Social Sciences › Demography

Retirement, Disability, and Employment

Works Count: 84339

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Description

This cluster of papers explores the impact of retirement on the aging workforce, including topics such as health effects, employment patterns, social security programs, age discrimination, bridge employment, work motivation, and retirement adjustment.

Keywords

Retirement; Aging Workforce; Health Effects; Employment Patterns; Social Security Programs; Age Discrimination; Bridge Employment; Work Motivation; Labor Force Participation; Retirement Adjustment

An Overview of the Health and Retirement Study

1995-01-01

F. Thomas Juster , Richard Suzman

This paper examines the scientific, public policy, and organizational background out of which the Health and Retirement Study emerged. It describes the evolution of the major parameters of the survey … This paper examines the scientific, public policy, and organizational background out of which the Health and Retirement Study emerged. It describes the evolution of the major parameters of the survey and the unique planning structure designed to ensure that the substantive insights of the research community were fully reflected in the content of the database, highlights key survey innovations contained in the HRS, and provides a preliminary assessment of the quality of the data as reflected by sample size, sample composition, response rate, and survey content. The paper also describes the several types of administrative data that are expected to be added to the HRS data: earnings and benefits from Social Security files, and health insurance and pension data from the employers of survey respondents.

Relationship marketing: Bringing quality, customer service and marketing together

1995-01-01

Martin Christopher , Adrian Payne , David Ballantyne +1 more

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Research on the Elderly: Economic Status, Retirement, and Consumption and Saving

1990-01-01

Michael D. Hurd

An Epidemiology of Disability among Adults in the United States

1976-01-01

Saad Z. Nagi

This paper presents the findings of an epidemiological analysis of disability among adults in the noninstitutionalized continental United States population. Data were collected through interviews with a probability sample of … This paper presents the findings of an epidemiological analysis of disability among adults in the noninstitutionalized continental United States population. Data were collected through interviews with a probability sample of persons 18 and over, yielding 6,493 completed schedules comprising 80.3 percent of the sample. Distinctions were made among concepts and indicators of pathology, impairment, individual performance, and social performance. Central to the analysis were two dimensions of individual performance (physical and emotional) and two dimensions of disability in social performance (work and independent living). A number of socio-demographic characteristics were included in the analysis. The results show the relative contributions of pathology and impairment to performance on the individual level, and the relative contributions of all of these factors on social performance, that is, the two dimensions of disability. Through pathology, impairment, performance at the individual level, and the socio-demographic characteristics, it was possible to account for 38 percent of the variance in work disability and 74 percent of dependence-independence in community living. Further explanations are given for variance in work disability. Estimates of the size of populations reporting varying types and severities of disability are also presented.

The Rise in the Disability Rolls and the Decline in Unemployment

2003-02-01

David Autor , Mark Duggan

Journal Article The Rise in the Disability Rolls and the Decline in Unemployment Get access David H. Autor, David H. Autor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics and NBER … Journal Article The Rise in the Disability Rolls and the Decline in Unemployment Get access David H. Autor, David H. Autor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mark G. Duggan Mark G. Duggan University of Chicago Department of Economics and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 118, Issue 1, February 2003, Pages 157–206, https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535171 Published: 01 February 2003

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Workplace-Based Return-to-Work Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Quantitative Literature

2005-10-27

Renée‐Louise Franche , Kimberley Cullen , Judy Clarke +3 more

The Effects of Health, Wealth, and Wages on Labour Supply and Retirement Behaviour

2005-03-18

Eric French

This paper estimates a life cycle model of labour supply, retirement, and savings behaviour in which future health status and wages are uncertain. Individuals face a fixed cost of work … This paper estimates a life cycle model of labour supply, retirement, and savings behaviour in which future health status and wages are uncertain. Individuals face a fixed cost of work and cannot borrow against future labour, pension, or Social Security income. The method of simulated moments is used to match the life cycle profiles of labour force participation, hours worked, and assets that are estimated from the data to those that are generated by the model. The model establishes that the tax structure of the Social Security system and pensions are key determinants of the high observed job exit rates at ages 62 and 65. Removing the tax wedge embedded in the Social Security earnings test for individuals aged 65 and older would delay job exit by almost one year. By contrast, Social Security benefit levels, health, and borrowing constraints are less important determinants of job exit at older ages. For example, reducing Social Security benefits by 20% would cause workers to delay exit from the labour force by only three months.

Recent Trends in Disability and Functioning Among Older Adults in the United States

2002-12-25

Vicki A. Freedman , Linda G. Martin , Robert F. Schoeni

Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade.To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in … Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade.To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in the prevalence of self-rated old age disability and physical, cognitive, and sensory limitations during the late 1980s and 1990s and to evaluate the evidence on trends in disparities by major demographic groups.We searched MEDLINE and AGELINE for relevant articles published from January 1990 through May 2002 and reviewed reference lists in published articles.From more than 800 titles reviewed, we selected 16 articles based on 8 unique repeat cross-sectional and cohort surveys of US prevalence trends in disability or functioning among persons generally aged 65 or 70 years or older.We evaluated survey quality according to 10 criteria, ranked the surveys as good, fair, or poor, and calculated for each outcome the average annual percent change.Among the 8 surveys, 2 were rated as good, 4 as fair, 1 as poor, and 1 as mixed (fair or poor, depending on the outcome) for assessing trends. Analyses of surveys rated fair or good showed consistency of declines in any disability (-1.55% to -0.92% per year), instrumental activities of daily living disability (-2.74% to -0.40% per year), and functional limitations. Surveys provided limited evidence on cognition and conflicting evidence on self-reported ADL (changes ranged from -1.38% to 1.53% per year) and vision trends. Evidence on trends in disparities by age, sex, race, and education was limited and mixed, with no consensus yet emerging.Several measures of old age disability and limitations have shown improvements in the last decade. Research into the causes of these improvements is needed to understand the implications for the future demand for medical care.

