Computer Science Information Systems

Library Collection Development and Digital Resources

Description

This cluster of papers explores the usage and impact of e-books, digital textbooks, and other electronic reading materials in academic settings. It covers topics such as reading behavior, user attitudes, learning experiences, and the comparison between print and digital formats. The cluster also delves into the role of academic libraries in managing e-book collections and the implications for educational technology.

Keywords

E-Books; Digital Textbooks; Reading Behavior; Academic Libraries; Reading Comprehension; User Attitudes; Learning Experience; Print vs. Digital; Library Collections; Educational Technology

Names as Catalog Entries, A. M. Abdul Huq Nashville Public Libraries, David Marshall Stewart National Agricultural Library, Leila P. Moran National Archives (United States), James B. Rhoads National Bibliography, Frank … Names as Catalog Entries, A. M. Abdul Huq Nashville Public Libraries, David Marshall Stewart National Agricultural Library, Leila P. Moran National Archives (United States), James B. Rhoads National Bibliography, Frank M. McGowan National Book Committee, John C. Frantz National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, Charles H. Stevens National Federation of Abstracting and Indexing Services, Stella Keenan National Federation of Abstracting and Indexing Services, Toni Carbo Bearman National Fire Protection Association, Charles S. Morgan National Lending Library for Science and Technology (British Library Lending Division), A. G. Myatt National Libraries (Translated by Rosalind Kent), Natalia Tyulina National Libraries Task Force, James P. Riley National Libraries Task Force, Marlene D. Morrisey National Library Week, Gloria Hastings National Library of Medicine: Catalogs and Cataloging Services, Emilie V. Wiggins The National Library of Medicine: Introduction and History, Robert B. Menhert National Reprographic Centre for Documentation (NRCd), B. J. S. Williams National Science Foundation---Science Information, Burton W. Adkinson National Science Library of Canada, Jack E. Brown National Union Catalog, John Phillip Immroth Natural Classification, Jay E. Daily Naude, Gabriel, Eric de Grolier Nebraska Library Association, Vivian A. Peterson Nebraska. University of Nebraska Libraries, Eugene M. Johnson Nepal, Libraries in, Narayan Mishra Nepal, Libraries in, Shanti Mishra The Netherlands, Libraries and Information Centers in, D. J. Maltha Networks, Cognitive, David G. Hays Neuroscience Information Resources, Edgar A. Bering, Jr. Nevada Library Association, Billie Mae Polson New England Deposit Library, Robert R. Walsh New England Document Conservation Center, George Martin Cunha New England Historic Genealogical Society New York Historical Society, Lawrence S. Thompson New England Library Association, Mary A. McKenzie New England Library Board, Walter Brahm New Hampshire Library Association, Louise C. Price New Mexico Library Association, Mary Jo Duck Walker New Mexico. The University of New Mexico Libraries, John F. Harvey New Orleans Public Library, Colin Bradfield Hamer, Jr. New York Library Association, Helen F. Rice New York Library Club, Joseph N. Whitten The New York Public Library, John Mackenzie Cory New York University Libraries, Carlton C. Rochell New York. State University College of Arts and Science, School of Library and Information Science Geneseo, Ivan L. Kaldor New York. State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Information and Library Studies, George S. Bobinski The New York Times, John Rothman New York. State University of New York at Stony Brook Libraries, Donald C. Cook New Zealand, Libraries in, H. de S. C. MacLean Newark Public Library, Julia Sabine The Newberry Library, Lawrence W. Towner Newcastle. University of Newcastle upon Tyne Library, B. J. Enright News Libraries and Collections, Geoffrey Whatmore Nicaragua, Libraries in, Eileen Bloch Nicholson, Edward Williams Byron, K. A. Manley Nigeria, Academic Libraries in, Khalil Mahmud
The literature of the last few decades reflects a steadily increasing concern with quantitative assessment of libraries and their services. This concern is both the result of, and a reaction … The literature of the last few decades reflects a steadily increasing concern with quantitative assessment of libraries and their services. This concern is both the result of, and a reaction to, growing pressures from within and without the library profession to adopt the tools of the management sciences. The pressures are generated by many factors including the success of these tools in other fields and their adoption by the organizations supporting libraries, the increasingly explicit character of competition for funds at all levels, and the complexity and critical nature of decisions on the host of new options being created by technology and by formalization of library networks.
article Free Access Share on When professional standards are lax: the CONFIRM failure and its lessons Author: Effy Oz Wayne State Univ. Wayne State Univ.View Profile Authors Info & Claims … article Free Access Share on When professional standards are lax: the CONFIRM failure and its lessons Author: Effy Oz Wayne State Univ. Wayne State Univ.View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 37Issue 10Oct. 1994pp 29–43https://doi.org/10.1145/194313.194319Published:01 October 1994Publication History 92citation3,871DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations92Total Downloads3,871Last 12 Months167Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
This paper presents the results of a large scale survey designed to investigate usage patterns and library patron attitudes toward e-books. The survey reveals a university community's discovery and knowledge … This paper presents the results of a large scale survey designed to investigate usage patterns and library patron attitudes toward e-books. The survey reveals a university community's discovery and knowledge of e-books, their likes and dislikes about book content in electronic format as opposed to print, and their predictions of how they will use electronic and print book materials in the future. The survey shows that acceptance of e-books has reached a level where they have become an important library service. The results, based on a study conducted in collaboration with Springer, break down e-book awareness and attitudes into faculty, graduate student, and undergraduate student constituent groups. Additionally, statistics are presented to complement the survey results by showing that the usage of e-book content at the University of Illinois is increasing at a rapid pace.11 The author wishes to thank William H. Mischo and Sharif Islam for their invaluable assistance in managing and querying the survey dataset.1
SuperBook is a hypertext browsing system designed to improve the usability of conventional documents. Successive versions of SuperBook were evaluated in a series of behavioral studies. Students searched for information … SuperBook is a hypertext browsing system designed to improve the usability of conventional documents. Successive versions of SuperBook were evaluated in a series of behavioral studies. Students searched for information in a statistics text. presented either in conventional printed form or in SuperBook form. The best version of SuperBook enabled students to answer search questions more quickly and accurately than they could with the conventional text. Students wrote higher quality “open-book” essays using SuperBook than they did with the conventional text, and their subjective ratings of the documentation strongly favored SuperBook. This work is a case study of formative design-evaluation. Behavioral evaluation of the first version of SuperBook showed how design factors and user strategies affected search and established baseline performance measures with printed text. The second version of SuperBook was implemented with the goal of improving search accuracy and speed. User strategies that had proved effective in the first study were made very easy and attractive to use. System response time for common operations was greatly improved. Behavioral evaluation of the new SuperBook demonstrated its superiority to printed text and suggested additional improvements that were incorporated into “MiteyBook,” a SuperBook implementation for PC-size screens. Search with MiteyBook proved to be approximately 25 percent faster and 25 percent more accurate than that obtained with a conventional printed book.
