Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes

Building materials and conservation

Works Count: 36756

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Description

This cluster of papers explores the role of fungi and microorganisms in the biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, and metals, with a focus on their impact on cultural heritage conservation. It covers topics such as biodeterioration, bioremediation, microbial diversity, salt crystallization, lime mortars, fungal colonization, and the weathering of rock materials.

Keywords

Geomycology; Biodeterioration; Bioremediation; Cultural Heritage; Rock Weathering; Microbial Diversity; Salt Crystallization; Lime Mortars; Fungal Colonization; Conservation

Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals

1995-12-31

Art F. White , Susan L. Brantley

The Ecology of Building Materials

2009-06-04

Bjørn Berge

Part 1 Eddies and water-level markers: technology and work material resources energy resources pollution economy and efficiency chemical and physical characteristics of building materials. Part 2 The flower, the iron … Part 1 Eddies and water-level markers: technology and work material resources energy resources pollution economy and efficiency chemical and physical characteristics of building materials. Part 2 The flower, the iron and the sea: water and air minerals - natural stone and loose mass minerals - natural stone, mixed loose mass fossil oils vegetable raw materials animal substances industrial bi-products. Part 3 The sea-iron flower: construction materials climatic materials surface materials other components compounds impregnation, or how to avoid it the first steps. Notes to an epilogue.

Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism

1963-12-01

Harris J. Sobin , Victor Olgyay

Part 1: Climatic approach. General introduction. The bioclimatic approach. Regional evaluation. Climatic elements. Part 2: Interpretation in architectural principles. Interpretation in architectural principles. Site selection. Sol-air orientation. Solar control. Environment … Part 1: Climatic approach. General introduction. The bioclimatic approach. Regional evaluation. Climatic elements. Part 2: Interpretation in architectural principles. Interpretation in architectural principles. Site selection. Sol-air orientation. Solar control. Environment and building forms. Wind effects and air flow patterns. Thermal effects of materials. Part 3: Application. Heliothermic planning. Examples in four regions.

Chapter 5 Microbial Deterioration of Stone Monuments—An Updated Overview

2009-01-01

Stefanie Scheerer , Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales , Christine C. Gaylarde

Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Composites

1995-03-21

J. E. Mark , C. Y-C Lee , Patricia A. Bianconi

This overview chapter first reviews the sol-gel process as it is being used by ceramists, and then describes how it is being modified by the incorporation of organic materials. Six … This overview chapter first reviews the sol-gel process as it is being used by ceramists, and then describes how it is being modified by the incorporation of organic materials. Six general topics involving the organic-inorganic composites resulting from these new approaches are then illustrated using examples chosen from the chapters of the present book.

Life on the rocks

2007-05-17

Anna A. Gorbushina

Summary Biofilms are interface micro‐habitats formed by microbes that differ markedly from those of the ambient environment. The term ‘subaerial biofilm’ (SAB) was coined for microbial communities that develop on … Summary Biofilms are interface micro‐habitats formed by microbes that differ markedly from those of the ambient environment. The term ‘subaerial biofilm’ (SAB) was coined for microbial communities that develop on solid mineral surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. Subaerial biofilms are ubiquitous, self‐sufficient, miniature microbial ecosystems that are found on buildings, bare rocks in deserts, mountains, and at all latitudes where direct contact with the atmosphere and solar radiation occurs. Subaerial biofilms on exposed terrestrial surfaces are characterized by patchy growth that is dominated by associations of fungi, algae, cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. Inherent subaerial settlers include specialized actinobacteria (e.g. Geodermatophilus ), cyanobacteria and microcolonial fungi. Individuals within SAB communities avoid sexual reproduction, but cooperate extensively with one another especially to avoid loss of energy and nutrients. Subaerial biofilm metabolic activity centres on retention of water, protecting the cells from fluctuating environmental conditions and solar radiation as well as prolonging their vegetative life. Atmospheric aerosols, gases and propagatory particles serve as sources of nutrients and inoculum for these open communities. Subaerial biofilms induce chemical and physical changes to rock materials, and they penetrate the mineral substrate contributing to rock and mineral decay, which manifests itself as bio‐weathering of rock surfaces. Given their characteristic slow and sensitive growth, SAB may also serve as bioindicators of atmospheric and/or climate change.

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Crystallization of sodium sulfate phases in porous materials: The phase diagram Na2SO4–H2O and the generation of stress

2008-06-13

Michael Steiger , Sönke Asmussen

Microbial deterioration of cultural heritage and works of art — tilting at windmills?

2013-10-07

Katja Sterflinger , Guadalupe Piñar

Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea and fungi), in addition to lichens and insect pests, cause problems in the conservation of cultural heritage because of their biodeteriorative potential. This holds true for all … Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea and fungi), in addition to lichens and insect pests, cause problems in the conservation of cultural heritage because of their biodeteriorative potential. This holds true for all types of historic artefacts, and even for art made of modern materials, in public buildings, museums and private art collections. The variety of biodeterioration phenomena observed on materials of cultural heritage is determined by several factors, such as the chemical composition and nature of the material itself, the climate and exposure of the object, in addition to the manner and frequency of surface cleaning and housekeeping in museums. This study offers a review of a variety of well-known biodeterioration phenomena observed on different materials, such as stone and building materials, objects exhibited in museums and libraries, as well as human remains and burial-related materials. The decontamination of infected artefacts, exhibition rooms and depots incurs high expenditure for museums. Nevertheless, the question has to be raised: whether the process of biodeterioration of cultural heritage can or should be stopped under all circumstances, or whether we have to accept it as a natural and an implicit consecution of its creation. This study also highlights critically the pros and cons of biocide treatments and gives some prominent examples of successful and unsuccessful conservation treatments. Furthermore, an outlook on the future research needs and developments in this highly interesting field is given.

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Masonry repair lime-based mortars: factors affecting the mechanical behavior

2003-08-12

J. Lanas , J.I. Álvarez

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Stress from crystallization of salt

2004-02-21

George W. Scherer

Influence of firing conditions on ceramic products: Experimental study on clay rich in organic matter

2005-10-18

Lara Maritan , Luca Nodari , Claudio Mazzoli +2 more

Overcoming the brittleness of glass through bio-inspiration and micro-architecture

2014-01-28

Mohammad Mirkhalaf , Ahmad Khayer Dastjerdi , François Barthelat

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The structure and stoichiometry of C-S-H

2004-06-22

André Nonat

Building Units Design and Scale Chemistry

2000-06-01

Gérard Férey

Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated

2002-07-01

Robert J. Flatt

Studies on silica obtained from rice husk

2001-01-01

Nesibe Yalçın , Vahdettin Sevínç

The preparation of silicate compositions by a gelling method

1968-06-01

D. L. Hamilton , C. M. B. Henderson

Summary A method for the preparation of chemically homogeneous powders by a weighing and gelling technique is described in detail. Stress is placed on the importance of the weight yield … Summary A method for the preparation of chemically homogeneous powders by a weighing and gelling technique is described in detail. Stress is placed on the importance of the weight yield as an indication of the bulk chemical composition and on the chemical analysis of several portions to test the homogeneity. A list of recommended chemicals is included in an appendix.

How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials

2000-10-01

Carlos Rodríguez‐Navarro , Eric Doehne , Eduardo Sebastián

Caractérisation des surfaces par réflexion rasante de rayons X. Application à l'étude du polissage de quelques verres silicates

1980-01-01

L. Névot , Paul Jerome Croce

La theorie presentee permet d'obtenir une formulation explicite de l'influence des rugosites ainsi que des variations locales de constante dielectrique n2 (dues par exemple a une modification de composition ou … La theorie presentee permet d'obtenir une formulation explicite de l'influence des rugosites ainsi que des variations locales de constante dielectrique n2 (dues par exemple a une modification de composition ou de compacite) sur la reflexion rasante d'un faisceau de rayons X monochromatique, dans la mesure ou les rugosites relevent d'une distribution gaussienne et a condition que n2 ne depende que de la profondeur Z par rapport au plan moyen de la surface eclairee. L'analyse des verres silicates polis mecaniquement sur polissoir en poix, a l'aide de suspensions aqueuses d'oxydes divers, revele que la couche de polissage se compose en realite de deux zones bien distinctes. La premiere, tout a fait superficielle, l'epaisseur ne depassant pas quelques dizaines d'angstroms, presente une densite toujours inferieure a celle du coeur de l'echantillon et semble imputable au fluage plastique et a l'hydrolyse de la surface pendant le polissage. La seconde, sous-jacente, s'etend au contraire sur plusieurs centaines d'angstroms et met en jeu un processus soit de densification (silice pure, alumino-silicate) soit de lacunisation (verres a assez forte teneur en ions alcalins). Nous examinons egalement l'influence de la duree du polissage, du type d'oxyde utilise, et (ou) des traitements thermiques effectues apres polissage, sur les divers parametres qui caracterisent ces couches.

