Psychology › Applied Psychology

Behavioral Health and Interventions

Works Count: 48349

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Description

This cluster of papers explores theories and techniques related to behavior change, self-regulation, and the psychology of habit formation. It covers topics such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, self-control, ego depletion, health behavior interventions, regulatory focus, implementation intentions, fear appeals, and meta-analytic reviews.

Keywords

Theory of Planned Behaviour; Self-Regulation; Behavior Change Techniques; Ego Depletion; Health Behavior Interventions; Regulatory Focus; Habit Formation; Implementation Intentions; Fear Appeals; Meta-Analysis

Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle

1998-01-01

E. Tory Higgins

Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta‐analysis of Effects and Processes

2006-01-01

Peter M. Gollwitzer , Paschal Sheeran

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Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.

1998-07-01

Judith A. Ouellette , Wendy Wood

Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance becomes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then … Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance becomes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then reflects habit strength and has a direct effect on future performance. Alternately, when behaviors are not well learned or when they are performed in unstable or difficult contexts, conscious decision making is likely to be necessary to initiate and carry out the behavior. Under these conditions, past behavior (along with attitudes and subjective norms) may contribute to intentions, and behavior is guided by intentions. These relations between past behavior and future behavior are substantiated in a meta-analytic synthesis of prior research on behavior prediction and in a primary research investigation. In everyday explanations of behavior, habits denote one's customary ways of behaving. Claiming that one performed a behavior because of habit provides an understandable explanation for an act that otherwise might seem irrational or even harmful. Habits also are featured in the popular psychology literature in the form of self-help books designed to identify readers' existing habits, evaluate habits' effectiveness in meeting goals, and establish more desirable habits. Habits are not, however, important constructs in most contemporary social psychological models of human behavior. Early in their careers, most psychology graduate students learn that frequency of past behavior, a standard indicator of habit strength (Triandis, 1977, 1980), is the best predictor of

What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies

2009-10-25

Jill Francis , Marie Johnston , Clare Robertson +4 more

In interview studies, sample size is often justified by interviewing participants until reaching 'data saturation'. However, there is no agreed method of establishing this. We propose principles for deciding saturation … In interview studies, sample size is often justified by interviewing participants until reaching 'data saturation'. However, there is no agreed method of establishing this. We propose principles for deciding saturation in theory-based interview studies (where conceptual categories are pre-established by existing theory). First, specify a minimum sample size for initial analysis (initial analysis sample). Second, specify how many more interviews will be conducted without new ideas emerging (stopping criterion). We demonstrate these principles in two studies, based on the theory of planned behaviour, designed to identify three belief categories (Behavioural, Normative and Control), using an initial analysis sample of 10 and stopping criterion of 3. Study 1 (retrospective analysis of existing data) identified 84 shared beliefs of 14 general medical practitioners about managing patients with sore throat without prescribing antibiotics. The criterion for saturation was achieved for Normative beliefs but not for other beliefs or studywise saturation. In Study 2 (prospective analysis), 17 relatives of people with Paget's disease of the bone reported 44 shared beliefs about taking genetic testing. Studywise data saturation was achieved at interview 17. We propose specification of these principles for reporting data saturation in theory-based interview studies. The principles may be adaptable for other types of studies.

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The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit‐formation

1908-11-01

Robert M. Yerkes , John Dodson

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A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns

2000-10-01

Kim Witte , Mike Allen

The fear appeal literature is examined in a comprehensive synthesis using meta-analytical techniques. The meta-analysis suggests that strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are … The fear appeal literature is examined in a comprehensive synthesis using meta-analytical techniques. The meta-analysis suggests that strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are more persuasive than low or weak fear appeals. The results also indicate that fear appeals motivate adaptive danger control actions such as message acceptance and maladaptive fear control actions such as defensive avoidance or reactance. It appears that strong fear appeals and high-efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change, whereas strong fear appeals with low-efficacy messages produce the greatest levels of defensive responses. Future directions and practical implications are provided.

The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors

1996-11-01

Gaston Godin , Gerjo Kok

Purpose. To review applications of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior in the domain of health and to verify the efficiency of the theory to explain and predict health-related behaviors. Methods. … Purpose. To review applications of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior in the domain of health and to verify the efficiency of the theory to explain and predict health-related behaviors. Methods. Most material has been drawn from Current Contents (Social and Behavioral Sciences and Clinical Medicine) from 1985 to date, together with all peer-reviewed articles cited in the publications thus identified. Findings. The results indicated that the theory performs very well for the explanation of intention; an averaged R 2 of .41 was observed. Attitude toward the action and perceived behavioral control were most often the significant variables responsible for this explained variation in intention. The prediction of behavior yielded an averaged R 2 of .34. Intention remained the most important predictor, but in half of the studies reviewed perceived behavioral control significantly added to the prediction. Conclusions. The efficiency of the model seems to be quite good for explaining intention, perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior categories. The efficiency of the theory, however, varies between health-related behavior categories.

Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model

1992-12-01

Kim Witte

The fear appeal literature is diverse and inconsistent. Existing fear appeal theories explain the positive linear results occurring in many studies, but are unable to explain the boomerang or curvilinear … The fear appeal literature is diverse and inconsistent. Existing fear appeal theories explain the positive linear results occurring in many studies, but are unable to explain the boomerang or curvilinear results occurring in other studies. The present work advances a theory integrating previous theoretical perspectives (i.e., Janis, 1967; Leventhal, 1970; Rogers, 1975, 1983) that is based on Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework. The proposed fear appeal theory, called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), expands on previous approaches in three ways: (a) by explaining why fear appeals fail; (b) by re‐incorporating fear as a central variable; and (c) by specifying the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms. Specific propositions are given to guide future research.

A Meta‐Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory

2000-02-01

Donna L. Floyd , Steven Prentice‐Dunn , Ronald W. Rogers

This article reports the first meta‐analysis of the literature on protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975, 1983; Rogers & Prentice‐Dunn, 1997), a model of disease prevention and health promotion that has … This article reports the first meta‐analysis of the literature on protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975, 1983; Rogers & Prentice‐Dunn, 1997), a model of disease prevention and health promotion that has generated research for over two decades. The literature review included 65 relevant studies ( N = approximately 30,000) that represented over 20 health issues. The mean overall effect size ( d += 0.52) was of moderate magnitude. In general, increases in threat severity, threat vulnerability, response efficacy, and self‐efficacy facilitated adaptive intentions or behaviors. Conversely, decreases in maladaptive response rewards and adaptive response costs increased adaptive intentions or behaviors. This held true whether the measures were based on intentions or behaviors, and suggests that PMT components may be useful for individual and community interventions.

Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis.

1991-01-01

Shelley E. Taylor

Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp … Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp down, minimize, and even erase the impact of that event. This pattern of mobilization-minimization appears to be greater for negative events than for neutral or positive events. Theoretical accounts of this response pattern are reviewed. It is concluded that no single theoretical mechanism can explain the mobilization-minimization pattern, but that a family of integrated process models, encompassing different classes of responses, may account for this pattern of parallel but disparately caused effects.

A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions.

2008-01-01

Charles Abraham , Susan Michie

Without standardized definitions of the techniques included in behavior change interventions, it is difficult to faithfully replicate effective interventions and challenging to identify techniques contributing to effectiveness across interventions. This … Without standardized definitions of the techniques included in behavior change interventions, it is difficult to faithfully replicate effective interventions and challenging to identify techniques contributing to effectiveness across interventions. This research aimed to develop and test a theory-linked taxonomy of generally applicable behavior change techniques (BCTs).Twenty-six BCTs were defined. Two psychologists used a 5-page coding manual to independently judge the presence or absence of each technique in published intervention descriptions and in intervention manuals.Three systematic reviews yielded 195 published descriptions. Across 78 reliability tests (i.e., 26 techniques applied to 3 reviews), the average kappa per technique was 0.79, with 93% of judgments being agreements. Interventions were found to vary widely in the range and type of techniques used, even when targeting the same behavior among similar participants. The average agreement for intervention manuals was 85%, and a comparison of BCTs identified in 13 manuals and 13 published articles describing the same interventions generated a technique correspondence rate of 74%, with most mismatches (73%) arising from identification of a technique in the manual but not in the article.These findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing standardized definitions of BCTs included in behavioral interventions and highlight problematic variability in the reporting of intervention content.

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Social cognitive theory of self-regulation

1991-12-01

Albert Bandura

In social cognitive theory human behavior is extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing exercise of self-influence. The major self-regulative mechanism operates through three principal subfunctions. These include self-monitoring of … In social cognitive theory human behavior is extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing exercise of self-influence. The major self-regulative mechanism operates through three principal subfunctions. These include self-monitoring of one's behavior, its determinants, and its effects; judgment of one's behavior in relation to personal standards and environmental circumstances; and affective self-reaction. Self-regulation also encompasses the self-efficacy mechanism, which plays a central role in the exercise of personal agency by its strong impact on thought, affect, motivation, and action. The same self-regulative system is involved in moral conduct although compared to the achievement domain, in the moral domain the evaluative standards are more stable, the judgmental factors more varied and complex, and the affective self-reactions more intense. In the interactionist perspective of social cognitive theory, social factors affect the operation of the self-regulative system.

Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.

1996-03-01

Kenneth O. McGraw , S. P. Wong

Although intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) are commonly used in behavioral measurement, psychometrics, and behavioral genetics, procedures available for forming inferences about ICCs are not widely known. Following a review of … Although intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) are commonly used in behavioral measurement, psychometrics, and behavioral genetics, procedures available for forming inferences about ICCs are not widely known. Following a review of the distinction between various forms of the ICC, this article p

Intention—Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review

2002-01-01

Paschal Sheeran

This chapter addresses two questions; how big is the "gap" between intentions and behavior, and what psychological variables might be able to "bridge" the intention–behavior gap? A meta-analysis of meta-analyses … This chapter addresses two questions; how big is the "gap" between intentions and behavior, and what psychological variables might be able to "bridge" the intention–behavior gap? A meta-analysis of meta-analyses is used to quantify the gap and a conceptual analysis of intention–behavior discrepancies is presented. Research is described on the extent to which four groups of variables—behavior type, intention type, properties of intention, and cognitive and personality variables—moderate intention–behavior relations. Finally, the scope of the intention construct is discussed in the light of recent evidence concerning the role of habits and automaticity in human behavior.

Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research

2012-04-24

James E. Cane , Denise O’Connor , Susan Michie

Abstract Background An integrative theoretical framework, developed for cross-disciplinary implementation and other behaviour change research, has been applied across a wide range of clinical situations. This study tests the validity … Abstract Background An integrative theoretical framework, developed for cross-disciplinary implementation and other behaviour change research, has been applied across a wide range of clinical situations. This study tests the validity of this framework. Methods Validity was investigated by behavioural experts sorting 112 unique theoretical constructs using closed and open sort tasks. The extent of replication was tested by Discriminant Content Validation and Fuzzy Cluster Analysis. Results There was good support for a refinement of the framework comprising 14 domains of theoretical constructs (average silhouette value 0.29): ‘Knowledge’, ‘Skills’, ‘Social/Professional Role and Identity’, ‘Beliefs about Capabilities’, ‘Optimism’, ‘Beliefs about Consequences’, ‘Reinforcement’, ‘Intentions’, ‘Goals’, ‘Memory, Attention and Decision Processes’, ‘Environmental Context and Resources’, ‘Social Influences’, ‘Emotions’, and ‘Behavioural Regulation’. Conclusions The refined Theoretical Domains Framework has a strengthened empirical base and provides a method for theoretically assessing implementation problems, as well as professional and other health-related behaviours as a basis for intervention development.

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Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1

2002-04-01

Icek Ajzen

Conceptual and methodological ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral control are clarified. It is shown that perceived control over performance of a behavior, though comprised of separable components that … Conceptual and methodological ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral control are clarified. It is shown that perceived control over performance of a behavior, though comprised of separable components that reflect beliefs about self‐efficacy and about controllability, can nevertheless be considered a unitary latent variable in a hierarchical factor model. It is further argued that there is no necessary correspondence between self‐efficacy and internal control factors, or between controllability and external control factors. Self‐efficacy and controllability can reflect internal as well as external factors and the extent to which they reflect one or the other is an empirical question. Finally, a case is made that measures of perceived behavioral control need to incorporate self‐efficacy as well as controllability items that are carefully selected to ensure high internal consistency. Summary and Conclusions Perceived control over performance of a behavior can account for consider‐ able variance in intentions and actions. However, ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral control have tended to create uncertainties and to impede progress. The present article attempted to clarify conceptual ambiguities and resolve issues related to the operationalization of perceived behavioral control. Recent research has demonstrated that the overarching concept of perceived behavioral control, as commonly assessed, is comprised of two components: self‐efficacy (dealing largely with the ease or difficulty of performing a behavior) and controllability (the extent to which performance is up to the actor). Contrary to a widely accepted view, it was argued that self‐efficacy expectations do not necessarily correspond to beliefs about internal control factors, and that controllability expectations have no necessary basis in the perceived operation of external factors. Instead, it was suggested that self‐efficacy and controllability may both reflect beliefs about the presence of internal as well as external factors. Rather than making a priori assumptions about the internal or external locus of self‐efficacy and controllability, this issue is best treated as an empirical question. Also of theoretical significance, the present article tried to dispel the notion that self‐efficacy and controllability are incompatible with, or independent of, each other. Although factor analyses of perceived behavioral control items provide clear and consistent evidence for the distinction, there is sufficient commonality between self‐efficacy and controllability to suggest a two‐level hierarchical model. In this model, perceived behavioral control is the overarching, superordinate construct that is comprised of two lower‐level components: self‐efficacy and controllability. This view of the control component in the theory of planned behavior implies that measures of perceived behavioral control should contain items that assess self‐efficacy as well as controllability. Depending on the purpose of the investigation, a decision can be made to aggregate over all items, treating perceived behavioral control as a unitary factor, or to distinguish between self‐efficacy and controllability by entering separate indices into the prediction equation.

Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM).

1995-01-01

Joseph P. Forgas

Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these … Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these effects. The AIM, based on a multiprocess approach to social judgments, identifies 4 alternative judgmental strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. The model predicts that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, such that judgments requiring heuristic or substantive processing are more likely to be infused by affect than are direct access or motivated judgments. The role of target, judge, and situational variables in recruiting high- or low-infusion judgmental strategies is considered, and empirical support for the model is reviewed. The relationship between the AIM and other affect-cognition theories is discussed, and implications for future research are outlined.

Using the Internet to Promote Health Behavior Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Theoretical Basis, Use of Behavior Change Techniques, and Mode of Delivery on Efficacy

2010-02-17

Thomas L. Webb , Judith Joseph , Lucy Yardley +1 more

The Internet is increasingly used as a medium for the delivery of interventions designed to promote health behavior change. However, reviews of these interventions to date have not systematically identified … The Internet is increasingly used as a medium for the delivery of interventions designed to promote health behavior change. However, reviews of these interventions to date have not systematically identified intervention characteristics and linked these to effectiveness.The present review sought to capitalize on recently published coding frames for assessing use of theory and behavior change techniques to investigate which characteristics of Internet-based interventions best promote health behavior change. In addition, we wanted to develop a novel coding scheme for assessing mode of delivery in Internet-based interventions and also to link different modes to effect sizes.We conducted a computerized search of the databases indexed by ISI Web of Knowledge (including BIOSIS Previews and Medline) between 2000 and 2008. Studies were included if (1) the primary components of the intervention were delivered via the Internet, (2) participants were randomly assigned to conditions, and (3) a measure of behavior related to health was taken after the intervention.We found 85 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria, providing a total sample size of 43,236 participants. On average, interventions had a statistically small but significant effect on health-related behavior (d(+) = 0.16, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.23). More extensive use of theory was associated with increases in effect size (P = .049), and, in particular, interventions based on the theory of planned behavior tended to have substantial effects on behavior (d(+) = 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.56). Interventions that incorporated more behavior change techniques also tended to have larger effects compared to interventions that incorporated fewer techniques (P < .001). Finally, the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions was enhanced by the use of additional methods of communicating with participants, especially the use of short message service (SMS), or text, messages.The review provides a framework for the development of a science of Internet-based interventions, and our findings provide a rationale for investing in more intensive theory-based interventions that incorporate multiple behavior change techniques and modes of delivery.

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Beyond pleasure and pain.

1997-01-01

E. Tory Higgins

People approach pleasure and avoid pain. To discover the true nature of approach-avoidance motivation, psychologists need to move beyond this hedonic principle to the principles that underlie the different ways … People approach pleasure and avoid pain. To discover the true nature of approach-avoidance motivation, psychologists need to move beyond this hedonic principle to the principles that underlie the different ways that it operates. One such principle is regulatory focus, which distinguishes self-regulation with a promotion focus (accomplishments and aspirations) from self-regulation with a prevention focus (safety and responsibilities). This principle is used to reconsider the fundamental nature of approach-avoidance, expectancy-value relations, and emotional and evaluative sensitivities. Both types of regulatory focus are applied to phenomena that have been treated in terms of either promotion (e.g., well-being) or prevention (e.g., cognitive dissonance). Then, regulatory focus is distinguished from regulatory anticipation and regulatory reference, 2 other principles underlying the different ways that people approach pleasure and avoid pain.

