Materials Science › Materials Chemistry

High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior

Works Count: 55033

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the dynamic material behavior of various metals and alloys under extreme loading conditions, including high strain rates, ballistic impact, adiabatic shear localization, and projectile penetration. The research involves experimental techniques such as Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing and numerical modeling to understand the constitutive behavior, microstructural evolution, and thermomechanical response of materials subjected to dynamic deformation.

Keywords

Dynamic Deformation; High Strain Rate; Ballistic Impact; Adiabatic Shear Localization; Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar; Constitutive Modeling; Projectile Penetration; Fragmentation; Microstructural Evolution; Thermomechanical Response

Fundamental Problems in Viscoplasticity

1966-01-01

P. Perzyna

Fracture Mechanics

2017-03-03

Ted L. Anderson

Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition is the most useful and comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics available. It has been adopted by more than 150 universities worldwide and used … Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition is the most useful and comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics available. It has been adopted by more than 150 universities worldwide and used by thousands of engineers and researchers. This new edition reflects the latest research, industry practices, applications, and computational analysis and modeling. It encompasses theory and applications, linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics, solid mechanics, and materials science with a unified, balanced, and in-depth approach. Numerous chapter problems have been added or revised, and additional resources are available for those teaching college courses or training sessions. Dr. Anderson’s own website can be accessed at www.FractureMechanics.com.

Mechanical behavior of materials

1990-09-01

T. H. Courtney

1 Overview of Mechanical Behavior 2 Elastic Behavior 3 Dislocations 4 Plastic Deformation in Single and Polycrystalline Materials 5 Strengthening of Crystalline Materials 6 Composite Materials 7 High-Temperature Deformation of … 1 Overview of Mechanical Behavior 2 Elastic Behavior 3 Dislocations 4 Plastic Deformation in Single and Polycrystalline Materials 5 Strengthening of Crystalline Materials 6 Composite Materials 7 High-Temperature Deformation of Crystalline Materials 8 Deformation of Noncrystalline Materials 9 Fracture Mechanics 10 Toughening Mechanisms and the Physics of Fracture 11 High-Temperature 12 Fatigue of Engineering Materials 13 Embrittlement 14 Cellular Solids

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A Course on Damage Mechanics

1992-01-01

Jean Lemaitre

Effects of High Shearing Stress Combined with High Hydrostatic Pressure

1935-11-15

P. W. Bridgman

Mean hydrostatic pressures up to 50,000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ combined with shearing stresses up to the plastic flow point are produced in thin disks confined between hardened steel parts so mounted that … Mean hydrostatic pressures up to 50,000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ combined with shearing stresses up to the plastic flow point are produced in thin disks confined between hardened steel parts so mounted that they may be subjected to normal pressure and torque simultaneously. Qualitative and quantitative studies are made of the effects of such stresses. Among the qualitative effects it is found that many substances normally stable become unstable and may detonate, and conversely combinations of substances normally inert to each other may be made to combine explosively. Quantitatively, the shearing stress at the plastic flow point may be measured as a function of pressure. The shearing stress at plastic flow may rise to the order of 10 or more times greater at 50,000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ than it is normally at atmospheric pressure; this is contrary to the usually accepted results in a narrower range of pressure. If the substance undergoes a polymorphic transition under these conditions of stress, there may be a break in the curve of shearing stress vs. pressure. This gives a very convenient tool for the detection of transitions. 57 elements have been explored in this way, and a number of new polymorphic transitions found.

About the dynamic strength enhancement of concrete-like materials in a split Hopkinson pressure bar test

2003-01-01

Q.M. Li , Hao Meng

Shock Waves and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Metals

1982-09-01

Marc A. Meyers , L. E. Marr , U. S. Lindholm

These proceedings of EXPLOMET 90, the International Conference on the Materials Effects of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, held August 1990, in La Jolla, California, represent a global and up-to-date appraisal … These proceedings of EXPLOMET 90, the International Conference on the Materials Effects of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, held August 1990, in La Jolla, California, represent a global and up-to-date appraisal of this field. Contributions (more than 100) deal with high-strain-rate deforma

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Dynamic fracture mechanics

1995-11-01

L. B. Freund , John W. Hutchinson

Preface List of symbols 1. Background and overview 2. Basic elastodynamic solutions for a stationary crack 3. Further results for a stationary crack 4. Asymptotic fields near a moving crack … Preface List of symbols 1. Background and overview 2. Basic elastodynamic solutions for a stationary crack 3. Further results for a stationary crack 4. Asymptotic fields near a moving crack tip 5. Energy concepts in dynamic fracture 6. Elastic crack growth at constant speed 7. Elastic crack growth at nonuniform speed 8. Plasticity and rate effects during crack growth Bibliography Index.