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Biodeterioration of stone: a review

2000-12-01

Th. Warscheid , J. Braams

Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Materials: An Overview

2000-01-01

A. Elena Charola

The present overview on salt-induced deterioration of inorganic porous materials focuses on those topics considered the most relevant for understanding this phenomenon. These are movement of both water/moisture and salts … The present overview on salt-induced deterioration of inorganic porous materials focuses on those topics considered the most relevant for understanding this phenomenon. These are movement of both water/moisture and salts within the pore system; influence of the presence of salts in moisture absorption; effect of the simultaneous presence of more than one salt; salt distribution in masonry; deterioration mechanisms; and weathering patterns. Of the latter, the most ubiquitous are powdering and scaling, and they have been found to occur on most stone types. However, the mechanism that induces the same outward appearance on different stones can vary significantly depending on the synergism that develops among porous material, salt, and moisture.

The mechanism of reequilibration of solids in the presence of a fluid phase

2007-03-29

Andrew Putnis , Christine V. Putnis

Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern

1999-03-01

Carlos Rodríguez‐Navarro , Eric Doehne

Micro- and macroscale experiments which document the dynamics of salt damage to porous stone have yielded data which expose weaknesses in earlier interpretations. Previously unexplained differences are found in crystal … Micro- and macroscale experiments which document the dynamics of salt damage to porous stone have yielded data which expose weaknesses in earlier interpretations. Previously unexplained differences are found in crystal morphology, crystallization patterns, kinetics and substrate damage when comparing the growth of mirabilite (Na2SO4. 10H2O) and thenardite (Na2SO4) versus halite (NaCl). The crystallization pattern of sodium sulphate was strongly affected by relative humidity (RH), while a lesser RH effect was observed for sodium chloride. Macroscale experiments confirmed that mirabilite (crystallizing at RH > 50 per cent) and thenardite (crystallizing at RH < 50 per cent) tend to form subflorescence in highly localized areas under conditions of constant RH and temperature. This crystallization pattern was more damaging than that of halite, since halite tended to grow as efflorescence or by filling the smallest pores of the stone in a homogeneous fashion, a result which contradicts Wellman and Wilson's theoretical model of salt damage. Low RH promoted rapid evaporation of saline solutions and higher supersaturation levels, resulting in the greatest damage to the stone in the case of both sodium sulphate and sodium chloride crystallization. At any particular crystallization condition, sodium chloride tended to reach lower supersaturation levels (resulting in the crystallization of isometric crystals) and created negligible damage, while sodium sulphate reached higher supersaturation ratios (resulting in non-equilibrium crystal shapes), resulting in significant damage. ESEM showed no damage from sodium sulphate due to hydration. Instead, after water condensation on thenardite crystals, rapid dissolution followed by precipitation of mirabilite took place, resulting in stone damage by means of crystallization pressure generation. It is concluded that salt damage due to crystallization pressure appears to be largely a function of solution supersaturation ratio and location of crystallization. These key factors are related to solution properties and evaporation rates, which are constrained by solution composition, environmental conditions, substrate properties, and salt crystallization growth patterns. When combined with a critical review of salt damage literature, these experiments allow the development of a model which explains variations in damage related to combinations of different salts, substrates and environmental conditions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Synthetic and natural muscovites

1955-12-01

H. S. Yoder , Hans P. Eugster

The use of environmental scanning electron microscopy for imaging wet and insulating materials

2003-08-01

Athene M. Donald

Biomorphic Cellular Silicon Carbide Ceramics from Wood: I. Processing and Microstructure

1998-12-01

Peter Greil , Thomas Lifka , A. Kaindl

Carbonation of C–S–H and C–A–S–H samples studied by 13 C, 27 Al and 29 Si MAS NMR spectroscopy

2015-02-06

Tine F. Sevelsted , Jørgen Skibsted

Fungi: Their role in deterioration of cultural heritage

2010-02-01

Katja Sterflinger

Oxalate production by fungi: significance in geomycology, biodeterioration and bioremediation

2014-08-02

Geoffrey Michael Gadd , Jaleh Bahri-Esfahani , Qianwei Li +4 more

Investigation of the technology of historic mortars

2000-01-01

Αντωνία Μοροπούλου , Asterios Bakolas , K. Bisbikou

Hydrolysis and condensation of silicates: Effects on structure

1988-03-01

C. Jeffrey Brinker

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Fungal involvement in bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals

2003-12-01

Euan P. Burford , Marina Fomina , Geoffrey Michael Gadd

Abstract In the Earth’s lithosphere, fungi are of fundamental importance as decomposer organisms, animal and plant pathogens and symbionts (e.g. lichens and mycorrhizas), being ubiquitous in sub-aerial and subsoil environments. … Abstract In the Earth’s lithosphere, fungi are of fundamental importance as decomposer organisms, animal and plant pathogens and symbionts (e.g. lichens and mycorrhizas), being ubiquitous in sub-aerial and subsoil environments. The ability of fungi to interact with minerals, metals, metalloids and organic compounds through biomechanical and biochemical processes, makes them ideally suited as biological weathering agents of rock and building stone. They also play a fundamental role in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, (e.g. C, N, P and S) and metals (e.g. Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and Ni) essential for the growth of living organisms in the biosphere. In addition they play an integral role in the mobilization and immobilization of non-essential metals (e.g. Cs, Al, Cd, Hg and Pb). Most studies on mineral-microbe interactions and microbial involvement in geological processes have concentrated on bacteria and archaea (Prokaryota): fungi (Eukaryota) have, to a certain extent, been neglected. This article addresses the role of fungi in geomicrobiological processes, emphasizing their deteriorative potential on rock, building stone and mineral surfaces and involvement in the formation of secondary mycogenic minerals. Such roles of fungi are also of importance for the global carbon reservoir and have potential biotechnological applications, e.g. in the bioremediation of xenobiotic-, metal- and/or radionuclide-contaminated soils and wastes, and metal/radionuclide recovery.

Calcite Fabrics, Growth Mechanisms, and Environments of Formation in Speleothems from the Italian Alps and Southwestern Ireland

2000-09-01

Silvia Frisia , Andrea Borsato , Ian J. Fairchild +1 more

Five fabrics were identified in Alpine and Irish caves on the basis of morphological and microstructural characteristics, and re- lated to growth mechanisms and growth environment. Columnar and fibrous fabrics … Five fabrics were identified in Alpine and Irish caves on the basis of morphological and microstructural characteristics, and re- lated to growth mechanisms and growth environment. Columnar and fibrous fabrics grow when speleothems are continuously wet, and from fluids at near-equilibrium conditions (low supersaturation; SIcc , 0.35), through the screw dislocation mechanism. The highly defective microcrystalline fabrics form at the same supersaturation range as co- lumnar fabric but under variable discharge and the presence of growth inhibitors. Dendritic fabrics, which have the highest density of crystal defects, develop in disequilibrium conditions (high supersaturation) un- der periodic very low-flow-regime periods that result in prolonged out- gassing. Cave calcareous tufa forms in disequilibrium conditions. Only the calcite crystals of fabrics formed at low supersaturation seem to precipitate near-isotopic-equilibrium conditions.

Fungi as Geologic Agents

2000-04-01

Katja Sterflinger

Although many studies on fungi and geological processes have been published in recent years, books and congress proceedings on geomicrobiology focus mainly on prokaryotes and algae. Therefore, it is the … Although many studies on fungi and geological processes have been published in recent years, books and congress proceedings on geomicrobiology focus mainly on prokaryotes and algae. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to summarize data on the fungal impact on geological processes. These processes include the alteration and weathering of rock and minerals, the accumulation of metals, and the conversion of fossil organic carbon. Fossil records and fungi in subsurface environments are also discussed. This article especially emphasizes the role of epi- and endolithic black meristematic fungi, discussing their deteriorative potential on rock as well as their taxonomy and phylogeny. Moreover, the impact of fungi on weathering of monuments and building materials is described and new methods to study fungi-material interactions are presented. The data summarized here show that "geomycology" is a highly interesting discipline in view of basic geological research, as well as biotechnological application.