Modeling Health Behavior Change: How to Predict and Modify the Adoption and Maintenance of Health Behaviors

2008-01-01

Ralf Schwarzer

Health‐compromising behaviors such as physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are difficult to change. Most social‐cognitive theories assume that an individual's intention to change is the best direct predictor of … Health‐compromising behaviors such as physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are difficult to change. Most social‐cognitive theories assume that an individual's intention to change is the best direct predictor of actual change. But people often do not behave in accordance with their intentions. This discrepancy between intention and behavior is due to several reasons. For example, unforeseen barriers could emerge, or people might give in to temptations. Therefore, intention needs to be supplemented by other, more proximal factors that might compromise or facilitate the translation of intentions into action. Some of these postintentional factors have been identified, such as perceived self‐efficacy and strategic planning. They help to bridge the intention–behavior gap. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) suggests a distinction between (a) preintentional motivation processes that lead to a behavioral intention, and (b) postintentional volition processes that lead to the actual health behavior. In this article, seven studies are reported that examine the role of volitional mediators in the initiation and adherence to five health behaviors: physical exercise, breast self‐examination, seat belt use, dietary behaviors, and dental flossing. The general aim is to examine the applicability of the HAPA and its universality by replicating it across different health behaviors, based on various measures, time spans, and samples from different countries. Les comportements nuisibles à la santé tels que le manque d’exercice physique et les mauvaises habitudes alimentaires sont difficiles à modifier. La plupart des théories socio‐cognitives admettent que le meilleur prédicteur d’un réel changement est l’intention que la personne a de changer. Mais la conduite est souvent en contradiction avec les intentions. La divergence entre intention et comportement est due à plusieurs raisons. Par exemple, des obstacles imprévus peuvent apparaître, ou encore les intéressés peuvent succomber à la tentation. L’intention doit donc être associée à d’autres facteurs plus immédiats susceptibles de compromettre ou de faciliter le passage de l’intention à l’action. Certains de ces facteurs ont été identifiés, à savoir la planification stratégique et la perception de l’efficacité personnelle. Ils aident à combler le fossé entre l’intention et le comportement. L’Approche des Processus d’Action en faveur de la Santé (HAPA) établit une distinction entre les processus motivationnels préalables à l’intention qui conduisent à une intention comportementale et les processus volontaires secondaires à l’intention qui débouchent sur un comportement effectivement favorable à la santé. On expose dans cet article sept recherches qui examinent le rôle médiateur de la volition dans l’adoption de et la persévérance dans cinq comportements utiles à la santé: l’exercice physique, l’inspection personnelle de ses seins, l’usage de la ceinture de sécurité, un bon régime alimentaire et l’utilisation du fil dentaire. Il s’agit de mettre à l’épreuve le caractère opérationnel de l’HAPA et son universalité en l’appliquant à différents comportements liés à la santéà partir de mesures et de périodes diversifiées sur des échantillons provenant de différents pays.

The theory of planned behavior

1991-12-01

Icek Ajzen

The Strength Model of Self-Control

2007-11-21

Roy F. Baumeister , Kathleen D. Vohs , Dianne M. Tice

Self-control is a central function of the self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a … Self-control is a central function of the self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of self-control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of self-control cause short-term impairments (ego depletion) in subsequent self-control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.

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Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.

2006-01-01

Thomas L. Webb , Paschal Sheeran

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to … Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.

Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means

2004-04-01

Albert Bandura

This article examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. This theory posits a multifaceted causal structure in which self-efficacy beliefs operate together with goals, … This article examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. This theory posits a multifaceted causal structure in which self-efficacy beliefs operate together with goals, outcome expectations, and perceived environmental impediments and facilitators in the regulation of human motivation, behavior, and well-being. Belief in one's efficacy to exercise control is a common pathway through which psychosocial influences affect health functioning. This core belief affects each of the basic processes of personal change--whether people even consider changing their health habits, whether they mobilize the motivation and perseverance needed to succeed should they do so, their ability to recover from setbacks and relapses, and how well they maintain the habit changes they have achieved. Human health is a social matter, not just an individual one. A comprehensive approach to health promotion also requires changing the practices of social systems that have widespread effects on human health.

Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?

2000-01-01

Mark Muraven , Roy F. Baumeister

The authors review evidence that self-control may consume a limited resource. Exerting self-control may consume self-control strength, reducing the amount of strength available for subsequent self-control efforts. Coping with stress, … The authors review evidence that self-control may consume a limited resource. Exerting self-control may consume self-control strength, reducing the amount of strength available for subsequent self-control efforts. Coping with stress, regulating negative affect, and resisting temptations require self-control, and after such self-control efforts, subsequent attempts at self-control are more likely to fail. Continuous self-control efforts, such as vigilance, also degrade over time. These decrements in self-control are probably not due to negative moods or learned helplessness produced by the initial self-control attempt. These decrements appear to be specific to behaviors that involve self-control; behaviors that do not require self-control neither consume nor require self-control strength. It is concluded that the executive component of the self--in particular, inhibition--relies on a limited, consumable resource.

Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach

2005-02-01

Susan Michie

Background: Evidence-based guidelines are often not implemented effectively with the result that best health outcomes are not achieved. This may be due to a lack of theoretical understanding of the … Background: Evidence-based guidelines are often not implemented effectively with the result that best health outcomes are not achieved. This may be due to a lack of theoretical understanding of the processes involved in changing the behaviour of healthcare professionals. This paper reports the development of a consensus on a theoretical framework that could be used in implementation research. The objectives were to identify an agreed set of key theoretical constructs for use in (1) studying the implementation of evidence based practice and (2) developing strategies for effective implementation, and to communicate these constructs to an interdisciplinary audience. Methods: Six phases of work were conducted to develop a consensus: (1) identifying theoretical constructs; (2) simplifying into construct domains; (3) evaluating the importance of the construct domains; (4) interdisciplinary evaluation; (5) validating the domain list; and (6) piloting interview questions. The contributors were a "psychological theory" group (n = 18), a "health services research" group (n = 13), and a "health psychology" group (n = 30). Results: Twelve domains were identified to explain behaviour change: (1) knowledge, (2) skills, (3) social/professional role and identity, (4) beliefs about capabilities, (5) beliefs about consequences, (6) motivation and goals, (7) memory, attention and decision processes, (8) environmental context and resources, (9) social influences, (10) emotion regulation, (11) behavioural regulation, and (12) nature of the behaviour. Conclusions: A set of behaviour change domains agreed by a consensus of experts is available for use in implementation research. Applications of this domain list will enhance understanding of the behaviour change processes inherent in implementation of evidence-based practice and will also test the validity of these proposed domains.

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Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.

1994-08-01

Charles S. Carver , Teri L. White

J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess … J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low in BIS sensitivity. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low in BAS sensitivity. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications.

Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?

1998-01-01

Roy F. Baumeister , Ellen Bratslavsky , Mark Muraven +1 more

Choice, active response, self-regulation, and other volition may all draw on a common inner resource. In Experiment 1, people who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates subsequently … Choice, active response, self-regulation, and other volition may all draw on a common inner resource. In Experiment 1, people who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates subsequently quit faster on unsolvable puzzles than people who had not had to exert self-control over eating. In Experiment 2, making a meaningful personal choice to perform attitude-relevant behavior caused a similar decrement in persistence. In Experiment 3, suppressing emotion led to a subsequent drop in performance of solvable anagrams. In Experiment 4, an initial task requiring high self-regulation made people more passive (i.e., more prone to favor the passive-response option). These results suggest that the self's capacity for active volition is limited and that a range of seemingly different, unrelated acts share a common resource.

The unbearable automaticity of being.

1999-07-01

John A. Bargh , Tanya L. Chartrand

What was noted by E. J. hanger (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming … What was noted by E. J. hanger (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. hanger, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-mom ent psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment. The strongest knowledge—that of the total unfreedom of the human will—is nonetheless the poorest in successes, for it always has the strongest opponent: human vanity. —Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human

The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections

2011-09-01

Icek Ajzen

The seven articles in this issue, and the accompanying meta-analysis in Health Psychology Review [McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with … The seven articles in this issue, and the accompanying meta-analysis in Health Psychology Review [McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97–144], illustrate the wide application of the theory of planned behaviour [Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211] in the health domain. In this editorial, Ajzen reflects on some of the issues raised by the different authors. Among the topics addressed are the nature of intentions and the limits of predictive validity; rationality, affect and emotions; past behaviour and habit; the prototype/willingness model; and the role of such background factors as the big five personality traits and social comparison tendency.

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Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.

1999-07-01

Peter M. Gollwitzer

When people encounter problems in translating their goals into action (e.g., failing to get started, becoming distracted, or falling into bad habits), they may strategically call on automatic processes in … When people encounter problems in translating their goals into action (e.g., failing to get started, becoming distracted, or falling into bad habits), they may strategically call on automatic processes in an attempt to secure goal attainment. This can be achieved by plans in the form of implementation intentions that link anticipated critical situations to goal-directed responses (Whenever situation x arises, I will initiate the goal-directed response y!). Implementation intentions delegate the control of goal-directed responses to anticipated situational cues, which (when actually encountered) elicit these responses automatically. A program of research demonstrates that implementation intentions further the attainment of goals, and it reveals the underlying processes.

