Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science

Horticultural and Viticultural Research

Works Count: 146971

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This cluster of papers explores the genetic and environmental factors influencing grapevine cultivation, including the impact of climate change on wine quality, the role of anthocyanins and water deficit in grape development, transcriptome analysis of grape berries, and the concept of terroir in viticulture.

Keywords

Grapevine; Genetics; Climate Change; Wine Quality; Anthocyanins; Water Deficit; Transcriptome Analysis; Viticulture; Terroir; Grape Berry Ripening

Regulation of Photosynthesis of C3 Plants in Response to Progressive Drought: Stomatal Conductance as a Reference Parameter

2002-06-15

H. Medrano

We review the photosynthetic responses to drought in ®eld-grown grapevines and other species.As in other plant species, the relationship between photosynthesis and leaf water potential and/or relative water content in … We review the photosynthetic responses to drought in ®eld-grown grapevines and other species.As in other plant species, the relationship between photosynthesis and leaf water potential and/or relative water content in ®eld-grown grapevines depends on conditions during plant growth and measurements.However, when light-saturated stomatal conductance was used as the reference parameter to re¯ect drought intensity, a common response pattern was observed that was much less dependent on the species and conditions.Many photosynthetic parameters (e.g.electron transport rate, carboxylation ef®ciency, intrinsic water-use ef®ciency, respiration rate in the light, etc.) were also more strongly correlated with stomatal conductance than with water status itself.Moreover, steady-state chlorophyll ¯uorescence also showed a high dependency on stomatal conductance.This is discussed in terms of an integrated down-regulation of the whole photosynthetic process by CO 2 availability in the mesophyll.A study with six Mediterranean shrubs revealed that, in spite of some marked interspeci®c differences, all followed the same pattern of dependence of photosynthetic processes on stomatal conductance, and this pattern was quite similar to that of grapevines.Further analysis of the available literature suggests that the above-mentioned pattern is general for C 3 plants.Even though the patterns described do not necessarily imply a cause and effect relationship, they can help our understanding of the apparent contradictions concerning stomatal vs. non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis under drought.The signi®cance of these ®ndings for the improvement of water-use ef®ciency of crops is discussed.

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Variation in Lignin Content and Composition (Mechanisms of Control and Implications for the Genetic Improvement of Plants)

1996-01-01

Malcolm M. Campbell , Ronald R. Sederoff

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White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes

2007-02-20

Amanda R. Walker , Elizabeth Lee , Jochen Bogs +3 more

Summary Most of the thousands of grapevine cultivars ( Vitis vinifera L.) can be divided into two groups, red and white, based on the presence or absence of anthocyanin in … Summary Most of the thousands of grapevine cultivars ( Vitis vinifera L.) can be divided into two groups, red and white, based on the presence or absence of anthocyanin in the berry skin, which has been found from genetic experiments to be controlled by a single locus. A regulatory gene, VvMYBA1 , which could activate anthocyanin biosynthesis in a transient assay, was recently shown not to be transcribed in white berries due to the presence of a retrotransposon in the promoter. We have found that the berry colour locus comprises two very similar genes, VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 , located on a single bacterial artificial chromosome. Either gene can regulate colour in the grape berry. The white berry allele of VvMYBA2 is inactivated by two non‐conservative mutations, one leads to an amino acid substitution and the other to a frame shift resulting in a smaller protein. Transient assays showed that either mutation removed the ability of the regulator to switch on anthocyanin biosynthesis. VvMYBA2 sequence analyses, together with marker information, confirmed that 55 white cultivars all contain the white berry allele, but not red berry alleles. These results suggest that all extant white cultivars of grape vines have a common origin. We conclude that rare mutational events occurring in two adjacent genes were essential for the genesis of the white grapes used to produce the white wines and white table grapes we enjoy today.

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Polymorphism revealed by simple sequence repeats

1996-07-01

W. Powell , Gordon C. Machray , Jim Provan

Compendium of Grape Diseases

1989-01-01

D. A. G. , R. C. Pearson , A. C. Goheen

Compendium of grape diseases , Compendium of grape diseases , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی Compendium of grape diseases , Compendium of grape diseases , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Microsatellite repeats in grapevine reveal DNA polymorphisms when analysed as sequence-tagged sites (STSs)

1993-09-01

Mark R. Thomas , N. Steele Scott

Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson Seedless grape juice

1990-07-01

Γ. Σπανός , Ronald E. Wrolstad

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson Seedless grape juiceGeorge A. Spanos and Ronald E. WrolstadCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson Seedless grape juiceGeorge A. Spanos and Ronald E. WrolstadCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 7, 1565–1571Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00097a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1949Altmetric-Citations400LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (818 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems - a review

2003-09-01

Tamara E. C. Kraus , Randy A. Dahlgren , Robert J. Zasoski

Climate Change and Global Wine Quality

2005-11-14

Gregory V. Jones , Michael A. White , O. R. Cooper +1 more

Growth Stages of the Grapevine: Adoption of a system for identifying grapevine growth stages

1995-07-01

B. G. Coombe

The foregoing paper by Lorenz et al. (1995), translated into English by P. May, describes a new system for the identification of grapevine growth stages called the BBCH system. This … The foregoing paper by Lorenz et al. (1995), translated into English by P. May, describes a new system for the identification of grapevine growth stages called the BBCH system. This is an adaptation, for the grapevine, of a basic scale developed to cover all monocot and dicot crops. Appraisal of this and two other systems has led to a preference for that by Eichhorn and Lorenz (1977) but with some amendments. These amendments are discussed and a new system of measurement and description of stages of the grapevine is proposed which copes with the dual needs for a simple listing of major stages and, at the same time, provides intermediate detailed stages. It is called the Modified E-L system.

An illustrated guide to pollen analysis

1980-04-01

Peter D. Moore , J. A. Webb

The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla

2007-08-26

Olivier Jaillon , Jean‐Marc Aury , Benjamin Noël +7 more

The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics. … The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics. These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities. Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop (cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period. Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants.

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The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

2010-08-27

Riccardo Velasco , Andrey Zharkikh , Jason P. Affourtit +7 more

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Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Color of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir Wines from British Columbia

1999-09-25

Giuseppe Mazza , Lana Fukumoto , Pascal Delaquis +2 more

Changes in phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonols, tartaric esters, and total phenolics) during ripening of grapes and in phenolics and color during vinification and aging of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir … Changes in phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonols, tartaric esters, and total phenolics) during ripening of grapes and in phenolics and color during vinification and aging of Cabernet Franc, Merlot, and Pinot Noir wines were studied. Anthocyanins in grape skins showed variations in accumulation pattern, concentration, and distribution depending on variety and to a lesser extent on season. During vinification, colorless phenolics increased during alcoholic fermentation, reached maximum values at pressing, and remained stable during malolactic fermentation and subsequent storage. Anthocyanins and color density, on the other hand, increased during the early stages of alcoholic fermentation, reached maximum values 2-3 days after the start of fermentation, decreased during malolactic fermentation, and slowly declined during subsequent storage. Viticultural practices that increased cluster sun exposure generally led to higher phenolics and color density of wines, whereas changing yeasts used for fermentation had minimal effects.

Esca (Black Measles) and Brown Wood-Streaking: Two Old and Elusive Diseases of Grapevines

1999-05-01

Laura Mugnai , A. Graniti , G. Surico

A Rapid and effective method for RNA extraction from different tissues of grapevine and other woody plants

2008-07-10

Giorgio Gambino , Irene Perrone , Ivana Gribaudo

Abstract Introduction – RNA quality and integrity are critical for many studies in plant molecular biology. High‐quality RNA extraction from grapevine and other woody plants is problematic due to the … Abstract Introduction – RNA quality and integrity are critical for many studies in plant molecular biology. High‐quality RNA extraction from grapevine and other woody plants is problematic due to the presence of polysaccharides, polyphenolics and other compounds that bind or co‐precipitate with the RNA. Objective – To develop an optimised cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐based protocol, to reduce the time and cost of extraction without reducing quality and yield of RNA extracted from polysaccharide‐rich tissues of several plants. Methodology – Several changes were introduced to the original CTAB protocol. All centrifugation steps were carried out at 4°C, the sample weight was decreased and the concentrations of PVP‐40 and LiCl were increased reducing incubation time prior to RNA precipitation. This rapid CTAB protocol was compared with six different RNA extraction methods from three grapevine tissues, namely, in vitro plantlets, and leaves and mature canes from actively growing field vines. Results – The rapid CTAB method gave high‐quality RNA in only 3 h at low cost with efficiency equal to or higher than that obtained with other time‐consuming and expensive protocols. The procedure was applied to RNA extraction from other grapevine tissues and other woody species including olive, lemon, poplar, chestnut, apple, pear, peach, cherry, apricot, plum and kiwi fruit. RNA of high quality could be isolated from all tissues and from all species. Conclusion – The study has shown that the improvement of a CTAB‐based protocol allows the rapid isolation of high‐quality RNA from grapevine and many woody species. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Climate change associated effects on grape and wine quality and production

2010-05-18

Ramón Mira de Orduña

Development of microsatellite markers in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and their use in genetic diversity analysis in peach and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

2002-07-01

Elisabeth Dirlewanger , Pierre Cosson , Muriel Tavaud +5 more

A simple and efficient method for DNA extraction from grapevine cultivars andVitis species

1994-03-01

Muhammad Arif Lodhi , Guang‐Ning Ye , N. F. Weeden +1 more

Historical origins and genetic diversity of wine grapes

2006-07-27

Patrice This , Thierry Lacombe , Thomas M. Powell

Retrotransposon-Induced Mutations in Grape Skin Color

2004-05-13

Shozo Kobayashi , Nami Goto‐Yamamoto , Hirohiko Hirochika

The color of grape skins is determined by the accumulation of red plant pigments called anthocyanins. White cultivars of grape are thought to have arisen from different red cultivars by … The color of grape skins is determined by the accumulation of red plant pigments called anthocyanins. White cultivars of grape are thought to have arisen from different red cultivars by independent mutations ([ 1 ][1]), but the molecular bases of these color mutations are unknown. Myb -related genes

Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape

2011-01-18

Sean Myles , Adam R. Boyko , Christopher L. Owens +7 more

The grape is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and, since antiquity, it has been widely cultivated and prized for its fruit and wine. Here, we characterize genome-wide patterns … The grape is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and, since antiquity, it has been widely cultivated and prized for its fruit and wine. Here, we characterize genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in over 1,000 samples of the domesticated grape, Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera , and its wild relative, V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris from the US Department of Agriculture grape germplasm collection. We find support for a Near East origin of vinifera and present evidence of introgression from local sylvestris as the grape moved into Europe. High levels of genetic diversity and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay have been maintained in vinifera , which is consistent with a weak domestication bottleneck followed by thousands of years of widespread vegetative propagation. The considerable genetic diversity within vinifera , however, is contained within a complex network of close pedigree relationships that has been generated by crosses among elite cultivars. We show that first-degree relationships are rare between wine and table grapes and among grapes from geographically distant regions. Our results suggest that although substantial genetic diversity has been maintained in the grape subsequent to domestication, there has been a limited exploration of this diversity. We propose that the adoption of vegetative propagation was a double-edged sword: Although it provided a benefit by ensuring true breeding cultivars, it also discouraged the generation of unique cultivars through crosses. The grape currently faces severe pathogen pressures, and the long-term sustainability of the grape and wine industries will rely on the exploitation of the grape's tremendous natural genetic diversity.