Constitutive Equations for Elastic-Viscoplastic Strain-Hardening Materials

1975-06-01

S. R. Bodner , Yehuda Partom

A set of constitutive equations has been formulated to represent elastic-viscoplastic strain-hardening material behavior for large deformations and arbitrary loading histories. An essential feature of the formulation is that the … A set of constitutive equations has been formulated to represent elastic-viscoplastic strain-hardening material behavior for large deformations and arbitrary loading histories. An essential feature of the formulation is that the total deformation rate is considered to be separable into elastic and inelastic components which are functions of state variables at all stages of loading and unloading. The theory, therefore, is independent of a yield criterion or loading and unloading conditions. The deformation rate components are determinable from the current state which permits an incremental formulation of problems. Strain hardening is considered in the equations by introducing plastic work as the representative state variable. The problem of tensile straining has been examined for a number of histories that included straining at various rates, rapid changes of strain rate, unloading and reloading, and stress relaxation. The calculations were based on material constants chosen to represent commercially pure titanium. The results are in good agreement with corresponding experiments on titanium specimens.

The latent energy remaining in a metal after cold working

1934-01-01

Geoffrey Ingram Taylor , H. Arthur Quinney

Measurements of the latent energy remaining in metal rods after severe twisting are described. Very much more cold work can be done on a metal in torsion than in direct … Measurements of the latent energy remaining in metal rods after severe twisting are described. Very much more cold work can be done on a metal in torsion than in direct tension. It is found that as the total amount of cold work which has been done on a specimen increases the proportion which is absorbed decreases. Though saturation was not fully reached even with twisted rods, curves representing the experimental results for copper indicate that it would have been reached at a plastic strain very little greater than the strain at fracture. The amount of cold work necessary to saturate copper with latent energy at 15° C. is thus found to be slightly greater than 14 calories per gram. By using compression instead of torsion, it was found possible to do much more cold work on copper than this, and compression tests revealed the fact that the compressive stress increases with increasing strain till the total applied cold work was equivalent to 15 calories per gram. No further rise in compressive stress occurred with further compression even though the specimen was compressed till its height was only 1/53rd of its original height.

The dynamic compression testing of solids by the method of the split Hopkinson pressure bar

1963-05-01

E.D.H. Davies , Simon C. Hunter

Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals

1984-04-01

Benoît B. Mandelbrot , D. E. Passoja , Alvin J. Paullay

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Effect of Strain Rate Upon Plastic Flow of Steel

1944-01-01

Clarence Zener , J. H. Hollomon

An experiment has been designed to check a previously proposed equivalence of the effects of changes in strain rate and in temperature upon the stress-strain relation in metals. It is … An experiment has been designed to check a previously proposed equivalence of the effects of changes in strain rate and in temperature upon the stress-strain relation in metals. It is found that this equivalence is valid for the typical steels investigated. The behavior of these steels at very high rates of deformation may, therefore, be obtained by tests at moderate rates of deformation performed at low temperatures. The results of such tests are described. Aside from changing the isothermal stress-strain relation, an increase of strain rate tends to change the conditions from isothermal to adiabatic. It is found that at low temperatures, the adiabatic stress-strain relation in the plastic range is radically different from the isothermal, having an initial negative rather than a positive slope. This initial negative slope renders unstable homogeneous plastic deformation.

An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Materials at very High Rates of Loading

1949-11-01

H. Kolsky

A method of determining the stress-strain relation of materials when stresses are applied for times of the order of 20 microseconds is described. The apparatus employed was a modification of … A method of determining the stress-strain relation of materials when stresses are applied for times of the order of 20 microseconds is described. The apparatus employed was a modification of the Hopkinson pressure bar, and detonators were used to produce large transient stresses. Thin specimens of rubbers, plastics and metals were investigated and the compressions produced were as high as 20% with the softer materials. It was found that whilst Perspex recovered almost as soon as the stress was removed, rubbers and polythene showed delayed recovery, and copper and lead showed irrecoverable flow. The phenomenon of delayed recovery is discussed in terms of the theory of mechanical relaxation and memory effects in the material.

Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. experimental characterization

