Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering

Concrete Corrosion and Durability

Works Count: 59460

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This cluster of papers focuses on the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures, including topics such as chloride-induced corrosion, structural reliability, monitoring techniques, corrosion rate measurement, bond behavior, and life-cycle cost analysis. The papers discuss various aspects of reinforcement corrosion and its impact on the durability and performance of concrete structures.

Keywords

Corrosion; Reinforced Concrete; Chloride-induced; Structural Reliability; Monitoring Techniques; Service Life Prediction; Corrosion Rate Measurement; Bond Behavior; Life-cycle Cost Analysis; Cathodic Protection

Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control

2001-07-19

Geoffrey M. Spinks , Anton Dominis , Gordon G. Wallace +1 more

Principles and prevention of corrosion

1993-01-01

Robert S. Walker

Modeling the Time-to-Corrosion Cracking in Chloride Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures

1998-01-01

Youping Liu , Richard E. Weyers

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Effectiveness of Impressed Current Technique to Simulate Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete

2003-01-16

Tamer El‐Maaddawy , Khaled Soudki

Accelerated corrosion by means of the impressed current technique is widely used in concrete durability tests. In this study, the influence of varying the impressed current density level between 100 … Accelerated corrosion by means of the impressed current technique is widely used in concrete durability tests. In this study, the influence of varying the impressed current density level between 100 and 500 μA/cm2 on the actual degree of steel reinforcing bar corrosion as well as on the concrete strain behavior due to expansive corrosion products was experimentally investigated. Twelve reinforced-concrete prisms (150×250×300 mm) were used. The prisms were reinforced by two No. 10 reinforcing bars. Corrosion was induced by means of impressed current using electric power supplies. To depassify the steel reinforcement, 5% NaCl by weight of cement was added to the concrete mix. The strain response due to the expansion of corrosion products was measured at each face of the prisms. At the end of the corrosion phase, all the corroded reinforcing bars were removed, cleaned according to the ASTM G1-90 standard, and weighed to get the actual degree of mass loss. The results showed that, up to 7.27% mass loss, accelerated corrosion using the impressed current technique was effective in inducing corrosion of the steel reinforcement in concrete. With respect to Faraday's law, the use of different current densities has no effect on the percentage of mass loss. However, increasing the level of current density above 200 μA/cm2 results in a significant increase in the strain response and crack width due to corrosion of the steel reinforcement.

Modal Assurance Criterion

2012-01-01

Miroslav Pástor , Michal Binda , Tomáš Harčarík

This article reviews the using of the original Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). The Modal Assurance Criterion is a statistical indicator that is most sensitive to large differences and relatively insensitive … This article reviews the using of the original Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). The Modal Assurance Criterion is a statistical indicator that is most sensitive to large differences and relatively insensitive to small differences in the mode shapes. This yields a good statistic indicator and a degree of consistency between mode shapes. The MAC considers only modal shapes which mean that a separate frequency comparison must be used in conjunction with the MAC values to determine the correlated mode pairs. The MAC is often to used to pair modes shapes derived from analytical models with those obtained experimentally. It is easy to apply and does not require an estimate of the system matrices. It is bounded between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating fully consistent mode shapes. It can only indicate consistency and does not indicate validity or orthogonality. A value near 0 indicates that the modes are not consistent.

Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete — A review

2009-09-17

Ueli Angst , Bernhard Elsener , Claus K. Larsen +1 more

Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and case study analysis

2014-02-28

Colin Gagg

Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment – A review

2008-03-25

Qiang Yuan , Caijun Shi , Geert De Schutter +2 more

Structural Assessment of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams: Modeling Guidelines

2004-07-16

Dario Coronelli , Pietro G. Gambarova

The evolution of the structural behavior in reinforced concrete beams subjected to reinforcement corrosion is studied here, by developing a suitable numerical procedure, which is validated by comparison with available … The evolution of the structural behavior in reinforced concrete beams subjected to reinforcement corrosion is studied here, by developing a suitable numerical procedure, which is validated by comparison with available test data. There are two objectives of this study: The understanding of the many aspects of the progressive damage in an existing structure (cracking and crushing, bar yielding, bond failure), and the assessment of the actual safety level. Nonlinear finite element analysis is used; the effects of corrosion are modeled by reducing the geometry of the finite elements representing separately the steel bars and the concrete, and by modifying the constitutive laws of the materials (steel and concrete) and of their interface (bond). Both the service and ultimate limit states are studied, showing the importance of the following phenomena: (1) Stiffness decay because of impaired tension stiffening, (2) crack pattern evolution accompanied by enhanced shear effects, (3) strength deterioration in bending and shear, (4) transition from tension to compression-triggered failures in critical sections, and (5) bond failure along the span and/or at beam ends. With reference to the last issue, the introduction of a specific model for bond deterioration appears to be of paramount importance in order to evaluate the residual ductility of a structure.