Library catalogs have represented stagnant technology for close to twenty years. Moving toward a next-generation catalog, North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries purchased Endeca’s Information Access Platform to give its … Library catalogs have represented stagnant technology for close to twenty years. Moving toward a next-generation catalog, North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries purchased Endeca’s Information Access Platform to give its users relevance-ranked keyword search results and to leverage the rich metadata trapped in the MARC record to enhance collection browsing. This paper discusses the new functionality that has been enabled, the implementation process and system architecture, assessment of the new catalog’s performance, and future directions.
Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community has been digitised and can be accessed in full on this website. All content is freely available on an open-access basis. Serials was … Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community has been digitised and can be accessed in full on this website. All content is freely available on an open-access basis. Serials was published between 1988 and 2011. In 2012, the journal was retitled and is now published as Insights: the UKSG journal.
article Free Access Share on The PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library Authors: P. A. Fox Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJ Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJView … article Free Access Share on The PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library Authors: P. A. Fox Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJ Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJView Profile , A. P. Hall Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJ Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJView Profile , N. L. Schryer Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJ Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hull, NJView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM Transactions on Mathematical SoftwareVolume 4Issue 2June 1978 pp 104–126https://doi.org/10.1145/355780.355783Online:01 June 1978Publication History 95citation741DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations95Total Downloads741Last 12 Months24Last 6 weeks10 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community has been digitised and can be accessed in full on this website. All content is freely available on an open-access basis. Serials was … Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community has been digitised and can be accessed in full on this website. All content is freely available on an open-access basis. Serials was published between 1988 and 2011. In 2012, the journal was retitled and is now published as Insights: the UKSG journal.
Purpose The purpose of this article is to report on a large‐scale survey that was carried out to assess academic users' awareness, perceptions and existing levels of use of e‐books. … Purpose The purpose of this article is to report on a large‐scale survey that was carried out to assess academic users' awareness, perceptions and existing levels of use of e‐books. The survey also seeks to find out about the purposes to which electronic books were put, and to obtain an understanding of the most effective library marketing and communication channels. Design/methodology/approach An e‐mail invitation to participate in the survey was distributed to all UCL staff and students (approximately 27,000) in November 2006, and 1,818 completions were received, an effective response rate of at least 6.7 per cent. Statistical analyses were carried out on the data using Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings The survey findings point to various ways in which user uptake and acceptance of e‐books may be encouraged. Book discovery behaviour, a key issue for publishers and librarians in both print and electronic environments, emerges as a critical focus for service delivery and enhancement. Originality/value The survey is part of an action research project, CIBER's SuperBook, that will further investigate the issues raised in this initial benchmarking survey using deep log analysis and qualitative methods. The paper partly fills the gap in the literature on e‐books which has mainly focused on usage and not the users.
Purpose This paper aims to assess the usability of electronic books (e‐books) and paper books (p‐books) with objective measures, including user comprehension, eye fatigue, and perception. Design/methodology/approach A total of … Purpose This paper aims to assess the usability of electronic books (e‐books) and paper books (p‐books) with objective measures, including user comprehension, eye fatigue, and perception. Design/methodology/approach A total of 56 sixth‐year public school students participated in this study. This paper was conducted in the following order: pre‐CFF measurement, p‐/e‐book reading, post‐CFF measurement, quiz, and questionnaire. A standard CFF device, a computer with a monitor for reading e‐books, p‐books, desks, and chairs were provided. Findings This paper found that there is a significant “book effect” on quiz scores; compared to e‐books, p‐books appear to enable better reading comprehension. Regarding eye fatigue, students had significantly greater eye fatigue after reading e‐books than after reading p‐books. Students were satisfied with the e‐book, but they preferred p‐books. Research limitations/implications Students would show satisfaction with e‐books and acknowledge their usefulness, but still prefer p‐books. However, a clearer understanding of this paradox in perception is needed. Further studies should try to explore the students' perceptions of e‐books. Practical implications Surprisingly, though, Korean students studied herein, who have had a higher level of exposure to technology than those in other countries, did not show positive behavioral intentions toward e‐books. Overall, the responses from the Korean students suggest that there was general satisfaction with reading e‐books on screen. However, this study also found a discordance in the students' perceptions of e‐books. In this study, most students grew tired of reading on the screen; this tiredness could have an adverse effect on both reading comprehension and the perception of e‐books. In further analyzing user responses, many of the critical remarks were found to refer to the screen/text size or clarity rather than to the e‐book itself. Originality/value Although this study suggests that students in general are not yet ready to entirely give up p‐books, e‐books are becoming increasingly common. However, great challenges remain in terms of making e‐book content more available and in enabling improved comprehension and reducing eye fatigue.