2001-10-01

D. L. Grote , S.W. Park , Min Zhou

Experimental Evidence of the Viscous Behavior of Grain Boundaries in Metals

1947-04-15

T’ing-Sui Kê

The mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in metals has been a subject of constant controversy. The present research is designed to examine thoroughly the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in … The mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in metals has been a subject of constant controversy. The present research is designed to examine thoroughly the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in metals in a quantitative manner. A simple torsional apparatus has been devised for measuring four types of anelastic effects at very low stress levels, namely: internal friction at low frequencies; variation of dynamic rigidity with temperature; creep under constant stress; and stress relaxation at constant strain. All four types of anelastic effects have been studied in 99.991 percent polycrystalline aluminum as well as in single crystal aluminum; these effects are practically absent in single crystal aluminum. The four types of anelastic effects observed in polycrystalline aluminum are completely recoverable and are linear with respect to the applied stress and prior strain. They satisfy the interrelations derived by Zener from Boltzmann's superposition principle within experimental error. These are consistent with the viewpoint that the grain boundaries behave in a viscous manner. The maximum amount of shear stress relaxation in polycrystalline aluminum determined by the four types of anelastic measurements is about 33 percent. This is in good agreement with the theoretical value of 36 percent calculated by assuming the grain boundary to be viscous. The heat of activation associated with the viscous slip along the grain boundaries has been found to be 34,500 calories per mole. The coefficient of viscosity of the grain boundaries in aluminum estimated using this heat of activation, is consistent with that of molten aluminum at the same temperature. Similar anelastic effects have been also observed in polycrystalline magnesium, indicating that the viscous behavior is common to all metals.

Introduction to continuum damage mechanics

1986-01-01

L. M. Kachanov

Continuum Damage Mechanics: Part I—General Concepts

1988-03-01

J.L. Chaboche

Continuum Damage Mechanics (C.D.M.) has developed continuously since the early works of Kachanov and Rabotnov. It constitutes a practical tool to take into account the various damaging processes in materials … Continuum Damage Mechanics (C.D.M.) has developed continuously since the early works of Kachanov and Rabotnov. It constitutes a practical tool to take into account the various damaging processes in materials and structures at a macroscopic continuum level. The main basic features of C.D.M. are considered in the first part together with its present capabilities, including damage definitions and measures, and its incorporation into a thermodynamic general framework. Practical damage growth equations will be reviewed in the second part of the paper.

Pulse shaping techniques for testing brittle materials with a split hopkinson pressure bar

2002-03-01

D. J. Frew , M. J. Forrestal , Weiqiang Chen

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Electromagnetic forming—A review

2010-12-24

Verena Psyk , D. Risch , Brad L. Kinsey +2 more

Some experiments with the split hopkinson pressure bar∗

1964-11-01

U. S. Lindholm

Review of experimental techniques for high rate deformation and shock studies

2004-05-29

J. E. Field , S. M. Walley , William G. Proud +2 more

Material rate dependence and localized deformation in crystalline solids

1983-12-01

D. Peirce , R.J. Asaro , A. Needleman

Kinking of a Crack Out of an Interface

1989-06-01

Mingyuan He , John W. Hutchinson

Kinking of a plane strain crack out of the interface between two dissimilar isotropic elastic solids is analyzed. The focus is on the initiation of kinking and thus the segment … Kinking of a plane strain crack out of the interface between two dissimilar isotropic elastic solids is analyzed. The focus is on the initiation of kinking and thus the segment of the crack leaving the interface is imagined to be short compared to the segment in the interface. Accordingly, the analysis provides the stress intensity factors and energy release rate of the kinked crack in terms of the corresponding quantities for the interface crack prior to kinking. Roughly speaking, the energy release rate is enhanced if the crack heads into the more compliant material and is diminished if it kinks into the stiff material. The results suggest a tendency for a crack to be trapped in the interface irrespective of the loading when the compliant material is tough and the stiff material is at least as tough as the interface.

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The mechanics of penetration of projectiles into targets

1978-01-01

Marvin E. Backman , Werner Goldsmith

Dynamic failure of solids

1987-03-01

Damian Curran , L. Seaman , D. A. Shockey

Dynamics of Radiation Damage

1960-11-15

John B. Gibson , A.N. Goland , Michael Milgram +1 more

Radiation damage events at low and moderate energies (up to 400 ev) are studied by machine calculations in a model representing copper. Orbits of knock-on atoms are found and the … Radiation damage events at low and moderate energies (up to 400 ev) are studied by machine calculations in a model representing copper. Orbits of knock-on atoms are found and the resulting damaged configurations are observed to consist of interstitials and vacancies. Thresholds for producing permanently displaced atoms (i.e., interstitials) are about 25 ev in the $〈100〉$ direction, 25 to 30 ev in the $〈110〉$ direction, and around 85 ev in the $〈111〉$ direction. Collision chains in the $〈100〉$ and $〈110〉$ directions are prominent; at low energies the chains focus, at higher energies they defocus. Above threshold, the chains transport matter, as well as energy, and produce an interstitial at a distance. The range of $〈110〉$ chains has been studied in detail. Localized vibrational modes associated with interstitials, agitations qualitatively like thermal spikes, ring annealing processes, and a higher energy process somewhat like a displacement spike have been observed. Replacements have been found to be very numerous.The configurations of various static defects have also been studied in this model. The interstitial is found to reside in a "split" configuration, sharing a lattice site with another atom. The crowdion is found not to be stable, and Frenkel pairs are stable only beyond minimum separations, which are found to be very much dependent on orientation.