Influence of microfractures and porosity on the physico-mechanical properties and weathering of ornamental granites

2004-11-12

Luís Sousa , Luis Miguel Suárez del Río , L. Calleja +2 more

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Classification of bacteria isolated from a medieval wall painting

1996-06-01

Petra Altenburgera , Peter Kämpferb , Athanasios Makristathisc +2 more

Microscopy of historic mortars—a review

2006-01-20

Jan Elsen

Applications of bacterial carbonatogenesis to the protection and regeneration of limestones in buildings and historic patrimony

1999-07-01

Gaële Le Métayer-Levrel , Sabine Castanier , Geneviève Orial +2 more

Geomicrobiology of Caves: A Review

2001-07-01

Kathleen H. Lavoie Diana E. Northup

Abstract In this article, we provide a review of geomicrobiological interactions in caves, which are nutrient-limited environments containing a variety of redox interfaces. Interactions of cave microorganisms and mineral environments … Abstract In this article, we provide a review of geomicrobiological interactions in caves, which are nutrient-limited environments containing a variety of redox interfaces. Interactions of cave microorganisms and mineral environments lead to the dissolution of, or precipitation on, host rock and speleothems (secondary mineral formations). Metabolic processes of sulfur-, iron-, and manganese-oxidizing bacteria can generate considerable acidity, dissolving cave walls and formations. Examples of possible microbially influenced corrosion include corrosion residues (e.g., Lechuguilla and Spider caves, New Mexico, USA), moonmilk from a number of caves (e.g., Spider Cave, New Mexico, and caves in the Italian Alps), and sulfuric acid speleogenesis and cave enlargement (e.g., Movile Cave, Romania, and Cueva de Villa Luz, Mexico). Precipitation processes in caves, as in surface environments, occur through active or passive processes. In caves, microbially induced mineralization is documented in the formation of carbonates, moonmilk, silicates, clays, iron and manganese oxides, sulfur, and saltpeter at scales ranging from the microscopic to landscape biokarst. Suggestions for future research are given to encourage a move from descriptive, qualitative studies to more experimental studies. Keywords: Biomineralization Caves Iron And Manganese Oxides Microorganisms Moonmilk Saltpeter Sulfur

Influence of mineralogy and firing temperature on the porosity of bricks

2003-09-03

Giuseppe Cultrone , Eduardo Sebastián , Kerstin Elert +3 more

Mineral replacement reactions: from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms

2002-09-24

Andrew Putnis

Abstract Mineral replacement reactions take place primarily by dissolution-reprecipitation processes. Processes such as cation exchange, chemical weathering, deuteric alteration, leaching, pseudomorphism, metasomatism, diagenesis and metamorphism are all linked by common … Abstract Mineral replacement reactions take place primarily by dissolution-reprecipitation processes. Processes such as cation exchange, chemical weathering, deuteric alteration, leaching, pseudomorphism, metasomatism, diagenesis and metamorphism are all linked by common features in which one mineral or mineral assemblage is replaced by a more stable assemblage. The aim of this paper is to review some of these aspects of mineral replacement and to demonstrate the textural features they have in common, in order to emphasize the similarities in the underlying microscopic mechanisms. The role of volume change and evolution of porosity is explored both from natural microtextures and new experiments on model replacement reactions in simple salts. It is shown that the development of porosity is often a consequence of mineral replacement processes, irrespective of the relative molar volumes of parent and product solid phases. The key issue is the relative solubility of the phases in the fluid phase. Concepts such as coupled dissolution-precipitation, and autocatalysis are important in understanding these processes. Some consequences of porosity generation for metamorphic fluid flow as well as subsequent crystal growth are also discussed.

Some Aspects of Recrystallization in Ancient Limestones<xref ref-type="fn" rid="ch03fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref>

1965-01-01

Robert L. Folk

In its broadest sense, diagenesis encompasses those natural changes which occur in sediments or sedimentary rocks between the time of initial deposition and the time — if ever — when … In its broadest sense, diagenesis encompasses those natural changes which occur in sediments or sedimentary rocks between the time of initial deposition and the time — if ever — when the changes created by elevated temperature, or pressure, or by other conditions can be considered to have crossed the threshold into the realm of metamorphism. Deciphering the nature of diagenetic processes, and the time or times when they took place, is of critical importance for adequate geological interpretation. Papers in this volume were presented at a symposium on the diagenesis of carbonate rocks held in Toronto, Canada on May 20, 1964 at the joint meeting of AAPG and SEPM.

Silica

1994-12-31

Molecules as models for bonding in silicates

1982-06-01

G. V. Gibbs

Serpentine textures and serpentinization

1977-11-01

F. J. Wicks , E. J. W. Whittaker

The stone skeleton

1966-04-01

Jacques Heyman

The Physics of SiO2 and its Interfaces

1978-01-01

The Biology of HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

2020-08-07

Russell H. Vreeland , Lawrence I. Hochstein

Introduction to Saline Environments (Francisco Rodriguez-Valera). Ecology of Extremely Halophilic Microorganisms (Aharon Oren). Ecology of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria (Arturo Ramos-Cormenzana). Growth and Nutrition of Halophilic Bacteria (Donn J. Kushner). Taxonomy … Introduction to Saline Environments (Francisco Rodriguez-Valera). Ecology of Extremely Halophilic Microorganisms (Aharon Oren). Ecology of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria (Arturo Ramos-Cormenzana). Growth and Nutrition of Halophilic Bacteria (Donn J. Kushner). Taxonomy of Halophilic Bacteria (Russell H. Vreeland). Lipids of Extreme Halophiles (Masahiro Kamekura). Lipids of Halophilic and Halotolerant Microorganisms (Nick J. Russell). Osmotic Adaptation in Halophilic and Halotolerant Microorganisms (Johannes F. Imhoff). The Molecular Biology of Halophilic Archaebacteria (Patrick P. Dennis). Bioenergetics and Transport in Extreme Halophiles (Janos K. Lanyi). Index.

Assessing salt mixture-induced degradation in masonry facades using hygrothermal simulations

2025-06-25

Kaat Janssens , Sebastiaan Godts , Scott Allan Orr +2 more | Journal of Building Physics

Salt-induced deterioration is of significant concern when assessing the degradation risk of masonry facades. Despite extensive knowledge about salt behaviour mechanics, risk assessment of the occurrence of potential damaging cycling … Salt-induced deterioration is of significant concern when assessing the degradation risk of masonry facades. Despite extensive knowledge about salt behaviour mechanics, risk assessment of the occurrence of potential damaging cycling remains challenging. Previous studies mainly evaluate single salts, though masonry walls typically contain a mixture of different salt types. Salt damage arises as a consequence of repeated crystallisation-dissolution cycles, which exert pressure on the pore surface of porous building materials. Relative humidity is a major driving factor for the frequency and intensity of these cycles. An extensive study analysed over 11,000 drill samples collected across Belgium identified four typical salt mixtures in heritage structures, categorised as five- and six-ion systems: two with an excess of sulphate (T1v and T1vi) and two with an excess of calcium (T2v and T2vi), with respect to gypsum crystallisation. This paper combines the research on the thermodynamic behaviour and kinetic variables of these salt mixtures with hygrothermal simulations. For the first time, the dynamic risk assessment is conducted using range-based indicators and salt mixtures, rather than single salts with a single threshold criterion offering more realistic insights into the interaction between climate change, interior insulation, salt damage and the hygrothermal properties of masonry constructions.