Health problems as determinants of retirement: Are self-rated measures endogenous?

1999-04-01

Debra Sabatini Dwyer , Olivia S. Mitchell

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Life Course Dynamics: Trajectories and Transitions, 1968-1980.

1987-12-01

Kenneth S. Y. Chew , Glen H. Elder

Changes in the prevalence of chronic disability in the United States black and nonblack population above age 65 from 1982 to 1999

2001-05-08

Kenneth G. Mantón , XiLiang Gu

Survey evidence through the early 1990s generally suggests a reduction in disability in the elderly population of the United States. Because the evidence is not fully consistent, several authors have … Survey evidence through the early 1990s generally suggests a reduction in disability in the elderly population of the United States. Because the evidence is not fully consistent, several authors have speculated about whether disability declines will continue. This paper reports results from the 1999 National Long-Term Care Survey on disability trends from 1982 through 1999. It is found that disability continued to decline in the 1994 to 1999 period, and that the decline was greater in the 1990s than in the 1980s. The disability decline from 1982 to 1989 was 0.26% per year, from 1989 to 1994 it was 0.38% per year, and from 1994 to 1999 it was 0.56% per year. In addition, disability declined by a greater percentage for blacks than for nonblacks over the 1989 to 1999 period.

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Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion.

1959-01-01

Henry A. Landsberger , Frederick Herzberg , Bernard Mausner +2 more

Using self‐report questionnaires in OB research: A comment on the use of a controversial method

1994-09-01

Paul E. Spector

Job Displacement and Mortality: An Analysis Using Administrative Data<sup>*</sup>

2009-07-29

Daniel G. Sullivan , Till von Wachter

We use administrative data on the quarterly employment and earnings of Pennsylvanian workers in the 1970s and 1980s matched to Social Security Administration death records covering 1980–2006 to estimate the … We use administrative data on the quarterly employment and earnings of Pennsylvanian workers in the 1970s and 1980s matched to Social Security Administration death records covering 1980–2006 to estimate the effects of job displacement on mortality. We find that for high-seniority male workers, mortality rates in the year after displacement are 50%–100% higher than would otherwise have been expected. The effect on mortality hazards declines sharply over time, but even twenty years after displacement, we estimate a 10%–15% increase in annual death hazards. If such increases were sustained indefinitely, they would imply a loss in life expectancy of 1.0–1.5 years for a worker displaced at age forty. We show that these results are not due to selective displacement of less healthy workers or to unstable industries or firms offering less healthy work environments. We also show that workers with larger losses in earnings tend to suffer greater increases in mortality. This correlation remains when we examine predicted earnings declines based on losses in industry, firm, or firm-size wage premiums.

Pensions, the Option Value of Work, and Retirement

1990-09-01

James H. Stock , David A. Wise

The paper develops a model of retirement based on the option value of continuing to work.Continuing to work maintains the option of retiring on more advantageous terms later.The model is … The paper develops a model of retirement based on the option value of continuing to work.Continuing to work maintains the option of retiring on more advantageous terms later.The model is used to estimate the effects on retirement of firm pension plan provisions.Typical defined benefit pension plans in the United States provide very substantial incentives to remain with the firm until some age, often the early retirement age, and then a strong incentive to leave the firm thereafter.(This may be a major reason for the rapidly declining labor force participation rates of older workers in the United States.)The model fits firm retirement data very well; it captures very closely the sharp discontinuous jumps in retirement rates at specific ages.The model is used to simulate the effect on retirement of potential changes in pension plan provisions.Increasing the age of early retirement from 55 to 60, for example, would reduce firm departure rates between ages 50 and 59 by almost forty percent.

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Retirement Transitions, Gender, and Psychological Well-Being: A Life-Course, Ecological Model

2002-05-01

J. E. Kim , Phyllis Moen

This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between retirement transitions and subsequent psychological well-being using data on 458 married men and women (aged 50–72 years) who were either still in their … This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between retirement transitions and subsequent psychological well-being using data on 458 married men and women (aged 50–72 years) who were either still in their primary career jobs, retired, or had just made the transition to retirement over the preceding 2 years. The findings show that the relationship between retirement and psychological well-being must be viewed in a temporal, life course context. Specifically, making the transition to retirement within the last 2 years is associated with higher levels of morale for men, whereas being "continuously" retired is related to greater depressive symptoms among men. The results suggest the importance of examining various resources and contexts surrounding retirement transitions (gender, prior level of psychological well-being, spouses' circumstance, and changes in personal control, marital quality, subjective health, and income adequacy) to understand the dynamics of the retirement transition and its relationship with psychological well-being.