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Influence of Climate, Soil, and Cultivar on Terroir

2004-01-01

Cornelis van Leeuwen , Philippe Friant , Xavier Choné +3 more

The three main components of terroir—soil, climate, and cultivar—were studied simultaneously. Vine development and berry composition of nonirrigated Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot, Cabernet franc, and Cabernet Sauvignon were compared … The three main components of terroir—soil, climate, and cultivar—were studied simultaneously. Vine development and berry composition of nonirrigated Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot, Cabernet franc, and Cabernet Sauvignon were compared on a gravelly soil, a soil with a heavy clay subsoil, and a sandy soil with a water table within the reach of the roots. The influence of climate was assessed with year-to-year variations of maximum and minimum temperatures, degree days (base of 10°C), sunshine hours, ETo, rainfall, and water balance for the period 1996 to 2000. The effects of climate, soil, and cultivar were found to be highly significant with regard to vine behavior and berry composition (an example being anthocyanin concentration). The impacts of climate and soil were greater than that of cultivar. Many of the variables correlated with the intensity of vine water stress. It is likely that the effects of climate and soil on fruit quality are mediated through their influence on vine water status.

Cultural Practice and Environmental Impacts on the Flavonoid Composition of Grapes and Wine: A Review of Recent Research

2006-09-01

Mark O. Downey , Nick Dokoozlian , Mark Krstic

Flavonoids are a large and diverse group of compounds that, by their presence or absence, contribute greatly to wine quality. While the flavonoid content and composition of a wine reflects … Flavonoids are a large and diverse group of compounds that, by their presence or absence, contribute greatly to wine quality. While the flavonoid content and composition of a wine reflects the vinification process to some extent, the primary determinant is the composition of the grapes at harvest. Thus, considerable research has been directed toward understanding the nature of flavonoids in grapevines, the factors that influence their biosynthesis, and how this knowledge might be used to manage and manipulate the flavonoid composition of berries at harvest. This review examines the flavonoids as a class of compounds, the role these compounds play in the plant, their contributions to wine quality, and recent research on the impacts of environmental factors and cultural practices on the flavonoid content and composition of grape berries.

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Sunlight Exposure and Temperature Effects on Berry Growth and Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California

2001-01-01

Juliet Bergqvist , Nick Dokoozlian , Nona Ebisuda

The effects of sunlight exposure on the berry growth and composition of two red wine grape cultivars grown in the central San Joaquin Valley of California (Region V) were examined. … The effects of sunlight exposure on the berry growth and composition of two red wine grape cultivars grown in the central San Joaquin Valley of California (Region V) were examined. Field grown Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache grape clusters were grown over a range of sunlight exposures (mid-day PAR <10 µmol m-2 sec-1 [shaded] to >600 µmol m-2 sec-1 [fully exposed]) from berry set to harvest. Both cultivars were planted in east-west oriented rows, and experimental clusters were evenly distributed between the north (afternoon shaded) and south (afternoon exposed) sides of the canopy. Fruit response to sunlight varied based on cluster location within the canopy, and these results were at least partially due to measured differences in berry temperature. At the same exposure level or PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), mid-day berry temperature was generally 3 to 4°C greater for clusters on the south side of the canopy compared to clusters on the north. Soluble solids initially increased with greater sunlight exposure, then declined when mid-day PAR exceeded 31 to 50 and 51 to 100 µmol m-2 sec-1, respectively, for clusters on the north and south sides of the canopy. Titratable acidity generally declined as sunlight exposure increased, with Cabernet Sauvignon clusters on the north side of the canopy maintaining greater acidity at the same exposure level than clusters on the south. Juice pH declined as exposure increased on the north side of the canopy, while sunlight had little effect on juice pH for clusters on the south. Anthocyanins increased linearly as sunlight exposure on the north side of the canopy increased, but declined when cluster exposure on the south exceeded 100µmol m-2 sec-1. Total phenolics generally followed a similar pattern. The results suggest that the effects of light on fruit composition are heavily dependent upon the extent to which berry temperature is elevated as a result of increased sunlight exposure. Prolonged exposure of clusters to direct sunlight should be avoided for maximum berry color in the central San Joaquin Valley and other warm regions.

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A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide

2004-03-20

J. Tonietto , Alain Carbonneau

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Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data

2010-03-18

M. M. Chaves , Olfa Zarrouk , Rita Francisco +5 more

A large proportion of vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought (e.g. Mediterranean-type climates) where soil and atmospheric water deficits, together with high temperatures, exert large constraints on yield … A large proportion of vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought (e.g. Mediterranean-type climates) where soil and atmospheric water deficits, together with high temperatures, exert large constraints on yield and quality. The increasing demand for vineyard irrigation requires an improvement in the efficiency of water use. Deficit irrigation has emerged as a potential strategy to allow crops to withstand mild water stress with little or no decreases of yield, and potentially a positive impact on fruit quality. Understanding the physiological and molecular bases of grapevine responses to mild to moderate water deficits is fundamental to optimize deficit irrigation management and identify the most suitable varieties to those conditions. How the whole plant acclimatizes to water scarcity and how short- and long-distance chemical and hydraulic signals intervene are reviewed. Chemical compounds synthesized in drying roots are shown to act as long-distance signals inducing leaf stomatal closure and/or restricting leaf growth. This explains why some plants endure soil drying without significant changes in shoot water status. The control of plant water potential by stomatal aperture via feed-forward mechanisms is associated with 'isohydric' behaviour in contrast to 'anysohydric' behaviour in which lower plant water potentials are attained. This review discusses differences in this respect between grapevines varieties and experimental conditions. Mild water deficits also exert direct and/or indirect (via the light environment around grape clusters) effects on berry development and composition; a higher content of skin-based constituents (e.g. tannins and anthocyanins) has generally being reported. Regulation under water deficit of genes and proteins of the various metabolic pathways responsible for berry composition and therefore wine quality are reviewed.

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A High Quality Draft Consensus Sequence of the Genome of a Heterozygous Grapevine Variety

2007-12-18

Riccardo Velasco , Andrey Zharkikh , Michela Troggio +7 more

Background Worldwide, grapes and their derived products have a large market. The cultivated grape species Vitis vinifera has potential to become a model for fruit trees genetics. Like many plant … Background Worldwide, grapes and their derived products have a large market. The cultivated grape species Vitis vinifera has potential to become a model for fruit trees genetics. Like many plant species, it is highly heterozygous, which is an additional challenge to modern whole genome shotgun sequencing. In this paper a high quality draft genome sequence of a cultivated clone of V. vinifera Pinot Noir is presented. Principal Findings We estimate the genome size of V. vinifera to be 504.6 Mb. Genomic sequences corresponding to 477.1 Mb were assembled in 2,093 metacontigs and 435.1 Mb were anchored to the 19 linkage groups (LGs). The number of predicted genes is 29,585, of which 96.1% were assigned to LGs. This assembly of the grape genome provides candidate genes implicated in traits relevant to grapevine cultivation, such as those influencing wine quality, via secondary metabolites, and those connected with the extreme susceptibility of grape to pathogens. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution was consistent with a diffuse haplotype structure across the genome. Of around 2,000,000 SNPs, 1,751,176 were mapped to chromosomes and one or more of them were identified in 86.7% of anchored genes. The relative age of grape duplicated genes was estimated and this made possible to reveal a relatively recent Vitis-specific large scale duplication event concerning at least 10 chromosomes (duplication not reported before). Conclusions Sanger shotgun sequencing and highly efficient sequencing by synthesis (SBS), together with dedicated assembly programs, resolved a complex heterozygous genome. A consensus sequence of the genome and a set of mapped marker loci were generated. Homologous chromosomes of Pinot Noir differ by 11.2% of their DNA (hemizygous DNA plus chromosomal gaps). SNP markers are offered as a tool with the potential of introducing a new era in the molecular breeding of grape.

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Climate Influences on Grapevine Phenology, Grape Composition, and Wine Production and Quality for Bordeaux, France

2000-01-01

Gregory V. Jones , Robert E. Davis

A long-term (1952-1997) climatology was developed using reference vineyard observations in Bordeaux, France. The procedure partitioned the season into growth intervals from one phenological event to the next (budburst, floraison, … A long-term (1952-1997) climatology was developed using reference vineyard observations in Bordeaux, France. The procedure partitioned the season into growth intervals from one phenological event to the next (budburst, floraison, veraison, and harvest) in which climatic influences were summed and assessed. The data were then used to investigate the relationships between climate and phenology, berry composition at harvest, total production, and quality. Over the last two decades, the phenology of grapevines in Bordeaux has tended towards earlier phenological events, a shortening of phenological intervals, and a lengthening of the growing season. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties have tended to produce higher sugar to total acid ratios, greater berry weights, and greater potential wine quality. Vintage ratings have shown a general increase over the last two decades paralleling the observed phenology and composition trends. The composition and quality trends were mostly described by increases in the number of warm days during floraison and veraison and a reduction in precipitation during maturation. Production variability was not as readily described by phenological-interval climate parameters, but regression modeling did indicate that rainfall during physiologically important periods (flowering and maturation) tended to decrease crop production. By variety, the relationships between phenology, climate, and composition were typically higher (both positive and negative) for Merlot than for Cabernet Sauvignon and could be an indication that, in Bordeaux, Merlot is more phenologically and climatologically sensitive. Additionally, sugar to acid ratios revealed that both Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon composition influenced Bordeaux wine quality, although variations in Cabernet Sauvignon described substantially more of the variability in ratings. This indicates that the wine industry in Bordeaux is more dependent Cabernet Sauvignon for good vintages than on Merlot.