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High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success

2004-02-23

June P. Tangney , Roy F. Baumeister , Angie Luzio Boone

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal … What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales

1978-03-01

Kenneth A. Wallston , Barbara Strudler Wallston , Robert F. DeVellis

The development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales is described. Scales have been developed to tap beliefs that the source of reinforcements for health-related behaviors is primarily in … The development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales is described. Scales have been developed to tap beliefs that the source of reinforcements for health-related behaviors is primarily in ternal, a matter of chance, or under the control of powerful others. These scales are based on earlier work with a general Health Locus of Control scale, which, in turn, was developed from Rotter's social learn ing theory. Equivalent forms of the scales are presented along with initial internal consistency and validity data. Possible means of utilizing these scales are provided.

The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later

1984-03-01

Nancy K. Janz , Marshall H. Becker

Since the last comprehensive review in 1974, the Health Belief Model (HBM) has continued to be the focus of considerable theoretical and research attention. This article presents a critical review … Since the last comprehensive review in 1974, the Health Belief Model (HBM) has continued to be the focus of considerable theoretical and research attention. This article presents a critical review of 29 HBM-related investigations published during the period 1974-1984, tabulates the findings from 17 studies conducted prior to 1974, and provides a summary of the total 46 HBM studies (18 prospective, 28 retrospective). Twenty-four studies examined preventive-health be haviors (PHB), 19 explored sick-role behaviors (SRB), and three addressed clinic utilization. A "significance ratio" was constructed which divides the number of positive, statistically- significant findings for an HBM dimension by the total number of studies reporting significance levels for that dimension. Summary results provide substantial empirical support for the HBM, with findings from prospective studies at least as favorable as those obtained from retrospective research. "Perceived barriers" proved to be the most powerful of the HBM dimensions across the various study designs and behaviors. While both were important overall, "perceived sus ceptibility" was a stronger contributor to understanding PHB than SRB, while the reverse was true for "perceived benefits." "Perceived severity" produced the lowest overall significance ratios; however, while only weakly associated with PHB, this dimension was strongly related to SRB. On the basis of the evidence compiled, it is recommended that consideration of HBM dimensions be a part of health education programming. Suggestions are offered for further research.

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Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs

2013-01-01

Daniël Lakens

Effect sizes are the most important outcome of empirical studies. Most articles on effect sizes highlight their importance to communicate the practical significance of results. For scientists themselves, effect sizes … Effect sizes are the most important outcome of empirical studies. Most articles on effect sizes highlight their importance to communicate the practical significance of results. For scientists themselves, effect sizes are most useful because they facilitate cumulative science. Effect sizes can be used to determine the sample size for follow-up studies, or examining effects across studies. This article aims to provide a practical primer on how to calculate and report effect sizes for t-tests and ANOVA's such that effect sizes can be used in a-priori power analyses and meta-analyses. Whereas many articles about effect sizes focus on between-subjects designs and address within-subjects designs only briefly, I provide a detailed overview of the similarities and differences between within- and between-subjects designs. I suggest that some research questions in experimental psychology examine inherently intra-individual effects, which makes effect sizes that incorporate the correlation between measures the best summary of the results. Finally, a supplementary spreadsheet is provided to make it as easy as possible for researchers to incorporate effect size calculations into their workflow.

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The Explanatory and Predictive Scope of Self-Efficacy Theory

1986-09-01

Albert Bandura

Convergent evidence from the diverse lines of research reported in the present special issue of this journal attests to the explanatory and predictive generality of self-efficacy theory. This commentary addresses … Convergent evidence from the diverse lines of research reported in the present special issue of this journal attests to the explanatory and predictive generality of self-efficacy theory. This commentary addresses itself to conceptual and empirical issues concerning the nature and function of self-percepts of efficacy.

The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change

1997-09-01

James O. Prochaska , Wayne F. Velicer

The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Ten processes of change have been identified for … The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Ten processes of change have been identified for producing progress along with decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptations. Basic research has generated a rule of thumb for at-risk populations: 40% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 20% in preparation. Across 12 health behaviors, consistent patterns have been found between the pros and cons of changing and the stages of change. Applied research has demonstrated dramatic improvements in recruitment, retention, and progress using stage-matched interventions and proactive recruitment procedures. The most promising outcomes to date have been found with computer-based individualized and interactive interventions. The most promising enhancement to the computer-based programs are personalized counselors. One of the most striking results to date for stage-matched programs is the similarity between participants reactively recruited who reached us for help and those proactively recruited who we reached out to help. If results with stage-matched interventions continue to be replicated, health promotion programs will be able to produce unprecedented impacts on entire at-risk populations.

Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

2001-12-01

Christopher J. Armitage , Mark Conner

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 … The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self‐reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed ( R 2 s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self‐predictions, but intentions and self‐predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research

1998-08-01

Mark Conner , Christopher J. Armitage

This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence … This paper describes and reviews the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The focus is on evidence supporting the further extension of the TPB in various ways. Empirical and theoretical evidence to support the addition of 6 variables to the TPB is reviewed: belief salience measures, past behavior/habit, perceived behavioral control (PBC) vs. self‐efficacy, moral norms, self‐identity, and affective beliefs. In each case there appears to be growing empirical evidence to support their addition to the TPB and some understanding of the processes by which they may be related to other TPB variables, intentions, and behavior. Two avenues for expansion of the TPB are presented. First, the possibility of incorporating the TPB into a dual‐process model of attitude–behavior relationships is reviewed. Second, the expansion of the TPB to include consideration of the volitional processes determining how goal intentions may lead to goal achievement is discussed.

Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model

1988-06-01

Irwin M. Rosenstock , Victor J. Strecher , Marshall H. Becker

The Health Belief Model, social learning theory (recently relabelled social cognitive theory), self-efficacy, and locus of control have all been applied with varying success to problems of explaining, predicting, and … The Health Belief Model, social learning theory (recently relabelled social cognitive theory), self-efficacy, and locus of control have all been applied with varying success to problems of explaining, predicting, and influencing behavior. Yet, there is con ceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners about the interrelationships of these theories and variables. This article attempts to show how these explanatory fac tors may be related, and in so doing, posits a revised explanatory model which incor porates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model. Specifically, self-efficacy is pro posed as a separate independent variable along with the traditional health belief var iables of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. Incentive to behave (health motivation) is also a component of the model. Locus of control is not included explicitly because it is believed to be incorporated within other elements of the model. It is predicted that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.

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Getting to the “COR”

2014-03-25

Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben , Jean‐Pierre Neveu , Samantha C. Paustian‐Underdahl +1 more

Proposed as a theory of motivation, the basic tenet of conservation of resources (COR) theory is that humans are motivated to protect their current resources and acquire new resources. Despite … Proposed as a theory of motivation, the basic tenet of conservation of resources (COR) theory is that humans are motivated to protect their current resources and acquire new resources. Despite its recent popularity in the organizational behavior literature, several criticisms of the theory have emerged, primarily related to the central concept of resources. In this review, we address concerns regarding the conceptualization, conservation, acquisition, fluctuation, and measurement of resources. We highlight gaps in the COR literature that can be addressed by integrating research from other areas of psychology and management. In this manner, we hope to push the COR literature forward by resolving several concerns and providing suggestions for future research that might address other concerns.

Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.

1987-01-01

E. Tory Higgins

This article presents a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representations are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) … This article presents a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representations are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepancies between the actual/own self-state (i.e., the self-concept) and ideal self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a sitmifieant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions (e.g., disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness). In contrast, discrepancies between the actual/own self-state and ought self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a significant other's beliefs about the individual's duties, responsibilities, or obligations) signify the presence of negative outcomes, which is associated with agitation-related emotions (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness). Differences in both the relative magnitude and the accessibility of individuals' available types of self-discrepancies are predicted to be related to differences in the kinds of discomfort people are likely to experience. Correlational and experimental evidence supports the predictions of the model. Differences between self-discrepancy theory and (a) other theories of incompatible self-beliefs and (b) actual self negativity (e.g., low self-esteem) are discussed.

Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour

2010-10-01

Melanie Wakefield , Barbara Loken , Robert Hornik

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Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Psychological Research

2000-02-01

Robert C. MacCallum , James T. Austin

This chapter presents a review of applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) published in psychological research journals in recent years. We focus first on the variety of research designs and … This chapter presents a review of applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) published in psychological research journals in recent years. We focus first on the variety of research designs and substantive issues to which SEM can be applied productively. We then discuss a number of methodological problems and issues of concern that characterize some of this literature. Although it is clear that SEM is a powerful tool that is being used to great benefit in psychological research, it is also clear that the applied SEM literature is characterized by some chronic problems and that this literature can be considerably improved by greater attention to these issues.