Geological and Geomorphological Context and Characterization of Constructive Materials from the Iberian–Roman Archaeological Site at La Vispesa (NE Spain)

2025-06-25

Jose Luís Peña‐Monné , María Marta Sampietro‐Vattuone , Elena Maestro-Zaldívar +1 more | Heritage

La Vispesa is an archaeological settlement occupied from the First Iron Age to the Imperial Roman Period. The objectives of this study were to (i) perform a geomorphological characterization of … La Vispesa is an archaeological settlement occupied from the First Iron Age to the Imperial Roman Period. The objectives of this study were to (i) perform a geomorphological characterization of the site; (ii) place it in its regional context; (iii) obtain values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) to characterize the construction materials; (iv) assess the chronological data obtained; (v) establish the origin of the sandstones used; and (vi) assess the application of these techniques at archaeological sites. UCS estimations were produced for the preserved walls using a Schmidt hammer, and two groups of samples were identified. In these samples, stones from the Iberian Epoch walls were considerably weathered, while the Roman ashlars were well preserved as they were built from better-quality material that produced high UCS values. In addition, measurements of various sandstone outcrops probably used as quarries were made to compare values. Only one sandstone outcrop had estimations that could relate to the provision of raw material for the Roman period, while other estimations are compatible with Iberian walls. The application of this methodology proves to be highly beneficial for the analysis and comprehension of ancient constructions.

Molecular Imaging of Microbially Induced Corrosion of Synthetic Archeological Glasses by a Rhizosphere Bacterium

2025-06-24

Gabriel D. Parker , Andrew E. Plymale , Anton V. Ievlev +4 more | Analytical Chemistry

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) focuses on the degradation of solid materials, such as glass or metal. Soil microbes are often associated with the corrosion of foreign objects in the rhizosphere. … Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) focuses on the degradation of solid materials, such as glass or metal. Soil microbes are often associated with the corrosion of foreign objects in the rhizosphere. Paenibacillus polymyxa SCE2, a facultative anaerobic bacterium in soil, is of the same genus as bacteria found near nuclear waste disposal sites. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used for imaging surface changes induced by P. polymyxa SCE2 cultured on two synthetic glass coupons to represent natural analogs of materials that were studied in relation to the vitrification of nuclear waste. Multimodal imaging was used to verify bacterial coverage across the glass surface after long-term growth. ToF-SIMS spectral analysis showed detection of glass component ions, such as silicon oxide (m/z- 59.96 SiO2-) and aluminum oxide (m/z- 101.95 Al2O3-), and biofilm's extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components, such as pentadecanoic acid (m/z- 241.22 C15H29O2-) and sterol lipids (m/z- 311.16 C20H23O3-). ToF-SIMS spectral, imaging, and depth profiling analyses showed that the glass rich in silica and other light elements ("granite glass") had more "corrosion related" peaks than the glass that was less silica-rich and contained more iron ("dike glass"). These surface and interface compositional and spatial differences observed in the mass spectra and imaging were attributed to bacterial metabolism and an electron transfer mechanism influenced by morphological and compositional differences between the two types of glasses. ToF-SIMS is effective in studying microbial effects, bringing new molecular insights into MIC in a broader context of materials degradation.

Development and characterisation of ultra low-carbon AR-glass textile reinforced concrete composites

2025-06-24

Mohammad Alma’aitah , Bahman Ghiassi , Fragkoulis Kanavaris +1 more | Construction and Building Materials

Bacillus mycoides Protects Archeological Artifacts from Fungal Invasion: A Possible Mechanism as Observed in Ancient Remains of Lal Masjid at Khasbalanda, Haroa, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

2025-06-24

Debasmita Chatterjee , Dipak Kumar Bara Panda , G.K. Dey +2 more | South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology

Lal Masjid is located in Haroa area of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India in the territory of the ancient port city of Chandraketugarh, flourished long ago in between 600 … Lal Masjid is located in Haroa area of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India in the territory of the ancient port city of Chandraketugarh, flourished long ago in between 600 BCE to 1250 CE, perhaps representing the Gangaridai of Greaco-Roman accounts. Originally it was a Buddhist Stupa, which was later, converted into a Masjid, popularly known as Lal Masjid. The ruins are neither protected nor under routine surveillance; however, it’s fungal invasion lacking. This initiates our quest to find out any persisting antifungal activity amongst the ruins. The surface materials of the artifacts in the ruins were collected with the help of sterile swabs on a bright sunny day. The swab culture revealed the presence of a rhizoid bacterium with creamy white colour opaque colony and further investigations with 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed the bacterium to be Bacillus mycoides strain S77.3 having anti-fungal property as reported earlier.

Architectural Heritage Conservation and Green Restoration with Hydroxyapatite Sustainable Eco-Materials

2025-06-24

Alina Moșiu , Rodica‐Mariana Ion , Iasmina Onescu +5 more | Sustainability

Sustainable architectural heritage conservation focuses on preserving historical buildings while promoting environmental sustainability. It involves using eco-friendly materials and methods to ensure that the cultural value of these structures is … Sustainable architectural heritage conservation focuses on preserving historical buildings while promoting environmental sustainability. It involves using eco-friendly materials and methods to ensure that the cultural value of these structures is maintained while minimizing their ecological impact. In this paper, the use of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) in various combinations on masonry samples is presented, with the aim of identifying the ideal solution to be applied to an entire historical building in Banloc monument. The new solution has various advantages: compatibility with historical lime mortars (chemical and physical), increased durability under aggressive environmental conditions, non-invasive and reversible, aligning with conservation ethics, bioinspired material that avoids harmful synthetic additives, preservation of esthetics—minimal visual change to treated surfaces, and nanostructural (determined via SEM and AFM) reinforcement to improve cohesion without altering the porosity. An innovative approach involving hydroxiapatite addition to commercial mortars is developed and presented within this paper. Physico-chemical, mechanical studies, and architectural and economic trends will be addressed in this paper. Some specific tests (reduced water absorption, increased adhesion, high mechanical strength, unchanged chromatic aspect, high contact angle, not dangerous freeze–thaw test, reduced carbonation test), will be presented to evidence the capability of hydroxyapatite to be incorporated into green renovation efforts, strengthen the consolidation layer, and focus on its potential uses as an eco-material in building construction and renovation. The methodology employed in evaluating the comparative performance of hydroxyapatite (HAp)-modified mortar versus standard Baumit MPI25 mortar includes a standard error (SE) analysis computed column-wise across performance indicators. To further substantiate the claim of “optimal performance” at 20% HAp addition, independent samples t-tests were performed. The results of the independent samples t-tests were applied to three performance and cost indicators: Application Cost, Annualized Cost, and Efficiency-Cost-Performance (ECP) Index. This validates the claim that HAp-modified mortar offers superior overall performance when considering efficiency, cost, and durability combined.

Multiproxy Petrological Analysis for Provenance Determination of Two Granitic Stone Anchors in the Western Mediterranean

2025-06-24

J. Martı́nez-Martı́nez , Hugo Corbí , Nicoletta Fusi +5 more | Minerals

A multiproxy methodology has been employed to characterise two granite anchors discovered on the seabed near the island of Nueva Tabarca (Alicante, Southeast Spain). According to the significant archaeological context … A multiproxy methodology has been employed to characterise two granite anchors discovered on the seabed near the island of Nueva Tabarca (Alicante, Southeast Spain). According to the significant archaeological context where they were found, the studied anchors can be dated from the Roman ages (late Republican period). One of the most interesting aspects is the absence of regional geological outcrops with rocks compatible with the granite used in the production of the anchor, which shows a foreign origin consistent with the connection of the anchor to maritime transport across the Mediterranean Sea. The lack of precise information about the artifact’s origin underscores the interest and need for the application of petrological techniques to determine its provenance. The methodology utilised encompasses five distinct techniques: (1) non-destructive textural analysis using X-ray microcomputed tomography; (2) K–Ar dating; (3) petrological characterisation through optical microscopy; (4) geochemical characterisation using X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. The results allow for a comparison of the anchor rock’s characteristics with various granite outcrops along the Mediterranean coasts (Eastern, Central, and Western sectors), suggesting potential source areas based on petrological compatibility with the material under study. The findings point to the origin of the Nueva Tabarca granite anchor being granite outcrops in Southern Italy (Calabria), reinforcing the connection between the Spanish southeastern coasts and Southern Italy. These results highlight the utility and significance of multiproxy petrological methodologies in the geoarchaeological study of decontextualised artifacts.