Chloride-induced corrosion on reinforcing steel: from the fundamentals to the monitoring techniques

2003-04-04

M.F. Montemor , A.M. Simões , M.G.S. Ferreira

Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: a review

2001-03-01

Muhammed Basheer , Joerg Kropp , D. J. Cleland

Cover cracking as a function of bar corrosion: Part I-Experimental test

1993-10-01

Carmen Andrade , C. Alonso , Francisco Javier Molina

Factors controlling cracking of concrete affected by reinforcement corrosion

1998-08-01

C. Alonso , Carmen Andrade Perdrix , J. Rodriguez +1 more

Effect of reinforcement corrosion on bond strength

1996-03-01

Abdullah A. Almusallam , Ahmad S. Al-Gahtani , Abdur Rauf Aziz +1 more

Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models

2000-01-01

Kim Anh T. Vu , Mark G. Stewart

Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete

2007-06-04

Ki Yong Ann , Ha-Won Song

Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service life prediction––a review

2003-04-04

Shamsad Ahmad

Durability of steel reinforced concrete in chloride environments: An overview

2011-12-29

Xianming Shi , Ning Xie , Keith Fortune +1 more

‘Corrosion and corrosion control’

1986-01-01

P. J. Boden

Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the study of corrosion protection by polymer coatings

1995-03-01

F. Mansfeld

Corrosion rate monitoring in the laboratory and on-site

1996-07-01

Carmen Andrade , C. Alonso

Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar

2000-07-01

C. Alonso , Carmen Andrade , Marta Castellote +1 more

The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete

1997-05-01

G.K. Glass , N.R. Buenfeld

Effect of degree of corrosion on the properties of reinforcing steel bars

2001-12-01

Abdullah A. Almusallam

Residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars

2005-04-01

Yuqing Du , L. A. Clark , Andrew Chan

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars. By performing both accelerated and simulated corrosion tests on bare bars and on bars embedded in … This paper presents an experimental investigation into the residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars. By performing both accelerated and simulated corrosion tests on bare bars and on bars embedded in concrete, the mechanism of the reduction of the capacity of corroded reinforcement was investigated. The influence of type and diameter of reinforcement on its residual capacity is discussed. The experimental results show that, due to local attack penetration, the residual cross-section of a corroded bar is no longer round and varies considerably along its circumference and its length. Although the force–extension curves of corroded bars are similar to those of non-corroded bars for up to 16% corrosion, their residual yield and ultimate forces decrease more rapidly than their average cross-sectional area and, therefore, their residual strength decreases significantly. Even though the residual capacity of corroded small diameter and/or plain bars reduces more than that of large diameter or ribbed ones, differences are not significant and can be neglected. Finally, a simple equation is proposed to predict the residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars in practice.

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Load carrying capacity of concrete structures with corroded reinforcement

1997-06-01

Jorge Enrique Rodríguez Páez , L.M. Ortega , Joaquim Casal

Deterioration of concrete due to reinforcement steel corrosion

1996-01-01

J G Cabrera

Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete: State-of-the-art report

2006-12-13

T.A. Söylev , Mark G. Richardson

Interface Tailoring for Strain-Hardening Polyvinyl Alcohol-Engineered Cementitious Composite (PVA-ECC)

2002-01-01

Victor C. Li , Cynthia Wu , Shuxin Wang +2 more

Repair of Strand Breaks by Homologous Recombination

2013-10-04

Maria Jasin , Rodney Rothstein

In this review, we discuss the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) using a homologous DNA sequence (i.e., homologous recombination [HR]), focusing mainly on yeast and mammals. We provide a … In this review, we discuss the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) using a homologous DNA sequence (i.e., homologous recombination [HR]), focusing mainly on yeast and mammals. We provide a historical context for the current view of HR and describe how DSBs are processed during HR as well as interactions with other DSB repair pathways. We discuss the enzymology of the process, followed by studies on DSB repair in living cells. Whenever possible, we cite both original articles and reviews to aid the reader for further studies.

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Corrosion of steel in concrete

2010-02-16

Kyösti Tuutti

The research work that is presented in this thesis aims at mapping out the various mechanisms which control the process of steel corrosion in concrete._x000D_ The process of corrosion is … The research work that is presented in this thesis aims at mapping out the various mechanisms which control the process of steel corrosion in concrete._x000D_ The process of corrosion is illustrate ...

Permeability study of cracked concrete

1997-03-01

Kejin Wang , Daniel Jansen , Surendra P. Shah +1 more

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Test methods for on-site corrosion rate measurement of steel reinforcement in concrete by means of the polarization resistance method

2004-11-01

Carmen Andrade Perdrix , C. Alonso

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Quantitative measurements of corrosion rate of reinforcing steels embedded in concrete using polarization resistance measurements

1978-08-01

Carmen Andrade , J. A. González

Abstract Up to this time all the methods to measure the corrosion rate of reinforcing steels embedded in hardened concrete have been of the destructive type, which requires much time … Abstract Up to this time all the methods to measure the corrosion rate of reinforcing steels embedded in hardened concrete have been of the destructive type, which requires much time and materials and makes the full scale study of the phenomenon difficult. The authors have applied the polarization resistance method to bars embedded in hardened mortar and immersed in Ca(OH) 2 ‐saturated solution, and have found an acceptable agreement between the gravimetric and the electrochemical weight loss data.