The information seeking behavior of astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists at the University of Oklahoma was assessed using an electronically distributed questionnaire. All of the scientists surveyed relied greatly on … The information seeking behavior of astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists at the University of Oklahoma was assessed using an electronically distributed questionnaire. All of the scientists surveyed relied greatly on the journal literature to support their research and creative activities. The mathematicians surveyed indicated an additional reliance on monographs, preprints, and attendance at conferences and personal communication to support their research activities. Similarly, all scientists responding scanned the latest issues of journals to keep abreast of current developments in their fields, with the mathematicians again reporting attendance at conferences and personal communication. Despite an expression by the scientists for more electronic services, the majority preferred access to journal articles in a print, rather than an electronic, form. The primary deficit in library services appeared to be in access to electronic bibliographic databases. The data suggest that a primary goal of science libraries is to obtain access to as many appropriate electronic bibliographic finding aids and databases possible. Although the results imply the ultimate demise of the printed bibliographic reference tool, they underscore the continued importance to scientists of the printed peer-reviewed journal article.
Abstract Purpose – Sets out to investigate the use of electronic resources by students and faculty of Ashesi University, Ghana, in order to determine the level of use, the type … Abstract Purpose – Sets out to investigate the use of electronic resources by students and faculty of Ashesi University, Ghana, in order to determine the level of use, the type of information accessed and the effectiveness of the library's communication tools for information research. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire‐based survey was utilized. It consisted of 16 questions to determine level of use, type of information accessed, assessment of library's communication tools, problems encountered when using electronic resources and ways to improve the provision of electronic information in the community. The questionnaire was distributed to all students, faculty and administrative staff in order to reduce the generalization of the results. The students were made up of four year groups categorized as YearGroupA, YearGroupB, YearGroupC, YearGroupD. The questionnaire was pre‐tested on six students from three different year groups and some amendments were made. A total of 169 questionnaires were therefore distributed and 141 completed questionnaires were returned, giving an overall response rate of 83 per cent. Survey responses were coded and input into Excel for analysis. Findings – The study found that general computer usage for information access was high because of the University's state‐of‐the art IT infrastructure. Usage of some internet resources were also very high, whilst the use of scholarly databases was quite low. The low patronage was attributed to inadequate information about the existence of these library resources. The study recommends, among others, the introduction of information competency across the curriculum and/or the introduction of a one‐unit course to be taught at all levels and the provision of more PCs on campus. Originality/value – Would be of value to library administrators considering how to determine level of use, type of information accessed, assessment of library's communication tools, problems encountered when using electronic resources and ways to improve the provision of electronic information.
In 2011, researchers at Bucknell University and Illinois Wesleyan University compared the search efficacy of Serial Solutions Summon, EBSCO Discovery Service, Google Scholar, and conventional library databases. Using a mixed-methods … In 2011, researchers at Bucknell University and Illinois Wesleyan University compared the search efficacy of Serial Solutions Summon, EBSCO Discovery Service, Google Scholar, and conventional library databases. Using a mixed-methods approach, qualitative and quantitative data were gathered on students’ usage of these tools. Regardless of the search system, students exhibited a marked inability to effectively evaluate sources and a heavy reliance on default search settings. This article describes these results and makes recommendations for libraries considering these tools.
Electronic books (e-books) are gaining popularity for personal reading. Options for access to a large selection of book titles and “anytime/anywhere” reading choices have added to the increased use of … Electronic books (e-books) are gaining popularity for personal reading. Options for access to a large selection of book titles and “anytime/anywhere” reading choices have added to the increased use of e-books. For this study, 22 third-grade students completed satisfaction surveys and reading comprehension tests on three separate reading sessions: one traditional print-based and two e-book titles. Indicators of reading engagement included motivation for independent reading and comprehension as measured by standardized tests on the print book and both ebooks. Results showed that format was not as important as students’ identification with setting, characters, and theme of the book. Students did, however, indicate a preference for e-books when given the option of a wide selection of titles and the freedom to choose their own e-book. Students further indicated a preference for the amenities associated with e-book reading such as pop-up definitions and pronunciations of words, automatic page turning, and the option of read-aloud narration. The authors concluded that children quickly become comfortable with e-books and welcomed the technology. However, they are not completely ready to disregard print books.
The wide application of digital technologies to scholarly communications has disrupted the model of academic library service that has been in place for the past century. Given the new Internet … The wide application of digital technologies to scholarly communications has disrupted the model of academic library service that has been in place for the past century. Given the new Internet tools and the explosive growth of digital content available on the Web, it is now not entirely clear what an academic library should be. This article is an attempt to provide a strategy for academic libraries in what is left of the first quarter of the 21st century. There are five components of the model: 1) complete the migration from print to electronic collections; 2) retire legacy print collections; 3) redevelop library space; 4) reposition library and information tools, resources, and expertise; and 5) migrate the focus of collections from purchasing materials to curating content. Each of the components of the strategy and their interactions will be considered. It is hoped that the result will provide a useful roadmap for academic libraries and the campuses they serve.
Purpose By tracking the information‐seeking and reading patterns of science, technology, medical and social science faculty members from 1977 to the present, this paper seeks to examine how faculty members … Purpose By tracking the information‐seeking and reading patterns of science, technology, medical and social science faculty members from 1977 to the present, this paper seeks to examine how faculty members locate, obtain, read, and use scholarly articles and how this has changed with the widespread availability of electronic journals and journal alternatives. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered using questionnaire surveys of university faculty and other researchers periodically since 1977. Many questions used the critical incident of the last article reading to allow analysis of the characteristics of readings in addition to characteristics of readers. Findings The paper finds that the average number of readings per year per science faculty member continues to increase, while the average time spent per reading is decreasing. Electronic articles now account for the majority of readings, though most readings are still printed on paper for final reading. Scientists report reading a higher proportion of older articles from a wider range of journal titles and more articles from library e‐collections. Articles are read for many purposes and readings are valuable to those purposes. Originality/value The paper draws on data collected in a consistent way over 30 years. It provides a unique look at how electronic journals and other developments have influenced changes in reading behavior over three decades. The use of critical incidence provides evidence of the value of reading in addition to reading patterns.