Hormonal changes induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine

2000-09-01

Manfred Stoll , Brian Loveys , Peter R. Dry

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves the water use efficiency (by up to 50%) of wine grape production without significant crop reduction. The technique was … Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation technique which improves the water use efficiency (by up to 50%) of wine grape production without significant crop reduction. The technique was developed on the basis of knowledge of the mechanisms controlling transpiration and requires that approximately half of the root system is always maintained in a dry or drying state while the remainder of the root system is irrigated. The wetted and dried sides of the root system are alternated on a 10–14 d cycle. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the drying roots increases 10‐fold, but ABA concentration in leaves of grapevines under PRD only increased by 60% compared with a fully irrigated control. Stomatal conductance of vines under PRD irrigation was significantly reduced when compared with vines receiving water to the entire root system. Grapevines from which water was withheld from the entire root system, on the other hand, show a similar reduction in stomatal conductance, but leaf ABA increased 5‐fold compared with the fully irrigated control. PRD results in increased xylem sap ABA concentration and increased xylem sap pH, both of which are likely to result in a reduction in stomatal conductance. In addition, there was a reduction in zeatin and zeatin‐riboside concentrations in roots, shoot tips and buds of 60, 50 and 70%, respectively, and this may contribute to the reduction in shoot growth and intensified apical dominance of vines under PRD irrigation. There is a nocturnal net flux of water from wetter roots to the roots in dry soil and this may assist in the distribution of chemical signals necessary to sustain the PRD effect. It was concluded that a major effect of PRD is the production of chemical signals in drying roots that are transported to the leaves where they bring about a reduction in stomatal conductance.

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The concept of terroir in viticulture

2006-04-01

Cornelis van Leeuwen , Gérard Seguin

Abstract Terroir is a highly important concept in viticulture because it relates the sensory attributes of wine to the environmental conditions in which the grapes are grown. Quality hierarchy and … Abstract Terroir is a highly important concept in viticulture because it relates the sensory attributes of wine to the environmental conditions in which the grapes are grown. Quality hierarchy and wine style may, to a considerable extent, be explained by terroir. However, terroir is difficult to study on a scientific basis because many factors are involved, including climate, soil, cultivar and human practices, and these factors interact. The best expression of terroir is achieved when the precocity of the grapevine variety is suited to the local climatic conditions in such a way that full ripeness is reached by the end of the growing season. For the production of high quality red wines, environmental conditions should induce moderate vine vigour, either through moderate water deficit stress or through low nitrogen supply. These conditions are most frequently met on shallow or stony soils, in moderately dry climates. Regular but not excessive vine water and nitrogen supplies are needed to produce high quality white wines. However, great terroir emerges only when socio-economic conditions are favourable to the establishment of quality-orientated wine production.

The Soil Microbiome Influences Grapevine-Associated Microbiota

2015-03-25

Iratxe Zarraonaindia , Sarah M. Owens , Pamela Weisenhorn +7 more

ABSTRACT Grapevine is a well-studied, economically relevant crop, whose associated bacteria could influence its organoleptic properties. In this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the bacterial communities associated with … ABSTRACT Grapevine is a well-studied, economically relevant crop, whose associated bacteria could influence its organoleptic properties. In this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the bacterial communities associated with grapevine organs (leaves, flowers, grapes, and roots) and soils were characterized over two growing seasons to determine the influence of vine cultivar, edaphic parameters, vine developmental stage (dormancy, flowering, preharvest), and vineyard. Belowground bacterial communities differed significantly from those aboveground, and yet the communities associated with leaves, flowers, and grapes shared a greater proportion of taxa with soil communities than with each other, suggesting that soil may serve as a bacterial reservoir. A subset of soil microorganisms, including root colonizers significantly enriched in plant growth-promoting bacteria and related functional genes, were selected by the grapevine. In addition to plant selective pressure, the structure of soil and root microbiota was significantly influenced by soil pH and C:N ratio, and changes in leaf- and grape-associated microbiota were correlated with soil carbon and showed interannual variation even at small spatial scales. Diazotrophic bacteria, e.g., Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobium spp., were significantly more abundant in soil samples and root samples of specific vineyards. Vine-associated microbial assemblages were influenced by myriad factors that shape their composition and structure, but the majority of organ-associated taxa originated in the soil, and their distribution reflected the influence of highly localized biogeographic factors and vineyard management. IMPORTANCE Vine-associated bacterial communities may play specific roles in the productivity and disease resistance of their host plant. Also, the bacterial communities on grapes have the potential to influence the organoleptic properties of the wine, contributing to a regional terroir. Understanding that factors that influence these bacteria may provide insights into management practices to shape and craft individual wine properties. We show that soil serves as a key source of vine-associated bacteria and that edaphic factors and vineyard-specific properties can influence the native grapevine microbiome preharvest.

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Loss of anthocyanins in red-wine grape under high temperature

2007-04-23

Kentaro Mori , Nami Goto‐Yamamoto , Masahiko Kitayama +1 more

To determine the mechanism of inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of grape berries due to high temperature, the effects of high temperature on anthocyanin composition and the responses … To determine the mechanism of inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of grape berries due to high temperature, the effects of high temperature on anthocyanin composition and the responses in terms of gene transcript levels were examined using Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. High temperature (maximum 35 degrees C) reduced the total anthocyanin content to less than half of that in the control berries (maximum 25 degrees C). HPLC analysis showed that the concentrations of anthocyanins, with the exception of malvidin derivatives (3-glucoside, 3-acetylglucoside, and 3-p-coumaroylglucoside), decreased considerably in the berries grown under high temperature as compared with the control. However, Affymetrix Vitis GeneChip microarray analysis indicated that the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were not strongly down-regulated at high temperature. A quantitative real time PCR analysis confirmed this finding. To demonstrate the possibility that high temperature increases anthocyanin degradation in grape skin, stable isotope-labelled tracer experiments were carried out. Softened green berries of Cabernet Sauvignon were cut and aseptically incubated on filter paper with 1 mM aqueous L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine solution for 1 week. Thereafter, the changes in (13)C-labelled anthocyanins were examined under different temperatures (15, 25, and 35 degrees C). In the berries cultured at 35 degrees C, the content of total (13)C-labelled anthocyanins that were produced before exposure to high temperature was markedly reduced as compared with those cultured at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C. These data suggest that the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation under high temperature results from factors such as anthocyanin degradation as well as the inhibition of mRNA transcription of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.

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Stem Water Potential is a Sensitive Indicator of Grapevine Water Status

2001-04-01

Xavier Choné , Cornelis van Leeuwen , Denis Dubourdieu +1 more

Dawn leaf water potential (dawnΨ), leaf water potential (leafΨ) and stem water potential (stemΨ) were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in vineyards during the growing … Dawn leaf water potential (dawnΨ), leaf water potential (leafΨ) and stem water potential (stemΨ) were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in vineyards during the growing season. StemΨ was the most discriminating indicator for both moderate and severe water deficits. The difference between stemΨ and leafΨ (ΔΨ) provided an indirect measurement of mean leaf transpiration which varied with soil moisture conditions and vapour pressure deficit in the atmosphere. The use of stemΨ as an indicator for grapevine management in both non-irrigated and irrigated vineyards is discussed. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company

Analysis of SSRs derived from grape ESTs

2000-03-01

Kirsten D Scott , Peter Eggler , George Seaton +4 more

Growth Stages of the Grapevine: Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)—Codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale

1995-07-01

D. Lorenz , K. W. Eichhorn , H. Bleiholder +3 more

The detailed crop specific descriptions of the phenological growth stages of grapevine are supplementary to the general BBCH-scale. It will be instrumental in standardising the national and international experimentation in … The detailed crop specific descriptions of the phenological growth stages of grapevine are supplementary to the general BBCH-scale. It will be instrumental in standardising the national and international experimentation in viticulture. The phenological development of the grapevine is divided into growth phases (principal growth stages 0–9) and each growth phase is subdivided into growth steps (secondary growth stages 0–9). A two-digit code is attached to each growth stage. The description and coding of the phenological growth stages covers the period between dormancy and leaf fall.

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Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on the composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot berries

2002-01-01

S. E. Spayd , Julie M. Tarara , D. L. Mee +1 more

Anthocyanin and phenolic profiles of berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington were influenced by sun exposure and temperature in 1999 and 2000. Growing … Anthocyanin and phenolic profiles of berry skins from Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot in the Yakima Valley of Washington were influenced by sun exposure and temperature in 1999 and 2000. Growing degree days (base 10°C) accumulated between veraison and harvest were lower in 2000 than in 1999. Total skin monomeric anthocyanin (TSMA) concentrations were higher in 2000 than in 1999 in any given treatment. Berry temperature was increased as much as 13°C above ambient and shaded cluster temperatures when clusters were exposed to sunlight, regardless of aspect for north-south oriented rows. However, maximum fruit temperatures were higher for clusters on the west side of the canopy because ambient temperatures were higher after 1200 hr. Temperatures of west-exposed clusters at times exceeded 40°C. East-exposed clusters had higher TSMA concentrations than west-exposed or shaded clusters. To separate light and temperature effects, west-exposed clusters were cooled to the temperature of shaded clusters and shaded clusters were heated to the temperature of west-exposed clusters. Exposure to sunlight increased TSMA concentrations regardless of temperature in both years. In 1999 and 2000, cooling sun-exposed clusters increased TSMA concentrations. Heating shaded clusters decreased TSMA concentrations in 1999, but had no effect during the cooler ripening period of 2000. Ultraviolet (UV) light barriers did not influence either cluster temperature or TSMA concentrations. Decreased TSMA concentrations in berry skins from west-exposed clusters were due to temperature and not to UV radiation. Exposure to solar radiation increased concentrations of the 3-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. In 2000, sun-exposed clusters, regardless of aspect, had almost 10 times greater concentrations of total flavonols than shaded clusters. UV-light barriers significantly reduced individual and total flavonol concentrations, while temperature had little to no effect on their concentrations.