The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions

2013-03-19

Susan Michie , Michelle Richardson , Marie Johnston +6 more

CONSORT guidelines call for precise reporting of behavior change interventions: we need rigorous methods of characterizing active content of interventions with precision and specificity.The objective of this study is to … CONSORT guidelines call for precise reporting of behavior change interventions: we need rigorous methods of characterizing active content of interventions with precision and specificity.The objective of this study is to develop an extensive, consensually agreed hierarchically structured taxonomy of techniques [behavior change techniques (BCTs)] used in behavior change interventions.In a Delphi-type exercise, 14 experts rated labels and definitions of 124 BCTs from six published classification systems. Another 18 experts grouped BCTs according to similarity of active ingredients in an open-sort task. Inter-rater agreement amongst six researchers coding 85 intervention descriptions by BCTs was assessed.This resulted in 93 BCTs clustered into 16 groups. Of the 26 BCTs occurring at least five times, 23 had adjusted kappas of 0.60 or above."BCT taxonomy v1," an extensive taxonomy of 93 consensually agreed, distinct BCTs, offers a step change as a method for specifying interventions, but we anticipate further development and evaluation based on international, interdisciplinary consensus.

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Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation

2017-08-03

Andrew F. Hayes

Mediation of X's effect on Y through a mediator M is moderated if the indirect effect of X depends on a fourth variable. Hayes [(2015). An index and test of … Mediation of X's effect on Y through a mediator M is moderated if the indirect effect of X depends on a fourth variable. Hayes [(2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, 1–22. doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683] introduced an approach to testing a moderated mediation hypothesis based on an index of moderated mediation. Here, I extend this approach to models with more than one moderator. I describe how to test if X's indirect effect on Y is moderated by one variable when a second moderator is held constant (partial moderated mediation), conditioned on (conditional moderated mediation), or dependent on a second moderator (moderated moderated mediation). Examples are provided, as is a discussion of the visualization of indirect effects and an illustration of implementation in the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.

Temporal construal.

2003-01-01

Yaacov Trope , Nira Liberman

Construal level theory proposes that temporal distance changes people's responses to future events by changing the way people mentally represent those events. The greater the temporal distance, the more likely … Construal level theory proposes that temporal distance changes people's responses to future events by changing the way people mentally represent those events. The greater the temporal distance, the more likely are events to be represented in terms of a few abstract features that convey the perceived essence of the events (high-level construals) rather than in terms of more concrete and incidental details of the events (low-level construals). The informational and evaluative implications of high-level construals, compared with those of low-level construals, should therefore have more impact on responses to distant-future events than near-future events. This article explores the implications of construal level theory for temporal changes in evaluation, prediction, and choice. The authors suggest that construal level underlies a broad range of evaluative and behavioral consequences of psychological distance from events.

Is the Bladder Cancer Patient Information Form Effective for Information?

2025-06-25

Fatih Sandıkçı , Furkan Çapar , Sevgi Koç +3 more | Bulletin of Urooncology

Sense of Mastery Explains Social Patterning of Health

2025-06-24

Shervin Assari , Babak Najand , Alexandra Donovan | Healthcare

Background: Social determinants of health—including both adversity and socioeconomic position—are known to shape physical health, health-related behaviors, and overall well-being. However, the psychological mechanisms that link these determinants to diverse … Background: Social determinants of health—including both adversity and socioeconomic position—are known to shape physical health, health-related behaviors, and overall well-being. However, the psychological mechanisms that link these determinants to diverse outcomes remain insufficiently explored across international contexts. Objective: The objective of this study is to test whether sense of mastery and control over one’s life mediates the associations between key stressors (childhood abuse, financial insecurity) and socioeconomic resources (education, employment, and marital status) with a wide range of outcomes spanning health, behaviors, and well-being. Methods: Using cross-sectional data from Wave 1 of the Global Flourishing Study (GFS), we analyzed responses from more than 200,000 adults in 23 countries. Predictors included exposure to childhood abuse, perceived financial insecurity, and indicators of socioeconomic position (education, employment, and marital status). Outcomes included self-rated physical and mental health, depression, anxiety, smoking, drinking, physical activity, life satisfaction, and happiness. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate both direct and indirect (mediated) effects through sense of mastery and control over life. Results: Stressors were associated with poorer health, higher engagement in risk behaviors, and lower well-being. In contrast, higher levels of education, employment, and being married were linked to more favorable outcomes. In all tested models, sense of mastery and control over life significantly mediated the effects of both stressors and socioeconomic resources on health, behaviors, and well-being outcomes. Conclusions: Sense of mastery and control over life may represent key psychological pathways linking both adversity and social advantage to diverse health-related outcomes. Interventions that enhance individuals’ perceived control may offer cross-cutting benefits to improve health, promote well-being, and reduce behavioral risk factors globally.

The NIH Stage Model for Behavioral Interventions in Aging: Development, Maturation, Impact and Opportunities for Advancement

2025-06-24

Ana‐Maria Vranceanu , Ian M. Kronish , Evan Plys +3 more | The Gerontologist

Abstract The National Institute of Health (NIH) Stage Model provides a systematic framework for advancing behavioral intervention science. It uniquely bridges basic research with the development and dissemination of interventions … Abstract The National Institute of Health (NIH) Stage Model provides a systematic framework for advancing behavioral intervention science. It uniquely bridges basic research with the development and dissemination of interventions that are scientifically rigorous and scalable. This manuscript examines the evolution and key features of the NIH Stage Model, its incorporation of iterative and mechanism-focused methodologies, and its impact on behavioral science, particularly in aging research. We provide examples of how the model’s flexibility, iterative design, focus on mechanisms of behavior change, and emphasis on scalability are significantly influencing intervention development in aging. We describe how the National Institute of Aging (NIA) Edward R. Roybal Centers for Translational Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences of Aging have become engines of intervention development and testing according to the NIH Stage Model by funding behavioral trials across the NIH Stage Model while simultaneously supporting the development of training opportunities and scientific networks immersed in this approach. We conclude with a discussion of strategies, fully aligned and compatible with the NIH Stage Model, to further achieve the model’s ultimate goal: the swift translation of interventions, including aging interventions, into clinical, community, home, or other “real-world” settings to benefit those that need them.

School contextual effects and adolescent deviance: A test of the “other causes” part of self-control theory

2025-06-24

Alexander T. Vazsonyi , Dan Liu , Pierre‐André Michaud | Journal of Criminal Justice

Risk perception, protective behavior, and transit ridership during COVID-19: Longitudinal insights from Seoul Metropolitan Area, Republic of Korea

2025-06-24

Seunghoo Jeong , Minjun Kim , Minkyu Kim +1 more | Journal of Transport & Health

Benefits of Alcoholics Anonymous affiliation among meeting attendees in Romania: a mixed methods approach

2025-06-23

Adriana Lavinia Bulumac , Florin Lazăr | The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Background: While alcohol use disorder is a significant social problem in Romania, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) affiliation is scarce despite proven benefits.Objectives: To identify differences between highly and low/nonaffiliated individuals and … Background: While alcohol use disorder is a significant social problem in Romania, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) affiliation is scarce despite proven benefits.Objectives: To identify differences between highly and low/nonaffiliated individuals and AA affiliation' associated benefits.Methods: A mixed-method research employed in Romania (n = 24,12 males,12 females; length of sobriety in days, M highly affiliated = 3406, M low/nonaffiliated = 220) comprised measures of organizational commitment, spirituality, well-being, mental health, and addiction and in-depth interviews. T-tests and thematic analysis were used.Results: Quantitative findings showed significant differences in affective organizational commitment (d = 1.1, p = .01), number of completed AA Steps (d = 2.5, p < .005), positive religious coping (d = 1.1, p = .01), anxiety (d = - .9, p = .03), craving (d = - 2, p < .005), commitment to sobriety (d = 1.4, p = .005), confidence on staying sober (d = 1.4, p = .005), abstinence self-efficacy (temptation: d = 1.6, p = .001; confidence: d = .9, p = .03) and desire for abstinence (overall: d = 1.3, p = .004; intention: d = 1.4, p = .002; attitude: d = 1.1, p = .01; subjective norm: d = .9, p = .03; perceived control: d = 1.4, p = .002). Interview data revealed two main themes: Characteristics of highly affiliated individuals and Characteristics of low/nonaffiliated individuals.Conclusion: Highly affiliated individuals are more likely to maintain sobriety, obtain spiritual benefits, improve their mental health, and become committed to recovery. Low/nonaffiliated individuals can still receive some benefits from attending AA meetings.