Fundamental Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Concrete Carbonation

1991-01-01

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The cost of corrosion in China

2017-07-20

Baorong Hou , Xiaogang Li , Xiumin Ma +6 more

Abstract Corrosion is a ubiquitous and costly problem for a variety of industries. Understanding and reducing the cost of corrosion remain primary interests for corrosion professionals and relevant asset owners. … Abstract Corrosion is a ubiquitous and costly problem for a variety of industries. Understanding and reducing the cost of corrosion remain primary interests for corrosion professionals and relevant asset owners. The present study summarises the findings that arose from the landmark “Study of Corrosion Status and Control Strategies in China”, a key consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2015, which sought to determine the national cost of corrosion and costs associated with representative industries in China. The study estimated that the cost of corrosion in China was approximately 2127.8 billion RMB (~ 310 billion USD), representing about 3.34% of the gross domestic product. The transportation and electronics industries were the two that generated the highest costs among all those surveyed. Based on the survey results, corrosion is a major and significant issue, with several key general strategies to reduce the cost of corrosion also outlined.

Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: Current status and future opportunities

2017-09-23

Jianzhuang Xiao , Chengbing Qiang , Antonio Nanni +1 more

Introduction to Corrosion Science

2010-01-01

Edward McCafferty

Corrosion engineering

1979-01-01

R.W. Wilson

Corrosion and Corrosion Control

1972-01-01

Herbert H. Uhlig , C. V. King

Corrosion Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures – A Review

2007-01-01

Ha-Won Song , V. Saraswathy

Reinforced concrete structures have the potential to be very durable and capable of withstanding a variety of adverse environmental conditions. However, failures in the structures do still occur as a … Reinforced concrete structures have the potential to be very durable and capable of withstanding a variety of adverse environmental conditions. However, failures in the structures do still occur as a result of premature reinforcement corrosion. The maintenance and repair of bridges and buildings for their safety requires effective inspection and monitoring techniques for assessing the reinforcement corrosion. Engineers need better techniques for assessing the condition of the structure when the maintenance or repair is required. These methods need to be able to identify any possible durability problems within structures before they become serious. This paper reviews all the electrochemical and nondestructive techniques from the point of view of corrosion assessment and their applications to bridges, buildings and other civil engineering structures.

Recent durability studies on concrete structure

2015-06-14

Shengwen Tang , Yan Yao , Carmen Andrade Perdrix +1 more

Evaluation of bond strength degradation between FRP bars and normal concrete under seawater exposure: An explainable modeling approach

2025-06-26

Heng Cao , Xiao-Ling Zhao , Hui Li +5 more | Structures

Statistical Reliability Analysis for Assessing Bridge Structural Integrity: A Review Paper

2025-06-25

Gustavo S. P. Primo , Ramon Silva , Francisco Evangelista +1 more | Infrastructures

This article reviews methods for estimating the remaining service life of bridges, focusing on the statistical analysis of reliability indices, which aids in identifying risks and predicting structural failures. Among … This article reviews methods for estimating the remaining service life of bridges, focusing on the statistical analysis of reliability indices, which aids in identifying risks and predicting structural failures. Among the methodologies examined, the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) is highlighted for its effectiveness in calculating failure probabilities based on current deterioration and loading conditions. Sensitivity analysis is also discussed, as it pinpoints the variables that most significantly impact structural stability. Enhanced using the Finite Element Method (FEM), this method allows the simulation of structural behavior across different deterioration scenarios, improving the precision of failure predictions and optimizing maintenance planning. This review provides insight into how the integration of probabilistic methods and sensitivity analysis can enhance failure prediction and support more efficient maintenance planning for bridge structures.

Time-dependent seismic performance of aging bridge piers and multi-level assessment method based on integrated indicators of performance and traffic capacity

2025-06-24

Qiang Zhang , Jianian Wen , Qiang Han +1 more | Engineering Structures

Flexural response of coated steel-reinforced seawater-sea sand concrete beams incorporating black sand from Egypt

2025-06-24

Sabry Fayed , Walid Mansour , Mohamed Elkafrawy | Construction and Building Materials

Impact of stray current-induced steel fiber corrosion on the durability of ultra-high-performance concrete

2025-06-24

Mingyue Chen , Yongqing Chen , Deju Zhu +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Assessment of additional ASR damage resulting from residual expansion tests using the DRI and SDT test methods

2025-06-24

E. Baret , Benoît Fournier , Benoı̂t Bissonnette +3 more | Construction and Building Materials

Collapse fragility curves of RC piers with corroded rebars

2025-06-24

Giuseppe Perrone , Donatello Cardone , Vito Possidente | Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

Effect of slag in concrete to enhance service life and reduce carbon footprint of a coastal highway bridge

2025-06-24

P. Krishna Praseeda , Deepak K. Kamde , Anusha S. Basavaraj +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Boosting-based ensemble machine learning models to predict the bond behavior between concrete and fiberreinforced polymer bars

2025-06-24

Irwan Afriadi , Chanachai Thongchom , Divesh Ranjan Kumar +2 more | Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

Seismic Fragility Assessment of Chloride-Corroded RC Piles in Marine Environments