Biochemical changes throughout grape berry development and fruit and wine quality

2007-01-01

Carlos Conde , Paulo Silva , Natacha Fontes +6 more

Wine is made up of more than one thousand compounds, the majority of which, such as vitamins and minerals, come from the grapes, while others, like ethanol and glycerol, are … Wine is made up of more than one thousand compounds, the majority of which, such as vitamins and minerals, come from the grapes, while others, like ethanol and glycerol, are products of the winemaking process. Although sugars are either partially or completely transformed, sugar import and accumulation into the ripening berry is a major parameter of wine quality. Sugar status is directly related to the final alcoholic content of wine, and regulates several genes responsible for the development of its aromatic and organoleptic properties. Physiological ripeness is reached when the grapes achieve sufficiently high sugar levels without loosing too much acidity; however, aromatic and phenolic compound content must also be taken into account. Softening and water content are other essential characteristics of a ripe berry. From a winemaker point of view, optimal grape maturity is essential for wine quality, but is difficult to assess because it is under multifactorial control, involving grapevine cultivar variety and environmental parameters such as soil, temperature, exposure to sun, and hormonal regulation. Continued study of the key control points in grape ripening is crucial if we ultimately hope to improve grape and wine quality.

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Water deficits accelerate ripening and induce changes in gene expression regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries

2007-08-10

Simone D. Castellarin , Mark A. Matthews , Gabriele Di Gaspero +1 more

Climate change, wine, and conservation

2013-04-08

Lee Hannah , Patrick R. Roehrdanz , Makihiko Ikegami +6 more

Climate change is expected to impact ecosystems directly, such as through shifting climatic controls on species ranges, and indirectly, for example through changes in human land use that may result … Climate change is expected to impact ecosystems directly, such as through shifting climatic controls on species ranges, and indirectly, for example through changes in human land use that may result in habitat loss. Shifting patterns of agricultural production in response to climate change have received little attention as a potential impact pathway for ecosystems. Wine grape production provides a good test case for measuring indirect impacts mediated by changes in agriculture, because viticulture is sensitive to climate and is concentrated in Mediterranean climate regions that are global biodiversity hotspots. Here we demonstrate that, on a global scale, the impacts of climate change on viticultural suitability are substantial, leading to possible conservation conflicts in land use and freshwater ecosystems. Area suitable for viticulture decreases 25% to 73% in major wine producing regions by 2050 in the higher RCP 8.5 concentration pathway and 19% to 62% in the lower RCP 4.5. Climate change may cause establishment of vineyards at higher elevations that will increase impacts on upland ecosystems and may lead to conversion of natural vegetation as production shifts to higher latitudes in areas such as western North America. Attempts to maintain wine grape productivity and quality in the face of warming may be associated with increased water use for irrigation and to cool grapes through misting or sprinkling, creating potential for freshwater conservation impacts. Agricultural adaptation and conservation efforts are needed that anticipate these multiple possible indirect effects.

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Leaf Area/Crop Weight Ratios of Grapevines: Influence on Fruit Composition and Wine Quality

2005-06-01

W. M. Kliewer , Nick Dokoozlian

The fruiting capacity of grapevines in a given climatic region is largely determined by their total leaf area and by the percentage of the total leaf surface area that is … The fruiting capacity of grapevines in a given climatic region is largely determined by their total leaf area and by the percentage of the total leaf surface area that is exposed to full sunlight, provided other factors are not limiting growth and the initiation of fruit primordia. A wide range of leaf area/crop weight ratios were investigated by pruning to different levels of buds per vine, by different degrees of defoliation, and/or by cluster thinning of grape cultivars Thompson Seedless, Tokay, Chenin blanc, and Cabernet Sauvignon located at Davis or Oakville, California. For single-canopy (SC) type trellis-training systems, the leaf area/crop weight ratio required for maximum level of total soluble solids, berry weight, and berry coloration at harvest ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 m2/kg, whereas for horizontally divided-canopy (DC) type trellis-training systems (GDC, lyre, wye), this ratio was reduced to 0.5 to 0.8 m2 leaf area per kg fruit. Optimal crop yield/pruning weight, pruning weight (kg) per m canopy length, leaf area (m2) per m canopy length, and leaf area density (m2/m3) for SC systems ranged from 4.0 to 10, 0.5 to 1.0 kg/m, 2 to 5 m2/m, and 3 to 7 m2m−3, respectively. Similarly, for DC systems these ratios ranged from 5.0 to 10, 0.4 to 0.8 kg/m, 2 to 4 m2/m, and 3 to 6 m2m−3, respectively. Grapevines with ratios that fell within the ranges given above for each of these five parameters were considered well balanced and capable of producing high-quality fruit and wines.

Plant growth and development

2010-01-01

Le Traitement des Variables Vectorielles

1973-12-01

Yves Escoufier

Environmental and Management Practices Affecting Grape Composition and Wine Quality - A Review

1993-01-01

D. I. Jackson , P. B. Lombard

World production of wine has steadily risen over recent years and consumption has not kept pace with this increase, thus many countries have surpluses of wine which pose problems in … World production of wine has steadily risen over recent years and consumption has not kept pace with this increase, thus many countries have surpluses of wine which pose problems in international trade. Despite these problems, there is not, generally, a surplus of high quality wines. Quality is not easy to define, but ideally, it should be related to intrinsic visual, taste, or aroma characters which are perceived as above average for that type of wine. Usually this is reflected in the price paid for that wine — although price is not necessarily a reliable indicator since it can be influenced also by fashion, tradition, availability and personal preferences. Unfortunately, despite the many references to quality and the amount of work which directly or indirectly refers to it, there is still confusion over what contribution climates, sites, and viticultural practices really make. This paper is a review of the effects of these environmental and management practices which may change grape composition and wine quality. Its scope is limited to table wines rather than fortified wines.

Separation of Sunlight and Temperature Effects on the Composition ofVitis viniferacv. Merlot Berries

2002-01-01

S. E. Spayd , Julie M. Tarara , D. L. Mee +1 more

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Collection botanique Mulon L. (BOUM)

2022-01-01

Ludovic Besson , Franck A. Maddi

Lucien Mulon (1837-1896) était propriétaire à Saint-Martin-des-Champs (Cher). Maire de cette commune en 1871, il laisse un herbier de 600 planches provenant pour l'essentiel de Chézal-Benoît et de Sancergues (Cher). … Lucien Mulon (1837-1896) était propriétaire à Saint-Martin-des-Champs (Cher). Maire de cette commune en 1871, il laisse un herbier de 600 planches provenant pour l'essentiel de Chézal-Benoît et de Sancergues (Cher). Cet ensemble comporte des récoltes de Jaubert et de Duvergier de Hauranne. Le muséum de Bourges possède un exemplaire de la Flore de Boreau (1849) lui ayant appartenu et annoté de sa main (cf. Candegabe et Bodin, 2001). Quelques récoltes de sa fille. Inventaire subventionné par le MESRI.

Biology of the grapevine

1993-03-01

Michael G. Mullins , Alain Bouquet , Larry E. Williams

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The growing of grapes 2. The grapevine and its relatives 3. The structure of the grapevine: vegetative and reproductive anatomy 4. Developmental physiology: the vegetative grapevine … Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The growing of grapes 2. The grapevine and its relatives 3. The structure of the grapevine: vegetative and reproductive anatomy 4. Developmental physiology: the vegetative grapevine 5. Developmental physiology: flowering and fruiting 6. The cultivated grapevine 7. Genetic improvement of grapevines Index.

Bayesian yield mapping and uncertainty analysis in vineyards using remote sensing data and grape harvester tracking

2025-06-25

Marco Canicattì , Massimo Vincenzo Ferro , Mariangela Vallone +2 more | Precision Agriculture

[Soil conditioners affect rhizospheric bacterial communities of Cabernet Sauvignon].

2025-06-25

Shuaicheng An , Jiangtao Bi , Li Gong +4 more | PubMed

Three soil conditioners were prepared from granulated food waste and decomposed cattle manure combined with desulfurization gypsum, coal gangue, and maifanite, respectively. Field trials were conducted in the saline field … Three soil conditioners were prepared from granulated food waste and decomposed cattle manure combined with desulfurization gypsum, coal gangue, and maifanite, respectively. Field trials were conducted in the saline field growing Cabernet Sauvignon. The effects of soil conditioners on rhizospheric bacterial communities were studied, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for soil amelioration and restoration. Five treatments were designed, including the control (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with calcium additives (T3), reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with silica additives (T4), and reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with magnesium additives (T5), each with three replications. The results indicated that soil conditioners improved the rhizospheric nutrients, yield, and quality of grape (P<0.05), increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 17.32%-23.37%, decreased relative abundance of unidentified_Bacteria and Acidobacteriota by 4.22%-28.42% and 20.88%-35.81%, respectively. The bacterial community composition and diversity were different between treatments. Function analysis showed that the expression levels of the genes involved in chromosome and protein synthesis, mRNA biosynthesis, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were up-regulated in the treatments with soil conditioners. The correlation analysis revealed that multiple environmental factors affected the alpha diversity of rhizospheric bacterial communities, and some bacterial taxa were closely related to the grape yield and quality. It is concluded that soil conditioners can effectively alter rhizosphere nutrient levels and bacterial community structures and functions. T5 treatment outperforms other treatments in improving the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of rhizosphere, and the yield, and quality of grape. It has potential for application, and provides an important basis for development of new-type soil conditioners.

Seasonal changes in the physiology and metabolism of grapevine perennating buds

2025-06-24

Santiago Signorelli , Dina Hermawaty , Regina Feil +3 more

Abstract Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L. ) buds undergo seasonal dormancy to survive unfavourable conditions and synchronize growth with environmental cues. While dormancy transitions have been widely studied in temperate … Abstract Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L. ) buds undergo seasonal dormancy to survive unfavourable conditions and synchronize growth with environmental cues. While dormancy transitions have been widely studied in temperate woody perennials, the physiological and metabolic dynamics underlying these transitions in grapevine remain poorly understood. Our study investigates seasonal changes in the physiology and metabolism of perennating buds in V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, focusing on dormancy depth, respiration, sugar metabolism, and cell cycle activity. We identified three distinct phases of bud quiescence: (i) para-dormancy (early summer), characterized by active metabolism and high levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, shikimate, and myo-inositol; (ii) endo-dormancy (late summer to autumn), where dormancy depth peaked in late summer and was marked by reduced respiration and bud water content, and a sharp decline in hexose levels with a concomitant increase in raffinose; and (iii) eco-dormancy (winter to spring), featuring increased respiration, sugar mobilization (notably sucrose, glucose, and trehalose), and reactivation of cell division, with a shift of cells into the G2 phase. Just prior to bud burst, we observed a significant accumulation of sugar-phosphates, providing evidence that supports their role in promoting bud burst also in grapevine. Our findings provide new insights into the biochemical and physiological regulation of bud dormancy and bud burst, contributing to a deeper understanding of dormancy transitions in perennial crops.