In the spring of 2005, the University of Denver's Penrose Library conducted a survey of its users to determine their degree of awareness of electronic books, how and why they … In the spring of 2005, the University of Denver's Penrose Library conducted a survey of its users to determine their degree of awareness of electronic books, how and why they use them, and their level of satisfaction with the format. It is clear from vendor-supplied usage statistics that electronic books are used, but it is not clear how or why they are used. The survey addressed electronic books in general and netLibrary specifically. Survey results show that e-books are used by about half of the campus community. Of these users, most utilize them only occasionally. These e-book users like the convenience of being able to access materials from home and the ability to search within the text. Most respondents read only small portions of e-books, suggesting perhaps that print volumes are a better alternative for immersion in the text. Most respondents (over 60 percent) indicate a preference for print books over electronic, but an even larger number (over 80 percent) indicate a degree of flexibility between the two formats. Respondents are generally pleased with the e-book format.
In order for collection development librarians to justify the adoption of electronic books (e-books), they need to determine if e-books satisfy the information needs of patrons. One method to determine … In order for collection development librarians to justify the adoption of electronic books (e-books), they need to determine if e-books satisfy the information needs of patrons. One method to determine this is to measure e-book usage. This study compared the usage of 7,880 titles that were available in both print and e-book format at the Duke University Libraries. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized, it does provide information on the use of e-books in one academic research library and implications for e-book collection development.
Purpose This paper aims to propose a definition for the concept “e‐book” on the basis of an analysis of existing definitions. The e‐book marketplace is growing rapidly and the potential … Purpose This paper aims to propose a definition for the concept “e‐book” on the basis of an analysis of existing definitions. The e‐book marketplace is growing rapidly and the potential impact of e‐books on publishers, librarian and users is increasing in significance. Yet, there is agreement that despite a few widely accepted definitions there is no consensus on the definition of the term e‐book, and, further that consensus on the definition would be beneficial for both researchers and practitioners. Design/methodology/approach This paper starts with a brief overview of the developments in e‐books, covering technologies, marketplaces, and the attractions and challenges associated with e‐books for users and libraries. It then reports on a content analysis of existing definitions of e‐book. A collection of definitions was compiled through an exhaustive literature review. Content analysis was performed to identify the frequency of occurrence of key words and phrases across these definitions. Findings There is a consensus that definitions of e‐book should include reference to: the digital or electronic nature of e‐books, analogy to printed book, some indication of the content of e‐books, and some allusion to e‐book technologies. We propose a two‐part definition that embraces these themes, but also reflects the in‐use features of the e‐book. Conclusions and recommendations make proposals for further discussion on the concept of e‐book and, more widely, into the publication, acquisition and use of e‐books. Originality/value In the rapidly developing e‐book marketplace it is essential to have agreement on the definition of e‐book, and furthermore, such a definition needs to reflect both the persistent characteristics of e‐books, and their dynamic and developing nature.
article Free Access Share on Binary translation Authors: Richard L. Sites Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile , Anton Chernoff Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA … article Free Access Share on Binary translation Authors: Richard L. Sites Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile , Anton Chernoff Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile , Matthew B. Kirk Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile , Maurice P. Marks Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile , Scott G. Robinson Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MA Digital Equipment Corp., Littleton, MAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 36Issue 2Feb. 1993 pp 69–81https://doi.org/10.1145/151220.151227Published:01 February 1993Publication History 178citation2,548DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations178Total Downloads2,548Last 12 Months309Last 6 weeks73 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using a matched set of 20 test and comparison supermarkets in the Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, Md., metropolitan areas was used to evaluate a … A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using a matched set of 20 test and comparison supermarkets in the Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, Md., metropolitan areas was used to evaluate a nutrition information program called “Special Diet Alert” (SDA) introduced by Giant Food, Inc. into Washington, D. C. stores in March 1981. The objective of the SDA program was to help supermarket shoppers find products for special diet needs by providing brand-specific (i.e., individual product level) shelf markers that identified products considered low or reduced in sodium, calories, cholesterol, and fat, supplemented by take-away information booklets available from a rack in the store which listed SDA brand names and specific nutrient values. Market shares of these products were tracked over the two-year evaluation period in Washington, D. C. and Baltimore stores. The pattern of differential sales trends across 16 individual food categories was complicated, but sales of shelf-marked products increased on the average 4 to 8 percent more over the two-year evaluation period in Washington, D. C. than in Baltimore, Md. stores. The average magnitude of effect attributable to SDA was modest in comparison with other factors influencing consumer purchases, highlighting the need for powerful evaluation designs to assess the effectiveness of information programs that operate in the context of many other more powerful influences. Further research is needed to determine which aspects of the SDA program were critical to its success, but one obvious difference between SDA and other in-store nutrition information programs that have been reported in the literature was the use of individual brand-specific shelf markers to deliver nutrition information to shoppers rather than prominently displayed sectional posters and detailed educational pamphlets.
© 2 0 0 8 M a r k R . N e l s o n a n d E D U C A U S E Why do … © 2 0 0 8 M a r k R . N e l s o n a n d E D U C A U S E Why do screen reading advocates frequently assume that continuation of print genres is at the expense of screen reading? Why do they assume that any shift away from capital intensive printing will never shift back to less centralized, less costly local print genres? And why is the rapture displacement to screen reading always 12–18 months in the future? —futureofthebook.com, July 19, 2007 (http://www.futureofthebook.com/ 2007/07/19)
Background Given the increasing popularity of reading from screens, it is not surprising that numerous studies have been conducted comparing reading from paper and electronic sources. The purpose of this … Background Given the increasing popularity of reading from screens, it is not surprising that numerous studies have been conducted comparing reading from paper and electronic sources. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to consolidate the findings on reading performance, reading times and calibration of performance (metacognition) between reading text from paper compared to screens. Methods A systematic literature search of reports of studies comparing reading from paper and screens was conducted in seven databases. Additional studies were identified by contacting researchers who have published on the topic, by a backwards search of the references of found reports and by a snowball search of reports citing what was initially found. Only studies that were experiments with random assignment and with participants who had fundamental reading skills and disseminated between 2008 and 2018 were included. Twenty‐nine reports with 33 identified studies met inclusion criteria experimentally comparing reading performance ( k = 33; n = 2,799), reading time ( k = 14; n = 1,233) and/or calibration ( k = 11; n = 698) from paper and screens. Results Based on random effects models, reading from screens had a negative effect on reading performance relative to paper ( g = −.25). Based on moderator analyses, this may have been limited to expository texts ( g = −.32) as there was no difference with narrative texts ( g = −.04). The findings were similar when analysing literal and inferential reading performance separately ( g = −.33 and g = −.26, respectively). No reliable differences were found for reading time ( g = .08). Readers had better calibrated (more accurate) judgement of their performance from paper compared to screens ( g = .20). Conclusions Readers may be more efficient and aware of their performance when reading from paper compared to screens.