The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile

1965-05-01

I. N. Sneddon

Dislocation-mechanics-based constitutive relations for material dynamics calculations

1987-03-01

Frank J. Zerilli , Ronald W. Armstrong

An improved description of copper- and iron-cylinder impact (Taylor) test results has been obtained through the use of dislocation-mechanics-based constitutive relations in the Lagrangian material dynamics computer program EPIC-2. The … An improved description of copper- and iron-cylinder impact (Taylor) test results has been obtained through the use of dislocation-mechanics-based constitutive relations in the Lagrangian material dynamics computer program EPIC-2. The effects of strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, and thermal softening based on thermal activation analysis have been incorporated into a reasonably accurate constitutive relation for copper. The relation has a relatively simple expression and should be applicable to a wide range of fcc materials. The effect of grain size is included. A relation for iron is also presented. It also has a simple expression and is applicable to other bcc materials but is presently incomplete, since the important effect of deformation twinning in bcc materials is not included. A possible method of acounting for twinning is discussed and will be reported on more fully in future work. A main point made here is that each material structure type (fcc, bcc, hcp) will have its own constitutive behavior, dependent on the dislocation characteristics for that particular structure.

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Computational modelling of impact damage in brittle materials

1996-08-01

Guamán Camacho , M. Ortíz

Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures

1985-01-01

Gordon R. Johnson , William H. Cook

<i>Mechanics of Solid Materials</i>

1993-03-01

J. Lemaı̂tre , J.L. Chaboche , Arup Maji

1. Elements of the physical mechanisms of deformation and fracture 2. Elements of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics 3. Identification and theological classification of real solids 4. Linear elasticity, thermoelasticity and … 1. Elements of the physical mechanisms of deformation and fracture 2. Elements of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics 3. Identification and theological classification of real solids 4. Linear elasticity, thermoelasticity and viscoelasticity 5. Plasticity 6. Viscoplasticity 7. Damage mechanics 8. Crack mechanics.

Compression‐induced nonplanar crack extension with application to splitting, exfoliation, and rockburst

1982-08-10

Sia Nemat‐Nasser , Hideyuki Horii

Uniaxial compression of plates of brittle materials containing pre‐existing planar cracks oriented at certain angles with respect to the direction of overall compression has revealed that the relative frictional sliding … Uniaxial compression of plates of brittle materials containing pre‐existing planar cracks oriented at certain angles with respect to the direction of overall compression has revealed that the relative frictional sliding of the faces of the pre‐existing cracks may produce, at their tips, tension cracks which deviate at sharp angles from the sliding plane. These tension cracks then continue to grow in a stable manner with increasing axial compression, curving toward an orientation parallel to the direction of axial compression. Within the framework of linear fracture mechanics, the out‐of‐plane extension of a pre‐existing straight crack, induced by overall far‐field compression, is analyzed, and various parameters which characterize the growth process are quantified. It is shown analytically that, for a wide range of pre‐existing crack orientations, the out‐of‐plane crack extension initiates at an angle close to 70° from the direction of the pre‐existing crack; the exact value of this angle, of course, depends on the friction factor and the orientation of the pre‐existing crack. It is found that the growth process is stable initially, but the rate of increase of the length of the extended portion with respect to the increasing axial compression dramatically increases after a certain extension length is attained, and in fact, this length becomes unbounded if a small lateral tension also exists. Various limiting cases are examined and the corresponding analytical estimates are compared with the numerical results, arriving at good correlations. A series of qualitative experiments is performed on thin plates of Columbia Resin CR 39, arriving at excellent agreement with the analytical results. In light of the analysis, the phenomena of axial splitting, exfoliation (or sheet fracture), and rockburst are examined, and it is suggested that they may all be the results of the out‐of‐plane (tensile) extension of pre‐existing cracks, induced by large overall far‐field compressions. This assertion is then supported by a series of experiments which show that the relative frictional sliding of the faces of one or even an array of pre‐existing cracks does not result in coplanar (sliding mode) crack growth, but rather leads to the formation of tension cracks which grow in the direction of maximum compression. Moreover, a pre‐existing crack close to a free boundary grows in a similar manner under compression parallel to the boundary, and shows no tendency to move toward the free surface. Possible lateral buckling which may result, and which may cause further unstable crack extension, is illustrated experimentally, and discussed in an effort to shed light on the phenomena of rockburst and surface spalling.