Mapping grapevine leafroll disease epidemics from UAV images

2025-06-24

Yixue Liu , Jinya Su , Dizhu Liu +4 more | Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Identificación de los factores que afectan a la turbidez en cervezas artesanales tipo Ale: Una revisión sistemática

2025-06-24

Josselyn Paulina Pico-Poma , Danilo Reni Vinocunga-Pillajo , Jaime Noriega-Lino +4 more | Revista Tecnología y Ciencia

La creciente demanda de cervezas artesanales ha impulsado la producción de bebidas con perfiles sensoriales diferenciados, sin embargo, uno de los desafíos más persistentes es la turbidez. El objetivo del … La creciente demanda de cervezas artesanales ha impulsado la producción de bebidas con perfiles sensoriales diferenciados, sin embargo, uno de los desafíos más persistentes es la turbidez. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar mediante una revisión sistemática los factores que afectan a la turbidez en el proceso productivo de la cerveza artesanal de alta fermentación. La presente revisión sistemática identificó como causas biológicas principales a Pediococcus claussenii, Lactobacillus backii y Fusarium spp., mientras que las no biológicas incluyeron polisacáridos de alto peso molecular, almidón residual, oxalato cálcico y microfragmentos inorgánicos. Estos elementos generan turbidez visible (1–10 µm) y no visible (<0,1 µm), afectando negativamente la calidad final. Tecnologías como la centrifugación de flujo continuo y el uso de PVPP (Polivinilpolipirrolidona) modificada demostraron alta eficacia para reducir la turbidez sin alterar el perfil sensorial. En consecuencia, el control de parámetros críticos como pH, ABV (Alcohol by Volume) y NTU (Unidades Nefelométricas de Turbidez) es necesario para mantener la autenticidad y calidad en la producción de cervezas artesanales.

Kaolin clay for sustainable olive growing: Biophysical protection and environmental compatibility

2025-06-24

Ayça Akça Uçkun , Necdet Siray Karakoyun | World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Olive cultivation faces increasing challenges from environmental stressors such as extreme heat, water scarcity, and pest infestations, especially the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Kaolin clay, a naturally occurring aluminum … Olive cultivation faces increasing challenges from environmental stressors such as extreme heat, water scarcity, and pest infestations, especially the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Kaolin clay, a naturally occurring aluminum silicate mineral, has gained prominence as an eco-friendly solution in sustainable agriculture. This review explores the diverse functions of kaolin particle film applications in olive production, emphasizing its physical barrier properties against pests, its role in mitigating physiological stress, and its compatibility with organic farming systems. Kaolin reduces oviposition and feeding behaviors in B. oleae, limits pest mobility, and demonstrates synergistic effects when combined with biopesticides and pheromone traps. Moreover, kaolin enhances olive oil quality by preserving phenolic compounds, enhancing oxidative stability, and positively influencing aroma profiles. The review also examines kaolin’s impact on beneficial insects, plant anatomy, and transpiration regulation, highlighting its potential in climate-resilient agriculture. Regional effectiveness and optimal application strategies under varying climatic conditions are discussed, alongside economic evaluations and future recommendations for integrated pest management. Overall, kaolin emerges as a strategic input for sustainable olive growing, offering multifaceted benefits in ecological protection, crop quality, and adaptation to climate change.

A methodological framework for wine and grape authenticity: combining bibliometrics and text mining

2025-06-23

Nattane Luíza da Costa , Márcio Dias de Lima | Quality & Quantity

Foliar and berry hyperspectral reflectance predicts winegrape berry composition across developmental stages and varieties

2025-06-23

Christopher Y. S. Wong , Troy S. Magney , Francisca Ely +4 more | The Plant Phenome Journal

Abstract Grapevine berry chemistry varies across varieties and developmental stages and is sensitive to environmental conditions. Efforts have sought to leverage proximal remote sensing data to exploit potential covariation of … Abstract Grapevine berry chemistry varies across varieties and developmental stages and is sensitive to environmental conditions. Efforts have sought to leverage proximal remote sensing data to exploit potential covariation of foliar traits and berry composition to enable nondestructive and scalable methods for assessing berry chemistry. Traditionally, simple vegetation indices have been used based on the assumption of a relationship between foliar coverage and berry yield and composition. However, indices assessing foliar coverage, chlorophyll content, and biomass may not be sensitive enough to track subtle variations of berry chemistry across winegrape varieties and developmental stages. Thus, in this study, we seek to leverage full‐range hyperspectral data (400–2500 nm) and a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model for assessing traditional metrics of berry composition. The benefit of PLSR models for analysis of hyperspectral data is that they can integrate subtle physiological and structural changes in plant reflectance to optimize a model. In this study, we measured leaf and berry spectra and berry composition (Brix, tartaric acid, and pH) across 23 winegrape varieties and developmental stages across 2 years from June to September in a common garden in Davis, California. Our results show that both foliar and berry hyperspectral PLSR models can be used to predict berry composition across phenological stages. This suggests that proximal remote sensing of foliage has the potential to enable rapid and nondestructive monitoring of berry developmental stages to aid in management decision‐making and harvest timing.

Selecting Optimal Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Varieties for Long Fibre Production in Western Europe

2025-06-23

Hanne Pappaert , Sophie Waegebaert , Katrien Vandepitte +6 more | Agronomy

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is gaining renewed interest as a sustainable source of natural fibres, particularly in regions like Belgium, where well-established flax processing infrastructure exists. However, region-specific data … Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is gaining renewed interest as a sustainable source of natural fibres, particularly in regions like Belgium, where well-established flax processing infrastructure exists. However, region-specific data on varietal performance for long fibre production remain limited, hindering large scale adoption by both farmers and processors. This study aimed to assess the agronomic performance of early- and late-flowering hemp varieties under temperate maritime conditions through a three-year field trial at two sites in Flanders (Belgium). The evaluation focused on key parameters including emergence rate, plant morphology, long fibre yield and quality. Results showed that successful crop establishment is critical, as poor emergence influenced stem diameter (increasing with decreasing emergence) and leads to reduced long fibre yields by up to 50% between tested sites. Significant yield differences between trial years were present at both sites, with the biomass yield ranging from 10.7 to 14.5 and from 7.8 to 9.6 t ha−1 for Bottelare and Beitem, respectively. Under favourable conditions, long fibre yields reached up to 2.4 t ha−1 for late-flowering and 2.1 t ha−1 for early- and mid-late-flowering varieties. In Western Europe, early to mid-late flowering varieties are generally favoured. Among these, the mid-late flowering variety Bialobrzeskie demonstrated strong yield potential. Overall, fibre quality across varieties was comparable to that of flax.

Trade-Offs and Partitioning Strategy of Carbon Source-Sink During Fruit Development of Camellia oleifera

2025-06-23

Yueling Li , Yiqing Xie , Yue Zhang +2 more | Plants

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), the main substrates and energy carriers of plants, play an important role in mediating the source-sink balance of carbon (C). However, the trade-offs in the allocation of … Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), the main substrates and energy carriers of plants, play an important role in mediating the source-sink balance of carbon (C). However, the trade-offs in the allocation of NSCs remain unclear at critical stages of fruit development. In this study, we evaluated the dynamic and allometric partitioning characteristics of NSCs at the key stage of fruit development in Camellia oleifera. The seed NSCs pool was the highest in the middle stage of rapid fruit expansion, and an inverted “V” shape appeared from July to September and peaked in August. Notably, although the NSC pool of twigs was the smallest and did not change significantly at each stage, the starch pool was the largest. Significant correlations existed between the NSC content of different organs in C. oleifera in the early stage of slow development and the middle stage of rapid fruit expansion. In particular, NSC components, both of the twigs in the early stage and of the twigs and seeds in the middle stage, showed significant allometric partitioning relationships. In summary, seeds are the main carbon sink for fruit development trade-offs of C. oleifera, and twigs may play an important role in transferring C to seeds at the early and middle stages of fruit development. In the future, attention should be paid to controlling the factors affecting the balance of plant C during the rapid fruit expansion period to ensure high yield.

Изменение требований к качеству сырья как путь для улучшения качества пивоваренной продукции