2025-06-24

Wei Shao , Feilong Qin , Danda Shi +2 more | Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Current status and future challenges on performance evaluation of reinforcement‐concrete bond and the interfacial deterioration using piezo impedance‐based SHM (PISHM)

2025-06-22

Lukesh Parida , Sauvik Banerjee , Sumedha Moharana | Structural Concrete

Abstract In the modern era of construction practices, ensuring structural longevity and safety necessitates advanced IoT‐enabled structural health monitoring systems equipped with integrated sensors and sensitive control loop algorithms. Reinforced … Abstract In the modern era of construction practices, ensuring structural longevity and safety necessitates advanced IoT‐enabled structural health monitoring systems equipped with integrated sensors and sensitive control loop algorithms. Reinforced cement concrete, the cornerstone of rapid infrastructure growth, relies on monitoring the interfacial bond zone mechanism between embedded reinforcement and concrete to ensure structural stability and serviceability. Understanding the bond zone mechanism processes is essential in reducing the potential risks associated with catastrophic failures. Piezoelectric sensor via electromechanical impedance techniques for bond deterioration monitoring is one of the most modern and extensible methods used by many researchers. Therefore, this article covers an overview of bond strength development and its degradation using piezo impedance‐based health monitoring, along with recent advancements, that is, durability exposure, application of artificial intelligence, and its behaviors on alternative binders. This article thoroughly examines the mechanism and diverse factors that impact the bond behavior. The primary aim of this review is to highlight existing studies and identify areas of further investigation that demand urgent attention among researchers with practical insights. The topics addressed peculiarities like sensing methods, flexibility in sensor placement, data interpretation, cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, frequency range, wireless monitoring capability, and requirement of the non‐bonded sensors with various practical concerns. The article concludes that, although future research is necessary for the field applications of piezo impedance‐based bond strength monitoring in reinforcement‐concrete systems, they hold significant potential to transform the concrete sectors in the future. This article also serves as a guide for future applications and a comprehensive assessment for researchers looking to explore this critical field of research.

Meso-scale mechanical damage behavior of ECC-repaired wide and narrow joints of longitudinally continuous slab tracks

2025-06-21

Long Chen , Tran Xuan , Jinjie Chen +3 more | Case Studies in Construction Materials

Experimental Verification of the Model for Estimating the Corrosion Current of Reinforcement in an RC Element

2025-06-21

Faustyn Recha , Wioletta Raczkiewicz , Kamil Bacharz +3 more | Materials

This article includes tests of the deflection and load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams exposed to chloride ions. This work forms part of the verification of a newly developed model … This article includes tests of the deflection and load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams exposed to chloride ions. This work forms part of the verification of a newly developed model for estimating the intensity of the corrosion current of the reinforcement, which assumes the possibility of estimating the corrosion parameter based on a detailed analysis of the element deformation. The model assumes the use of the inverse problem, which is based on the analysis of deflection as a result of the partial impact of the corrosion process on the main reinforcement in the reinforced concrete element. This article presents, in detail, the course of the conducted tests, including the results of the deflection measurements with simultaneous measurements of the intensity of the corrosion current of the reinforcement during the test. As part of this research, a gravimetric analysis of the loss of reinforcement mass caused by the ongoing corrosion process was also performed. The main objective of this research was to experimentally verify the adopted model of the new diagnostic method, which fully confirmed the model assumptions. The obtained research results confirmed the validity of the assumptions adopted in the theoretical model, which was further confirmed by analytical calculations.

Machine learning-based prediction of failure modes and damage thresholds of corroded bridge piers

2025-06-21

N. R. Chirdeep , Mayank Gangwar , Shivang Shekhar +1 more | Structures

Investigate the bond performance of basalt FRP bars under the effect of severe conditions

2025-06-20

Mahmoud Heshmat , Hany Elshafie , Fareed Elgabbas | Scientific Reports

Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the bond performance of basalt FRP bars under severe conditions such as salts, alkaline, and water. Specimens were tested under direct pull-out tensile load. … Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the bond performance of basalt FRP bars under severe conditions such as salts, alkaline, and water. Specimens were tested under direct pull-out tensile load. The specimens were exposed to aggressive solutions at an elevated temperature of 60 °C to accelerate the degradation process. The parameters were the concrete compressive strength (CCS) (25, 45, and 60 MPa), the exposure condition (water, salts, and alkaline), and the exposure duration (30, 60, and 90 days). Seventy-two specimens were investigated in terms of bond strength, failure mechanism, and stress-slippage response. The most detrimental environment was the alkaline environment, while the salt environment had an insignificant effect on the bond strength. After 90 days of conditioning in the alkaline solution, the normalized bond strength had reduced by 17.29%, 12.74%, and 8.72% for specimens of concrete compressive strength (CCS) of 25 MPa, 45 MPa, and 60 MPa, respectively.

Uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship and meso-microscopic damage mechanism of high-performance concrete after ten years of brine corrosion

2025-06-20

Weifeng Liu , Fang Wang , Juan Guo +3 more | Construction and Building Materials

AC-Induced Corrosion of Cathodically Protected Pipelines: Experimental Study and Probabilistic Modeling

2025-06-19

Yuhan Su , Emadoddin Majdabadi Farahani , Qindan Huang +1 more | Corrosion and Materials Degradation

This study investigated the effects of alternating current (AC) interference on pipeline steel under cathodic protection (CP). In a simulated solution, real-time electrochemical measurements and corrosion rate analysis were conducted … This study investigated the effects of alternating current (AC) interference on pipeline steel under cathodic protection (CP). In a simulated solution, real-time electrochemical measurements and corrosion rate analysis were conducted on two steel types (C1018 and X60) under various levels of AC interference with CP. Due to the complexity of AC-induced corrosion, relying on the shift in DC potential alone cannot accurately demonstrate the corrosion behavior in the presence of AC interference. In fact, such an approach may mislead the predictions of corrosion performance. It is observed that AC interference reduced the effectiveness of CP and increased the corrosion rate of the steel, both in weight loss and Tafel Extrapolation (Tafel) measurements. The study concluded that conventional CP standards used in the field were inadequate in the presence of high AC-level interference. Furthermore, this study found that a more negative CP current density (−0.75 A/m2) could reduce the effect of AC interference by 46–93%. This is particularly shown in the case of low-level AC interference, where the reduction can reach up to 93%. Utilizing the experimental data obtained by the two measurement methods, probabilistic models to predict the corrosion rate were developed with consideration of the uncertainty in the measurements. The sensitivity analysis showed how AC interference impacts the corrosion rate for a given CP level.

Influence of NaCl on Phase Development and Corrosion Resistance of Portland Cement

2025-06-19

Byung-Hyun Shin , Miyoung You , Jin-Yong Park +7 more | Crystals

Portland cement is one of the most widely used construction materials employed in both large-scale structures and everyday applications. Although various materials are often added during production to enhance their … Portland cement is one of the most widely used construction materials employed in both large-scale structures and everyday applications. Although various materials are often added during production to enhance their performance, NaCl can be introduced in the process for various reasons. Despite this issue, existing studies lack sufficient quantitative data on the effects of NaCl on cement properties. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the physical and chemical degradation mechanisms in cement containing NaCl. Cement specimens were prepared by mixing cement, water, and NaCl, followed by stirring at 60 rpm and curing at room temperature for seven days. Microstructural changes as a function of the NaCl concentration were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical properties were evaluated via open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The results indicate that increasing the NaCl concentration leads to the formation of fine precipitates, the degradation of the cement matrix, and the reduced stability of major hydration products. Furthermore, the electrochemical analysis revealed that higher NaCl concentrations weaken the passive layer on the cement surface, resulting in an increased corrosion rate from 1 × 10−7 to 4 × 10−7 on the active polarization of the potentiodynamic polarization curve. Additionally, the pitting potential (Epit) decreased from 0.73 V to 0.61 V with an increasing NaCl concentration up to 3 wt.%. This study quantitatively evaluates the impact of NaCl on the durability of Portland cement and provides fundamental data to ensure the long-term stability of cement structures in chloride-rich environments.

Predicting Moment Capacity of SCWSFBs—Novel Approach Part I: Analytically, Numerically and Design Model

2025-06-19

Ahmed S. Elamary , Zyad Alamary | International Journal of Steel Structures

Flexural repairing of highly corroded reinforced concrete structures with engineered cementitious composites (ECC)

2025-06-19

Chang Wu , Mingwen Xu , Yanli Su +2 more | Advances in Structural Engineering

Corrosion of steel rebars is a principal factor leading to a reduced load-bearing capacity of structural components, necessitating appropriate repairing. The exceptional tensile properties, toughness, and crack control of Engineered … Corrosion of steel rebars is a principal factor leading to a reduced load-bearing capacity of structural components, necessitating appropriate repairing. The exceptional tensile properties, toughness, and crack control of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) provide significant advantages in the repair of concrete components with corroded steel rebar. The present study investigates the effectiveness of ECC in repairing the flexural capacity of concrete structures with highly corroded steel rebars. The interfacial bond performance between ECC and concrete was assessed through bond flexural tests, while direct tension tests on reduced cross-sectional steel rebars surrounded by ECC evaluated the recovery of load-bearing capacity and repair effectiveness across different bond lengths. Bending tests on ECC repaired beams were also conducted to further explore their repair efficiency. The experimental findings revealed that a bond length of 5.5D ensures effective load transfer, and consequently the ultimate load recovery rate of corroded steel rebar specimens repaired with ECC exceeds 96%, with some specimens achieving full recovery. Experimental results also demonstrated the efficacy of ECC in repairing concrete structures with corroded steel rebars, achieving notable recovery rates that are nearly equivalent to or exceed 90% in both yield and ultimate strengths. A theoretical analysis was conducted to calculate the load-bearing capacity of ECC repaired specimens, explaining the differences in load-bearing capacities compared to uncorroded concrete beams.