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Implications of an Aging Registered Nurse Workforce

2000-06-14

Peter I. Buerhaus

ContextThe average age of registered nurses (RNs), the largest group of health care professionals in the United States, increased substantially from 1983 to 1998.No empirically based analysis of the causes … ContextThe average age of registered nurses (RNs), the largest group of health care professionals in the United States, increased substantially from 1983 to 1998.No empirically based analysis of the causes and implications of this aging workforce exists.Objectives To identify and assess key sources of changes in the age distribution and total supply of RNs and to project the future age distribution and total RN workforce up to the year 2020. Design and SettingRetrospective cohort analysis of employment trends of recent RN cohorts over their lifetimes based on US Bureau of the Census Current Population Surveys between 1973 and 1998.Recent workforce trends were used to forecast longterm age and employment of RNs.Participants Employed RNs aged 23 to 64 years (N = 60 386).Main Outcome Measures Annual full-time equivalent employment of RNs in total and by single year of age.

The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt

1998-12-01

Douglas T. Hall , Jonathan E. Moss

Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines

2011-03-02

Timothy A. Salthouse

Adult age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities are well documented, and many of those abilities have been found to be related to success in the workplace and in … Adult age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities are well documented, and many of those abilities have been found to be related to success in the workplace and in everyday life. However, increased age is seldom associated with lower levels of real-world functioning, and the reasons for this lab-life discrepancy are not well understood. This article briefly reviews research concerned with relations of age to cognition, relations of cognition to successful functioning outside the laboratory, and relations of age to measures of work performance and achievement. The final section discusses several possible explanations for why there are often little or no consequences of age-related cognitive declines in everyday functioning.

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Sampling in Qualitative Research

1995-03-01

Mark Luborsky , Robert L. Rubinstein

In gerontology the most recognized and elaborate discourse about sampling is generally thought to be in quantitative research associated with survey research and medical research. But sampling has long been … In gerontology the most recognized and elaborate discourse about sampling is generally thought to be in quantitative research associated with survey research and medical research. But sampling has long been a central concern in the social and humanistic inquiry, albeit in a different guise suited to the different goals. There is a need for more explicit discussion of qualitative sampling issues. This article will outline the guiding principles and rationales, features, and practices of sampling in qualitative research. It then describes common questions about sampling in qualitative research. In conclusion it proposes the concept of qualitative clarity as a set of principles (analogous to statistical power) to guide assessments of qualitative sampling in a particular study or proposal.

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How Social Security and Medicare Affect Retirement Behavior In a World of Incomplete Markets

1997-07-01

John Rust , Christopher Phelan

This paper provides an empirical analysis of how the U.S. Social Security and Medicare insurance system affect the labor supply of older males in the presence of incomplete markets for … This paper provides an empirical analysis of how the U.S. Social Security and Medicare insurance system affect the labor supply of older males in the presence of incomplete markets for loans, annuities, and insurance. We estimate a detailed dynamic programming (DP) model of the joint labor supply and Social Security acceptance decision, focusing on a sample of males in the low to middle income brackets whose only pension is Social Security. The DP model delivers a rich set of predictions about the dynamics of retirement behavior, and comparisons of actual vs. predicted behavior show that the DP model is able to account for wide variety of phenomena observed in the data, including the pronounced peaks in the distribution of retirement ages at 62 and 65 (the ages of early and normal eligibility for Social Security benefits, respectively). We identify a significant fraction of health insurance constrained individuals who have no form of retiree insurance other than Medicare, and who can only obtain fairly priced private insurance via their employer's group plan. The combination of significant individual risk aversion and a long tailed (Pareto) distribution of care expenditures implies that there is a significant security value for these individuals to remain employed until they are eligible for Medicare coverage at age 65. Overall, our model suggests that a number of heretofore puzzling aspects of retirement behavior can be viewed as artifacts of particular details of the Social Security rules, whose incentive effects are especially strong for lower income individuals and those who do not have access to fairly priced loans, annuities, and insurance.

Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory

2003-11-01

Dale Dannefer

Age and cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory have obvious logical, theoretical, and empirical connections, because both are inherently and irreducibly related to the passage of time. Over the past 15 years, these … Age and cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory have obvious logical, theoretical, and empirical connections, because both are inherently and irreducibly related to the passage of time. Over the past 15 years, these connections have resulted in the elaboration and application of the cumulative advantage-disadvantage perspective in social gerontology, especially in relation to issues of heterogeneity and inequality. However, its theoretical origins, connections, and implications are not widely understood. This article reviews the genesis of the cumulative advantage/disadvantage perspective in studies of science, its initial articulation with structural-functionalism, and its expanding importance for gerontology. It discusses its intellectual relevance for several other established theoretical paradigms in sociology, psychology, and economics. On the basis of issues deriving from these perspectives and from the accumulating body of work on cumulative advantage and disadvantage, I identify several promising directions for further research in gerontology.

Job satisfaction of older workers

1999-09-01

Wim Groot , H. Maassen van den Brink

Abstract Using data for The Netherlands, this paper analyzes the relation between allocation, wages and job satisfaction. Five conclusions emerge from the empirical analysis: satisfaction with the job content is … Abstract Using data for The Netherlands, this paper analyzes the relation between allocation, wages and job satisfaction. Five conclusions emerge from the empirical analysis: satisfaction with the job content is the main factor explaining overall job satisfaction; the effects of individual and job characteristics on job satisfaction differ by the aspect of the job considered; the response to a general question on job satisfaction differs from the response to questions on satisfaction with different aspects of the job; it is relevant to consider the joint relation between wages and job satisfaction; and skill mismatches do not seem to affect job satisfaction.