2025-06-23

I. Petrova , Ilona Denisova , В. Ф. Сопин | Beer and beverages

В условиях современной конкурентной среды качество пивоваренной продукции становится определяющим фактором успеха на рынке. Данная статья посвящена анализу влияния качества сырья на формирование основных характеристик пива, таких как вкус, аромат, … В условиях современной конкурентной среды качество пивоваренной продукции становится определяющим фактором успеха на рынке. Данная статья посвящена анализу влияния качества сырья на формирование основных характеристик пива, таких как вкус, аромат, цвет и стабильность. В работе проведено детальное сравнение ключевых компонентов пивоваренного сырья — ячменного солода и хмеля — по странам-производителям (Германия, Чехия, Россия, Великобритания, США), что позволяет выявить закономерности и отличия, обусловленные географическими, климатическими и технологическими факторами. Особое внимание уделено методам лабораторного контроля, применяемым на пивоваренных предприятиях для оценки качества сырья. Рассмотрены такие параметры, как экстрактивность, цветность, содержание белка и диастатическая сила солода, а также содержание альфа- и бета-кислот в хмеле. Показано, что ужесточение требований к этим показателям напрямую влияет на органолептические свойства и экономическую эффективность производства. Например, использование солода с повышенной экстрактивностью увеличивает выход сусла, а выбор ароматических сортов хмеля позволяет создавать уникальные вкусовые профили. Также в статье проанализирована роль воды и дрожжей в формировании качества пива. Оптимизация минерального состава воды и контроль микробиологической чистоты дрожжей способствуют стабильности производственного процесса и улучшению вкусовых характеристик готового продукта. На примере ведущих пивоваренных компаний рассмотрены практические аспекты управления качеством сырья, включая входной контроль, выбор поставщиков и условия хранения. Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что осознанный подход к выбору сырья, основанный на сравнительном анализе и современных методах контроля, служит ключевым элементом стратегии повышения конкурентоспособности пивоваренной продукции. Внедрение строгих стандартов качества сырья и совершенствование технологий его обработки позволяют предприятиям не только соответствовать ожиданиям потребителей, но и создавать инновационные сорта пива с уникальными свойствами. In today’s competitive environment, the quality of brewing products is becoming a determining factor for success in the market. This article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the quality of raw materials on the formation of the main characteristics of beer, such as taste, aroma, color and stability. The work provides a detailed comparison of the key components of brewing raw materials — barley malt and hops — by producing countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, Great Britain, USA), which allows us to identify patterns and differences due to geographical, climatic and technological factors. Special attention is paid to laboratory control methods used in breweries to assess the quality of raw materials. Parameters such as extractivity, color, protein content and diastatic strength of malt, as well as the content of alpha- and beta-acids in hops are considered. It has been shown that stricter requirements for these indicators directly affect the organoleptic properties and economic efficiency of production. For example, the use of malt with increased extractivity increases the yield of wort, and the choice of aromatic hop varieties allows you to create unique flavor profiles. The article also analyzes the role of water and yeast in shaping beer quality. Optimization of the mineral composition of water and control of the microbiological purity of yeast contribute to the stability of the production process and improve the taste characteristics of the finished product. Using the example of leading brewing companies, practical aspects of raw material quality management, including input control, supplier selection, and storage conditions, are considered. The results of the study demonstrate that a conscious approach to the selection of raw materials, based on comparative analysis and modern control methods, is a key element of the strategy to increase the competitiveness of brewing products. The introduction of strict quality standards for raw materials and the improvement of processing technologies allow enterprises not only to meet consumer expectations, but also to create innovative beers with unique properties.

The Transformation of Pigment in Fruit Wine, Precise Control of Pigment Formation, and Their Effect on Product Quality

2025-06-23

Xiang Shi Tan , Mengfan Ding , Chen Wang +2 more | Foods

Global fruit production is excessive, and fruit wine is a significant outcome of fruit processing. The pigment in fruit wine gives it a vibrant color and affects its quality, taste, … Global fruit production is excessive, and fruit wine is a significant outcome of fruit processing. The pigment in fruit wine gives it a vibrant color and affects its quality, taste, and marketing. The pigments in fruit wines are commonly divided into three categories: anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophylls. They are naturally synthesized pigments in plants that undergo complex biochemical changes that eventually tend to be stable in mature fruit wine, showing the color properties desired by consumers. Under normal circumstances, pigment molecules are unstable and have isomers, which makes it difficult to accurately identify and control them. In addition, biochemical changes produce a series of chemical derivatives that affect bioavailability and biological functions. This review summarizes the chemical basis, formation process, influencing factors, identification techniques, bioavailability, and bioactivity of fruit wine pigments, providing an important reference for the utilization of fruit resources and the development of high-quality fruit wine products.

The Efficiency of Artificial Pollination on the Hazelnut ‘Tonda Francescana®’ Cultivar and the Xenia Effects of Different Pollinizers

2025-06-21

Rodrigo Vargas , Simona Lucia Facchin , Chiara Traini +7 more | Horticulturae

Pollination is a determining factor in achieving economic yield in hazelnut cultivation, and together with variable climate conditions, this requires the use of artificial pollination. This study evaluated the efficiency … Pollination is a determining factor in achieving economic yield in hazelnut cultivation, and together with variable climate conditions, this requires the use of artificial pollination. This study evaluated the efficiency of artificial pollination performed with a manual sprayer using pollen from three pollinizer cultivars on the ‘Tonda Francescana®’ commercial orchard and the effect of different pollen sources on nuts. Dry pollens were applied by a Pollen Blower machine twice during female blooming. The pollen of ‘Nocchione’ determined the highest fruit set and yield per tree, even if it did not determine the highest blank seed percentage. The open pollinizers exhibited a lower sphericity and shape index (NSI), ‘Camponica’ pollen was associated with the biggest nut and kernel; ‘San Giovanni’ pollen showed higher nut elongation. Artificial pollination turned out to be a good tool to increase yield, but its efficiency is strongly influenced by the pollen used.

Metabolic factors regulating the inhibition of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Shinano gold’ apple

2025-06-21

Shucheng Duan , Chang Kyu Kim , Ji Hye Kim +1 more | Postharvest Biology and Technology

Stability Analysis and Multi-Trait Selection of Flowering Phenology Parameters in Olive Cultivars Under Multi-Environment Trials

2025-06-20

Jinhua Li , Dongxu Jia , Zhenyuan Zhou +3 more | Plants

Flowering represents the most important process in the reproductive stage of fruit trees, including olive trees. Previous studies have demonstrated that the genotype–environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable influence on … Flowering represents the most important process in the reproductive stage of fruit trees, including olive trees. Previous studies have demonstrated that the genotype–environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable influence on olive flowering time. This study investigated the GEI and genetic parameters influencing olive flowering phenology in Southwestern China (a non-Mediterranean region), using multi-trait-based stability selection methods. Sixteen olive cultivars from five countries were evaluated over two years in two distinct climatic regions of Southwestern China. Flowering phenology was assessed based on three parameters: full-bloom date (FBD), flowering-period length (FP), and full-bloom-period length (FBP). In the analyses, the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) to predict genetic value and genotype + genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot methods to visualize and assess stability and performance were employed across four environments. The results showed that genotype, environment, and GEI had highly significant effects on flowering traits, with GEI accounting for 54.12% to 89.62% of the variance. Heritability values were low (0.0589 to 0.262), indicating that genetic factors had limited control over flowering phenology compared to environmental factors. A stability analysis using a mean performance and stability (MPS) index identified genotypes with earlier flowering dates and longer flowering periods. Multi-trait selection using a multi-trait mean performance and stability (MTMPS) index further highlighted six superior genotypes with high performance and stability across environments. The findings emphasize the critical role of environmental factors on olive flowering phenology, highlighting the challenges in breeding for stable flowering traits. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-trait selection methods in identifying genotypes with superior performance and stability under different environmental conditions. These results provide valuable insights for olive breeding programs, particularly in non-Mediterranean regions, suggesting that targeted selection and multi-trait evaluation could enhance the adaptability and productivity of olive cultivars under changing climatic conditions.

Back to the roots of vines

2025-06-20

Silvia Anna Ainio , Susanna Gionfra | Routledge eBooks

Logistic function explains the growth dynamics of different types of shoots of four olive cultivars grown in a super high-density orchard

2025-06-19

Leonardo Costanza , Diego Moscarelli Pinto , Luciano da Silva Pinto +2 more | Frontiers in Plant Science

Introduction The olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) has cultural, economic, and environmental importance in the Mediterranean region. In the last two decades, olive cultivation has shifted from low-density to … Introduction The olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) has cultural, economic, and environmental importance in the Mediterranean region. In the last two decades, olive cultivation has shifted from low-density to super high-density (SHD) planting systems. These systems are characterized by narrow hedgerows of low-vigor, early-bearing cultivars, allowing full mechanization. However, limited information are available on shoot growth dynamics of the olive tree under the SHD system. This study aimed to investigate the shoot growth dynamics of four olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Frantoio’, and ‘Urano’) by modeling the elongation of different shoot types (apical proleptic, lateral proleptic, sylleptic) under SHD conditions. Methods A four-year field study was conducted on four olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Frantoio’, and ‘Urano’) grown in an SHD orchard under Mediterranean climate. Apical proleptic, lateral proleptic, sylleptic, and adventitious shoots were monitored. Logistic regression was applied to model shoot elongation, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the influence of cultivar, shoot type, and year. Moreover, the effect of crop load and temperature on shoot growth was also evaluated. Results and Discussion No significant difference was shown between the type of shoot and cultivar. Results indicate that single-phase logistic growth was the most common pattern, except for the lateral proleptic shoots of ‘Coratina’ and adventitious of ‘Urano’, where a second vegetative flush occurred. No correlation of Growing Degree Days with the shoot growth was observed. As confirmed in previous studies, crop load showed a negative influence on shoot elongation. Particularly for Arbequina’s adventitious shoots, Coratina’s and Frantio’s sylleptic shoots and Urano’s lateral proleptic, this trend was observed. This evidence showed the potential competition between the reproductive and vegetative cycle for assimilates. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the vegetative growth dynamics of four different shoot types of four distinct olive cultivars with different vigor in an SHD system. These findings are essential for optimizing cultivar-specific agricultural strategies (e.g. canopy management and irrigation) to achieve an optimal yield and sustainable cultivation. Future research will explore the vegetative growth dynamics, including other factors such as trunk diameter, Leaf Area Index, and water stress indices.

Vinum oleum cera spens et mel.

2025-06-19

Karen Stöber | Oxbow Books

Assessing Climate Risk in Viticulture: A Localized Index for the Semi-Arid and Mediterranean Regions of Chile

2025-06-19

Katherine Cuevas-Zárate , Donna Cortez , Jorge Soto +1 more | Agriculture

Viticulture contributes significantly to Chile’s exports and GDP. However, the development and productivity of grapevines is threatened by climate change. Grapevines are grown in diverse regions; thus, adaptable tools for … Viticulture contributes significantly to Chile’s exports and GDP. However, the development and productivity of grapevines is threatened by climate change. Grapevines are grown in diverse regions; thus, adaptable tools for evaluating climate risk at the local level are required. In this study, a local climate risk index (LCRI) was developed to assess the vulnerability of Chilean viticulture (wine, table, and pisco grapes) in the current (2017–2024) and future (2046–2065) periods. Various components, including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive and response capacities, were analyzed using different indicators based on municipal-level information. The results for the current period indicated that most municipalities were at medium risk, whereas future projections showed a marked increase in climate risk, principally due to changes in climate suitability. In the current period, the highest LCRI values were observed in semi-arid and mediterranean zones, particularly in the northern regions of Atacama and Coquimbo; in the future period, this situation intensified. In contrast, the lowest values in the current period occurred in the Maule region and further south, where the climate transitions from mediterranean to temperate conditions, and in the future period, valley and mountainous areas presented improvements in the index. Some municipalities showed improvement or stability with local adaptation efforts. The results highlight the urgent need for region-specific adaptation policies that prioritize water management, infrastructure, and increased capacities.