Physical and chemical characterization of recycled glass sand for environmental restoration

2025-06-24

S. S. Ahmad , Julie P. Vanegas , Nicholas Borne +7 more | Restoration Ecology

Abstract Introduction We rely on coastal resources for food, water, and energy. However, over 75% of U.S. coastlines are eroding. Concurrently, the U.S. recycles less glass than other developed countries, … Abstract Introduction We rely on coastal resources for food, water, and energy. However, over 75% of U.S. coastlines are eroding. Concurrently, the U.S. recycles less glass than other developed countries, landfilling hundreds of millions of tons every year. Recycled glass sand has many potential benefits over natural sand for combatting land loss; for example, it can be produced with controlled particle size to better resist erosion, making it an excellent—and underutilized—material for environmental restoration. Objectives This research compares the physical and chemical properties of recycled glass sand to natural sands (beach and dredge) from the U.S. Gulf Coast to assess environmental safety. Methods Particle size distribution, angularity, particle and bulk density, compaction, and permeability were evaluated using standard methods. Elemental composition and leaching were analyzed using x‐ray fluorescence and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), respectively. Results Recycled glass sand is not “sharp,” although it is less well‐rounded than natural sand. Porosity, compaction, and water permeability depend on particle size, and glass sand can be size‐separated to match or complement natural sand. Recycled glass sand is mostly silica. Additional elements used in glass processing are present at acceptable levels, and no leaching of harmful elements is detectable by TCLP. Thermally decomposable residues (e.g. label and adhesive) reliably comprised less than 1% of the material. Conclusions The characteristics of recycled glass sand make it a good resource for environmental restoration.

Influence of thermal and water treatment on strength recovery for soda lime silica glass

2025-06-23

Kyriaki Corinna Datsiou , Telesilla Bristogianni , Fred Veer +2 more | Glass Structures & Engineering

Development of Young’s Modulus of Illite/Smectite—CaCO3 Composites After Various Firing Temperatures

2025-06-23

Štefan Csáki , Tibor Kovács , Martin Keppert +5 more | Crystals

Illitic clays are one of the most important materials used in the ceramic industry. Carbonates support the densification and the sintering of ceramics. Five mixtures of illitic clay with calcite … Illitic clays are one of the most important materials used in the ceramic industry. Carbonates support the densification and the sintering of ceramics. Five mixtures of illitic clay with calcite were prepared aiming for the crystallization of anorthite ceramics. The stoichiometric ratio of anorthite crystallization was determined at 21.6 wt.% of calcite content. To reveal the effect of calcite on the crystallization processes, two more mixtures were prepared below the stoichiometric composition (17.6 wt.% and 19.6 wt.%) and two more mixtures above the ideal composition (23.6 wt.% and 25.6 wt.%). X-ray diffraction revealed that gehlenite and Ca-feldspar were formed, which are the intermediate phases in anorthite crystallization. However, due to the low purity of illitic clay and the low firing temperature, no anorthite formation was observed. The influence of calcite content on Young’s modulus was negligible. However, a clear effect on the open porosity was revealed.

Reimagining Microbially Induced Concrete Deterioration: A Novel Approach Through Coupled Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope–Avizo Three-Dimensional Modeling of Biofilms

2025-06-23

Mingyue Ma , Grace Yu , Zhen Xu +6 more | Microorganisms

Microbially induced concrete deterioration (MID) poses a significant and urgent challenge to urban sewerage systems globally, particularly in tropical coastal regions. Despite the acknowledged importance of biofilms in MICC, limited … Microbially induced concrete deterioration (MID) poses a significant and urgent challenge to urban sewerage systems globally, particularly in tropical coastal regions. Despite the acknowledged importance of biofilms in MICC, limited research on sewer pipe biofilms has hindered a comprehensive understanding of their deterioration mechanisms. To overcome this limitation, our research employed multiple staining techniques and digital volume correlation (DVC) technology, creating a new method to analyze the microstructure of biofilms, precisely identify the components of EPSs, and quantitatively examine MID mechanisms from a microscopic viewpoint. Our results revealed that the biofilm on concrete surfaces regulates the types of amino acids, thereby creating an environment conducive to microbial aggregate survival. Additionally, salinity significantly influences biofilm component distribution, while proteins play a pivotal role in biofilm mechanical stability. Notably, a high salinity fosters microbial migration within the biofilm, exacerbating deterioration. Through this multidimensional inquiry, our study established an advanced echelon of comprehension concerning the intricate mechanisms underpinning MICC. Meanwhile, by peering into the biofilms and elucidating their interplay with concrete, our findings offer profound insights, which can aid in devising strategies to counter urban sewer system deterioration.

The Physico-Mechanical, Mineralogical, and Thermal Characterization of Geopolymeric Laterite Bricks Containing Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle Powder

2025-06-23

Marcel Bertrand Hagbe Ntod , Michel Bertrand Mbog , Lionelle Bitom-Mamdem +6 more | Journal of Composites Science

Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) obtained by laterite material geopolymerization have great potential as building materials; however, plastic waste recycling remains an important challenge for the 21st century. Samples of lateritic … Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) obtained by laterite material geopolymerization have great potential as building materials; however, plastic waste recycling remains an important challenge for the 21st century. Samples of lateritic materials (LAT) from the locality of Kompina and its surroundings (Littoral-Cameroon) were collected, given the region’s association with polyethylene terephthalate powder (P). They were used to make geopolymeric laterite bricks using a phosphoric acid solution (A) concentrated at 10 mol/L, at a fixed value of 20% phosphoric acid, and values of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% polyethylene terephthalate (PET) powder. To assess the suitability of these formulations for construction, the CEBs were tested and their physico-mechanical and thermal characteristics determined, including water absorption rate, compressive strength (CS), thermal conductivity, and effusivity. It was revealed that water absorption decreased for the LAT1 and LAT6 formulas, at 6.73% and 5.01%, respectively, with the lowest value being recorded when 10% of the PET powder was used. The water absorption increased beyond this percentage; the CS values did too, with a peak at 10% PET powder, reaching 6.92 MPa and 6.96 MPa for LAT1 and LAT6, respectively, and values decreasing beyond this point. The thermal conductivity and effusivity decreased, with the lowest values at 20% of the PET powder being 0.289 W·m−1·K−1 and 1078.46 J·K−1·m−2·s−1/2, and 0.289 W·m−1·K−1 and 1078.2 J·K−1·m−2·s−1/2 for LAT1 and LAT6, respectively. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the formulation LAT-P10A20 is the most recommendable.

Synthesis and Anti-aging Properties of Vinyl triethoxysilane Modified Fluorinated Acrylate Polymer Coatings for Stone Relics Conservation

2025-06-23

Chuang Ma , Sim Yee Chin , Lei Yang +2 more | Polymer Science Series B

Seismic Assessment of the National Museum of Archaeology in Lisbon, Portugal

2025-06-23

Georgios Karanikoloudis , Rafael Arias Ramírez , Nuno Mendes +1 more | International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Micro-Mechanism of Alkali-Activated Material with CG Under Ultrasonic Treatment from a Fractal Perspective

2025-06-22

Xiancai Zhang , Zhuo Lv , Hu Huang +3 more | Fractal and Fractional

To mitigate the adverse effects of particle agglomeration in alkali-activated coal gangue-based cementitious (AAM–CG) materials, ultrasonic treatment and fractal theory, combined with microscopic analysis techniques were employed to investigate the … To mitigate the adverse effects of particle agglomeration in alkali-activated coal gangue-based cementitious (AAM–CG) materials, ultrasonic treatment and fractal theory, combined with microscopic analysis techniques were employed to investigate the physical activity of coal gangue (CG) and the microscopic mechanisms of AAM–CG materials. The results indicate that ultrasonic treatment effectively enhances the mechanical properties of AAM–CG materials. With increasing ultrasonic duration, the compressive strength initially rises and then declines, whereas it shows a continuous upward trend with increasing ultrasonic power. The optimal dispersion of CG particles in AAM–CG materials was achieved under ultrasonic treatment at 840 W for 4 min, resulting in a peak compressive strength of 106 MPa. This represents a 28.8% enhancement compared to non-sonicated controls. Ultrasonic treatment effectively disperses agglomerated particles, fully activates CG reactivity, promotes the formation of cementitious phases, improves pore-filling effects, and optimizes the internal pore structure of the material. Compared to untreated samples, the fractal dimension of the pore structure increased after ultrasonic treatment, harmful pores decreased, and porosity was reduced by 32%. This study expands the application of ultrasonic technology in the preparation of alkali-activated geopolymers and provides an efficient activation method for the resource utilization of CG.

