Psychology › Social Psychology

Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Works Count: 72860

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers explores the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in regulating social behavior, trust, attachment, empathy, and parental care. It delves into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors and their implications for anxiety and mental health.

Keywords

Oxytocin; Social Behavior; Neurobiology; Trust; Attachment; Empathy; Parental Care; Vasopressin; Neuropeptides; Anxiety

Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats

2000-08-01

Dong Liu , Josie Diorio , Jamie C. Day +2 more

Hormones, Brain and Behavior

2009-01-01

Donald W. Pfaff , Arthur P. Arnold , Anne M. Etgen +2 more

Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice

2010-11-05

K. M. Neufeld , N. Kang , John Bienenstock +1 more

Background There is increasing interest in the gut-brain axis and the role intestinal microbiota may play in communication between these two systems. Acquisition of intestinal microbiota in the immediate postnatal … Background There is increasing interest in the gut-brain axis and the role intestinal microbiota may play in communication between these two systems. Acquisition of intestinal microbiota in the immediate postnatal period has a defining impact on the development and function of the gastrointestinal, immune, neuroendocrine and metabolic systems. For example, the presence of gut microbiota regulates the set point for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Methods We investigated basal behavior of adult germ-free (GF), Swiss Webster female mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and compared this to conventionally reared specific pathogen free (SPF) mice. Additionally, we measured brain mRNA expression of genes implicated in anxiety and stress-reactivity. Key Results Germ-free mice, compared to SPF mice, exhibited basal behavior in the EPM that can be interpreted as anxiolytic. Altered GF behavior was accompanied by a decrease in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2B mRNA expression in the central amygdala, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and decreased serotonin receptor 1A (5HT1A) expression in the dentate granule layer of the hippocampus. Conclusions & Inferences We conclude that the presence or absence of conventional intestinal microbiota influences the development of behavior, and is accompanied by neurochemical changes in the brain.

Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the BDNF Gene

2009-01-16

Tania L. Roth , Farah D. Lubin , Adam J. Funk +1 more

View PDF Chat

The neurobiology of social cognition

2001-04-01

Ralph Adolphs

Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research

2010-08-20

Daniel A. Hackman , Martha J. Farah , Michael J. Meaney

Emotional behavior in the rat. I. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.

1934-12-01

Calvin S. Hall

Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality

2008-11-06

Zoe R. Donaldson , Larry J. Young

There is growing evidence that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin modulate complex social behavior and social cognition. These ancient neuropeptides display a marked conservation in gene structure and expression, yet … There is growing evidence that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin modulate complex social behavior and social cognition. These ancient neuropeptides display a marked conservation in gene structure and expression, yet diversity in the genetic regulation of their receptors seems to underlie natural variation in social behavior, both between and within species. Human studies are beginning to explore the roles of these neuropeptides in social cognition and behavior and suggest that variation in the genes encoding their receptors may contribute to variation in human social behavior by altering brain function. Understanding the neurobiology and neurogenetics of social cognition and behavior has important implications, both clinically and for society.

Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders

2010-09-27

Eric J. Nestler , Steven E. Hyman

View PDF Chat

Oxytocin Improves “Mind-Reading” in Humans

2006-11-30

Gregor Domes , Markus Heinrichs , Michel André +2 more

Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress

2003-10-17

Markus Heinrichs , Thomas Baumgärtner , Clemens Kirschbaum +1 more

Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse

2010-05-09

Dale J. Langford , Andrea Bailey , Mona Lisa Chanda +7 more

The social brain in adolescence

2008-03-20

Sarah‐Jayne Blakemore

The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love

2004-02-03

Andreas Bartels , Semir Zeki

Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine

2011-08-19

Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg , Gregor Domes , Peter Kirsch +1 more

Atlas of estradiol‐concentrating cells in the central nervous system of the female rat