Open access publishing has frequently been proposed as a solution to the serials crisis, which involved unsustainable budgetary pressures on libraries due to hyperinflation of subscription costs. The majority of … Open access publishing has frequently been proposed as a solution to the serials crisis, which involved unsustainable budgetary pressures on libraries due to hyperinflation of subscription costs. The majority of open access articles are published in a minority of journals that levy article processing charges (APCs) paid by authors or their institutions upon acceptance. Increases in APCs is proceeding at a rate three times that which would be expected if APCs were indexed according to inflation. As increasingly ambitious funder mandates are proposed, such as Plan S, it is important to evaluate whether authors show signs of price sensitivity in journal selection by avoiding journals that introduce or increase their APCs. Examining journals that introduced an APC 4-5 years after launch or when flipping from a subscription model to immediate open access model showed no evidence that APC introduction reduced article volumes. Multilevel modelling of APC sensitivity across 319 journals published by the four largest APC-funded dedicated commercial open access publishers (BMC, Frontiers, MDPI, and Hindawi) revealed that from 2012 to 2018 higher APCs were actually associated with increased article volumes. These findings indicate that APC hyperinflation is not suppressed through market competition and author choice. Instead, demand for scholarly journal publications may be more similar to demand for necessities, or even prestige goods, which will support APC hyperinflation to the detriment of researchers, institutions, and funders.
Purpose This study, a part of JISC‐funded UK National E‐Books Observatory, aims to find out about the perspective of students and academics, the main e‐book users, on e‐books. Design/methodology/approach The … Purpose This study, a part of JISC‐funded UK National E‐Books Observatory, aims to find out about the perspective of students and academics, the main e‐book users, on e‐books. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides an analysis of two open‐ended questions about e‐books, contained in a UK national survey conducted between 18 January and 1 March 2008. The survey obtained a response from more than 20,000 academic staff and students; 16,000 free‐text responses were obtained to these two questions. Findings The study discloses that convenience associated with online access along with searchability was the biggest advantage of e‐books. The study shows a potential market for e‐textbooks; however, e‐books have yet to become more student‐friendly by improving features such as printing and screenreading. Originality/value This is the biggest survey of its kind ever conducted and it improves one's knowledge of what the academic community thinks of e‐books.
The information seeking behavior of astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists at the University of Oklahoma was assessed using an electronically distributed questionnaire. All of the scientists surveyed relied greatly on … The information seeking behavior of astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists at the University of Oklahoma was assessed using an electronically distributed questionnaire. All of the scientists surveyed relied greatly on the journal literature to support their research and creative activities. The mathematicians surveyed indicated an additional reliance on monographs, preprints, and attendance at conferences and personal communication to support their research activities. Similarly, all scientists responding scanned the latest issues of journals to keep abreast of current developments in their fields, with the mathematicians again reporting attendance at conferences and personal communication. Despite an expression by the scientists for more electronic services, the majority preferred access to journal articles in a print, rather than an electronic, form. The primary deficit in library services appeared to be in access to electronic bibliographic databases. The data suggest that a primary goal of science libraries is to obtain access to as many appropriate electronic bibliographic finding aids and databases possible. Although the results imply the ultimate demise of the printed bibliographic reference tool, they underscore the continued importance to scientists of the printed peer-reviewed journal article.
We examined the perceptions and performance of students who used an electronic versus a traditional paper textbook. Introductory psychology students (N = 392) who chose between the 2 formats did … We examined the perceptions and performance of students who used an electronic versus a traditional paper textbook. Introductory psychology students (N = 392) who chose between the 2 formats did not differ in course grades. However, students using the electronic text reported spending less time reading for class compared to students using the paper text and generally evaluated the electronic text unfavorably. No student who purchased an electronic text in a prior class chose to purchase it for introductory psychology. These findings suggest that it may be premature to abandon the paper text in favor of the electronic text.
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Summary Reading is a cognitive activity that involves engaging with text and drawing on various information sources to achieve comprehension. To fully understand the nature of the reading process, it … Summary Reading is a cognitive activity that involves engaging with text and drawing on various information sources to achieve comprehension. To fully understand the nature of the reading process, it is essential to explore how the cognitive system functions. This study examines the effects of reading printed versus digital texts on the reading process and performance. Specifically, it compares reading time (speed) for both mediums by measuring response time and the speed of answering questions related to the deeper meaning of the text. Furthermore, the participants’ performance in answering these questions was assessed. The study also investigates whether factors such as age, gender, reading preference, and reading frequency (habit) influence reading speed, response time, and overall performance. The results indicate that participants reading printed texts performed better and were more successful in comprehending the material. Additionally, the findings reveal no significant differences based on age or gender, although reading preference and frequency did impact reading performance.
| Elsevier eBooks
Introduction. Several academic libraries have implemented restrictions on repository access in recent years. This study explores the phenomenon of restricted access in academic libraries in managing their repositories. Method. This … Introduction. Several academic libraries have implemented restrictions on repository access in recent years. This study explores the phenomenon of restricted access in academic libraries in managing their repositories. Method. This research uses a qualitative approach through interviews with six librarians from three academic libraries in the Special Region of Yogyakarta that have implemented repository access restrictions. Locations were selected through online observations of repository websites and direct. Library heads and staff involved in or understanding the access restriction process were selected purposively as informants. Data Analysis. The interview data were analyzed using reduction and thematic categorization techniques. The data were presented and analyzed to draw conclusions. Results and Discussion. Librarians, who generally support open access, face requests from faculty and university leadership to restrict access. Restrictions are implemented to protect intellectual rights and sensitive data, to maintain physical visits to the library. Other factors include concerns about plagiarism, personal data protection, patent rights, and preventing the illegal document distribution. Conclusion. There are eight factors in restricting access to academic library repositories. Access restrictions are based on the dynamic policies among stakeholders within the university. This study provides insights for academic library policymakers in balancing open access with intellectual property rights protection.