Desiccated Microclimates for Heritage Metals: Refining Procedures for Use of Silica Gel

2025-06-21

Johanna Thunberg , Nicola Emmerson , David Watkinson | Heritage

Desiccated microclimates offer an effective method of managing safe storage of archaeological metals. They utilise simple hardware that can produce low relative humidity (RH) environments on a small scale to … Desiccated microclimates offer an effective method of managing safe storage of archaeological metals. They utilise simple hardware that can produce low relative humidity (RH) environments on a small scale to control post-excavation change in objects. Previous studies have highlighted the complexity of decision-making when setting up desiccated microclimates involving many factors that can impact on their performance. These include the design of the container used to house the microclimate, the ambient external atmosphere, the target internal RH, the amount of silica gel used and its regeneration schedule. This paper builds on that understanding by replicating reported sector-wide variations in how silica gel is used within desiccated microclimates. The desiccation efficacy, rate of change in RH and response to short-term fluctuations have been examined by monitoring the RH in polypropylene containers when silica gel is used loose, in polythene bags and Tyvek® bags. The effect of variables in the use of polythene bags to hold silica gel, including the distribution of bags and the number and size of holes in bags has also been investigated. Results indicate that these variables impact rates of change in RH and how effective the desiccated microclimate is at buffering external RH fluctuations. All tests reinforce the importance of airflow between the silica gel and the microclimate. Where airflow is restricted, the ability of the microclimate to desiccate the environment below lowest known corrosion thresholds (15% RH) is compromised. The practical implications of the results have been discussed to support decision-making and guidance is offered on best practice.

Homogeneous integration of CaCO3 oligomers with zwitterionic siloxane polymers for protecting sandstone against salt damage

2025-06-20

Zhaoyu Chen , Duan Weiwei , Junyan Liang +6 more | Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

Ceramics as an important element of design and architecture

2025-06-20

Jure Lasić , Katarina Šimunović | E-Zbornik elektronički zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta

Abstract: Ceramics stands out as one of the most important materials in construction, architecture, industry, and art, and their advantages compared to stone and wood make them exceptionally valuable due … Abstract: Ceramics stands out as one of the most important materials in construction, architecture, industry, and art, and their advantages compared to stone and wood make them exceptionally valuable due to their versatile application and durability. One of the key advantages of ceramics is their resistance to moisture, chemicals, and high temperatures, where stone and wood can be susceptible to damage from moisture or decay. Ceramic materials are exceptionally easy to maintain and can be easily cleaned without the use of strong chemicals. Ceramics offer a wide range of design possibilities and various surface finishes that dictate their application in space. It is possible to create different colors, shapes, and textures, allowing adaptation to different interior and exterior styles. This aesthetic flexibility makes ceramics a popular choice for architects and designers, while stone and wood, although attractive, can be limited in their range and design possibilities. Ceramics are recyclable, and their resources are often readily available, contributing to their growing popularity in modern applications. Their adaptability and durability provide not only functionality but also an aesthetic touch to any space. Keywords: ceramics, production process, binding material, technical properties of ceramics, standards and certificates

A Bibliographic Review of Concrete Obtained by Alkaline Activation and The Specific Case of The Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Slag

2025-06-20

Sebastião Ventura , Lino Maia | Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Technology

The present bibliographic review work focuses on the approach and study of historical processes of slag resulting from the incineration of municipal solid waste, namely: An introduction to the history … The present bibliographic review work focuses on the approach and study of historical processes of slag resulting from the incineration of municipal solid waste, namely: An introduction to the history of Roman civilization and its building habits in the region of Pozzuoli, its engineering and architecture; Alkaliactivated ligands, their Zeolitic compositions, geopolymers, chemical reactions and their crystalline phases, amorphous materials and the composition of aluminosilicates; Chemical and structural characterization of alkaline-activated materials and elements; Hybrid cements considered binders containing a percentage of OPC and another percentage of an aluminosilicate precursor and activated alcaline; Origin and treatment of municipal solid waste as well as incineration processes; Hybrid cements containing municipal solid waste incineration slag; An approach to the alkali activation of ligands with slag from municipal solid waste incineration. Finally, a conclusive top-down analysis of these issues.

Numerical and Experimental Multi-Approach Models for a Stone Pinnacle Reinforcement

2025-06-20

Miquel Llorens , Miquel Àngel Chamorro , IT Costa +2 more | Buildings

The church of Saint Felix in Girona (Spain) is crowned by an octagonal bell tower with a stone pinnacle at each corner. It was built using dry-joint stone masonry, a … The church of Saint Felix in Girona (Spain) is crowned by an octagonal bell tower with a stone pinnacle at each corner. It was built using dry-joint stone masonry, a technique that involves laying stones in a precise pattern to create a solid and durable structure. In order to strengthen the connection between the stone blocks of the pinnacles, a wooden bar was placed through a central hole carved in the stone structure. Today, the inner structure has completely disappeared. During maintenance and repair work, it was decided to restore the functionality of the disappeared reinforcement by installing a titanium bar in its place. Due to the uncertainty associated with the pinnacle’s behaviour and the lack of both, a proper numerical model of the monument, and an extensive characterization of the materials, a strategy based on multiple approaches was designed. The proposed strategy was based on combining numerical and experimental models, the final objective being to determine the length and mechanical properties of the metallic inclusion, considering the effects of gravity, wind, and seismic forces. A scale model of the pinnacle was evaluated in laboratory conditions. The results were used to calibrate a numerical model representing the scale specimen. After calibration, the results were extrapolated to a full-scale numerical model. The experimental and numerical results showed that the pinnacles needed to be reinforced along their entire height. The tensile stresses cause by wind and seismic forces at different levels, could not be compensated without the contribution of the titanium bar inserted into the pinnacle.

Characterization of Red Sandstone and Black Crust to Analyze Air Pollution Impacts on a Cultural Heritage Building: Red Fort, Delhi, India

2025-06-19

G. Pavan Kumar , Lucia Rusin , Pavan Kumar Nagar +7 more | Heritage

Urban air pollution poses significant risks to cultural heritage buildings, particularly in polluted megacities like Delhi, India. The Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of India’s … Urban air pollution poses significant risks to cultural heritage buildings, particularly in polluted megacities like Delhi, India. The Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of India’s rich history, is highly susceptible to degradation caused by air pollutants. Despite its great importance as an Indian and world heritage site, no studies have focused on characterizing its constituent materials or the degradation phenomena taking place. This study was developed in the framework of the MAECI (Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and the Department of Science and Technology under the Ministry of Science and Technology, India, project: Indo—Italian Centre of Excellence for Restoration and Assessment of Environmental Impacts on Cultural Heritage Monuments. To understand their composition and degradation, Vindhyan sandstone and black crust samples were studied. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) indicated that the red sandstone predominantly consisted of quartz and microcline, while the black crusts mainly comprised gypsum, bassanite, weddellite, quartz, and microcline. The analysis attributed the formation of gypsum to exogenous sources, such as construction activities and cement factory emissions. This pioneering study provides a basis for further research into the impacts of air pollution on Indian patrimony and promotes conservation strategies.

Editorial for Special Issue “Geomaterials and Cultural Heritage”

2025-06-19

Marco Benvenuti , Rosarosa Manca , Lucilla Fabrizi | Minerals

The Special Issue entitled “Geomaterials and Cultural Heritage” serves as a platform to gather contributions at the intersection between Heritage Science, Earth Sciences, Materials Science, and Museum Studies [...] The Special Issue entitled “Geomaterials and Cultural Heritage” serves as a platform to gather contributions at the intersection between Heritage Science, Earth Sciences, Materials Science, and Museum Studies [...]

Marés Stone and Structural Slenderness: A Material-Based Diagnostic Study of Palma Cathedral

2025-06-18

Rubén Rodríguez Elizalde | Construction Materials

The Palma Cathedral, a landmark of Mediterranean Gothic architecture, features some of the most structurally daring slender piers in European ecclesiastical design. This study examines the role of marés stone—a … The Palma Cathedral, a landmark of Mediterranean Gothic architecture, features some of the most structurally daring slender piers in European ecclesiastical design. This study examines the role of marés stone—a local marine calcarenite—in enabling such architectural feats despite its inherent fragility. A multi-technique, non-invasive diagnostic campaign was conducted, including visual inspection, portable microscopy, and infrared thermography, to evaluate the physical condition and behavior of the stone under structural and environmental stress. The results reveal widespread deterioration processes—granular disintegration, alveolization, biological colonization, and structural cracking—exacerbated by the stone’s high porosity and exposure to marine aerosols and thermal fluctuations. Thermographic analysis highlighted moisture retention zones and hidden material discontinuities, while crack monitoring confirmed long-standing, localized structural strain. These findings demonstrate that the Cathedral’s formal audacity was grounded in a refined empirical understanding of marés’ properties. The study underscores the importance of material-based diagnostics for the sustainable conservation of Gothic heritage architecture.