1973-09-15

Donald W. Pfaff , Melvyn Keiner

Abstract Two hours following intraperitoneal injection, estradiol‐H 3 is concentrated by cells in a system of limbic and hypothalamic structures. Preoptic‐hypothalamic nuclei containing estrogen‐concentrating cells include the medial preoptic area, … Abstract Two hours following intraperitoneal injection, estradiol‐H 3 is concentrated by cells in a system of limbic and hypothalamic structures. Preoptic‐hypothalamic nuclei containing estrogen‐concentrating cells include the medial preoptic area, medial anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus and ventral premammillary nucleus. Limbic structures include the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, olfactory tubercle, ventral hippocampus, and prepiriform and entorhinal cortex. Labelled cells were also found in the lateral and ventrolateral portions of the mesencephalic central grey. Compared to these regions, most other regions of the nervous system, including the spinal cord, have very small numbers of labelled cells, which are relatively weakly labelled, and are not found in regular, specific locations. The distribution of estrogen‐concentrating cells determined with the present autoradiographic method agrees with previous autoradiographic conclusions and with biochemical results from cell fractionation experiments. The locations of estrogen‐concentrating cells coincide in several brain regions with locations of estrogen‐dependent neuroendocrine control mechanisms, as determined by brain implants, lesions, electrical stimulation, and electrophysiological recording. Moreover, experimental neuroanatomical studies have provided evidence for several pathways connecting regions which concentrate radioactive estradiol. Taken together, the evidence suggests a limbic‐hypothalamic system of estrogen‐concentrating neurons which participate in the control of mating behavior and of gonadotrophin release from the pituitary.

Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex

2010-12-17

Amit Etkin , Tobias Egner , Raffaël Kalisch

View PDF Chat

Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System

1981-03-20

Neil J. MacLusky , Frederick Naftolin

Sexual differentiation of reproductive and behavior patterns is largely effected by hormones produced by the gonads. In many higher vertebrates, an integral part of this process is the induction of … Sexual differentiation of reproductive and behavior patterns is largely effected by hormones produced by the gonads. In many higher vertebrates, an integral part of this process is the induction of permanent and essentially irreversible sex differences in central nervous function, in response to gonadal hormones secreted early in development.

The neurobiology of pair bonding

2004-09-26

Larry J. Young , Zuoxin Wang

Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter

2011-06-01

Jennifer A. Bartz , Jamil Zaki , Niall Bolger +1 more

View PDF Chat

Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address

2004-06-01

Ronald E. Dahl

A bstract : This article introduces and summarizes the goals of the symposium. It also provides an overview of a conceptual framework for understanding adolescence, which emphasizes how the very … A bstract : This article introduces and summarizes the goals of the symposium. It also provides an overview of a conceptual framework for understanding adolescence, which emphasizes how the very nature of this developmental transition requires an interdisciplinary approach—one that focuses on brain/behavior/social‐context interactions during this important maturational period. More specifically it describes a set of neurobehavioral changes that appear to be linked to pubertal development, which appear to have a significant effect on motivation and emotion, and considers these puberty‐specific changes in affect in relation to a much larger set of developmental changes in adolescence. This framework is used to argue for the need for a transdisciplinary dialogue that brings together work in several areas of neuroscience (including animal models) and normal development with clinical and social policy research aimed at early intervention and prevention strategies.

The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity

2010-12-09

Marco Del Giudice , Bruce J. Ellis , Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff

View PDF Chat

Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: A review

1973-05-01

John Archer

The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system

2001-10-01

Stephen W. Porges

Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness

1988-04-08

Jerome Kagan , J. Steven Reznick , Nancy Snidman

The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the … The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the display of either behavioral restraint or spontaneity in unfamiliar contexts revealed that by 7 years of age a majority of the restrained group were quiet and socially avoidant with unfamiliar children and adults whereas a majority of the more spontaneous children were talkative and interactive. The group differences in peripheral physiological reactions suggest that inherited variation in the threshold of arousal in selected limbic sites may contribute to shyness in childhood and even extreme degrees of social avoidance in adults.

Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain

1978-06-01

Roger A. Gorski , J.H. Gordon , James E. Shryne +1 more

Parent–infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions

2007-03-01

Ruth Feldman

Synchrony, a construct used across multiple fields to denote the temporal relationship between events, is applied to the study of parent–infant interactions and suggested as a model for intersubjectivity. Three … Synchrony, a construct used across multiple fields to denote the temporal relationship between events, is applied to the study of parent–infant interactions and suggested as a model for intersubjectivity. Three types of timed relationships between the parent and child's affective behavior are assessed: concurrent, sequential, and organized in an ongoing patterned format, and the development of each is charted across the first year. Viewed as a formative experience for the maturation of the social brain, synchrony impacts the development of self‐regulation, symbol use, and empathy across childhood and adolescence. Different patterns of synchrony with mother, father, and the family and across cultures describe relationship‐specific modes of coordination. The capacity to engage in temporally‐matched interactions is based on physiological mechanisms, in particular oscillator systems, such as the biological clock and cardiac pacemaker, and attachment‐related hormones, such as oxytocin. Specific patterns of synchrony are described in a range of child‐, parent‐ and context‐related risk conditions, pointing to its ecological relevance and usefulness for the study of developmental psychopathology. A perspective that underscores the organization of discrete relational behaviors into emergent patterns and considers time a central parameter of emotion and communication systems may be useful to the study of interpersonal intimacy and its potential for personal transformation across the lifespan.

Oxytocin Shapes the Neural Circuitry of Trust and Trust Adaptation in Humans

2008-05-01

Thomas Baumgärtner , Markus Heinrichs , Aline Vonlanthen +2 more

View PDF Chat

Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?

2013-09-09

Sarah‐Jayne Blakemore , Kathryn L. Mills

Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the … Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.

View PDF Chat

Rethinking the Emotional Brain

2012-02-01

Joseph E. LeDoux

View PDF Chat

Essential Role of BDNF in the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway in Social Defeat Stress

2006-02-09

Olivier Berton , Colleen A. McClung , Ralph Dileone +7 more

Mice experiencing repeated aggression develop a long-lasting aversion to social contact, which can be normalized by chronic, but not acute, administration of antidepressant. Using viral-mediated, mesolimbic dopamine pathway-specific knockdown of … Mice experiencing repeated aggression develop a long-lasting aversion to social contact, which can be normalized by chronic, but not acute, administration of antidepressant. Using viral-mediated, mesolimbic dopamine pathway-specific knockdown of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we showed that BDNF is required for the development of this experience-dependent social aversion. Gene profiling in the nucleus accumbens indicates that local knockdown of BDNF obliterates most of the effects of repeated aggression on gene expression within this circuit, with similar effects being produced by chronic treatment with antidepressant. These results establish an essential role for BDNF in mediating long-term neural and behavioral plasticity in response to aversive social experiences.

Gonadal Steroid Induction of Structural Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System

1984-03-01

Arthur P. Arnold , Roger A. Gorski

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, … The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More

Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans

2005-12-07

Peter Kirsch , Christine Esslinger , Qiang Chen +7 more

In non-human mammals, the neuropeptide oxytocin is a key mediator of complex emotional and social behaviors, including attachment, social recognition, and aggression. Oxytocin reduces anxiety and impacts on fear conditioning … In non-human mammals, the neuropeptide oxytocin is a key mediator of complex emotional and social behaviors, including attachment, social recognition, and aggression. Oxytocin reduces anxiety and impacts on fear conditioning and extinction. Recently, oxytocin administration in humans was shown to increase trust, suggesting involvement of the amygdala, a central component of the neurocircuitry of fear and social cognition that has been linked to trust and highly expresses oxytocin receptors in many mammals. However, no human data on the effects of this peptide on brain function were available. Here, we show that human amygdala function is strongly modulated by oxytocin. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to image amygdala activation by fear-inducing visual stimuli in 15 healthy males after double-blind crossover intranasal application of placebo or oxytocin. Compared with placebo, oxytocin potently reduced activation of the amygdala and reduced coupling of the amygdala to brainstem regions implicated in autonomic and behavioral manifestations of fear. Our results indicate a neural mechanism for the effects of oxytocin in social cognition in the human brain and provide a methodology and rationale for exploring therapeutic strategies in disorders in which abnormal amygdala function has been implicated, such as social phobia or autism.