The Impact of Childhood and Adult SES on Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Well-Being in Later Life

2005-03-01

Ye Luo , Linda J. Waite

Objectives. To examine the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and health across the life course and their variations by gender and race/ethnicity. Objectives. To examine the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and health across the life course and their variations by gender and race/ethnicity.

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The Precious and the Precocious: Understanding Cumulative Disadvantage and Cumulative Advantage Over the Life Course

1996-04-01

Angela M. O’Rand

The explanation of increasing heterogeneity and inequality within aging cohorts is a central concern of the life-course perspective and common ground for demographers, economists, historians, sociologists, and psychologists alike. Income … The explanation of increasing heterogeneity and inequality within aging cohorts is a central concern of the life-course perspective and common ground for demographers, economists, historians, sociologists, and psychologists alike. Income and wealth inequality among the aged is one area of shared interest where cross-disciplinary fertilization is occurring. While indices of aged economic inequality applied across different data sets replicate the level of inequality among the elderly, theoretical and methodological concerns are focused more and more on identifying and specifying the long-term interactions between institutional and life-course processes producing this outcome. Institutional mechanisms incorporated in opportunity structures such as labor markets and pensions stratify the availability of resources and rewards, and they interact with life-course processes related to labor force history and job mobility to produce complex patterns of cumulative advantage and cumulative disadvantage. However, the examination of long-term mechanisms of stratification requires finer-grained observations of work, employer, and pension histories than current data-collection strategies afford. Two biases--the steady worker bias and the one pension bias--are inherent in most longitudinal data bases and hamper progress in our understanding of the production of aged inequality.

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Age Stereotypes in the Workplace: Common Stereotypes, Moderators, and Future Research Directions†

2007-10-26

Richard A. Posthuma , Michael A. Campion

The authors identify, analyze, and summarize prior research from 117 research articles and books that deal with age stereotypes in the workplace. They discover and report the most prevalent and … The authors identify, analyze, and summarize prior research from 117 research articles and books that deal with age stereotypes in the workplace. They discover and report the most prevalent and well-supported findings that have implications for human resource management. These findings are described in terms of prevalent age stereotypes that occur in work settings, evidence refuting age stereotypes, and moderators of age stereotypes. The authors provide recommendations for practice and future research.

The Retirement Decision in OECD Countries

1999-02-15

Sveinbjörn Blöndal , Stéfano Scarpetta

This paper examines the main determinants of the decision to retire from the labour market in OECD countries, and in particular the role of social security systems in driving down … This paper examines the main determinants of the decision to retire from the labour market in OECD countries, and in particular the role of social security systems in driving down the labour-force participation rate of older people in recent decades.It demonstrates that old-age pension systems in virtually all OECD countries in the mid-1990s made it financially unattractive to work after the age of 55, and the implicit tax on continued work has risen strongly since the 1960s in most countries.Financial disincentives to continued work have been amplified by various de facto early-retirement programmes, including unemployment-related and disability schemes.Pooled cross-country time-series regressions show that increased disincentives to work at older ages have contributed significantly to the drop in labour-force participation rates of older males, but also demonstrate that the deterioration of labourmarket conditions in many countries has played a significant role as well.***** Cet article examine les principaux déterminants de la décision de quitter le marché du travail, dans certains pays de l'OCDE, et en particulier le rôle des systèmes de sécurité sociale dans la diminution du taux d'activité des personnes âgées dans les dernières décennies.Il démontre que dans quasiment tous les pays de l'OCDE au milieu des années 90, les systèmes d'assurance-vieillesse ont rendu financièrement peu attrayant le fait de travailler après 55 ans, et que l'impôt implicite sur la poursuite de l'activité a fortement crû depuis les années 60 dans la plupart des pays.Les contre-incitations financières à la poursuite du travail ont été amplifiés par divers programmes de retraite anticipée, parmi lesquels des systèmes liés au chômage et à l'invalidité.Les régressions des séries chronologiques transversales regroupées montrent que des contre-incitations accrues à travailler à un âge tardif ont significativement contribué à la baisse du taux d'activité des hommes âgés, mais démontrait également le rôle joué simultanément par la détérioration de la situation du marché du travail dans de nombreux pays.

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Age-related differences in work attitudes and behavior: A review and conceptual analysis.

1983-03-01

Susan R. Rhodes

Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation

2004-07-01

Ruth Kanfer , Phillip L. Ackerman

We describe a framework for understanding how age-related changes in adult development affect work motivation, and, building on recent life-span theories and research on cognitive abilities, personality, affect, vocational interests, … We describe a framework for understanding how age-related changes in adult development affect work motivation, and, building on recent life-span theories and research on cognitive abilities, personality, affect, vocational interests, values, and self-concept, identify four intraindividual change trajectories (loss, gain, reorganization, and exchange). We discuss implications of the integrative framework for the use and effectiveness of different motivational strategies with midlife and older workers in a variety of jobs, as well as abiding issues and future research directions.