EVALUATION OF CORROSION FORM OF REBAR IN MORTAR BY POLARIZATION CURVES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE

2025-06-19

Hojin KIM , Tomoko Fukuyama | AIJ Journal of Technology and Design

Experimental Investigations on Elasto-Plastic Behavior and Fracture Mechanism of ASR-Damaged Concrete

2025-06-18

Hyo Eun Joo , Xi Ji , Yuya Takahashi +2 more | Cement and Concrete Composites

Performance Enhancement of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete with Hooked-End Steel Fibers: A Pull-Out Study

2025-06-18

Elsaid Bayoumi , Mohammed K. Alkharisi | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> This experimental study provides a comprehensive assessment of the bond performance of two deformed steel reinforcing bars with diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm in two concrete mixes incorporating … <title>Abstract</title> This experimental study provides a comprehensive assessment of the bond performance of two deformed steel reinforcing bars with diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm in two concrete mixes incorporating hooked-end steel fibers. A total of 36 cylindrical pullout specimens were prepared and subjected to rigorous pullout tests. The study meticulously examined the impact of four critical parameters: bar diameter, embedment length (5, 10, and 15 times the bar diameter), concrete strength, and spacing between deformed bars (25mm and 50mm). The influence of these parameters on bond strength was thoroughly evaluated, and failure mechanisms were analyzed. Results indicated that pullout failure was the dominant failure mode for specimens with shorter embedment lengths, while splitting failure prevailed in specimens with the longest embedment lengths. Increasing the embedment length significantly enhanced the ultimate load, toughness, and slip values of the tested specimens. Additionally, specimens with closer bar spacing exhibited superior bonding performance compared to those with wider spacing. Thus, reducing the spacing between reinforcing steel bars in concrete has been proven to improve load transfer efficiency and minimize stress concentrations, leading to higher structural integrity. This practice enhances the bond strength between steel and fiber concrete, resulting in improved resistance to cracking and deformation under applied loads.

Equivalent uniaxial material model for simulating the deterioration behavior of corroded steel columns

2025-06-18

Song Yang , Shansuo Zheng , Yan Xiao +3 more | Construction and Building Materials

Cost risk assessment for renovating old neighborhood of EPC projects in China using SEM-BNT-MEEM method

2025-06-17

Yinghui Zhang , Tian Ge Li | Archives of Civil Engineering

The transformation of old neighborhood is a significant livelihood project for urban renewal, and promoting the profound transformation of old neighborhood is a significant problem faced by China, while the … The transformation of old neighborhood is a significant livelihood project for urban renewal, and promoting the profound transformation of old neighborhood is a significant problem faced by China, while the Engineering Procurement Construction(EPC) model integrates the design, procurement, and construction of the transformation project of old neighborhood, which improves the efficiency and quality of the transformation at the same time, and faces a significant cost risk problem due to the change of fixed lump-sum price contract, so in order to enhance the ability of the general contractor to prevent the cost risk and to improve the transformation project benefits, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system consisting of 19 factors to assess the cost risk in all aspects from environment, technology, management, and economy, which proposes a new type of evaluation method combining structural equation modeling (SEM), blind number theory (BNT), and matter-element extension model (MEEM), and combines with the actual cases of old neighborhood remodeling to arrive at the risk level of the factors and based on the results of the analysis are given to confirm the validity of the model and provides a successful risk assessment tool.

Study on the Deterioration of Chloride Erosion in Tunnel Construction Joints Under a Multifactorial Environment

2025-06-17

Weiwei Han , Wenming Zhang , S. Guo +3 more | Materials

Structural crack seepage in concrete is a common condition in engineering applications. Under the combined effects of multiple factors such as water pressure and load, cracks are more likely to … Structural crack seepage in concrete is a common condition in engineering applications. Under the combined effects of multiple factors such as water pressure and load, cracks are more likely to occur inside the concrete structure, thus aggravating the water seepage problem. To simulate the chloride ion erosion of structural cracks, an independent test system that can simultaneously consider the coupling effect of multiple factors was developed. Three typical factors-water pressure, vertical load, and erosion time-were selected and designed using the orthogonal test method to analyze the effect of factors on the chloride ion concentration. The results revealed that the vertical load is the least influential factor, water pressure and erosion time are the most noticeable factors, and the factors influencing the diffusion of chloride ion in concrete are, in order of magnitude, water pressure (0.86), erosion time (0.66), and vertical load (0.36). Nonlinear surface fitting, with an R-squared value exceeding 0.95, was used to characterize the relationship between chloride ion concentration, water pressure, and erosion time.