View PDF Chat

Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees

1975-04-11

Mary‐Claire King , Allan C. Wilson

Hypothalamic Integration: Organization of the Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei

1983-03-01

L. W. Swanson , P.E. Sawchenko

The Sympathetic Nerve—An Integrative Interface between Two Supersystems: The Brain and the Immune System

2000-12-01

Ilia J. Elenkov , Ronald L. Wilder , George P. Chrousos +1 more

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During an immune response the brain and the immune system "talk to each other" and … The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During an immune response the brain and the immune system "talk to each other" and this process is essential for maintaining homeostasis. Two major pathway systems are involved in this cross-talk: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This overview focuses on the role of SNS in neuroimmune interactions, an area that has received much less attention than the role of HPA axis. Evidence accumulated over the last 20 years suggests that norepinephrine (NE) fulfills the criteria for neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in lymphoid organs. Thus, primary and secondary lymphoid organs receive extensive sympathetic/noradrenergic innervation. Under stimulation, NE is released from the sympathetic nerve terminals in these organs, and the target immune cells express adrenoreceptors. Through stimulation of these receptors, locally released NE, or circulating catecholamines such as epinephrine, affect lymphocyte traffic, circulation, and proliferation, and modulate cytokine production and the functional activity of different lymphoid cells. Although there exists substantial sympathetic innervation in the bone marrow, and particularly in the thymus and mucosal tissues, our knowledge about the effect of the sympathetic neural input on hematopoiesis, thymocyte development, and mucosal immunity is extremely modest. In addition, recent evidence is discussed that NE and epinephrine, through stimulation of the beta(2)-adrenoreceptor-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway, inhibit the production of type 1/proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma by antigen-presenting cells and T helper (Th) 1 cells, whereas they stimulate the production of type 2/anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. Through this mechanism, systemically, endogenous catecholamines may cause a selective suppression of Th1 responses and cellular immunity, and a Th2 shift toward dominance of humoral immunity. On the other hand, in certain local responses, and under certain conditions, catecholamines may actually boost regional immune responses, through induction of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and primarily IL-8 production. Thus, the activation of SNS during an immune response might be aimed to localize the inflammatory response, through induction of neutrophil accumulation and stimulation of more specific humoral immune responses, although systemically it may suppress Th1 responses, and, thus protect the organism from the detrimental effects of proinflammatory cytokines and other products of activated macrophages. The above-mentioned immunomodulatory effects of catecholamines and the role of SNS are also discussed in the context of their clinical implication in certain infections, major injury and sepsis, autoimmunity, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, and tumor growth. Finally, the pharmacological manipulation of the sympathetic-immune interface is reviewed with focus on new therapeutic strategies using selective alpha(2)- and beta(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists and inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV in the treatment of experimental models of autoimmune diseases, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Oxytocin increases trust in humans

2005-06-01

Michael Kosfeld , Markus Heinrichs , Paul J. Zak +2 more

View PDF Chat

Maternal Care, Gene Expression, and the Transmission of Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity Across Generations

2001-03-01

Michael J. Meaney

▪ Abstract Naturally occurring variations in maternal care alter the expression of genes that regulate behavioral and endocrine responses to stress, as well as hippocampal synaptic development. These effects form … ▪ Abstract Naturally occurring variations in maternal care alter the expression of genes that regulate behavioral and endocrine responses to stress, as well as hippocampal synaptic development. These effects form the basis for the development of stable, individual differences in stress reactivity and certain forms of cognition. Maternal care also influences the maternal behavior of female offspring, an effect that appears to be related to oxytocin receptor gene expression, and which forms the basis for the intergenerational transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity. Patterns of maternal care that increase stress reactivity in offspring are enhanced by stressors imposed on the mother. These findings provide evidence for the importance of parental care as a mediator of the effects of environmental adversity on neural development.