Employee Retirement: A Review and Recommendations for Future Investigation

2009-10-06

Mo Wang , Kenneth S. Shultz

Despite the obvious importance of retirement to employees, their employing organizations, and the larger society, the last comprehensive review of employee retirement in the field of organizational science was published … Despite the obvious importance of retirement to employees, their employing organizations, and the larger society, the last comprehensive review of employee retirement in the field of organizational science was published more than 20 years ago. As such, the first purpose of this review is to provide a summary of key theoretical and empirical developments in employee retirement research since Beehr in 1986. A second purpose of this review is to highlight inconsistent findings revealed by studies that were designed to answer the same research questions. By identifying and scrutinizing those inconsistent findings, this study expects to provide suggestions and recommendations to further the theoretical development in the field of retirement research to address these research gaps. As a result, this proposed review would be of interest to scholars in a wide variety of areas within the organizational sciences, including human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational theory, and research methods.

Cohort Profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)

2014-03-25

Amanda Sonnega , Jessica D. Faul , Mary Beth Ofstedal +3 more

The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of more than 37 000 individuals over age 50 in 23 000 households in the USA. The survey, … The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of more than 37 000 individuals over age 50 in 23 000 households in the USA. The survey, which has been fielded every 2 years since 1992, was established to provide a national resource for data on the changing health and economic circumstances associated with ageing at both individual and population levels. Its multidisciplinary approach is focused on four broad topics—income and wealth; health, cognition and use of healthcare services; work and retirement; and family connections. HRS data are also linked at the individual level to administrative records from Social Security and Medicare, Veteran's Administration, the National Death Index and employer-provided pension plan information. Since 2006, data collection has expanded to include biomarkers and genetics as well as much greater depth in psychology and social context. This blend of economic, health and psychosocial information provides unprecedented potential to study increasingly complex questions about ageing and retirement. The HRS has been a leading force for rapid release of data while simultaneously protecting the confidentiality of respondents. Three categories of data—public, sensitive and restricted—can be accessed through procedures described on the HRS website (hrsonline.isr.umich.edu).

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Age and work‐related motives: Results of a meta‐analysis

2011-01-04

Dorien Kooij , Annet H. de Lange , Paul Jansen +2 more

Abstract An updated literature review was conducted and a meta‐analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between age and work‐related motives. Building on theorizing in life span psychology, we hypothesized … Abstract An updated literature review was conducted and a meta‐analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between age and work‐related motives. Building on theorizing in life span psychology, we hypothesized the existence of age‐related differences in work‐related motives. Specifically, we proposed an age‐related increase in the strength of security and social motives, and an age‐related decrease in the strength of growth motives. To investigate life span developmental theory predictions about age‐related differences in control strategies, we also examined the relationship between age and intrinsic and extrinsic motives. Consistent with our predictions, meta‐analytic results showed a significant positive relationship between age and intrinsic motives, and a significant negative relationship between age and strength of growth and extrinsic motives. The predicted positive relation between age and strength of social and security motives was only found among certain subgroups. Implications of these findings for work motivation and life span theories and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Wellbeing

2013-01-01

Talicia Tarver

The population in the United States is aging, and the Older Americans 2012 report attempts to compile statistics from key agencies to form a comprehensive picture on the state of … The population in the United States is aging, and the Older Americans 2012 report attempts to compile statistics from key agencies to form a comprehensive picture on the state of older citizens. Th...

A Critical Evaluation

1964-06-01

George L. Maddox

Journal Article A Critical Evaluation Get access George L. Maddox, Jr., Ph.D. George L. Maddox, Jr., Ph.D. 1Depts. of Sociology and of Psychiatry, Duke UniversityDurham, N. Car. Search for other … Journal Article A Critical Evaluation Get access George L. Maddox, Jr., Ph.D. George L. Maddox, Jr., Ph.D. 1Depts. of Sociology and of Psychiatry, Duke UniversityDurham, N. Car. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 4, Issue 2_Part_1, June 1964, Pages 80–82, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/4.2_Part_1.80 Published: 01 June 1964

Older workers' motivation to continue to work: five meanings of age

2008-05-02

Dorien Kooij , Annet H. de Lange , Paul Jansen +1 more

Purpose Little is known about the motivation for older workers to work and to remain active in the labor market. Research on age and motivation is limited and, moreover, conceptually … Purpose Little is known about the motivation for older workers to work and to remain active in the labor market. Research on age and motivation is limited and, moreover, conceptually diverse. This paper aims to address age‐related factors that influence the work motivation of older workers. More specifically, it seeks to examine how various conceptualizations of the age factor affect the direction and termination of the motivation to continue to work of older workers. Design/methodology/approach A literature review of age‐related factors and motivation to continue to work is the approach taken in the paper. Findings Results from 24 empirical and nine conceptual studies indicate that most age‐related factors can have a negative impact on the motivation to continue to work of older people. These findings suggest that age‐related factors are important in understanding older workers' motivation to continue to work and that further research is needed to more fully understand the underlying processes that govern how these age‐related factors influence the motivation to continue to work. Research limitations/implications Based on the aforementioned findings, the paper was able to formulate a research agenda for future research, such as: a need for a meta‐analysis on age and motivation to determine the actual effect sizes, and additional theoretical attention to the underlying age‐related processes. Practical implications Age‐related factors identified in this study, such as declining health and career plateaus, should be addressed by HRM policies. HRM practices that could motivate older workers to continue to work include ergonomic adjustments and continuous career development. Originality/value Research on age and motivation is limited and conceptually diverse. This paper is one of the first studies to explore the relations between different conceptualizations of age and motivation.