Effects of Temperature Fluctuations on Cabernet Sauvignon Branches and Wine Grape Appellation Yields: An Analysis Based on the Standardized Temperature Adaptation Index

2025-06-19

Yunlong Ma , Jin‐Yue Yang , Ping Wang +2 more | Plants

Climate fluctuations due to global warming significantly impact the wine grape industry. This study introduces the Standardized Temperature Adaptation Index (STAI), which is specifically designed to isolate temperature trends and … Climate fluctuations due to global warming significantly impact the wine grape industry. This study introduces the Standardized Temperature Adaptation Index (STAI), which is specifically designed to isolate temperature trends and quantify the effects of temperature fluctuations on low-temperature stress affecting Cabernet Sauvignon branches and yields in the wine grape production regions of Xinjiang. A low-temperature fluctuation experiment was conducted on Cabernet Sauvignon branches to simulate the temperature conditions and fluctuations experienced by wine grapes during the overwintering period. The treated branches then underwent recovery growth experiments, during which key physiological stress parameters were measured to assess the impact of temperature fluctuations on grape growth and development during overwintering. The results indicated that under identical low-temperature conditions, increased temperature fluctuations led to a 62% reduction in the budding rate of Cabernet Sauvignon branches, a 6% increase in relative conductivity, and elevated levels of proline, malondialdehyde, and soluble proteins. Additionally, the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase initially rose and then declined, indicating that temperature fluctuations intensified low-temperature stress. Data analysis from four wine grape production regions in Xinjiang between 2000 and 2020 revealed that temperature fluctuations corresponded with the peaks and troughs of yield fitting curves, demonstrating a negative correlation. As temperature fluctuations increased, yields decreased. The STAI introduced in this study is a straightforward, standardized measure that accurately reflects the effects of temperature fluctuations on grapes and is a valuable tool for future research on temperature variability and its impacts.

Identification of Vitis riparia as Donor of Black Rot Resistance in the Mapping Population V3125 x ‘Börner’ and Additive Effect of Rgb1 and Rgb2

2025-06-19

Patricia A. Weber , Anna Werner , Friederike Rex +4 more | Agronomy

Viticulture is facing challenges, like the impact of climate change and various pests and pathogens. Alongside powdery and downy mildew, black rot is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases … Viticulture is facing challenges, like the impact of climate change and various pests and pathogens. Alongside powdery and downy mildew, black rot is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases in European wine-growing regions. The focus of grapevine breeding research has so far been mainly on resistance to mildew diseases, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding material is possible for the most important resistance loci. However, only a few loci have been described for black rot resistance and these cannot yet be used for MAS. Thus, the characterization of genetic resistance to black rot and the establishment of closely linked genetic markers is important for the breeding of cultivars with multifungal resistances. In this study, an improved SSR marker-based genetic map of the biparental mapping population V3125 (‘Schiava Grossa’ x ‘Riesling’) x ‘Börner‘ (Vitis riparia x Vitis cinerea) was used to perform QTL analysis for black rot resistance. A total of 195 F1 individuals were analyzed at 347 SSR marker positions distributed on all 19 chromosomes. QTL analysis detected two QTLs conferring resistance to black rot on linkage groups 14 (Rgb1) and 16 (Rgb2). Our results revealed for the first time that Rgb1 and Rgb2 are derived from the wild species V. riparia. The presence of both loci in F1 individuals showed a clear additive effect for black rot resistance, supporting the breeding strategy of pyramiding two or more resistance factors to achieve a stronger overall resistance.

Study of the influence of the number of clusters retained in the vine on the mechanical composition of grapes, the productivity and the quality of the product

2025-06-19

Hasil Fataliyev , Yusif Lezgiyev , Natavan Gadimova +2 more | International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies

The research objects were the grape cluster, berry, skin, seed, comb, juice, and wine material. In the foothills and mountainous areas, the effect of the number of clusters in the … The research objects were the grape cluster, berry, skin, seed, comb, juice, and wine material. In the foothills and mountainous areas, the effect of the number of clusters in the vine on the yield and quality of the crop in the autochthonous Madrasa variety has not been studied. The research was conducted on four variants of the Madrasa variety by retaining 8, 12, 16, and 20 clusters in the vine. The highest structural indicator was detected when 8 clusters were retained in the vine (27.66), the least was observed with 20 (23.68) clusters, and the most rational when 12 (27.00) clusters were retained. The amount of comb in the cluster ranged between 3.48 and 4.05%, and the amount of seeds changed between 3.5 and 4.1%. When 8 clusters were retained, 1.4 kg of product was obtained from one vine, and 3707.2 kg of product was obtained from 1 hectare. As the number of clusters increased in the variants, a corresponding increase in yield per vine and per hectare was noticed. Increasing the number of clusters from 8 to 20 enhanced yield per vine and hectare but decreased water-soluble solids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and ultimately grape juice quality.

Comportamento produtivo e fisiológico de videiras submetidas a duas safras por ciclo vegetativo pelo manejo da poda

2025-06-18

Rafael Anzanello | Pantanal Editora eBooks

Reply to: Galloyl‐bis‐hexahydroxydiphenoyl glucose and endothelial remodelling: Nutrigenomic insights into blackberry's superior vasorelaxant efficacy over mugwort

2025-06-18

Afaf Mehiou , Anca Lucau‐Danila , Zachée Louis Evariste Akissi +6 more | PubMed

Floral and Fruit Phenology in Three Young Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars Grown in Central Northern Morocco. Part III: Correlation and Regression Study of Phenological Traits and Agroclimatic Requirements According to the Specific BBCH Scale

2025-06-18

Mohamed Joine , El Hassan Sakar | Deleted Journal

Losing Control in Camelot

2025-06-17

| Princeton University Press eBooks

Molecular Characterization and Ex Situ Conservation of Wild Grapevines Grown in the Area Around the Neolithic Settlement of Dikili Tash, Greece

2025-06-17

Georgios Merkouropoulos , Ioannis Ganopoulos , Georgios Doupis +2 more | Agriculture

Dikili Tash is a Neolithic settlement that lies next to the ruins of the ancient city of Philippi on the north-eastern part of Greece. A recent archaeological excavation has unearthed … Dikili Tash is a Neolithic settlement that lies next to the ruins of the ancient city of Philippi on the north-eastern part of Greece. A recent archaeological excavation has unearthed charred grapevine pips and pressings together with two-handed clay cups, jugs, and jars that date to 4300 BC. The majority of the pips were found to be Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris. Natural populations of this species have been localized in the valley surrounding Dikili Tash and also on Mt Pangaion and Mt Lekani, which flank the valley. Fifty-one samples from these modern populations have been analyzed using microsatellites on twenty microsatellite loci, and a dendrogram has been constructed showing the genetic closeness of the samples analyzed. Cuttings from all the vines analyzed are currently rooted and grown in the Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA) greenhouse facilities in Lykovryssi (Athens) with the aim to, eventually, be transplanted in the grapevine, thus establishing the first V. sylvestris ex situ conservation site in Greece.

Climate change and crop insurance: geographical heterogeneity in hailstorm risk for wine grapes in Spain

2025-06-17

Nan Zhou , José L. Vilar-Zanón | European Actuarial Journal

Morphological image analysis for estimating grape bunch weight under different irrigation regimes in Cabernet-Sauvignon

2025-06-16

Carlos Poblete-Echeverría , Anke Berry , Talitha Venter +3 more | OENO One

Morphological image analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for assessing physical bunch characteristics in viticulture, particularly for estimating grape bunch weight, a key factor affecting vineyard yield and wine … Morphological image analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for assessing physical bunch characteristics in viticulture, particularly for estimating grape bunch weight, a key factor affecting vineyard yield and wine quality. Traditional manual sampling methods are labour-intensive, destructive, and prone to significant errors due to vineyard variability and environmental stresses such as water deficit. To address these challenges, this study investigates the potential of two-dimensional (2D) image analysis for non-destructive grape bunch weight estimation across varying levels of water stress. Images of 359 bunches from Cabernet-Sauvignon vines grown under different irrigation regimes, were analysed to extract 13 morphological features. A stepwise multiple regression model was developed to predict bunch weight based on key image-derived features, demonstrating strong explanatory power (adjusted R2 of the prediction = 0.824). The results indicate that features such as area, perimeter, and circularity are strong predictors of bunch weight. While the model demonstrated high accuracy overall, some deviations were observed in large weight categories indicating opportunities for further refinement. These findings demonstrate that image-based phenotyping can reliably estimate bunch weight across a range of water availability scenarios, supporting more precise and efficient vineyard management practices. Future research should focus on enhancing model robustness by integrating additional morphological descriptors and evaluating broader cultivar variability under field conditions.

Artificial intelligence-driven classification method of grapevine major phenological stages using conventional RGB imaging

2025-06-16

Rubén Iñíguez , Fikile Wolela , Maria Ignacia González Pavez +4 more | OENO One

Accurate monitoring of grapevine phenological stages is essential for optimising vineyard management. This study evaluates the performance of three deep learning architectures (ResNet-34, YOLOv11-Classification and Vision Transformer (ViT)) for automated … Accurate monitoring of grapevine phenological stages is essential for optimising vineyard management. This study evaluates the performance of three deep learning architectures (ResNet-34, YOLOv11-Classification and Vision Transformer (ViT)) for automated classification of vineyard canopy images into four key phenological stages: i) Shoot and inflorescence development (E-L 12–18), ii) Flowering (E-L 19–26), iii) Berry formation (E-L 27–33), and iv) Berry ripening (E-L 35–38). These categories correspond to broad developmental periods that may span several E-L stages. A dataset comprising 4,381 images was used to train and validate the models, incorporating data augmentation techniques to improve robustness. Results indicate that all three models achieved high classification accuracy, with ResNet-34 obtaining the highest accuracy (97.4 % validation, 95.6 % test), reinforcing its strong feature extraction capabilities. However, its lower F1-score (95.3 % validation, 91.8 % test) suggests challenges in handling class imbalances. YOLOv11-Classification demonstrated the most balanced classification performance, achieving a high F1-score (93.6 % validation, 91.8 % test) while maintaining the fastest training time, making it particularly suitable for real-time applications. ViT exhibited competitive classification performance but had higher computational demands, limiting its feasibility for real-time vineyard monitoring. A confusion matrix analysis highlighted misclassification trends, particularly between early shoot development and flowering, due to their visual similarities. Despite these challenges, the study confirms that AI models can effectively automate vineyard phenology classification, reducing manual assessment efforts, and contributing to more efficient viticultural decision-making.