Nongenomic Transmission Across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat

1999-11-05

Darlene Francis , Josie Diorio , Dong Liu +1 more

In the rat, variations in maternal care appear to influence the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress in the offspring. The results of cross-fostering studies reported here provide … In the rat, variations in maternal care appear to influence the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress in the offspring. The results of cross-fostering studies reported here provide evidence for (i) a causal relationship between maternal behavior and stress reactivity in the offspring and (ii) the transmission of such individual differences in maternal behavior from one generation of females to the next. Moreover, an environmental manipulation imposed during early development that alters maternal behavior can then affect the pattern of transmission in subsequent generations. Taken together, these findings indicate that variations in maternal care can serve as the basis for a nongenomic behavioral transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations.

A Neural Basis for Social Cooperation

2002-07-01

James K. Rilling , David A. Gutman , Thorsten R. Zeh +3 more

View PDF Chat

Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity

2005-05-12

W. Thomas Boyce , Bruce J. Ellis

Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental … Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience plays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that (a) stress reactivity is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify or temper physiological arousal, and (b) the effects of high reactivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects in a context-dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exaggerated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the developmental plasticity of the stress response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations: evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.The research on which this paper was based was supported by grants from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation's Research Network on Psychopathology and Development, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1RO1 HD 24718), and by the Division of Intramural Research of NICHD. The first author is particularly indebted to Dr. Steve Suomi and Dr. Jan Genevro for a series of conversations that directly influenced the ideas upon which this paper is based. We also thank Dr. Jay Belsky and Dr. David Bjorklund for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.

2000-01-01

Shelley E. Taylor , Laura Cousino Klein , Brian P. Lewis +3 more

The human stress response has been characterized, both physiologically and behaviorally, as "fight-or-flight." Although fight-or-flight may characterize the primary physiological responses to stress for both males and females, we propose … The human stress response has been characterized, both physiologically and behaviorally, as "fight-or-flight." Although fight-or-flight may characterize the primary physiological responses to stress for both males and females, we propose that, behaviorally, females' responses are more marked by a pattern of "tend-and-befriend." Tending involves nurturant activities designed to protect the self and offspring that promote safety and reduce distress; befriending is the creation and maintenance of social networks that may aid in this process. The biobehavioral mechanism that underlies the tend-and-befriend pattern appears to draw on the attachment-caregiving system, and neuroendocrine evidence from animal and human studies suggests that oxytocin, in conjunction with female reproductive hormones and endogenous opioid peptide mechanisms, may be at its core. This previously unexplored stress regulatory system has manifold implications for the study of stress.

Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Systems

1984-01-01

Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases

2002-02-01

Stephanie D. Preston , Frans Β. Μ. de Waal

There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate … There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teaching, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations.

View PDF Chat

Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health

2001-01-01

Allan N. Schore

Over the last ten years the basic knowledge of brain structure and function has vastly expanded, and its incorporation into the developmental sciences is now allowing for more complex and … Over the last ten years the basic knowledge of brain structure and function has vastly expanded, and its incorporation into the developmental sciences is now allowing for more complex and heuristic models of human infancy. In a continuation of this effort, in this two-part work I integrate current interdisciplinary data from attachment studies on dyadic affective communications, neuroscience on the early developing right brain, psychophysiology on stress systems, and psychiatry on psychopathogenesis to provide a deeper understanding of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms that underlie infant mental health. In this article I detail the neurobiology of a secure attachment, an exemplar of adaptive infant mental health, and focus upon the primary caregiver's psychobiological regulation of the infant's maturing limbic system, the brain areas specialized for adapting to a rapidly changing environment. The infant's early developing right hemisphere has deep connections into the limbic and autonomic nervous systems and is dominant for the human stress response, and in this manner the attachment relationship facilitates the expansion of the child's coping capcities. This model suggests that adaptive infant mental health can be fundamentally defined as the earliest expression of flexible strategies for coping with the novelty and stress that is inherent in human interactions. This efficient right brain function is a resilience factor for optimal development over the later stages of the life cycle. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.