Enhanced Prediction of Bond Strength in Corroded RC Structures Using Advanced Feature Selection and Ensemble Learning Framework

2025-06-17

Jinyang Gui , Zhao‐Hui Lu , Chun-Qing Li | Corrosion and Materials Degradation

Bond behavior between steel bars and concrete is fundamental to the structural integrity and durability of reinforced concrete. However, corrosion-induced deterioration severely impairs bond performance, highlighting the need for advanced … Bond behavior between steel bars and concrete is fundamental to the structural integrity and durability of reinforced concrete. However, corrosion-induced deterioration severely impairs bond performance, highlighting the need for advanced and reliable assessment methods. This paper pioneers an algorithm for an advanced ensemble learning framework to predict bond strength between corroded steel bars and concrete. In this framework, a novel Stacked Boosted Bond Model (SBBM) is developed, in which a Fusion-Based Feature Selection (FBFS) strategy is integrated to optimize input variables, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are employed to enhance interpretability. A merit of the framework is that it can effectively identify critical factors such as crack width, transverse confinement, and corrosion level, which have often been neglected by traditional models. The proposed SBBM achieves superior predictive performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.33 MPa. Compared to traditional machine learning and analytical models, it demonstrates enhanced accuracy, generalization, and interpretability. This paper provides a reliable and transparent tool for structural performance evaluation, service life prediction, and the design of strengthening measures for corroded reinforced concrete structures, contributing to safer and more durable concrete structures.

Uncertainty-Based Model Averaging for Prediction of Corrosion Ratio of Reinforcement Embedded in Concrete

2025-06-17

S. Zeng , Fulin Yang , Zengwei Guo +2 more | Buildings

Half-cell potential (HCP) is widely acknowledged as a nondestructive method for assessing the durability of concrete, although the variability in environmental and material conditions compromises its accuracy. The reliability of … Half-cell potential (HCP) is widely acknowledged as a nondestructive method for assessing the durability of concrete, although the variability in environmental and material conditions compromises its accuracy. The reliability of traditional prediction models, which are often derived from limited data, is questionable under various conditions. This study employed a Bayesian-enhanced probabilistic model to predict corrosion reinforcement using HCP, addressing both known and unknown uncertainties. Constructed as a piecewise function, the model integrates insights from the literature with the results of an accelerated corrosion experiment conducted by the research team, thereby validating the effectiveness of the probabilistic approach. This study also examines the influence of prior knowledge on the accuracy of predictions. The findings revealed a biphasic relationship between HCP and the corroded mass reduction ratio. HCP decreased exponentially with a corroded mass reduction ratio below 15%, whereas beyond this threshold, the decline became more pronounced, modeled by a combination of exponential and cubic polynomial functions. These results underscore the critical role of employing a piecewise function to accurately define the relationship between HCP and corrosion in reinforced concrete, thereby providing a solid foundation for future durability assessments.

Synergistic integration of geopolymer coatings and concrete for enhanced corrosion protection: performance and economic assessment

2025-06-17

Chava Venkatesh , T. Muralidhara Rao , Takkellapati Sujatha +4 more | Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience

Electromechanical impedance based intelligent corrosion sensing and monitoring method for steel structures

2025-06-16

Yanpeng Si , Weijie Li , Zuo-Yu Sun +2 more | Smart Materials and Structures

Abstract Corrosion induced steel loss is the primary cause for the failure and destruction of steel structures. The electromechanical impedance (EMI) based circular piezoelectric-metal transducer as corrosion sensor, featuring corrosion-sensitivity … Abstract Corrosion induced steel loss is the primary cause for the failure and destruction of steel structures. The electromechanical impedance (EMI) based circular piezoelectric-metal transducer as corrosion sensor, featuring corrosion-sensitivity in its resonance, has been proven to be promising corrosion sensing technique. In this paper, the comprehensive performance testing in terms of sensitivity, sensor encapsulation, temperature compensation, low-cost wireless monitoring system and its integration, and in-situ application, were examined. Firstly, based on the linear piezoelectric elasticity theory and the Kirchhoff thin plate assumption, a theoretical model of EMI for the circular piezoelectric-metal laminated structure was derived. Secondly, finite element analysis and experiments were carried out to validate the corrosion sensing mechanism and investigate its response under accelerated corrosion tests. Thirdly, to achieve high durability, the packaging structure of the sensor was designed and tested. Lastly, a wireless impedance monitoring system was developed and its performance was examined in in-situ corrosion monitoring of a steel structure. The results demonstrated that the proposed new corrosion sensor and the wireless impedance monitoring system enable linear, quantitative, and online corrosion sensing and monitoring.&#xD;

Modeling locally corroded reinforced concrete structures in non‐linear finite element analyses

2025-06-16

Nathalie Reckinger , Severin Haefliger , Karel Thoma +1 more | Structural Concrete

Abstract The ingress of chlorides, originating from the use of de‐icing salts or proximity to the sea, may cause severe local reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures such as bridges, tunnels, … Abstract The ingress of chlorides, originating from the use of de‐icing salts or proximity to the sea, may cause severe local reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures such as bridges, tunnels, galleries, and retaining walls. Methods are urgently required to realistically assess the load‐bearing capacity of such deteriorated structures, accounting for the effects of the local damage. However, modeling local corrosion in concrete structures using the finite element method is not straightforward. On the one hand, analyzing the local effects of corrosion requires finite elements that are magnitudes smaller than appropriate element sizes used to efficiently model an entire concrete structure, making this approach unviable even when using high‐performance computers. On the other hand, when modeling a structure with comparingly large elements, local damage introduces a discontinuity in the affected FE, which are thus no longer a continuum as presumed in standard element formulations. Hence, the influence of the discontinuities needs to be captured consistently and independently of the element size. This paper presents a mechanically consistent approach to deal with discontinuities by defining an influence volume and a correspondingly aligned constitutive relationship. The approach is demonstrated using the existing Corroded Tension Chord Model as a constitutive relationship and validated against the analytical solution for a reinforced concrete tie affected by local corrosion and three experiments on continuous slab strips with and without local damage. The load–deformation behavior of the reinforced concrete tie is accurately captured by the numerical simulation. The load–deflection behavior and failure modes observed in the experiments can be accurately predicted without mesh size dependency, thus proving the suitability of the proposed approach.