The effect of promotional health message framing on the perceived benefit of mammography: evidence from estimation of willingness to pay

2025-06-21

Bahman Ahadinezhad , Gita Rashvand , Simin Karimi +3 more | Journal of Health Population and Nutrition

Abstract Background Evidence from behavioral economics has shown that framing health information can impact the demand for screening. We examined the effect of promotional message framing on mammography demand by … Abstract Background Evidence from behavioral economics has shown that framing health information can impact the demand for screening. We examined the effect of promotional message framing on mammography demand by estimating willingness to pay (WTP). Methods This experimental study was conducted in 2024 over a period of 3 months. The interesting outcome was a WTP for mammography. 354 women were randomly selected and randomly assigned between the two study arms. The intervention involved the presentation of health information in two frames of gain and loss. The mammography demand has been estimated using robust standard error Logistic regression. Demand rate of mammography has been compared between two types of information framing using the chi-square test. Finally, the monetary value of willingness to pay (WTP) for mammography was estimated using the methodology developed by López-Feldman. All analyses were done using STATA 17. Results The price and income elasticity of mammography demand were estimated as − 0.19 and 0.24, respectively ( P < 0.01). The higher demand rate in the loss frame compared to the gain frame (38.7% vs. 25.1%) was statistically significant, and its effect size was estimated to be 0.282 ( p < 0.01). The value of WTP in the loss frame (10.68 US$) was estimated to be more significant than in the gain frame (4.74 US$) ( p < 0.01). Conclusion This study suggests that health educators consider the message’s persuasiveness with the type of health action before designing health messages. Moreover, health practitioners should use health messages with a loss frame to increase the demand for screening services such as mammography.

The effects of sleep restriction and time of day on food-specific impulsivity, approach-avoidance bias and delay discounting

2025-06-20

Naomi Kakoschke , David L. Dickinson , Sean P. A. Drummond | Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

Helping addicts: When can trying to do good be dysfunctional?

2025-06-20

Federico Guerrero , Mina Mahmoudi , Mark Pingle +1 more | Public Choice

When fear meets anger: Attitudes toward positively versus negatively evaluated pandemic policy proposals when negative emotions are competing in society

2025-06-19

Paweł Koniak , Wojciech Cwalina | Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy

Abstract Since the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, citizens of many countries have been faced with health‐related fear, as well as anti‐establishment and anti‐governmental anger. This emotional landscape colored the … Abstract Since the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, citizens of many countries have been faced with health‐related fear, as well as anti‐establishment and anti‐governmental anger. This emotional landscape colored the ongoing efforts by the authorities to convince citizens to accept various public policy proposals. In two studies (total N = 528, one preregistered) conducted in Poland in two different situations, we focused on the role of the simultaneously evoked pandemic fear and anti‐government anger in shaping attitudes toward the pandemic regulations. For negatively evaluated proposals, both of these emotions worked in opposite directions: fear was associated with increasing support, while anger was associated with increasing rejection. However, for positively evaluated policy proposals, fear and anger worked in consonance, and both were associated with increasing acceptance of the proposed regulations. Thus, while fear seems to motivate the acceptance of even negatively evaluated proposals that are seen as protective ones, anger works to amplify or polarize the proposals’ basic evaluations. Our findings could help plan the implementation of public policies in societies in times of turbulent emotional landscapes.

Sleepy travelers on holidays: How social jetlag affects intention to participate in tourism activity

2025-06-19

Joo Young Kim , Shynar Dyussembayeva , Giampaolo Viglia +1 more | Tourism Management

Combining mechanisms of action with behavior change techniques—theory-based development of an app promoting heating energy-saving behaviors

2025-06-18

Mara Brandt , Sebastian Bamberg | Frontiers in Psychology

Introduction There is an ongoing debate whether the currently used psychological interventions to motivate people to switch to more pro-environmental behavioral alternatives are effective. In the present paper the ‘theory … Introduction There is an ongoing debate whether the currently used psychological interventions to motivate people to switch to more pro-environmental behavioral alternatives are effective. In the present paper the ‘theory and technique tool’ (TaTT) developed by the Human Behavior Change Project is used to demonstrate the theory-based development of a mobile app promoting heating energy saving behaviors. Methods For this purpose, from the stage model of self-regulated behavioral change (SSBC) so-called Mechanisms of Action (MoA) are derived mediating the impact of the intervention on behavioral change. The TaTT is then used for linking these MoAs systematically with evidence based ‘behavior change techniques’ (BCTs). Results In a next step, conceptual design ideas are developed as operationalizations of the included BCTs. In an experimental lab study, we test the effectiveness of one central conceptual design idea aiming to motivate participants to use intervention packages specially tailored to the needs which according to the SSBC an intervention has to target in that stage. The results, however, provide little empirical evidence that this design idea works as theoretically expected. Discussion This finding underlines the importance of explicitly testing the ability of conceptual design ideas to activate theoretically proposed MoA-BCT links before the large-scale implementation of that intervention in a costly field study.

Emotional regulation self-efficacy and impulsivity effects on college students' risk-taking behavior: a cross-sectional study

2025-06-18

Ruoyu Zhang , Chen Zhang , Liying Huang | Frontiers in Psychology

Background The adventurous behaviors of college students are becoming increasingly diverse. This study is grounded in the dual-process theory model of impulsivity. To explore the impact of the match between … Background The adventurous behaviors of college students are becoming increasingly diverse. This study is grounded in the dual-process theory model of impulsivity. To explore the impact of the match between impulsivity and emotional regulation self-efficacy on college student multi-domain risk-taking behavior and examine whether impulsivity played a mediating role, using a polynomial regression and response surface analysis. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted with 638 college students from online and offline, to investigate their impulsivity, emotional self-efficacy, multi-domain risk-taking behavior. Results (1) Impulsivity is significantly positively correlated with risk-taking behavior across various domains. Emotional self-efficacy is significantly negatively correlated with impulsivity, as well as with risk-taking behaviors in the health/safety and moral domains. (2) College students with high impulsivity and high emotional regulation self-efficacy engage in more health/safety, moral, and recreational risk-taking behaviors than those with low impulsivity and low emotional regulation self-efficacy. (3) College students with high impulsivity and low emotional regulation self-efficacy exhibit a greater number of health/safety, moral, and recreational risk-taking behaviors than those with low impulsivity and high emotional regulation self-efficacy. (4) In the male population, impulsivity plays a full mediating role between emotional regulation self-efficacy and various domains of risk-taking behavior. In the female population, impulsivity serves as a full mediator only in the domains of health/safety, moral, and economic risk-taking behaviors, while it acts as a partial mediator in the domains of recreational and social risk-taking behaviors. Conclusion The present study reveals the mechanisms through which different combinations of high and low impulsivity and emotional self-efficacy influence multi-domain risk-taking behaviors among college students and validated the mediating role of impulsivity. This study validates the dual-process theory of impulsivity and provides research experience for future interventions targeting risk-taking behaviors across various domains among college students of different genders.

Exploring the dilemma of full-screen ads when opening an app: the roles of users’ perceived goal impediment and processing fluency

2025-06-18

Qingxian An , Haifeng Li , Bowen Zheng | International Journal of Advertising

“An End Unto Itself” – Psychometric Properties of the Moral Autotelism Scale

2025-06-18

George Garkov | Diogenes

A variety of empirical approaches and psychometric instruments aim towards the measurement of moral attitudes and behaviors. Beyond the presence of limitations, related to their ecological validity, and conceptual ambiguities, … A variety of empirical approaches and psychometric instruments aim towards the measurement of moral attitudes and behaviors. Beyond the presence of limitations, related to their ecological validity, and conceptual ambiguities, resulting from the operationalization of complex philosophical constructs, many of them ignore the existential aspects of moral behaviour. On the other hand, while moral attitudes and behaviours have been mostly addressed with respect to other-orientedness, self-oriented aspects of morality (upholding one’s own enlightened self-interest) remain addressed to a lesser extent. Therefore, the present study discusses the construct of Moral autotelism (as an expression of morally relevant beliefs, strivings, and behaviors), and outlines the construction of a moral autotelism scale, as an alternative to these approaches.