Mechanics of the rate-dependent elastic–plastic deformation of glassy polymers from low to high strain rates

2005-06-10

A. D. Mulliken , Mary C. Boyce

Mechanics of Brittle Fracture

1982-12-01

Г. П. Черепанов , A. L. Peabody , R. deWit +2 more

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Failure of metals I: Brittle and ductile fracture

2016-01-30

A. Pineau , A.A. Benzerga , Thomas Pardoen

Studies in large plastic flow and fracture

1953-01-01

R. Hill

Fracture of Brittle Solids

1976-05-01

M. Deighton

B R Lawn and T R Wilshaw London: Cambridge University Press 1975 pp ix + 204 price £7.20 (cased), £3.80 (paperback) B R Lawn and T R Wilshaw London: Cambridge University Press 1975 pp ix + 204 price £7.20 (cased), £3.80 (paperback)

An improved computational constitutive model for brittle materials

1994-01-01

Gordon R. Johnson , Tim J. Holmquist

An improved computational constitutive model for brittle materials is presented. It is applicable for brittle materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high pressures, and is well‐suited for … An improved computational constitutive model for brittle materials is presented. It is applicable for brittle materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high pressures, and is well‐suited for computations in both Lagrangian and Eulerian codes. The equivalent strength is dependent on the intact strength, fractured strength, strain rate, pressure, and damage. The pressure includes the effect of bulking, which is introduced through the transfer of internal energy from decreased shear and deviator stresses to potential internal energy associated with increased hydrostatic pressure. Examples are presented to illustrate the model.

THE EQUATION OF STATE OF SOLIDS FROM SHOCK WAVE STUDIES

1970-01-01

R. G. McQueen , S.P. Marsh , John W. Taylor +2 more

Effect of invariance requirements on the elastic strain energy of crystals with application on the diamond structure

1966-01-01

P. N. Keating

High-Velocity Impact Phenomena

1970-01-01

R. Kinslow , A. J. Cable

A Course on Damage Mechanics

1996-01-01

Jean Lemaitre

High velocity impact dynamics

1990-01-01

J.A. Zukas

Introduction to Impact Phenomena (T. Nicholas & R. Recht) Material Failure at High Strain Rates (R. Woodward) Material Characterization at High Strain Rates (T. Nicholas & A. Rajendran) Introduction to … Introduction to Impact Phenomena (T. Nicholas & R. Recht) Material Failure at High Strain Rates (R. Woodward) Material Characterization at High Strain Rates (T. Nicholas & A. Rajendran) Introduction to Penetration Mechanics (J. Zukas) Long-Rod Penetration Mechanics (V. Hohler & A. Stilp) Analytical Models for Kinetic Energy Penetration (J. Zukas & W. Walters) High Velocity Impact Dynamics: Analytical Modeling and Plate Penetration Dynamics (R. Recht) Experimental Methods for Terminal Ballistics and Impact Physics (A. Stilp & V. Hohler) Survey of Computer Codes for Impact Simulation (J. Zukas) Introduction to Energetic Materials (C. Mader) Fundamentals of Shaped Charges (W. Walters) Experimental Methods for Explosive-Metal Interaction Studies (R. Jameson) Numerical Modeling of Impact Involving Energetic Materials (C. Mader) Index.

Shake table tests on nonlinear steel fuses for the acceleration-control of nonstructural components

2025-06-25

Ahmed Elkady , Athanasia K. Kazantzi , Matt Dietz +6 more | Earthquake Spectra

During recent major earthquakes, modern seismically designed buildings have demonstrated a low risk of collapse and life-safety limit states. However, both direct and indirect economic losses are often primarily due … During recent major earthquakes, modern seismically designed buildings have demonstrated a low risk of collapse and life-safety limit states. However, both direct and indirect economic losses are often primarily due to damage to nonstructural components. This damage can be significant even under the more frequent low- or moderate-intensity earthquakes, as corroborated by system-level numerical studies, since it can result in greatly amplified forces and accelerations transmitted into the nonstructural components. Recent numerical research has demonstrated that this can be affordably and practically done by connecting the component to the structure via sacrificial controlled-strength steel fuses, designed to yield at desirable force levels and hence limiting the forces and damage in the nonstructural component. A shake table testing campaign was undertaken at the University of Bristol to experimentally validate this concept. The tests involved 14 specimens comprising different masses and tuned fuse geometries subjected to recorded floor motions, resulting in a total of 45 dynamic tests. The testing campaign, the instrumentation, the processing, and deduction of the response histories are described in detail. The resulting dataset is curated, organized, and made publicly available through an online repository to support further numerical and computational research on damage-free structures.