Self-Reported vs. Objective Measures of Health in Retirement Models

1989-06-01

John Bound

health on labor force participation.while the endogeneity of self-reported health is likely to lead to our exaggerating its impact.Biases in our estimation of health's impact on outcomes will also induce … health on labor force participation.while the endogeneity of self-reported health is likely to lead to our exaggerating its impact.Biases in our estimation of health's impact on outcomes will also induce biases on coefficients of any variables correlated with health.Finally the dependence of self-reported health on the economic environment will induce a bias on estimates of the impact of economic variables on participation, regardless of whether we correctly measure the impact of health itself.4Most work on the labor supply of older men has relied on self-reported measures of health.More recently a variety of authors have argued for the use of more objective indicators of health:responses to questions about specific health conditions or limitations, doctors' reports or information on mortality.5While such proxies are, presumably, more objective than are self-reported health measures, it is not clear that the use of such proxies will give us a more accurate indication of the impact of health on labor market outcomes.As long as these health proxies are not perfectly correlated with the aspects of health that impact on economic outcomes, they will suffer from errors in variables problems.With self-reported health measures we have biases working in opposite directions and there is some chance they may tend to cancel out.With objective measures there is only one bias, and, as long as the correlation between the proxy and actual health isn't close to perfect, the bias will be quite substantial.The issues here are important for our understanding not only of the importance of health, but also of the impact of economic variables on early retirement.Both subjective and objective health indicators are correlated with such things as education, race, pre-retirement earnings and pre-retirement occupation.These factors are also important indicators of early labor market withdrawal.On one interpretation of these facts, it is the poor labor market prospects of these men that induces them to leave the labor force.On another it is their health.The literature that has compared results using a variety of different health measures has tended to find that health seems to play a smaller role and economic variables a greater one when the more objective proxies are used.Most authors have interpreted these results as an indication of the biases inherent in using self-reported measures.6These authors have typically either ignored the possible biases inherent in the use of a proxy, or have assumed that these biases are small in comparison to the ones introduced by the use of self-reported measures.Others have argued in favor of using self-reported information.7These authors emphasize the These comments will be made mor'e precise shortly.

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Pensions, The Option Value of Work, and Retirement

1988-08-01

James Stock , David A. Wise

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Americans with Disabilities

2015-12-22

Profiling retirees in the retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees' psychological well-being.

2007-03-01

Mo Wang

The author used role theory, continuity theory, and the life course perspective to form hypotheses regarding the different retirement transition and adjustment patterns and how different individual and contextual variables … The author used role theory, continuity theory, and the life course perspective to form hypotheses regarding the different retirement transition and adjustment patterns and how different individual and contextual variables related to those patterns. The longitudinal data of 2 samples (n(1) = 994; n(2) = 1,066) from the Health and Retirement Survey were used. Three latent growth curve patterns of retirees' psychological well-being were identified as coexisting in the retiree samples through growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis. On the basis of the latent class membership derived from GMM, retiree subgroups directly linked to different growth curve patterns were profiled with individual (e.g., bridge job status) and contextual variables (e.g., spouse working status). By recognizing the existence of multiple retiree subgroups corresponding to different psychological well-being change patterns, this study suggests that retirees do not follow a uniform adjustment pattern during the retirement process, which reconciles inconsistent previous findings. A resource perspective is further introduced to provide a more integrated theory for the current findings. The practical implications of this study are also discussed at both individual level and policy level.

Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act

2001-10-01

Daron Acemoğlu , Joshua D. Angrist

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires employers to accommodate disabled workers and outlaws discrimination against the disabled in hiring, firing, and pay. Although the ADA was meant to increase … The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires employers to accommodate disabled workers and outlaws discrimination against the disabled in hiring, firing, and pay. Although the ADA was meant to increase the employment of the disabled, the net theoretical effects are ambiguous. For men of all working ages and women under 40, Current Population Survey data show a sharp drop in the employment of disabled workers after the ADA went into effect. Although the number of disabled individuals receiving disability transfers increased at the same time, the decline in employment of the disabled does not appear to be explained by increasing transfers alone, leaving the ADA as a likely cause. Consistent with this view, the effects of the ADA appear larger in medium‐size firms, possibly because small firms were exempt from the ADA. The effects are also larger in states with more ADA‐related discrimination charges.

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Pensions at a Glance 2013

2013-08-15

Self-Reported Versus Objective Measures of Health in Retirement Models

1991-01-01

John Bound

Optimal experience in work and leisure.

1989-01-01

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi , Judith LeFevre

Retooling for an aging America: building the health care workforce

2009-05-01

self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,

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Occupational outlook handbook, 2014-2015

2015-05-20

Elizabeth Dole , Janet L. Norwood , Katharine G. Adraham

Time to Recover and Bond: The Relationship Between State Paid Family Leave Policies and Postpartum Leave-Taking

2025-06-25

Amanda Spishak-Thomas , Meredith Slopen , Jamie R. Daw +3 more | Social Service Review

In Measuring Disability, Do Not Abandon Established US Standards

2025-06-25

| Forefront Group

What's retiring all about?