Dopaminergic Modulation of Conscientiousness: DRD2 rs1799732 and Personality Traits in Elite Mixed Martial Arts Athletes

2025-06-18

Milena Lachowicz , Remigiusz Recław , Krzysztof Chmielowiec +5 more | Genes

Personality traits, particularly Conscientiousness, are recognised as crucial psychological factors contributing to success in elite-level athletes. Emerging evidence suggests that individual differences in these traits are influenced by environmental exposure … Personality traits, particularly Conscientiousness, are recognised as crucial psychological factors contributing to success in elite-level athletes. Emerging evidence suggests that individual differences in these traits are influenced by environmental exposure and genetic variation, especially within the dopaminergic system. The DRD2 promoter polymorphism rs1799732, which affects dopamine D2 receptor expression, may modulate goal-directed behaviour and self-regulation traits. This study included 323 participants (141 elite mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes and 182 non-athlete controls). Participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Genotyping for the DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism was conducted using real-time PCR. Group comparisons and two-way ANOVA were used to assess genotype-phenotype associations and gene × environment interactions. Athletes scored significantly higher on Conscientiousness than controls. A significant main effect of the DRD2 rs1799732 genotype and a genotype × group interaction were observed for Conscientiousness. Specifically, athletes with the ins/ins genotype exhibited the highest levels of Conscientiousness, whereas individuals with the del/del genotype showed the lowest scores. No significant associations were found for other personality traits. These findings suggest that the DRD2 promoter polymorphism rs1799732 moderates the expression of Conscientiousness, particularly under the structured and demanding conditions experienced by elite athletes. Our results support a gene × environment interaction model, highlighting the importance of considering genetic predispositions in high-performance environments. These insights may inform personalised psychological support strategies tailored to athletes' genetic profiles, enhancing motivation, self-regulation and long-term athletic development.

Use of the non-paretic arm reflects a habitual behaviour in chronic stroke

2025-06-18

Sebastian Sporn , E Bonyadi , R. Fathana +4 more | Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Abstract Background A proportion of stroke survivors use their paretic arm less than might be expected based on their level of impairment. The resulting underuse of the paretic arm has … Abstract Background A proportion of stroke survivors use their paretic arm less than might be expected based on their level of impairment. The resulting underuse of the paretic arm has a negative impact on participation in neurorehabilitation and functional independence. However, non-use remains poorly understood. One possibility is that prioritising the non-paretic arm reflects a habit, despite residual functional capacity in the paretic arm. Methods 30 chronic stroke survivors (Mean Fugl Meyer Upper Limb Score: 28.9 ± 11.3) participated in a simplified version of the forced response paradigm, which reliably identifies the presence of a habit. Participants were asked to choose which arm to use to maximise points scored during a reaching task. During half of the trials, the presumed habit of using the non-paretic arm yielded more points, whereas in the other half using the non-paretic arm incurred a loss of points. Participants completed two versions of this task, once with unlimited response time available and once without. Results Participants scored fewer points in the limited response condition compared to the unlimited response conditions. This difference was driven by a selective increase in the use of the non-paretic arm in trials where the paretic arm yielded more points. The results were not mediated by former hand dominance. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that not using the non-paretic arm may reflect a habit response that is more readily triggered in demanding (e.g. time-limited) situations. This may explain why successful neurorehabilitation does not always result in a more functionally useful arm. Our results pave the way for targeted interventions such as habit breaking techniques to be included in clinical practise.

How Messages Should Be Delivered in Autonomous Driving: The Effect of Message Framing and Construal Level

2025-06-18

Doha Kim , Yejin Lee , Young Eun Kim +2 more | International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

A hopeful journey: responses to efficacy labels from people using RYO tobacco in Aotearoa New Zealand

2025-06-18

Lani Teddy , Ellen Ozarka , Mei‐Ling Blank +2 more | Tobacco Control

Introduction Although many countries have introduced pictorial warning labels (PWLs), few use efficacy labels or inserts offering supportive cessation advice or outlining benefits of quitting. Theory and evidence suggest efficacy … Introduction Although many countries have introduced pictorial warning labels (PWLs), few use efficacy labels or inserts offering supportive cessation advice or outlining benefits of quitting. Theory and evidence suggest efficacy labels foster positive responses to the threats presented rather than elicit maladaptive responses that manage the fear aroused. We explored how people who smoke roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco responded to potential on-pack efficacy labels that could complement PWLs by promoting self-efficacy and response-efficacy. Methods We undertook 27 in-depth interviews with people aged 18 and over (16 female, 8 Māori, 13 aged ≤35) who smoked RYO cigarettes and lived in Aotearoa New Zealand. We probed participants’ responses to efficacy labels and provided them with stimuli they could use to construct their own inspiring label. We used the Extended Parallel Process Model and hope theory to interpret the data, which we analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results Participants strongly endorsed efficacy labels; unlike current warning labels, which they saw as didactic and judgemental, efficacy labels offered hope and agency, and helped them envisage the benefits of becoming smokefree. Creating hope valued and empowered participants, while practical advice offered helped them anticipate how they could overcome addiction and become smokefree. Conclusions On-pack efficacy labels could complement PWLs and support people to address the threat these warnings describe. Policymakers should explore and implement interventions such as efficacy stimuli, given these appear to resonate with priority population groups and could help reduce health inequities.

A daily longitudinal analysis of reciprocal relationships between psychological states and performance in NHL players

2025-06-18

Johan Forsberg , Anna Lallo , Andréas Ivarsson +4 more | Journal of Sports Sciences

This study aimed to explore the temporal relationships between psychological states and performance among players in the National Hockey League (NHL). We used an intensive longitudinal design, with 22 players … This study aimed to explore the temporal relationships between psychological states and performance among players in the National Hockey League (NHL). We used an intensive longitudinal design, with 22 players reporting their psychological states daily between 7 February 2024, and 14 March 2024. Performance was measured using Game Score (GS), a composite metric based on weighted performance variables to provide an overall objective measure of individual performance, commonly used by teams in the NHL. Bayesian multilevel models were utilised to analyse the data, focusing on temporal effects between psychological states and performance. The results showed that none of the other psychological states predicted subsequent performance. In the opposite direction, performance predicted several different psychological states the following day, where better performance positively predicted positive states and negatively predicted negative states. In summary, psychological states appear to have a small effect on how NHL players perform, whereas how they perform seem to affect a wide range of psychological states the following day.

Beyond general food craving: sex differences in food-specific craving identified using item response theory

2025-06-17

Daiil Jun , Seang‐Hwane Joo , Tera L. Fazzino | Frontiers in Psychology

Background Food craving plays a significant role in food choice and excess energy intake. While prior research has predominantly examined food craving as a general construct (e.g., craving for foods … Background Food craving plays a significant role in food choice and excess energy intake. While prior research has predominantly examined food craving as a general construct (e.g., craving for foods overall), this approach may obscure important variability in craving for specific foods. The current study aimed to address this limitation by examining craving for specific foods (food-item level) and examining differences across sex in food item craving, while controlling for overall food craving. Methods The sample ( N = 583) was collected via crowdsourcing. The Food Craving Inventory was used to assess craving for 28 food items. Using item response theory (IRT), a partial credit model was employed to investigate which food item was easier or more commonly craved, while holding overall food craving level constant across participants. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis identified sex differences in craving for specific food items, with effect sizes calculated to interpret the magnitude of DIF. Results The partial credit model revealed that pizza and chocolate were the easiest or most commonly craved, while gravy and cornbread were the most difficult to crave. DIF analysis suggested that savory items were more difficult (or less commonly) craved among females with medium effect sizes (i.e., Cohen's D) ranging from 0.53 to 0.80, whereas sweets were more difficult for males to crave, with effect sizes ranging from 0.42 to 0.49. Conclusion Findings indicated that food craving may vary depending on specific foods and sex.

Age differences in the effects of task difficulty and outcome on affective forecasting bias

2025-06-17

Yan Liu , Yun Jeong Hong , Na Wang +2 more | Personality and Individual Differences

Mind-body exercise and depression

2025-06-17

Cíntia França , Diogo V. Martinho , Élvio Rúbio Gouveia +1 more | Routledge eBooks

How tough should the love be? The effect of varying levels of descriptive norm feedback on performance and maximum heart rate during an exercise task

2025-06-17

Gabrielle Guillermo-Tregoning , Mark R. Stevens | Psychology of sport and exercise

Growing evidence suggests that manipulations of descriptive norms-perceptions of the typical behaviours of others-can affect people's exertion and performance during exercise tasks. However, no research has systematically varied the extent … Growing evidence suggests that manipulations of descriptive norms-perceptions of the typical behaviours of others-can affect people's exertion and performance during exercise tasks. However, no research has systematically varied the extent to which people are told they are below the norm with a view to understanding how this aspect of norm feedback affects the strength of its effects on exertion, performance, or other outcomes. In a pre-registered experiment (N=105) with a pre-post between-subjects design and three conditions, we compared the effect of norm messages indicating that participants had performed 10%, 30%, or 50% below the norm on an exercise task. Participants first completed a baseline trial of a timed maximum effort wall sit. Then, prior to and during Trial 2, participants received feedback that their task performance was below average by one of the three amounts. Participants in the 50% condition demonstrated greater increases in their wall sit performance from Trial 1 to Trial 2 than participants in the 10% and 30% conditions. There were no significant differences between conditions in changes in maximum heart rate (a proxy for participants' exertion). The effects of the norm feedback on performance were not underpinned by changes in either participants' task motivation or perceived similarity to the norm reference group. Results suggest that feedback indicating a high discrepancy between one's own performance and the norm facilitates greater performance improvements on a physically demanding task than less discrepant (and more attainable) feedback. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms underpinning this effect.