The Influence of Cold-Forming Residual Stresses on Crashworthiness Efficiency of Thin-Walled Structures

2025-06-24

Michał Rogala , Agnieszka Kochmańska | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

Determination of Fracture Toughness and Resistance Curves by Three Methods on Armoured Steel

2025-06-24

Mirza Manjgo , Srečko Glodež , Gorazd Lojen +1 more | Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing

Parameters of EPFM are used as relevant parameters in structural integrity assessments. In this research, the fracture toughness of armoured steel was determined. The resulting resistance curves and KJIC obtained … Parameters of EPFM are used as relevant parameters in structural integrity assessments. In this research, the fracture toughness of armoured steel was determined. The resulting resistance curves and KJIC obtained according to the ASTM E1820 standard with normalization, compliance and multi-specimen methods were compared. Also, the KIC was verified according to the ASTM E399 standard as the most precise method for obtaining the KIC, which also requires a lot of knowledge. For the experiment, the multi-specimen method was used, which is the most expensive and most accurate method, where the least assumption and crack size is measured on the specimen. A fractographic analysis was also presented, and this heat-treated high-strength steel, which is used for anti-ballistic protection, was fully characterized.

Experimental Study of the Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Nano-Silica on the Impact Resistance of FML Sheets under low velocity Impact

2025-06-23

Masha'an Khalaf Saleh , Mehdi Yarmohammad Tooski , Ahmad Reza Khorshidvand +1 more | Functional Composites and Structures

Abstract Fiber-Metal Laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites that combine the advantages of metals and fiber-reinforced polymers, offering superior fatigue resistance, excellent impact tolerance, and high strength-to-weight ratios. However, to further … Abstract Fiber-Metal Laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites that combine the advantages of metals and fiber-reinforced polymers, offering superior fatigue resistance, excellent impact tolerance, and high strength-to-weight ratios. However, to further improve their impact performance and energy absorption capacity, the reinforcement of the polymer matrix with nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy. This study investigates the influence of carbon nanotubes (0%, 0.3%, and 0.6% wt) and nano-silica (0%, 3%, and 6% wt) on the mechanical behavior of aluminum/glass fiber-based FMLs under free-fall impact loading, using both experimental testing and finite element modeling. Specimens were fabricated by integrating varying weight percentages of CNTs and SiO₂ into the epoxy adhesive matrix. The results demonstrated that adding 0.3 wt% and 0.6 wt% CNTs increased energy absorption at 25 J impact energy to 22 J and 24 J, respectively—representing enhancements of 20% and 31% compared to the baseline sample without nanoparticles. Conversely, 3 wt% nano-silica yielded only modest improvements (5%–6.4%). Notably, the highest performance was achieved with a hybrid reinforcement of 0.3 wt% CNTs and 6 wt% SiO₂, leading to peak contact force improvements of up to 178% at 75 J impact energy. Finite element simulations using ABAQUS closely matched experimental observations, validating the numerical model's accuracy. These findings underscore the significant role of nanoparticle reinforcement in enhancing the impact resistance of FMLs and provide a foundation for the design of advanced, energy-absorbing structural materials.

Response of different cementitious concrete target under ballistic impact loading

2025-06-20

Mohit Bisht , M.A. Iqbal | Advances in Structural Engineering

In the current research, three widely and distinct concrete formulations had been prepared, labeled as standard concrete (SC), high-strength concrete (HSC), and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to evaluate how these concrete … In the current research, three widely and distinct concrete formulations had been prepared, labeled as standard concrete (SC), high-strength concrete (HSC), and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to evaluate how these concrete targets respond to long-rod projectile impact loading, spanning impact velocities from 80 to 200 m/s, through a combination of experimental and numerical analyses. In addition to the impact tests, dynamic material characterization tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the materials. A Finite Element Model (FEM), integrating the calibrated parameters through material characterization tests results, was developed for numerical simulations to replicate the results of the projectile impact experimental tests which also validate the accuracy of the calibrated Holmquist Johnson Cook (HJC) model parameters. Followed by a parametric investigation to explore the significance of different concrete material model parameter on concrete’s resistance against impact loading. This study aimed to gain deeper insights into the ballistic impact failure mechanism and understand the effect of material model parameters that significantly influence the diverse response of concrete targets in terms of ballistic penetration resistance and ballistic surface damage resistance.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Layered Composite Protection Performance for Light Armored Vehicles

2025-06-18

Jindřich Viliš , K. Kosiuczenko , Marek Nowakowski +6 more | Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Abstract This study addresses the critical need for lightweight and effective ballistic protection in military applications, focusing on layered composite systems designed to meet NATO STANAG 4569 Level I standard. … Abstract This study addresses the critical need for lightweight and effective ballistic protection in military applications, focusing on layered composite systems designed to meet NATO STANAG 4569 Level I standard. The layered ballistic protection combines Hardox 450 wear-resistant steel with Twaron CT 747 para-aramid fabric and Endumax Shield XF33 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Three configurations of ballistic protection were evaluated, each differing in steel thickness and areal weight. Configurations 1 and 2, with 6-mm and 4-mm Hardox 450 steel, and areal weights of 84.3 kg/m 2 and 68.6 kg/m 2 , respectively, successfully resisted 7.62-mm NATO FMJ M80 projectile impacts while maintaining structural integrity. Configuration 3, comprising 2-mm Hardox 450 steel (52.9 kg/m 2 ), was not penetrated by the projectile but detached from the frame due to localized impact near the edge. Microscopic analysis identified delamination and cracking of the reinforcing fibers and matrix as dominant failure mechanisms. Combining experimental testing with numerical simulations confirms that these layered protection systems offer high ballistic resistance while maintaining low weight, offering significant advancements in the design of military vehicle protection systems.