Library consortia support collaborative sharing of resources among participating libraries, which can be formal or informal agreements. This cooperation enables libraries to expand their resource offerings and improve services. Numerous … Library consortia support collaborative sharing of resources among participating libraries, which can be formal or informal agreements. This cooperation enables libraries to expand their resource offerings and improve services. Numerous consortia exist, including INFLIBNET’s N-LIST program, which provides affordable and valuable access to resources for college students (Waghmode, 2014). This study explores the awareness and accessibility of electronic resources offered through the N-LIST program among faculty members and students of selected Colleges affiliated with the University of Lucknow. A structured questionnaire was administered to 250 respondents, and 210 completed responses were analysed to examine the extent of awareness and accessibility of N-LIST’s e-resources. The findings indicate that a significant number of faculty members and students access N-LIST e-resources every week, suggesting a need for these resources. The study also revealed the satisfaction level of Faculty and Students with regard to N-LIST e-resources. 54% of respondents agreed that a ‘user education orientation program’ was provided by college libraries. Based on these findings, it is recommended that college libraries must organise periodic training programs to promote awareness and help develop optimal skills among users for proper utilisation of e-resources, particularly those offered through the N-LIST consortium.
Gabriela Manista , Maciej Maryl , Magdalena Wnuk | LIBER Quarterly The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of publishing Open Access (OA) books within the European Research Area (ERA), drawing on data collected through the PALOMERA project. Despite the growing … This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of publishing Open Access (OA) books within the European Research Area (ERA), drawing on data collected through the PALOMERA project. Despite the growing interest in OA books, the landscape remains fragmented due to a lack of clear policies. National policies are often sparse, with institutional and funder mandates typically focused on journal articles rather than monographs. An issue also highlighted is the marginalisation of non-English language works, which receive significantly less visibility than English-language publications. Additionally, the perceived prestige of OA monographs remains a concern, with some scholars viewing them as less reputable than traditionally published works. This paper synthesises findings from 42 in-depth interviews to offer an overview of the current state of OA book publishing in Europe. It identifies areas for policy improvement to foster a more inclusive and sustainable OA landscape.
H. Robson MacDonald | Evidence Based Library and Information Practice
A Review of: Owens, E., Hwang, S., Kim, D., Manolovitz, T., & Shen, L. (2023). Do you love them now? Use and non-use of academic ebooks a decade later. The … A Review of: Owens, E., Hwang, S., Kim, D., Manolovitz, T., & Shen, L. (2023). Do you love them now? Use and non-use of academic ebooks a decade later. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 49(3), 102703-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102703 Objective – To determine the use of library-provided ebooks by faculty and graduate students, the change in use over the last decade, the features, benefits, and challenges of ebook use, and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on ebook use in this population. Design – Survey. Setting – Medium-sized public university with four campuses: a main campus with a physical library, an online campus, and two satellite campuses. Subjects – Faculty and graduate students. Methods – The authors of this study used a Qualtrics survey similar to their previous 2011 survey, which tailored questions based on ebook users versus non-users (Cassidy et al., 2012). They added questions to their survey to assess the impact of COVID-19 on library-provided ebook use. The authors included language that directed respondents to focus on “ebooks that are being studied closely for class purposes.” Invitations to the survey were emailed to all faculty and graduate students and were posted in campus e-newsletters. The survey was open from September 2021 to October 2021 and included a small incentive to participate. Responses were anonymous. Main Results – The initial list of survey recipients included 3377 graduate students and 1126 faculty members, a total of 4480 after 23 duplicate email addresses were removed. A total of 508, or 11.3 %, were included in the analysis: 53.2% were master's students, 16.1% were doctoral students, and 30.7% were faculty members. At this university, the College of Education and Humanities and Social Sciences had the most master’s and doctoral students and represented most of the responses: 26% and 22.8%, respectively. The remaining responses were represented by the colleges of Criminal Justice, 16.1%, Science & Engineering Technology, 11.4%, and less than 8% Colleges of Business Administration, Health Sciences, Osteopathic Medicine, and Arts and Media. Most respondents were female, 72.8%, and aged 20-29, 36%, or 30-39, 26.4%. The authors noted there was no statistical difference in gender identity nor the average age of ebook users versus non-users. Most respondents were ebook users, 64.4%, compared to non-users, 35.6%, which did not vary significantly when comparing campuses. When comparing the same results to those from 2011, however, only 38% of respondents were ebook users. For ebook users, 22.3% reported that they would rather use a print book, 15.3% felt the same about ebooks and print, 29.4% reported that they liked some ebooks but disliked others, and 26.3% reported that they would rather use an ebook. The authors stated that the results were surprisingly similar to their 2011 survey. Of the non-users, 24.5% reported that they would rather use a print book, 28.8 % indicated that they did not necessarily dislike library ebooks but had no opportunity to use them, and 7.5 % reported that they specifically disliked the library ebooks. In 2011, slightly more respondents preferred print books, 30.9%, more reported that they did not have the opportunity to use them, 46.4%, and a similar proportion, 7.2%, reported that they specifically disliked the library ebooks. Of the non-users, 38.7% reported that they may or may not use ebooks in the future, 16.6% and 29.3% reported that they definitely or probably will use ebooks in the future, 13.8% and 1.7% probably or definitely will not. Physical complaints were among the most common reasons for disliking library ebooks related to focus and retention, sensory experience of not holding or handling a print book, fatigue, headache, and eye strain. Other complaints were related to their functionality and usability, such as lag time, clunky interface, accessibility, and challenges with annotation and note-taking. Also mentioned was the additional screen time required. Ebook features reported to be important were searching within the text, 91% of respondents, seeing the search terms highlighted, 78%, downloading the book to read offline, 75.2%, copying and pasting from the ebook, 70.5%, printing pages, 62%, or chapters, 60%. In 2011, features of the highest importance were searching