Group-Based Physical Activity and Mechanisms of Behavior Change

2025-06-17

K. Anderson , Ryan E. Rhodes , Mark R. Beauchamp | Routledge eBooks

Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

2025-06-17

Mark R. Beauchamp , Mark Eys | Routledge eBooks

Influence of personality on wearable activity trackers use among Chinese patients over 50 with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A technology acceptance model perspective

2025-06-16

Zeming Li , Ping Chen , Xinying Sun | Experimental Gerontology

How does ego depletion reduce sports performance in athletes? A systematic meta-analysis

2025-06-16

Yan Xu , Jianhui Zhong , Yezheng Wang +7 more | Frontiers in Psychology

Purpose This meta-analysis focused on exploring whether ego depletion affects sports performance. Subgroup analyses were conducted to compare the magnitude of effect sizes between different ego depletion initiation tasks and … Purpose This meta-analysis focused on exploring whether ego depletion affects sports performance. Subgroup analyses were conducted to compare the magnitude of effect sizes between different ego depletion initiation tasks and which type of sports performance is more susceptible to ego depletion as a moderator variable. Methods This article was based on Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, Embase, and Cochrane databases for the included articles, and meta-analysis of the included articles was performed using RevMan 5.4 software to evaluate the effect of ego depletion on athletes’ sports performance through standardized mean difference. Results Eleven articles and 12 studies were finally included. After sensitivity analyses using the Leave-One-Out method, two articles and one experiment were excluded with significant effect sizes. The final total effect size of ego depletion on athletes’ sports performance SMD = −0.38 [95% CI: −0.56 to −0.21], P = 0.001, demonstrating that ego depletion can produce a decrease in athletes’ sports performance. Subgroup meta-analysis showed that the Stroop task SMD = 0.63 [95% CI: −0.96 to −0.26] produced larger effect sizes than the transcription task SMD = 0.39 [95% CI: −0.64 to −0.13], i.e., the Stroop task was more likely to produce ego depletion in athletes. Targeting sports performance SMD = 0.49 [95% CI: −0.74 to −0.23] produced larger effect sizes than endurance-based sports performance SMD = 0.42 [95% CI: −0.68 to −0.16], i.e., aiming-based sports performance was more affected by ego depletion. Conclusion The total effect size produced by ego depletion on athletes’ sports performance was decreasing, a moderate effect size, and there may be publication bias. The subgroup analyses showed that the amount of effect produced by different ego depletion initiation tasks was different and the Stroop task was more likely to be produced. Also, the effect sizes affected by ego depletion were different for various types of sports performance, with more pronounced for aiming movements. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , identifier CRD42024561990.

A common alteration in effort-based decision-making in apathy, anhedonia, and late circadian rhythm

2025-06-16

Sara Z. Mehrhof , Camilla L. Nord | eLife

Motivational deficits are common in several brain disorders, and motivational syndromes like apathy and anhedonia predict worse outcomes. Disrupted effort-based decision-making may represent a neurobiological underpinning of motivational deficits, shared … Motivational deficits are common in several brain disorders, and motivational syndromes like apathy and anhedonia predict worse outcomes. Disrupted effort-based decision-making may represent a neurobiological underpinning of motivational deficits, shared across neuropsychiatric disorders. We measured effort-based decision-making in 994 participants using a gamified online task, combined with computational modelling, and validated offline for test–retest reliability. In two pre-registered studies, we first replicated studies linking impaired effort-based decision-making to neuropsychiatric syndromes, taking both a transdiagnostic and a diagnostic-criteria approach. Next, testing participants with early and late circadian rhythms in the morning and evening, we find circadian rhythm interacts with time-of-testing to produce parallel effects on effort-based decision-making. Circadian rhythm may be an important variable in computational psychiatry, decreasing reliability or distorting results when left unaccounted for. Disentangling effects of neuropsychiatric syndromes and circadian rhythm on effort-based decision-making will be essential to understand motivational pathologies and to develop tailored clinical interventions.

When time runs out, what do they let go? Time pressure, ad type, and psychological resilience in ad avoidance

2025-06-14

Ziyue Wu , Yanping Gong , Rong Huang +1 more | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

Food anti-consumption behavior: a systematic review and future research agenda

2025-06-13

Dhouha Jaziri , Mohsin Abdur Rehman , Muhammad Junaid Shahid Hasni +1 more | British Food Journal

Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors and contexts that influence food anti-consumption behavior. This study develops a deeper understanding of theoretical, contextual and methodological … Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors and contexts that influence food anti-consumption behavior. This study develops a deeper understanding of theoretical, contextual and methodological nuances that shape such behaviors and guide future research in this area. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted based on an in-depth analysis of 71 carefully selected articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The PRISMA was used to ensure a structured and rigorous review process. This analysis followed the theories-contexts-methods (TCM) and antecedents-decisions-outcomes (ADO) frameworks. Findings The study presents a comprehensive theoretical framework (TCM-ADO) of food anti-consumption behavior. The review uncovers critical insights into existing theories, contexts and methods while also identifying future research directions. Implications for consumer well-being are discussed, providing a robust foundation for advancing this area of research. Research limitations/implications The study is subject to the usual limitations of systematic literature reviews, such as criteria related to time, language and the selection of specific databases. Future research could benefit from using alternative criteria or databases to capture more studies on food anti-consumption behavior. Originality/value This systematic literature review (SLR) is the first to apply both the TCM and ADO frameworks to food anti-consumption behavior. The findings provide valuable contributions to the theoretical and practical understanding of food anti-consumption, offering a well-structured agenda for future research.

Cognitive computational model reveals repetition bias in a sequential decision-making task

2025-06-13

Eric Legler , Darío Cuevas Rivera , Sarah Schwöbel +2 more | Communications Psychology

Abstract Humans tend to repeat action sequences that have led to reward. Recent computational models, based on a long-standing psychological theory, suggest that action selection can also be biased by … Abstract Humans tend to repeat action sequences that have led to reward. Recent computational models, based on a long-standing psychological theory, suggest that action selection can also be biased by how often an action or sequence of actions was repeated before, independent of rewards. However, empirical support for such a repetition bias effect in value-based decision-making remains limited. In this study, we provide evidence of a repetition bias for action sequences using a sequential decision-making task ( N = 70). Through computational modeling of choices, we demonstrate both the learning and influence of a repetition bias on human value-based decisions. Using model comparison, we find that decisions are best explained by the combined influence of goal-directed reward seeking and a tendency to repeat action sequences. Additionally, we observe significant individual differences in the strength of this repetition bias. These findings lay the groundwork for further research on the interaction between goal-directed reward seeking and the repetition of action sequences in human decision making.

Flight or flight? - How the coronavirus pandemic has affected scientists’ willingness to engage with the public

2025-06-13

Frank Marcinkowski , Heather A. Haas , Sarah Kohler | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

Construal level of traffic violation behavior: comparing the impacts of algorithmic monitoring and human monitoring on traffic compliance

2025-06-13

Qiwei Xiao , Song Wang , Jizhuo Chen +3 more | Current Psychology

Correction: Cognitive effort investment: Does disposition become action?

2025-06-13

Corinna Kührt , Sven‐Thomas Graupner , Philipp C. Paulus +1 more | PLoS ONE

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289428.]. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289428.].

Relying on intuition increases receptivity to bullshit

2025-06-12

Mária Hromadová , Vladimíra Čavojová , Matej Lorko | Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Trends in sedentary behaviour. . . and other research

2025-06-12

Tom Nolan | BMJ

A timid choice: risk‐taking behavior predicts individualized niche in a varying landscape of safety

2025-06-12

Filippa Erixon , Matthew Kramer , Jana A. Eccard +2 more | Oikos

Individual niche specialization predicts a match between an individual's phenotype and environment. Yet, whether animals achieve this match through phenotypic change (niche conformance) or by selecting the environment (niche choice), … Individual niche specialization predicts a match between an individual's phenotype and environment. Yet, whether animals achieve this match through phenotypic change (niche conformance) or by selecting the environment (niche choice), remains unexplored. Individual variation in risk‐taking behavior should contribute to the process of realizing individualized niches. Using individuals of wild populations of common voles Microtus arvalis , we experimentally demonstrate how animals in the wild realize individualized niches and match their risk‐taking behavior to microhabitats of varying safety. Under natural conditions, risk‐averse individuals used safer microhabitats than risk‐prone conspecifics. This correlation strengthened when we in situ experimentally made the environment riskier. A change in microhabitat use did not result in a change of risk‐taking behavior. Thus, animals choose environments matching their risk‐taking phenotype. This finding supports the hypothesis that individual‐level selection of environments of varying safety can be an extended phenotypic trait.

How Do Adolescents Think About Risk and Reward?

2025-06-12

| Cambridge University Press eBooks