Impact initiation of a semi-confined high explosive target by hypervelocity debris

2025-06-18

Filip K. A. Gökstorp , Olof Andersson , Urban Widing +1 more | International Journal of Impact Engineering

Elasto–Viscoplastic Constitutive Formulation with Temperature-Dependence for General loading Process Including Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Processes: Extended Subloading-Overstress Model

2025-06-18

Koichi Hashiguchi , Yuki Yamakawa , Masami Ueno | Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering

Study on the impact resistance of reinforced concrete protective structures for energy facilities subjected to tube-type missile impacts

2025-06-17

Delei Zou , Yanfeng Liu , Zhenchao Teng | Structures

Generalized Failure Criteria for Computational Modeling of Dynamic Failure

2025-06-16

Elena Sitnikova | Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Internal energy density homogenization-driven crashworthiness design framework for VRB/OW-GFRP hybrid hat-shaped beam under transverse impacting

2025-06-16

Wenjing Zhao , Libin Duan , Wei Xu +4 more | International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design

Shock induced damage and fracture in single crystal rhenium at different crystal orientations

2025-06-16

Mingdong Hu , Chao Xu , Zhe Lang +6 more | Journal of Applied Physics

Rhenium (Re) is usually used in extreme operating conditions such as high speed impact due to its superior mechanical and physical properties. Spallation is a typical dynamic tensile rupture phenomenon. … Rhenium (Re) is usually used in extreme operating conditions such as high speed impact due to its superior mechanical and physical properties. Spallation is a typical dynamic tensile rupture phenomenon. However, the shock reaction mechanism and law of Re have not been fully established. In this research, large-scale molecular dynamics simulation was applied to investigate the shock-induced damage and fracture of single-crystal Re in different crystal orientations under loading speeds ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 km/s. Our study reveals that the response is highly anisotropic under different load orientations. It has been discovered that the material heats up during wave propagation at a higher loading velocity, decreasing the spall strength. Additionally, [2-1-10] has the lowest spall threshold strength and [0001] has the best resistance to spall. The process of nucleation, growth, and coalescence of the voids can be observed by focusing on the examination of the shock-induced response of the [0001] crystal orientation. We also found that a large spall region results from higher shock intensity and temperature, which also cause a change in fracture morphology from classical spallation to micro-spallation with less anisotropy caused by atomic arrangement. The findings of this study add to a better knowledge of the mechanism and attributes of shock-induced damage on single-crystal Re under ultrahigh strain rate loading.

Research Introduction: A study on Measurement Method for Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Materials Under Supersonic Impact

2025-06-15

Chong Gao | Journal of the Society of Materials Science Japan

Evaluation of Occurrence and Development of Crazing in Plastic Materials based on Fractal Dimension

2025-06-15

Ryo Yoshinaka , Tetsusei KURASHIKI , Kazutaka MUKOYAMA +4 more | Journal of the Society of Materials Science Japan

Research on the damage effects of buried explosions concerning the crater size and peak wave

2025-06-14

Libin Wang , Zhun Bai , Bingwen Qian +3 more | International Journal of Impact Engineering

Increasing the performance of the bullet core by changing the geometry. an experimental and numerical study

2025-06-13

Ender Çelik , Ali Koç | Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology

Penetration characteristics of deformable penetrators on steel plates

2025-06-13

Pyounghwa Kim , Junhyuk Jang , J. Park +3 more | International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics

Advanced Modeling of Creep Behavior under High Temperatures: Interplay of Strain Hardening, Damage, and Tensile Boundary Stress

2025-06-13

Wufan Chen , Meng Li , He Xu +1 more | Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology

Abstract This paper proposes a comprehensive creep constitutive model that considers the strain hardening effect during the initial creep stage, the damage accumulation characteristics throughout the creep period, and the … Abstract This paper proposes a comprehensive creep constitutive model that considers the strain hardening effect during the initial creep stage, the damage accumulation characteristics throughout the creep period, and the boundary stress of tensile creep. Based on the concept of creep activation energy, the model incorporates the influence of temperature on creep deformation and employs a set of parameters to consistently describe creep behavior under different temperatures. The proposed model effectively captures the “U”-shaped creep strain rate curve throughout the entire creep period, which differs from the traditional theory that assumes a long-term steady-state creep stage. Additionally, it can describe the power-law breakdown phenomenon of creep strain rate and derive a creep life prediction formula based on the integration of damage parameters. Comparisons with experimental data from P92 and T92 alloys demonstrate that the model maintains high predictive accuracy across the overall range, with only some deviations in creep strain rate and creep life predictions under low-stress conditions. These results confirm the model's validity and highlight its potential for engineering applications.

