based on the assessment of morphological traits, DNA barcoding, and SCoT-targeted gene markers. Nine morphological traits were quantitatively analyzed, among which three phenological traits, i.e., leaf length, stem diameter, and plant height, exhibited notable variations. Correlational analysis revealed a positive relationship between morphological traits and multi-herbicide resistance profiles. To assess genetic diversity, four DNA barcodes (ITS, psbA, matK, and trnL-F) were used, among which ITS demonstrated the strongest potential in single-gene barcoding for barnyard grass species identification. Cluster analysis based on ITS barcode sequences was performed to group the populations into five main categories. Additionally, SCoT marker analysis using six primers was performed to classify the 46 barnyard grass samples into five groups. The results showed that the predominant barnyard grass species in Ningxia were E. colona, E. crus-galli var. Formosensis, E. crusgalli, E. oryzoides, and E. crusgalli var. Zelayensis, with E. colona being the most prevalent. The differences observed between the morphological and molecular marker-based classifications were method-dependent. However, both SCoT molecular marker technology and DNA barcoding contributed to identifying the genetic diversity of barnyard grass. Taken together, our study revealed significant morphological and genetic variations among barnyard grass populations, which correlated with herbicide sensitivity in Ningxia’s paddy fields, underscoring the necessity for an integrated weed management approach to combat this troublesome weed species.

Improving soy sauce quality via co-fermentation with indigenous Tetragenococcus: Reducing biogenic amines and enhancing flavor

2025-06-12

Shiyu Wu , Zhenxiao Sun , Jian Guo +4 more | Food Research International

Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Improves Growth and Protein Utilization and Regulates PI3K/AKT/TOR Pathway-Related Genes in Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

2025-06-12

Yongmin Li , Shengyu Gao , Wenbin Liu +3 more | Animals

The inclusion of suitable quantities of plant protein hydrolysates in feed enhances the growth performance of aquatic animals, a benefit closely linked to the bioactive peptides generated during plant protein … The inclusion of suitable quantities of plant protein hydrolysates in feed enhances the growth performance of aquatic animals, a benefit closely linked to the bioactive peptides generated during plant protein hydrolysis. In our previous study, we developed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the P4’ peptide of cottonseed meal (P4’ peptide-bearing B. subtilis). We observed that the addition of this recombinant B. subtilis at a dose of 109 CFU/kg to the diet of E. sinensis produced a significant growth-promoting effect. The mechanism underlying this growth-promoting effect remains unclear. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of feed supplementation with P4’ peptide-bearing B. subtilis on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, serum protein content, antioxidant-related enzyme activities, and genes associated with the PI3K/AKT/TOR pathway in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). A total of 240 crabs (mean body weight: 0.85 ± 0.01) were randomly assigned to three groups and provided with three distinct diets: one without B. subtilis (CON), one containing 109 CFU/kg of unmodified B. subtilis (BS9), and one with P4’ peptide-bearing B. subtilis (RBS9) at 109 CFU/kg. After 8 weeks of feeding, the BS9 and RBS9 groups had significantly increased specific growth rate, average body weight, muscle crude protein content, hemolymph total protein/albumin/globulin levels, hepatopancreatic digestive enzyme (protease and amylase) activities, and tor expression in crabs compared to the CON group. Conversely, muscle water content, hepatopancreatic ROS levels, and 4ebp-1 expression were significantly reduced. Furthermore, mean body weight, protein retention, muscle crude fat content, total hemolymphatic protein, and globulin content, as well as the hepatopancreatic expression of pi3k, tor, and s6k1, were significantly higher in the RBS9 group compared to the BS9 group. In contrast, the hepatopancreatic ROS level exhibited a declining trend. The result demonstrated that compared to unmodified B. subtilis, incorporating 109 CFU/kg P4’ peptide-bearing B. subtilis into the feed significantly enhanced the growth performance and protein deposition in E. sinensis. This enhanced effect coincided with the upregulation of key PI3K/AKT/TOR pathway genes (pi3k, tor, s6k1) and the downregulation of 4ebp-1 in the hepatopancreatic cells, indicating a potential role of this pathway in mediating the observed growth promotion.