within the text, 63.3%, printing individual pages, 49.0%, copying and pasting from the ebook, 47.7 %, and taking and saving notes, 39.4 %. The authors also collected open-ended comments, and respondents indicated ebook features such as annotation, formatting and compatibility, no print limit, no time limit, navigation, and text-to-speech were important. A little over 72% of respondents used an electronic device, such as a tablet, smartphone, or e-reader, for reading, whereas only 51.2% reported the use of an electronic device for reading in 2011. Of the respondents who attended the university before the COVID-19 pandemic, 71.4% reported their use of ebooks remained the same during the pandemic, which, according to the authors was not as significant as expected. The authors wrapped up the survey by including questions for graduate students regarding the future use of ebooks: 75.9% of respondents wanted the library to purchase more ebooks to support their classes, 59.9% responded that their use of ebooks would likely increase with a recommendation by the professor, and 90.1% would rather use an ebook than wait for a print copy to be returned to the library. Conclusion – The authors report that library ebook users compared to non-users have significantly increased since their 2011 survey, yet the feelings about ebooks remain consistent, and the use of ebooks before and after the COVID-19 pandemic remained the same for most respondents. They acknowledged that many frustrations with library ebook use are related to copyright restrictions and device compatibility and suggested that publishers could improve compatibility and increase usability by loosening restrictions. They suggested that libraries communicate with their local users before making major changes in their print versus ebook collection. Electronic availability alone may not be enough, and users are looking for accessibility, ease of use, and device compatibility with fewer restrictions. The authors suggest more research into strategies for promoting ebooks to teaching faculty and advocating for publisher improvements.
| Elsevier eBooks
Generative AI (“GAI”) model developers prioritized speed to market over compliance with copyright law with respect to use of copyrighted works for training their models. Now facing over forty lawsuits, … Generative AI (“GAI”) model developers prioritized speed to market over compliance with copyright law with respect to use of copyrighted works for training their models. Now facing over forty lawsuits, they have asserted fair use to evade responsibility, and they claim that licensing all necessary works is impossible. This Article focuses on professionally created works only, with an emphasis on publishers’ works, and demonstrates that market-based licensing of professionally created works for training GAI models is feasible as measured by the number of licenses and the ability of GAI developers to afford them—both of which are points on which Big Tech agrees. The Article also provides insights on the licensing marketplace for publishers’ works as relevant to training GAI models. Finally, the Article underscores that the public interest is squarely on the side of marketbased licensing because all stakeholders benefit, and it will help ensure that publishers and authors may continue their vital contributions to America’s political, intellectual, and cultural systems.
The collection management of libraries is undergoing a core shift driven by digitalization, open access (OA), and changing end-user expectations. This research paper examines how these interrelated trends are reshaping … The collection management of libraries is undergoing a core shift driven by digitalization, open access (OA), and changing end-user expectations. This research paper examines how these interrelated trends are reshaping the future of libraries worldwide. Based on a critical literature review, new technologies, and pertinent case studies, this research investigates the opportunities and challenges of the digital transformation, the impact of open access models on collection development, and the evolution of user-centric access systems. This study employs a mixed-methods approach including systematic literature review, quantitative data analysis, case studies, and expert consultations. The research shows that as digitalization raises accessibility and preservation capacities, libraries face core issues with funding, digital equity, and long-term sustainability. The research identifies the use of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and collaborative platforms in remaking the collection management, while observing that open access is driving the democratization of knowledge, albeit with ongoing challenges. The article concludes with strategic recommendations to make libraries relevant and effective in an increasingly digital information environment. This forward-looking research provides critical insight for librarians, information professionals, and policymakers as they navigate this era of transformative change.
Deepti Sengar , Komal Saxena , Ashok Kumar Rathor | DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology
The study aims to revamp the collection development policy using data analytics techniques at IGDTUW, Delhi. the study used the circulation records from 2022 to 2024 and found 30,612 records … The study aims to revamp the collection development policy using data analytics techniques at IGDTUW, Delhi. the study used the circulation records from 2022 to 2024 and found 30,612 records of library holdings. Further, 16,905 circulation records were also downloaded and used in data analysis. The library holdings data included book titles, authors, call numbers, and accession numbers. Furthermore, library-holding records and circulation datasets were loaded into Python. The Pandas library was used to read the Excel files. The study found that 23.05 % of books were heavily used, while 76.95 % remained unused. Interestingly, 30.7 % of faculty-recommended books were borrowed, showing a gap between faculty-recommended titles and student needs. The results helped develop a policy for selecting and removing books, ensuring the library’s collection is relevant, user-friendly, and space-efficient. This study provides a simple method other libraries can follow in collection development and better use their resources.
The Tech Tome Engineering E-Book Portal is a complete web application built with the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) stack. It is meant to offer engineering students free access to … The Tech Tome Engineering E-Book Portal is a complete web application built with the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js) stack. It is meant to offer engineering students free access to reference books of an academic nature and department books like Computer Science (CSE), Electronics and Communication (ECE), etc. The portal is separated into two main interfaces: the User Panel and the Admin Panel. Students can download, read, and view department e-books freely without any limits through the User Panel. Admin Panel allows administrators to control content submission, viewing of download history, and identifying the suitability of uploaded content. Admins may also modify or delete book entries for content quality and suitability maintenance. The project targets closing the gap between learning content and students and offering easy, free, and effective learning material access required.