Numerical study of the influence of interfaces between explosives and steel plates

2025-06-13

Jun Liu , Zhiyuan Sun , Jian-Wei Yin +1 more | Shock Waves

Ballistic trajectory of the rigid projectile by oblique penetration into multilayer reinforced concrete target

2025-06-13

Lei Guo , Hongyin Gao , Qingshuo Wang +4 more | International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics

A mesh-compatible material point finite element (MCMPFE) model for high-velocity impact and penetration

2025-06-12

Puchu Xie , Li Chen , Boyu Chen +2 more | Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements

Commissioning of universal Split Hopkinson Bar for dynamic compression and tension experiments

2025-06-12

Lukáš Kocian , Jan Falta , Nela Krčmářová +2 more | Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings

Split Hopkinson Bar is an experimental apparatus designed for acquiring material properties in dynamic regime. The apparatus is usually constructed as a single purpose experimental device for specific type of … Split Hopkinson Bar is an experimental apparatus designed for acquiring material properties in dynamic regime. The apparatus is usually constructed as a single purpose experimental device for specific type of loading, most commonly either compression (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar) or tension (Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar). In this paper, a simple and highly modular design capable of testing for multiple types of loading is introduced, which can be a great advantage to obtain material properties under different loading conditions. The device was successfully assembled, including its electrical installation and implementation of a pneumatic launching system and was fitted with multiple sensors. Series of calibration procedures was conducted successfuly to analyze correct behaviour of the system. After calibration, the apparatus was subjected to multiple pilot tests with samples manufactured using 3D printing. The results were compared to those obtained using the quasi-static method.

Shell-Stripping Mechanism of Red Sandstone Under Hypervelocity Impact with Aluminum Spheres

2025-06-12

Yizhe Liu , Quanyu Jiang , Zishang Liu +5 more | Aerospace

To investigate the size effect on fragmentation phenomena during hypervelocity impact, scaled experiments were conducted using a 30 mm smooth-bore ballistic range (DBR30) driven by a detonation-driven two-stage launching system. … To investigate the size effect on fragmentation phenomena during hypervelocity impact, scaled experiments were conducted using a 30 mm smooth-bore ballistic range (DBR30) driven by a detonation-driven two-stage launching system. Unique stripping of sandstone target was observed, revealing that free-surface unloading waves govern peak pressure attenuation and fragmentation patterns. By establishing a shock wave attenuation model, the typical failure characteristics of different regions were distinguished, including jetting, crushing, and cracking. Parameter λ was defined to distinguish two forms of destruction, Class I (stripping-dominated) and Class II (cratering-dominated). Given the significant difference between the compressive and tensile strength of sandstone, the influence of the size effect on its failure characteristics was notable. This research also provides a valuable reference for understanding the evolution and formation mechanisms of binary asteroids.

Shooting Frame by Frame

2025-06-12

Tom Gasek | CRC Press eBooks

Fracture toughness of LiH ceramics under quasi-static loading at elevated temperatures

2025-06-01

Shangming Chen , Yifan Shi , Wangzi Zhang +4 more | Journal of Nuclear Materials

Fracture morphologies and failure mechanism of TC4 alloy blades of aeroengine damaged by soft/hard object impact

2025-06-01

Haoze Gao , Yi Ren , Yin Chen +3 more | Journal of Physics Conference Series

Abstract In this paper, the differences in macroscopic and microscopic fracture morphology of TC4 alloy blades damaged by soft/hard object impact were quantitatively studied. The results show that the crack … Abstract In this paper, the differences in macroscopic and microscopic fracture morphology of TC4 alloy blades damaged by soft/hard object impact were quantitatively studied. The results show that the crack length formed by a hard object impact is 2.83 mm, which is much smaller than that of a soft object impact. Meanwhile, a secondary crack perpendicular to the main crack tip is also formed by hard object impact. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) fracture morphology images of the cracks induced by hard object impact are mainly characterized by a large number of ductile dimples and a small amount of smooth areas. Instead, the fracture surface formed by soft object impact also exhibits fracture morphology characteristics of shear dimples and tear ridges. The quantitative characterization results of the dimple morphologies indicate that there is no significant difference in the mean diameter of dimples in different regions of cracks formed by hard object impact, while dimples formed by soft object impact exhibit inverse function distribution characteristics. The crack path is induced by hard object impact, which forms a crack bifurcation at the crack tip, causing a pronounced brittle fracture. In contrast, the crack propagation path resulting from soft object impact exhibits deflection at a shallower angle, leading to quasi-cleavage fracture.