Neef

2025-06-16

| De Gruyter eBooks

Short-Term Effects of Minimum Tillage and Wood Distillate Addition on Plants and Springtails in an Olive Grove

2025-06-15

Emanuele Fanfarillo , Claudia Angiolini , Claudio Capitani +7 more | Environments

Agricultural practices significantly influence agroecosystem biodiversity, driving a growing focus on the development of environmentally sustainable management strategies. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most widely cultivated tree … Agricultural practices significantly influence agroecosystem biodiversity, driving a growing focus on the development of environmentally sustainable management strategies. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most widely cultivated tree crops in the Mediterranean basin and other regions with a Mediterranean climate. In this study, we employed a split-plot design with whole plots arranged as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the effects of minimum tillage and the application of wood distillate to olive canopies on wild vascular plant and soil-dwelling springtail communities in a conventionally managed olive grove in central Italy. Biotic communities were sampled twice, in November and April. Tillage caused a marginally significant decrease in springtail species richness in April and significantly influenced the composition of both plant and springtail communities in April. All the plant species showed a decrease in abundance under tillage, whereas the abundance of springtail species responded to tillage in a species-specific way. Wood distillate had no effect on any community attribute in either season. Springtail total abundance was not affected by any treatment in either season. Our findings confirm that tillage practices affect the diversity of plant and springtail communities. Moreover, we had evidence that spring tillage may have more negative impacts on the studied communities with respect to autumn tillage. Moreover, we suggest that the application of low-concentration wood distillate to olive canopies can be considered, in the short-term, a sustainable agricultural practice that does not negatively affect agroecosystem biodiversity.

Location matters: A geospatial analysis of fungus-resistant grapes in Switzerland

2025-06-14

Lucca Zachmann , Lionel Christen , Robert Finger | Agricultural Systems

Phenolic profile in leaves of Autochthonous Grapevine Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Turkey distinct of Isparta

2025-06-13

Fatma Türk , Ayşe Aycan URCAN | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> In the current age, nutrition is a widely discussed topic, with foods rich in antioxidants being advocated to support healthy living. Phenolic compounds, which are used in treating various … <title>Abstract</title> In the current age, nutrition is a widely discussed topic, with foods rich in antioxidants being advocated to support healthy living. Phenolic compounds, which are used in treating various diseases due to their antimicrobial properties, have health-promoting properties. Consequently, producing extracts from grape varieties with high phenolic content for use in pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics is essential for health and the economy. It is well established that grape leaves are rich in phenolic compounds. However, they are not currently utilised to their full potential and are considered mainly waste. This study was conducted in vineyards in Isparta, located in Turkey's Mediterranean Region, in 2018. The study utilised four autochthonous leaf varieties: two red (<italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Burdur Dimriti and <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Siyah Gemre) and two white (<italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Razaki and <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Tilki Kuyruğu). Total phenolic and flavanol content, as well as the presence of other phenolic compounds, were determined in the grape leaves. The study's findings indicated significant variations in the phenolic content of different grapevine leaf varieties. Total phenolic content ranged from 3.25 to 7.38 mg CE/g, while total flavanol content ranged from 67.66 to 120.24 mg CE/g. Phenolic compounds identified in the leaves included ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, rutin, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, hesperidin, vanillin, kaempferol, luteolin, and tannic acid, which were found to vary among the varieties.

Biodiversity of Northern Italy popcorn: a study on genetic diversity and agronomic performances of traditional landraces

2025-06-13

Alessandra Lezzi , Lorenzo Stagnati , Elena Petretto +6 more | Frontiers in Plant Science

Popcorn ( Zea mays spp. mays - Everta) is an ancient and widely recognized maize type, of American origin, enjoyed for centuries worldwide and still highly valued for its unique … Popcorn ( Zea mays spp. mays - Everta) is an ancient and widely recognized maize type, of American origin, enjoyed for centuries worldwide and still highly valued for its unique popping trait. Italy, considered a secondary center of maize differentiation, still holds a rich diversity of local maize landraces survived on farm and also ex situ stored. Despite this genetic wealth, Italian popcorn varieties have largely been neglected in modern breeding programs and remain poorly characterized, with only fragmented and incomplete data available. Recent studies have confirmed the widespread presence of traditional popcorn landraces across Italy, also if relegate to small garden cultivations, yet a comprehensive understanding of their genetic and agronomic traits remains lacking. This underscores the urgent need to preserve and document these landraces to conserve biodiversity and protect Italy’s cultural heritage. In response to this gap, in this study, ten Italian popcorn landraces were collected and morphological characterization was performed. Moreover, a genetic characterization of 282 individuals was conducted using a GBS approach. The morphological characterization revealed significant phenotypic and agronomic variability for a total of 13 traits including susceptibility to fungal infection and popping traits, whereas the genetic one identified 313,342 SNP variants, uncovering evidence of local adaptation and provided insights into population structure by Admixture analysis, which revealed the presence of 8 ancestral populations consistently with morphological and historical data. This work sheds light on these neglected landraces, offering valuable information for biodiversity conservation and future breeding efforts, particularly in marginal areas where smallholder cultivation remains crucial.

Grapevine Root Distribution and Density in Deep Soil Layers Under Different Soil Management Practices

2025-06-13

Vania Lanari , Luca Pallotti , Tania Lattanzi +1 more | Plants

Grapevine root distribution and density influence mineral and water absorption and are affected by soil management and the use of cover crops. This study, conducted in a ten-year-old commercial Mediterranean … Grapevine root distribution and density influence mineral and water absorption and are affected by soil management and the use of cover crops. This study, conducted in a ten-year-old commercial Mediterranean vineyard with desiccant-managed inter-rows, compares the effects of three different soil management practices—minimum tillage (MT), spontaneous natural covering (NC), and a commercial grass mixture (GM)—on root development in Montepulciano vines grafted onto Kober 5BB rootstocks. Root length, diameter, and weight across different soil layers were analyzed by digging trenches. The results show that thin roots, primarily responsible for water and nutrient absorption, ensure greater soil volume exploration, while medium-to-large roots contribute mainly to root biomass. The presence of cover crops reduces root development in the upper soil layers due to competition with herbaceous species; however, this promotes deeper root exploration and increases the total root length per plant. In the deeper soil layers, root growth is limited by higher soil compaction. Tillage enhances the development of medium-to-large roots and increases the total root biomass per plant. In conclusion, soil management influences vine root development, and competition from cover crops stimulates the growth of absorbing roots in deeper soil layers.

Bouquet Satin Flowers

2025-06-13

Fahrur Rosi , Silvia Damayanti , Muhammad Syahrul Maulana +1 more | Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisipliner

Berwirausaha dalam membuat produk di kalangan mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan Kewirausahaan dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan individu untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan ide-ide baru menjadi sebuah usaha yang berkelanjutan dan berdaya saing di … Berwirausaha dalam membuat produk di kalangan mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan Kewirausahaan dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan individu untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan ide-ide baru menjadi sebuah usaha yang berkelanjutan dan berdaya saing di masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini Untuk mengetahui strategi pemasaran yang efektif agar dapat meningkatkan penjualan bucket satin flowers serta mengetahui bagaimana proses produksi yang akan digunakan pada usaha tersebut untuk menarik para konsumen . selain itu tujuan lainnya adalah Untuk mengetahui estimasi pada perhitungan modal, biaya produksi dan keuntungan pada bisnis bucket satin flowers. Berdasarkan hasil penyusunan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa usaha Bouquet Satin Flowers memiliki peluang yang cukup menjanjikan dalam industri kreatif dan kewirausahaan. Produk ini menawarkan inovasi dalam pembuatan buket bunga dengan memanfaatkan pita satin, yang memiliki daya tarik estetika tinggi dan nilai tahan lama dibandingkan bunga segar.Dalam menjalankan usaha ini, terdapat beberapa tantangan yang perlu dihadapi, seperti ketersediaan bahan baku dan persaingan di pasar. Oleh karena itu, strategi pemasaran yang efektif menjadi faktor utama dalam menarik konsumen, salah satunya melalui pemanfaatan media sosial serta bauran pemasaran 4P (Product, Price, Promotion, dan Place).

Interrow cover crops in a semi-arid vineyard increase plant beneficial functional potential of the soil microbiome, both in vine rows and interrows, a benefit that increases with cover crop duration

2025-06-11

Fernando Igne Rocha , Jean C. Rodriguez‐Ramos , Margaret Fernando +1 more | Environmental Microbiome

Abstract Background Cover crops are recognized for enhancing soil health and providing agroecosystem services, but are not widely adopted, particularly in water-limited regions. In Mediterranean vineyards, where water scarcity and … Abstract Background Cover crops are recognized for enhancing soil health and providing agroecosystem services, but are not widely adopted, particularly in water-limited regions. In Mediterranean vineyards, where water scarcity and soil degradation challenge productivity, interrow, cool-season cover cropping offers a promising strategy to improve microbial-mediated soil functions. However, the temporal and spatial effects of cover crops on vineyard soil microbiomes and soil health metrics remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the impacts of a California native (phacelia, Phacelia tanacetifolia ) and introduced (rye, Secale cereale L.) plant species as interrow cover crops on soil properties in interrow and vine row soils across three years. Results The study revealed distinct temporal and spatial dynamics in soil microbiomes elicited by the cover crop treatments. By the third year, phacelia exhibited the highest microbial biomass, fungal-to-bacterial ratios, and microbial network complexity. Interrow soils showed stronger responses to cover cropping, including enhanced microbial biomass and differentiation between treatments, while vine row soils demonstrated subtler but significant shifts in microbial metrics. Functional predictions indicated that cover crops reduced fungal pathogen prevalence and supported nutrient cycling processes. Deterministic processes driven by environmental selection became dominant under both treatments, promoting microbial resilience. Random Forest analysis identified NO 3 − as a key driver of microbial differentiation, with phacelia fostering communities reliant on labile organic inputs. Conclusions This study highlights a crucial benefit of interrow cover crops in improving soil health and enhancing microbial-mediated ecosystem functions in adjacent vine row soils, even after cover crop termination. Long-term application of cover crops offers a sustainable approach to building resilient agroecosystems in water-scarce environments, with implications for sustainable viticulture practices.