Background The COVID‐19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital texts for reading instruction, and research identities both potential advantages and drawbacks for using digital texts for reading instruction. Methods This … Background The COVID‐19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital texts for reading instruction, and research identities both potential advantages and drawbacks for using digital texts for reading instruction. Methods This paper presents the results of a quantitative survey of a representative sample of US elementary‐grade teachers ( n = 468) describing how they used digital texts for reading instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Survey development included a literature review, pilot testing ( n = 38), cognitive interviews ( n = 8) and expert review. Results Results indicated that 99.6% of respondents used digital texts for reading instruction, most frequently levelled texts (90.9% using them at least once a week), decodable texts (85.2%), informational texts (84.7%) and passages for fluency practice (82.5%). Read‐aloud mode was the most frequently used text feature regardless of the text type or literacy goals. Teachers used digital texts mainly as substitutes for print texts, and few received training (28.8%) or resources (17.1%) to support using digital texts. Conclusions The findings indicate a misalignment between the research evidence on the affordances of digital texts for reading instruction and how these tools are used in classrooms. They highlight the need for future research and professional development to support teachers' Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) and classroom use of digital texts.
Computer-based testing is becoming dominant for assessments in education. In New York, students take state assessments, which are now administered digitally. While this transition in technology offers advantages, there are … Computer-based testing is becoming dominant for assessments in education. In New York, students take state assessments, which are now administered digitally. While this transition in technology offers advantages, there are also challenges, including insufficient digital literacy for students to adequately meet the technological demands of the assessments. Ensuring score comparability between computer-based tests and paper-based tests is crucial for data validity and accurate decision-making. Kristen Panzarella and Angela Walmsley talked with New York teachers about the transition to computer-based testing, and they examined the scores before and after the change.
The purpose of this research is to explore the implementation of Electronic Resource Management Systems (ERMS) in Indian academic libraries and to analyse their impact in these libraries. Using a … The purpose of this research is to explore the implementation of Electronic Resource Management Systems (ERMS) in Indian academic libraries and to analyse their impact in these libraries. Using a mixed methods approach, this study combines quantitative survey data collected from over 100 library professionals in 50 academic libraries with qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews, observational studies, and the analysis of relevant documents. Quantitative results show that 45% of participants described ERMS as having a "very positive" impact on service efficiency, while 50% rated the effects on user satisfaction as "very positive". Yet, integration with legacy systems continues to pose challenges, with just 20% of surveyed boasting that their experience was "very positive." These findings are further corroborated by regression analysis, which indicates a significant relationship between improved system usability (β = 0.45, p < 0.05) and integration with existing systems (β = 0.35, p < 0.05) as predictors of operational efficiency, with a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) between usability and satisfaction. Qualitative insights highlight the importance of intensive training programs and customized technical assistance, particularly for smaller institutions with fewer resources. These findings show that while ERMS substantially improve library operations and user experiences, challenges to their integration and the need for ongoing staff development will be important to realize these benefits to the fullest. The findings have implications for the strategies employed by academic libraries, which aim at balancing resource management operations with operational efficiency via targeted investment in technology and human capital.
The 21st Century has experienced an extraordinary explosion of electronic resources (E-resources) which have extremely changed the information-seeking approach of scholars globally. Electronic resources have been identified as the major … The 21st Century has experienced an extraordinary explosion of electronic resources (E-resources) which have extremely changed the information-seeking approach of scholars globally. Electronic resources have been identified as the major sources of dissemination in universities, especially for researchers, the traditional sources are available in the four walls of the library, but the E-resources role is not only in the library but also at any time anywhere. These electronic resources have enhanced information retrieval and improved accessibility of quality academic materials. As a result, academic institutions such as universities have invested vast amounts of money to make the best use of these e-resources and currently research shows that, students have made little effort to utilize these resources. The general objective of this research was to design a framework that can enhance the usage and access of e-resources in the consortium of Uganda University Libraries. This was done through the design of a framework for effective usage and efficient access of e-resources in the consortium of Ugandan university libraries, and to validate the acceptability and usability of the developed framework. Mixed method was used entailing of qualitative and quantitative methods. Participants comprised of postgraduate students, Lecturers and library staff. Unified modeling language was used to design the access and usage framework. With the help of Unified Theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model designed questionnaire format and hypotheses were used in evaluating the acceptability and usability of the framework. This study will contribute to the theoretical understanding and awareness of electronic learning, access and usage of e-resources by providing a framework for effective access and efficiently usage of electronic resources.
Therefore, the existence and operation of a university library in the contemporary era cannot be conceived outside of the computerization and digitization process, and a collection that does not include … Therefore, the existence and operation of a university library in the contemporary era cannot be conceived outside of the computerization and digitization process, and a collection that does not include documents on this innovative type of support is a nonsense. That is why the permanent training of librarians in the area of information and documentation technologies, communication and information in real time, accurately, are determining elements in the contemporary process of modernization and continuous evolution of libraries in general and university and specialized libraries in particular. If the reference librarian doesn't fulfill his duty, the library fails in its mission. The reference librarian is the key to the success of the services rendered by the library. The library services must revolve around information users. Since the university and academic libraries provide the informational support to a homogeneous, well-defined public, the introduction of new information technologies in libraries led to the need to diversify the range of services provided, beyond traditional library services and products. Reference librarians have practically become IT specialists rather than book handlers or "collection keepers", good connoisseurs of one or more languages of international circulation. The future of university libraries, given that they are no longer the only information managers, depends on how they will manage to adapt their services and collections to user requirements. To this end, I have briefly addressed in this paper-work, the way reference services are organized and function within university library systems from USA.
To give a progress report or a "snapshot" of the Electronic Libraries Programme is a challenging task. The programme, while still in its early stages, is progressing and expanding at … To give a progress report or a "snapshot" of the Electronic Libraries Programme is a challenging task. The programme, while still in its early stages, is progressing and expanding at a rapid rate. As libraries everywhere continue to grapple with and understand new information technologies, the eLib programme also reacts and adjusts to new developments. This article will attempt to give an overview of current eLib status by offering some examples and illustrations which, it must be remembered, form only a part of a much larger whole. Although the eLib programme consists of many projects, its strength is in the knowledge gathered and disseminated by the programme in its entirety. While individual projects have individual deliverables, the main deliverable of the eLib programme is knowledge - it seeks to provide answers to the important question of how UK academic libraries' services can best support and progress their HE Institutions into the 21st century.