Discovery of selective markers for chlorine gas exposure in concrete

2025-06-18

Mirjam de Bruin-Hoegée , Bence Dallos , Tomas van Groningen +4 more | Forensic Chemistry

Treatment of stone sculptures with coatings - the most challenging step of restoration or its replacement?

2025-06-18

Petr Kuneš | Zprávy památkové péče

Comportamento de Argamassa de Reboco para Reabilitação de Edifício Sujeito a Umidade Ascendente

2025-06-18

Cabana Guterres Paulo Roberto | Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review)

Este artigo apresenta um estudo experimental sobre o comportamento de argamassas de reboco utilizadas na reabilitação de edifícios sujeitos a humidade ascendente e, consequentemente, afetados por eflorescências. Este estudo iniciou-se … Este artigo apresenta um estudo experimental sobre o comportamento de argamassas de reboco utilizadas na reabilitação de edifícios sujeitos a humidade ascendente e, consequentemente, afetados por eflorescências. Este estudo iniciou-se com a caracterização, “insitu” e em laboratório, de argamassa de reboco utilizada como revestimento de paredes de um edifício antigo afetado por eflorescência. Temperatura, umidade superficial, teor de água da argamassa e teor de sais solúveis foram utilizados como ensaios de caracterização. Tendo em conta a reconstituição da composição da argamassa de reboco de edifícios antigos, foram propostas quatro proporções diferentes para simular diferentes estruturas e porosidades das argamassas. Os aglomerantes das argamassas foram compostos por cimento e três adições de cales, como cal hidratada e pasta de cal viva. Os resultados de absorção capilar de água, teor de sais solúveis e ensaio de permeabilidade em painéis de alvenaria permitiram analisar o desempenho das argamassas em relação à suscetibilidade à ascensão de água e formação de sais (eflorescências e/ou cripto-eflorescências). A partir desta análise, foi possível extrair algumas recomendações práticas para o dimensionamento de argamassas de reparação de revestimentos em edifícios sujeitos à umidade ascendente.

PROSPECTS FOR FURTHER APPLICATION OF BRICKS SELECTED FROM BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES DAMAGED AS A RESULT OF MILITARY ACTIONS

2025-06-17

O.Yu. Konoplianyk , M. A. Kоtov , O.V. Lyasota +1 more | Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Introduction. Currently, the construction industry is a topical issue in the use of secondary waste generated in the process of human life [1] or obtained as a result of crushing … Introduction. Currently, the construction industry is a topical issue in the use of secondary waste generated in the process of human life [1] or obtained as a result of crushing construction products and structures damaged as a result of military operations, natural disasters and demolition of existing buildings and structures [2]. Such a direction of activity is recycling, that is, one of the options for processing waste. One of the ways to implement this topic is to obtain concrete compositions by using secondary aggregates obtained as a result of crushing construction products and structures damaged as a result of military operations, natural disasters or demolition of existing buildings and structures. Analysis of the current state of development and research of concretes showed that aggregates for reuse can be obtained based on crushing construction products and structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, glass, etc., which were damaged as a result of military operations, natural disasters or demolition of existing buildings and structures. In addition, the use of secondary aggregate is an important condition for preserving the environment and reducing the burden on natural resources. Analysis of publications has shown that structural concrete can be obtained on secondary aggregates, crushed from the material of structures damaged as a result of military operations, natural disasters or demolition of existing buildings and structures. The use of secondary concrete aggregate for obtaining structural concrete is known [3; 4] where the authors claim that if high-quality and well-sorted recycled aggregate is used, concrete with the required strength can be obtained. However, it is noted that the bottleneck in the use of secondary aggregates is the heterogeneity of the aggregate structure, which is two-component and consists of dense primary aggregate and porous residual cement mortar. With such a structure of the secondary aggregate, the primary aggregate and residual cement mortar can also work separately, especially under the influence of periodic moistening, low and high temperatures. In the literature there is information about the use of cullet with a bulk density of 700 kg/m3 as an aggregate for the production of concrete [5]. However, the widespread use of cullet is restrained by the economic component, namely, that the secondary processing of cullet is more effective for the production of new glass-based products. It is known to use secondary aggregate crushed from clay ordinary and silicate bricks in concrete compositions [6; 7]. In this case, such aggregates should be considered single-component, since the masonry elements from which the specified brick is selected contain a minimum amount of mortar from the joints and most of this mortar disappears from the aggregate during the grinding process. Aggregates made of crushed brick have increased surface porosity and crack resistance [7], which significantly affects the suction of moisture from the cement dough. However, this effect increases the adhesion between the cement paste and the aggregate, and therefore the destruction of concrete based on crushed brick aggregate occurs, unlike concrete on aggregate obtained as a result of crushing concrete, not by the aggregate-cement contact. The purpose of the work is to determine the possibility of using in concrete compositions the aggregate obtained as a result of crushing ordinary clay bricks damaged as a result of the destruction of buildings and structures during military operations. Conclusions. The possibility of using in concrete compositions the aggregate obtained as a result of crushing ordinary clay bricks damaged as a result of the destruction of a building during military operations was considered. As a result of the study of the brick in laboratory conditions, it was established that it corresponds to the M100 brand in strength and has an average density of 1 740 kg/m2. Such a brick is waterproof, as it has a softening coefficient of 0.84, and its water absorption is 16.38 %. The secondary aggregate, which is obtained by crushing ordinary clay bricks, has a bulk density of 935 kg/m3 and can be divided into two parts by fractional composition: large – fractions of 5–25 mm in the amount of 65.8 % and fine – fractions of 0.16–5 mm in the amount of 16.0 %. Based on the obtained characteristics of ordinary clay bricks and secondary aggregate crushed from this brick, structural concrete compositions will be developed for use in the construction of buildings and structures.

Species-Specific Bacterial Responses to Partially Oil-Infused Silicone Polymers

2025-06-17

Chun Ki Fong , Zachary Applebee , Liza R. White +2 more | ACS Applied Polymer Materials

Cellulose nano- and micro-fibers as air lime carbonation accelerators: FTIR analysis of the carbonation kinetics

2025-06-17

Paulina Guzmán García Lascurain , Carlos Rodríguez‐Navarro , Mario Pagliaro +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Numerical Comparison Among Soil Capillary Breaking Layer and Common Waterproofing Techniques

2025-06-16

Malik H. Assi , Noor S. Taresh , Mohammed Abid Jameel +1 more | Civil and Environmental Engineering

Abstract Numerous damp-proof courses (DPCs) methods, including both conventional and contemporary versions, are implemented globally. This paper demonstrates the limitations of these methods. It also assesses a recently introduced waterproofing … Abstract Numerous damp-proof courses (DPCs) methods, including both conventional and contemporary versions, are implemented globally. This paper demonstrates the limitations of these methods. It also assesses a recently introduced waterproofing method that is based on the principles of capillary breaking layers (CBLs), which are frequently employed in earthen structures. By numerically analyzing and comparing the short- and long-term hydrothermal behavior of a few widely used DPCs with the newly proposed technique, the efficacy and affectivity of disrupting the capillary network in both short and long periods have been determined. It was difficult to distinguish the performance of concrete, bituminous, and gravel strata from the short-term studies that were conducted based on their performance. Nevertheless, the gravel layer demonstrates superior long-term performance when the proofing layer is adequately aerated.