The Ambiguous Genetic Code of Methanogenic Archaea that Grow on Methylamines

2025-06-11

Katie E. Shalvarjian , Grayson L. Chadwick , Pascual Pérez +3 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Natural genetic code expansion is a phenomenon wherein an additional amino acid is encoded by a stop codon. These non-standard amino acids are beneficial as they facilitate novel biochemical reactions. … Natural genetic code expansion is a phenomenon wherein an additional amino acid is encoded by a stop codon. These non-standard amino acids are beneficial as they facilitate novel biochemical reactions. However, code expansion leads to ambiguity at the recoded stop codon, which can either be read through or terminated. Pyrrolysine (Pyl) is encoded by the amber codon (TAG/UAG) and is widespread in archaea, where it is required for methylamine-mediated methanogenesis, an environmentally important metabolism. Mechanisms to conditionally suppress the amber stop codon for Pyl installation during protein synthesis have not been identified. Using the model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans, we demonstrate that Pyl-encoding archaea maintain an ambiguous genetic code wherein UAG encodes dual meaning as stop and Pyl. Our data suggest that expression of Pyl biosynthesis and incorporation genes is tuned to the cellular demand for Pyl, which allows these archaea to navigate ambiguous stop decoding in response to environmental cues.

Validation, Key Pharmacophores, and X-ray Cocrystal Structures of Novel Biochemically and Cellularly Active WRN Inhibitors Derived from a DNA-Encoded Library Screen

2025-06-05

Yunsong Tong , Kenton A. Baker , Alex M. Chapman +7 more | Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

A novel class of selective and potent WRN helicase antagonists identified via a DNA-encoded library screen was rigorously validated by various biophysical assays including ASMS, TSA, and SPR. Preliminary structure-activity-relationship … A novel class of selective and potent WRN helicase antagonists identified via a DNA-encoded library screen was rigorously validated by various biophysical assays including ASMS, TSA, and SPR. Preliminary structure-activity-relationship studies identified the key pharmacophores and advanced the biochemical potency to single digit nanomolar. Potent analogs demonstrated anti-proliferative activities specifically in cell lines with a WRN genetic dependency. A crystal structure of a ligand-WRN complex revealed an unexpected large shift of the helicase domain compared to the apo WRN structure with ADP. These structural insights led to the successful design of covalent inhibitors and the identification of compound resistant WRN mutants that confirmed on-mechanism cellular activity. The covalent interaction between the ligand and at WRN Cys727 was confirmed by intact mass spectrometry and a bound crystal structure. The discovery of these unique WRN inhibitors provides more insight into the field and offers an opportunity to further optimize such molecules.

Polyamines regulate mitochondrial metabolism essential for intestinal epithelial renewal and wound healing

2025-06-05

Cassandra A. Cairns , Ting Chen , Naomi Han +4 more | AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

Homeostasis of the mammalian intestinal epithelium is tightly regulated by multiple factors including cellular polyamines, but the exact mechanism underlying polyamines in this process remains largely unknown. Mitochondria are the … Homeostasis of the mammalian intestinal epithelium is tightly regulated by multiple factors including cellular polyamines, but the exact mechanism underlying polyamines in this process remains largely unknown. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cells and can also function as signaling organelles by releasing metabolic by-products. Here we determined whether polyamines regulate intestinal epithelial renewal and wound healing by altering mitochondrial activity. Depletion of cellular polyamines by inhibiting ornithine decarboxylase with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by decreases in basal and maximal respiration levels, ATP production, and spare respiration capacity. Polyamines depletion by DFMO also decreased the levels of mitochondria-associated proteins prohibitin 1 and COX-IV. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DFMO was associated with an inhibition of intestinal organoid growth and epithelial repair after wounding and this inhibition was ameliorated by administration of the mitochondrial activator Mito-Tempo or exogenous polyamine putrescine. These results indicate that polyamines are necessary for mitochondrial metabolism, in turn controlling constant intestinal mucosal growth and epithelial repair after acute injury.