2025-06-24

Russell D. Lansbury , Marian Baird | Routledge eBooks

Managing the transition to retirement

2025-06-24

Russell D. Lansbury , Marian Baird | Routledge eBooks

Retiring in Sweden

2025-06-24

Russell D. Lansbury , Marian Baird | Routledge eBooks

Retiring

2025-06-24

Russell D. Lansbury , Marian Baird | Routledge eBooks

Stymulowanie dodatkowych oszczędności emerytalnych na przykładzie reformy włoskiego programu Trattamento di fine rapporto i zakładowych programów emerytalnych z automatycznym zapisem

2025-06-24

Sebastian Jakubowski | Ubezpieczenia Społeczne Teoria i praktyka

<ns3:p>Wprowadzenie: Mobilizacja do gromadzenia dodatkowego kapitału emerytalnego jest ważna zarówno z punktu widzenia zmian demograficznych, jak i procesów gospodarczych zachodzących obecnie w Unii Europejskiej. Rządy większości krajów unijnych starają się … <ns3:p>Wprowadzenie: Mobilizacja do gromadzenia dodatkowego kapitału emerytalnego jest ważna zarówno z punktu widzenia zmian demograficznych, jak i procesów gospodarczych zachodzących obecnie w Unii Europejskiej. Rządy większości krajów unijnych starają się rozwijać dodatkowe formy zabezpieczenia emerytalnego, głównie w postaci pracowniczych programów emerytalnych. Niestety próby te nie zawsze zwiększają poziom partycypacji w dodatkowych formach zabezpieczenia emerytalnego i niekoniecznie prowadzą do wzrostu poziomu oszczędności w gospodarce.Cel: Celem poznawczym artykułu jest opis i ocena rozwiązań wprowadzonych w ramach reformy Trattamento di fine rapporto z 2005 r. Jej intencją było zwiększenie poziomu dodatkowych oszczędności emerytalnych przez zastosowanie mechanizmu automatycznego zapisu do funduszy emerytalnych i upowszechnienie uczestnictwa w tej formie dodatkowego zabezpieczenia emerytalnego.Materiały i metody: W artykule zastosowano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, metodę porównawczą, ekonomiczną analizę prawa, przede wszystkim włoskich rozwiązań prawnych, oraz zestawienie włoskich danych statystycznych dla systemu TFR.Wyniki: Na podstawie włoskich doświadczeń w zakresie funkcjonowania mechanizmu automatycznego zapisu sformułowano rekomendacje co do możliwości zwiększenia partycypacji w polskich pracowniczych planach kapitałowych. Wskazano też na pewne wspólne błędy popełnione we Włoszech i w Polsce w wykorzystywaniu ekonomii behawioralnej przy reformowaniu systemów dodatkowego zabezpieczenia emerytalnego.</ns3:p>

Chapter 3. Asking Questions about the Changing Transition into Adulthood

2025-06-24

| Russell Sage Foundation eBooks

Chapter 2. Surveying the Landscape of the Changing Transition into Adulthood

2025-06-24

| Russell Sage Foundation eBooks

Age diversity management in healthcare: leveraging generational differences with an inclusive approach

2025-06-24

Filomena Pietrantonio , Giulia Brunelli , Grace Vassallo +3 more | Italian Journal of Medicine

This paper examines the growing generational diversity within the healthcare workforce and highlights the importance of leveraging these differences through an inclusive approach. As Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials … This paper examines the growing generational diversity within the healthcare workforce and highlights the importance of leveraging these differences through an inclusive approach. As Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials coexist in the healthcare workforce, organizations face new challenges and opportunities. Each generation brings its own distinct values, expectations, and work attitudes that significantly impact team dynamics, stress management, job retention, and leadership preferences. Through a comprehensive literature review, the study suggests effective strategies to address generational differences to promote collaboration and team cohesion. Particular attention is paid to the role of coordinators in identifying and applying tailored interventions, such as mentoring, reverse mentoring, shared leadership models, and tailored communication styles, that cater to the specific needs of each generation. The paper emphasizes the relevance of recognizing age-related diversity as an asset to create resilient, adaptable, and high-performing teams. By adopting age diversity management practices, healthcare organizations can better appreciate individual contributions and encourage an environment of mutual respect and learning. Ultimately, the study states that inclusive and flexible leadership can improve staff satisfaction and the quality of patient care in a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape.

Dismantling Structural Ableism: The Influence of State Medicaid and Long-Term Services and Supports Policies on Disability-Based Employment Inequalities

2025-06-24

Laurin E. Bixby | Research in social science and disability

Disability and the Future of Work

2025-06-24

| Research in social science and disability

The Disability Squeeze: How Unmet Needs and Out of Pocket Costs Impede Work for People With Disabilities

2025-06-24

Zachary A. Morris , Nanette Goodman | Research in social science and disability

Beyond narratives of decline versus success: retirement through the lens of a diary

2025-06-23

Marcos José Bernal Marcos , Tania Zittoun , Alex Gillespie | European Journal of Psychology of Education

Associations between leisure activities with trajectories of intrinsic capacity among Chinese older adults: the China health and retirement longitudinal study