Ecological Brick: A Sustainable Alternative as a Construction Material

2025-06-16

Marcelo Salazar , María Angélica Martell Nevárez , Hugo Ramírez-Aldaba +4 more | IntechOpen eBooks

Hemp is a material with multiple uses, one of them being construction; making bricks with this material represents a viable alternative to replacing hand-made bricks and thus avoiding the emission … Hemp is a material with multiple uses, one of them being construction; making bricks with this material represents a viable alternative to replacing hand-made bricks and thus avoiding the emission of polluting gases in the firing process. The general objective was to evaluate hemp fiber formulations for the compressive strength of an ecological brick versus handmade clay bricks, physically and mechanically characterizing the different formulations that allow for better compressive strength by adding nopal mucilage. In the methodology, compression tests were carried out following the guidelines of NMX-C-036-ONNCCE-2013, for the absorption tests NMX-C-037-ONNCCE-2013; in addition, specific heat and pH tests were carried out, the results obtained show that the hemp formulations have a higher resistance to compression, in terms of pH, the results were 14.82, considered basic, which results in good cohesion between the materials, and finally the specific heat was low between 0.14 and 0.18 MJ/kg, which makes it a good insulator as it conducts very little heat. In conclusion, hemp bricks proved to be a viable alternative to replace traditional clay bricks, not only because they have better characteristics, but also because of the environmental benefits they offer.

Visualization of Paracoccus denitrificans on various types of stones used in European built heritage

2025-06-16

Selen Ezgi Celik Selen Ezgi Celik , Jafar Qajar , Laurenz Schröer +1 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Microorganisms are increasingly recognized for their dual role in the deterioration and conservation of cultural heritage, with <italic>Paracoccus denitrificans</italic> emerging as a promising candidate for bio-based stone stabilization. This … <title>Abstract</title> Microorganisms are increasingly recognized for their dual role in the deterioration and conservation of cultural heritage, with <italic>Paracoccus denitrificans</italic> emerging as a promising candidate for bio-based stone stabilization. This study investigates the biofilm formation of <italic>P. denitrificans</italic> on stone surfaces, with a focus on five sedimentary rocks -Euville, Savonnières, Bentheimer, Vosges, and Maastricht - selected for their varied porosity, composition, colour and importance for cultural heritage. The samples were inoculated under different nutrient-to-medium ratios to evaluate the impact of inoculation conditions on bacteria-stone interactions. A multi-scale imaging approach using SEM, µ-CT, CLSM, digital microscopy, and colour spectrophotometry provided complementary insights into bacterial distribution, EPS production, biofilm morphology, and mineral deposition. Depending on the stone type, <italic>P. denitrificans</italic> formed distinct biofilm architectures, including spider web-like networks, spherical aggregates, or uniform surface coatings. Moreover, clear evidence of bacterially induced mineral crystallization was observed. Results reveal that both stone type and medium composition significantly influence biofilm development and mineralization behavior. This integrative methodology demonstrates the potential of <italic>P. denitrificans</italic> in stone conservation and offers a novel framework for advancing bio-conservation strategies in cultural heritage science.

Integrating Tradition and Sustainability: Organic Additives in 2ndCentury BC Bhaja Caves for Carbon-Neutral Construction Solutions

2025-06-15

Bhushan Dighe , Manager Rajdeo Singh | Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy

Gray Brick Wall Surface Damage Detection of Traditional Chinese Buildings in Macau: Damage Quantification and Thermodynamic Analysis Method via YOLOv8 Technology

2025-06-13

Liang Zheng , Jianyi Zheng , Yile Chen +3 more | Applied Sciences

The historical Lingnan gray brick buildings in Macau, a World Heritage Site, are facing severe deterioration due to prolonged disrepair, manifesting as cracks, breakages, moss adhesion, and other types of … The historical Lingnan gray brick buildings in Macau, a World Heritage Site, are facing severe deterioration due to prolonged disrepair, manifesting as cracks, breakages, moss adhesion, and other types of surface damage. These issues threaten not only the structural stability of the buildings but also the conservation of cultural heritage. To address the inefficiencies and low accuracy of traditional manual inspections, this study proposes an automated recognition and quantitative detection method for wall surface damage based on the YOLOv8 deep learning object detection model. A dataset comprising 375 annotated images collected from 162 gray brick historical buildings in Macau was constructed, covering eight damage categories: crack, damage, missing, vandalism, moss, stain, plant, and intact. The model was trained and validated using a stratified sampling approach to maintain a balanced class distribution, and its performance was comprehensively evaluated through metrics such as the mean average precision (mAP), F1 score, and confusion matrices. The results indicate that the best-performing model (Model 3 at the 297th epoch) achieved a mAP of 61.51% and an F1 score up to 0.74 on the test set, with superior detection accuracy and stability. Heatmap analysis demonstrated the model’s ability to accurately focus on damaged regions in close-range images, while damage quantification tests showed high consistency with manual assessments, confirming the model’s practical viability. Furthermore, a portable, integrated device embedding the trained YOLOv8 model was developed and successfully deployed in real-world scenarios, enabling real-time damage detection and reporting. This study highlights the potential of deep learning technology for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of architectural heritage protection and provides a foundation for future research involving larger datasets and more refined classification strategies.

Black stains of Lascaux Cave involve different melanin synthesis pathways as shown by Alkaline/H2O2 hydrolysis and UHPLC-ESI/QTOF analysis of pigmented fungal isolates and stains from cave walls

2025-06-13

Pierre Vergne , Malik Bahsoun , Marie‐Geneviève Dijoux‐Franca +7 more | International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

Experimental study on improving the performance of historical grey bricks by amide polymer

2025-06-13

Yage Zhang , Zhihua Chen , Jianwei Yue +1 more | Construction and Building Materials

Experimental Research on Polymers for the Restoration of Cultural Relic Buildings

2025-06-13

Xinyu Wang , Jianwei Yue , Tuo Huang | Buildings

The protective materials for cultural relic buildings generally have a deficiency of relatively shallow penetration depth. Based on the principle of changing the permeability coefficient of cultural relic buildings by … The protective materials for cultural relic buildings generally have a deficiency of relatively shallow penetration depth. Based on the principle of changing the permeability coefficient of cultural relic buildings by “water blocking water” and considering the characteristics of magnesium acrylate polymer and the requirement of extending the curing time, a method of modifying magnesium acrylate polymer with glycerol and sodium methyl silicate is proposed. Experimental studies on magnesium acrylate, glycerol–magnesium acrylate, and sodium methyl silicate—glycerol–magnesium acrylate polymers were carried out, and tests and analyses on curing time, swelling performance, water loss rate, and soil sample protection were conducted. The results show that the initiator concentration is a key factor affecting the curing rate of magnesium acrylate polymers. When the initiator content is ≥4%, the curing time is significantly shortened to 20–67 min, and the incorporation of glycerol prolongs the curing time by more than 100 min through the dilution reaction system. Glycerol modification significantly enhanced the swelling capacity of the polymer, with the swelling rate increasing by approximately 15–20% compared to the unmodified system. Sodium methyl silicate effectively improved the construction performance of magnesium acrylate and prevented the occurrence of bubbles. The optimal formula of magnesium acrylate polymer is 25% magnesium acrylate, 40% glycerol, and 2% sodium methyl silicate. While maintaining curing for 120 min, it features a high swelling rate (equilibrium swelling ratio Ew ≈ 0.32) and a low dehydration rate (dehydration rate ≤ 35% after 48 h), and has volume stability after interaction with soil samples.

Eco-logic comparative index: a sustainability criteria based decision making framework for alternative mortar selection

2025-06-13

Mag Raj Gehlot , Sandeep Shrivastava | Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Preserving sandstone artifacts in humid conditions: Antifungal efficiency of F-ZnO/SiO2 coatings

2025-06-12

Yumei Chai , Ángel Fernández , Biao Zhang +4 more | Journal of Cultural Heritage

Arsenic, heavy metals and rare earth elements in travertine limestone quarry in Mariovo area, North Macedonia

2025-06-12

Ivan Boev , Tena Šijakova Ivanova , Sonja Lepitkova | Geologica Macedonica

Travertines in the Mariovo area are an extremely important raw material for obtaining architectural and decorative stone used in construction. In this region, there are six locations where travertine is … Travertines in the Mariovo area are an extremely important raw material for obtaining architectural and decorative stone used in construction. In this region, there are six locations where travertine is exploited and this paper presents the results obtained from the mineralogical and geochemical tests of samples taken from the Mariovo travertines. The tests performed show that these are relatively young sedimentary rocks that are basically made of calcite, and in which the concentration of arsenic and heavy metals is extremely low. This finding supports the further use of these rocks as architectural and decorative stone.

Characterization of medieval plasters as substrates for mural paintings in Estonia

2025-06-11

Varje Õunapuu , Karol Bayer | Journal of Architectural Conservation