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Research on Chloride Ion Corrosion of Concrete in a Marine Silt Environment

2025-06-16

Lingjie Wu , Yu-feng Xia , Feng Shi | International Journal of Civil Engineering

Effect of pitting corrosion on the time to concrete surface cracking

2025-06-16

Wei Yang , Hassan Baji , Chun‐Qing Li | Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance

Corrosion and Protection for Infrastructure Equipment and Constructions

2025-06-15

Minoru Maeda | Journal of the Society of Materials Science Japan

Long-term phase changes in cathodically protected marine reinforced concrete bridge

2025-06-14

Mette Rica Geiker , Tobias Danner , R.B. Polder +2 more | Materials and Structures

Abstract The application of cathodic protection (CP) gains increasing interest for maintaining the structural integrity of coastal concrete bridges facing premature degradation due to reinforcement corrosion. The present investigation was … Abstract The application of cathodic protection (CP) gains increasing interest for maintaining the structural integrity of coastal concrete bridges facing premature degradation due to reinforcement corrosion. The present investigation was undertaken to obtain field experience on the long-term performance of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) installed on a Norwegian marine concrete bridge. Cores with and without anode ribbons from five protection zones were extracted 16–17 years after installation of ICCP. The cores were investigated by visual inspection and using µ-XRF for elemental distribution. µ-XRF measurements showed decreased intensities for calcium and sulfur around anode ribbons in some samples. Chloride accumulation at anode ribbons was observed in three of five cores, leading to lower ingress depth in the concrete but also a higher maximum chloride content near the anode compared to the cores without anode ribbons. The anode ribbons appeared intact. Phase changes around the anode ribbon were investigated with XRD, TGA and pH measurement. The ICCP had induced neutralization (pH 7) of the overlay mortar in the vicinity of some of the anode ribbons, resulting in the decomposition of hydration products like portlandite and the formation of gypsum, leading to a weaker material.

Performance evaluation on corrosion resistance of concrete blended with microsilica under chloride-laden conditions: an experimental and ANN-based approach

2025-06-14

Amgoth Rajender , Amiya K. Samanta | Engineering Computations

Purpose Accurate and premature prediction of corrosion onset in reinforced concrete structures is crucial for designing sustainable and resilient structures, which will have a lesser carbon footprints, reduced diminution of … Purpose Accurate and premature prediction of corrosion onset in reinforced concrete structures is crucial for designing sustainable and resilient structures, which will have a lesser carbon footprints, reduced diminution of natural resources and effective utilization of waste materials. Design/methodology/approach This study envisages the corrosion resistance and corrosion initiation across seven distinct phases at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days in concrete blended with Portland Slag Cement (PSC) and microsilica. Concrete cube specimens with variable microsilica content (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), each containing a centrally sited rebar, were subjected to accelerated corrosion under severe chloride circumstances (5% NaCl) for 105 days, following ASTM C876-91 stipulation. Findings Experimental results and scanning electron microscope investigation revealed that samples with 10% microsilica exhibited the superior corrosion resistance, attributed to the enhanced development of calcium silicate hydrate gel. Additionally, the experimental findings have also been validated using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model predictions closely align with experimental predictions, by achieving higher correlation coefficients (“ R ” values of 0.99935, 0.99835, 0.99906 and 0.99917 for training, testing, validation and the overall model, respectively). Experimental findings and model predictions suggest that PSC partially replaced with 10% microsilica holds noteworthy potential for developing concrete mixes suited for extreme environments. Originality/value Accurate and timely prediction of corrosion initiation minimizes potential hazards, ensuring structural longevity and reliability. Furthermore, the partial replacement of cement with microsilica enhances corrosion resistance, reducing cement consumption and promoting the effective utilization of waste materials for sustainable construction.

Chloride induced corrosion behavior of carbon steel rebar in seawater mixed Portland cement-SF-MK ternary pastes with low w/b ratio

2025-06-13

Yifan Zhao , Xiang Hu , Xiao‐Ling Zhao +2 more | Cement and Concrete Composites

Corrosion performance and strain behavior of reinforced concrete: Effect of natural pozzolan as partial substitute for microsilica in concrete mixtures

2025-06-12

Ehsan Hosseinzadehfard , Behnam Mobaraki | Structures

Seismic resilience of simply supported bridges subjected to subduction earthquakes

2025-06-12

Ramón Mata , Eduardo Núñez , Esteban Amaya +3 more | Structures

Bond properties and predictive modeling of steel reinforcement and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under chloride ion attack

2025-06-12

Jianchun Li , Lin Yang , Zongze Li +4 more | Construction and Building Materials