2025-06-23

Xinyi Zhang , Xiao Zheng , Ting Zheng +6 more | Archives of Public Health

The global population ageing presents new challenges in older adult care. To elevate the quality of life of older adults, it is essential to explore their intrinsic capacity over time. … The global population ageing presents new challenges in older adult care. To elevate the quality of life of older adults, it is essential to explore their intrinsic capacity over time. Engaging in leisure activities may exert a positive impact, which is crucial for promoting healthy ageing. This study used longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify the trajectories of intrinsic capacity, and respondents were categorized accordingly. Leisure activities were assessed based on their intellectual and social components. The impact of social and intellectual activities on intrinsic capacity trajectories was analyzed through multinomial logistic regression, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Among the 1,344 respondents aged 65 and above at baseline, trajectory analysis revealed three distinct longitudinal patterns of intrinsic capacity: "persistently low trajectory" (n = 288, 21.43%), "persistently moderate trajectory" (n = 666, 49.55%), and "persistently high trajectory" (n = 390, 29.02%). After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, more frequent engagement in intellectual activities (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.26-0.53) and social activities (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25-0.51) was associated with a reduced likelihood of being in the "persistently low trajectory" of intrinsic capacity. This study indicates that increased participation in social and intellectual activities is linked to more favorable trajectories of intrinsic capacity. Therefore, older adults should be encouraged to engage more in leisure activities to promote better ageing outcomes.

Retirement Syndrome: Psychosocial Interventions to Support the Transition from Work to Retirement

2025-06-23

Trias Setiawati , Hendy Muagiri Margono | Medical Forum Monthly

Objective: This review article explores current psychosocial interventions for retirement syndrome and highlights emerging strategies to better support the mental and social health of retirees. Study Design: Narrative review based … Objective: This review article explores current psychosocial interventions for retirement syndrome and highlights emerging strategies to better support the mental and social health of retirees. Study Design: Narrative review based on a comprehensive literature search. Place and Duration of Study: This review was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia from November 2024-January 2025. Methods: A comprehensive review of existing literature on psychosocial interventions, including counseling, community-based programs, and workplace-preparation initiatives, was conducted. The review also considers barriers to implementation and opportunities for innovation. Results: Psychosocial interventions have shown promise in addressing feelings of purposelessness, identity loss, and emotional distress—particularly among retirees from high-demand or identity-centric professions. However, limitations persist in terms of intervention design, accessibility, and cultural adaptability. Conclusion: To effectively support retirees, future approaches should focus on integrating technology to broaden access, applying culturally sensitive practices, and developing holistic models that encompass mental, physical, and social well-being. Addressing these gaps is essential for ensuring a healthier, more fulfilling transition into retirement.

PREDICTING RETIREMENT MOTIVES USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN THE ZIMBABWEAN PENSIONS SECTOR

2025-06-23

Rangarirai Dewah , S Chaputsira , Wilton Muzava | International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing

Zimbabwean pension fund stakeholders face challenges in managing retirement schemes and planning policies due to the limitations of traditional statistical methods in predicting retirement motives. These limitations contribute to mismatches … Zimbabwean pension fund stakeholders face challenges in managing retirement schemes and planning policies due to the limitations of traditional statistical methods in predicting retirement motives. These limitations contribute to mismatches in retirement timing, misaligned policies, and inadequate preparedness. Accurate, data-driven prediction models offer a promising opportunity to enhance retirement planning and policy alignment. This study investigates the application of supervised Machine Learning (ML) techniques to predict retirement motives among members of Zimbabwe’s pension sector. Understanding retirement behavior is especially critical in emerging economies to design inclusive and sustainable social security systems. Using pension member data, the study evaluates the performance of various ML models, including Logistic Regression (LogReg), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Model performance was assessed using cross-validation with metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and ROC-AUC. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were employed to interpret model outputs and identify key features influencing retirement decisions—such as age, health status, job embeddedness, service length, financial literacy, and family responsibilities. Results show that ensemble models, particularly XGBoost and Random Forest, outperformed neural networks and linear models in predicting early and delayed retirement motives. The study highlights the potential of socially-informed ML approaches in low-resource contexts, offering valuable insights for policymakers and pension administrators. By integrating AI into pension forecasting, the research supports smarter fund management and policy development, contributing to more resilient and responsive pension systems.

Preparing to Thrive: Supporting Learners With Disabilities Through the Undergraduate-to-Graduate Medical Education Transition.

2025-06-23

Zoie C. Sheets , Maureen Fausone , Anne Messman +4 more | PubMed

The transition from undergraduate to graduate medical education is a complex time that may be impacted by bias, limited resources, and inadequate standardization and information sharing. For learners with disabilities, … The transition from undergraduate to graduate medical education is a complex time that may be impacted by bias, limited resources, and inadequate standardization and information sharing. For learners with disabilities, there may be additional barriers including disability-specific bias, limited guidance on obtaining needed accommodations, and misunderstanding regarding the requirements and benefits of matching and retaining a disabled learner. The authors, through our personal and professional experience, identity four key areas to further support disabled learners in the residency transition process. These include: (1) disability disclosure, (2) selecting a specialty, (3) selecting a program, and (4) requesting utilizing accommodations in graduate medical education. Strategies recommended can help both undergraduate and graduate medical programs intentionally support these learners and increase the prevalence and success of disabled learners across the medical education continuum.