ORGANIZING ACTION OF PRENATALLY ADMINISTERED TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE TISSUES MEDIATING MATING BEHAVIOR IN THE FEMALE GUINEA PIG<sup>1</sup>

1959-09-01

Charles H. Phoenix , Robert W. Goy , Arnold A. Gerall +1 more

The sexual behavior of male and female guinea pigs from mothers receiving testosterone propionate during most of pregnancy was studied after the attainment of adulthood. As a part of the … The sexual behavior of male and female guinea pigs from mothers receiving testosterone propionate during most of pregnancy was studied after the attainment of adulthood. As a part of the investigation, the responsiveness of the females to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate was determined. The larger quantities of testosterone propionate produced hermaphrodites having external genitalia indistinguishable macroscopicalty from those of newborn males. Gonadectomized animals of this type were used for tests of their responsiveness to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate. The capacity to display lordosis following administration of estrogen and progesterone was greatly reduced. Male-like mounting behavior, on the other hand, was displayed by many of these animals even when lordosis could not be elicited. Suppression of the capacity for displaying lordosis was achieved with a quantity of androgen less than that required for masculinization of the external genitalia. The hermaphrodites receiving testosterone propionate as adults displayed an amount of mounting behavior which approached that displayed by the castrated injected males receiving the same hormone. The data are uniform in demonstrating that an androgen administered prenatally has an organizing action on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the sense of producing a responsiveness to exogenous hormones which differs from that of normal adult females. No structural abnormalities were apparent in the male siblings and their behavior was essentially normal. The results are believed to justify the conclusion that the prenatal period is a time when fetal morphogenic substances have an organizing or "differentiating" action on the neural tissues mediating mating behavior. During adulthood the hormones are activational. Attention is directed to the parallel nature of the relationship, on the one hand, between androgens and the differentiation of the genital tracts, and on the other, between androgens and the organization of the neural tissues destined to mediate mating behavior in the adult.

The Oxytocin Receptor System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

2001-04-01

Gerald Gimpl , Falk Fahrenholz

The neurohypophysial peptide oxytocin (OT) and OT-like hormones facilitate reproduction in all vertebrates at several levels. The major site of OT gene expression is the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic … The neurohypophysial peptide oxytocin (OT) and OT-like hormones facilitate reproduction in all vertebrates at several levels. The major site of OT gene expression is the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. In response to a variety of stimuli such as suckling, parturition, or certain kinds of stress, the processed OT peptide is released from the posterior pituitary into the systemic circulation. Such stimuli also lead to an intranuclear release of OT. Moreover, oxytocinergic neurons display widespread projections throughout the central nervous system. However, OT is also synthesized in peripheral tissues, e.g., uterus, placenta, amnion, corpus luteum, testis, and heart. The OT receptor is a typical class I G protein-coupled receptor that is primarily coupled via G(q) proteins to phospholipase C-beta. The high-affinity receptor state requires both Mg(2+) and cholesterol, which probably function as allosteric modulators. The agonist-binding region of the receptor has been characterized by mutagenesis and molecular modeling and is different from the antagonist binding site. The function and physiological regulation of the OT system is strongly steroid dependent. However, this is, unexpectedly, only partially reflected by the promoter sequences in the OT receptor gene. The classical actions of OT are stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction during labor and milk ejection during lactation. While the essential role of OT for the milk let-down reflex has been confirmed in OT-deficient mice, OT's role in parturition is obviously more complex. Before the onset of labor, uterine sensitivity to OT markedly increases concomitant with a strong upregulation of OT receptors in the myometrium and, to a lesser extent, in the decidua where OT stimulates the release of PGF(2 alpha). Experiments with transgenic mice suggest that OT acts as a luteotrophic hormone opposing the luteolytic action of PGF(2 alpha). Thus, to initiate labor, it might be essential to generate sufficient PGF(2 alpha) to overcome the luteotrophic action of OT in late gestation. OT also plays an important role in many other reproduction-related functions, such as control of the estrous cycle length, follicle luteinization in the ovary, and ovarian steroidogenesis. In the male, OT is a potent stimulator of spontaneous erections in rats and is involved in ejaculation. OT receptors have also been identified in other tissues, including the kidney, heart, thymus, pancreas, and adipocytes. For example, in the rat, OT is a cardiovascular hormone acting in concert with atrial natriuretic peptide to induce natriuresis and kaliuresis. The central actions of OT range from the modulation of the neuroendocrine reflexes to the establishment of complex social and bonding behaviors related to the reproduction and care of the offspring. OT exerts potent antistress effects that may facilitate pair bonds. Overall, the regulation by gonadal and adrenal steroids is one of the most remarkable features of the OT system and is, unfortunately, the least understood. One has to conclude that the physiological regulation of the OT system will remain puzzling as long as the molecular mechanisms of genomic and nongenomic actions of steroids have not been clarified.

Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior

2004-06-27

Ian C.G. Weaver , Nadia Cervoni , Frances A. Champagne +6 more

NEUROENDOCRINE PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL ATTACHMENT AND LOVE

1998-11-01

C Sue Carter

Correction: Failure in the mother-young communication in domestic mammals: endocrine and behavioral aspects

2025-06-25

| Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Power and Subordination in the Novel “Bunga Roos dari Tjikembang”: An Interdiciplinary Approach of Intersectionality, Neuropsychology, and Social Ecology

2025-06-25

Raudhatul Jannah , Thoriqi Firdaus | Current Perspectives in Social Sciences

Literature serves as a mirror reflecting the social, cultural, and psychological dynamics of humanity. Bunga Roos dari Tjikembang, as one of Indonesia’s iconic literary Works, offers a profound narrative to … Literature serves as a mirror reflecting the social, cultural, and psychological dynamics of humanity. Bunga Roos dari Tjikembang, as one of Indonesia’s iconic literary Works, offers a profound narrative to explore these themes. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between authority and subordination through the broader lenses of intersectionality, neuropsychology, and social ecology, thereby introducing a more interdisciplinary approach and enriching readers’ understanding of social dynamics in classic literature. This study employs a qualitative approach using textual analysis methods. Data collection is conducted through critical reading of the novel, focusing on text segments that reveal authority relations, social inequalities, and the psychological experiences of characters. Additionally, secondary data, including journal articles, theoretical books, and relevant literature reviews, are utilized to reinforce the analysis and establish a robust theoretical foundation. The findings reveal that the lives of the "Nyai" and the character Marsiti epitomize authority imbalances shaped by gender, ethnicity, and class. This subordination subjects indigenous women to layered oppression, stripping them of autonomy in determining their destinies. A neuropsychological approach highlights the effects of trauma, subjugation, and discrimination on the psychological states of the characters. The social pressures they endure trigger chronic stress, a sense of helplessness, and emotional wounds that ripple through their lives and subsequent generations. The perspective of social ecology illustrates how Marsiti’s subordination as an indigenous woman is constructed through micro-, meso-, and macro-level interactions within colonial society. Despite her marginalization, the symbol of the magnolia flower represents Marsiti’s resilience and emotional contributions, which persist in collective memory as a testament to her resistance against patriarchal norms.

The role of oxytocin as an indicator of outcome and therapeutic alliance

2025-06-24

Chiara Durante , Giulia Di Vincenzo , Alessandra Minutoli +2 more | Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide produced by the hypothalamus and involved in numerous functions, such as labor and breastfeeding. The literature has highlighted the critical role of this hormone in interpersonal … Oxytocin is a neuropeptide produced by the hypothalamus and involved in numerous functions, such as labor and breastfeeding. The literature has highlighted the critical role of this hormone in interpersonal relationships - particularly in mother-child and sentimental relationships - implicating it in attachment bonds. Several recent studies have examined the activation of oxytocin in the psychotherapeutic relationship. This narrative review article describes the modulation of the oxytocinergic axis in patients and therapists, based on a review of papers identified through searches of PsycINFO, PubMed, and RivistaWeb, from January 2015 to May 2024. The results of this literature review support the hypothesis that changes in oxytocin levels during interactions between therapist and patient are associated with the therapeutic process by activating the attachment system. Furthermore, this mechanism does not appear to be influenced by the therapist's theoretical model of reference but rather by their ability to empathize with the patient. In conclusion, this mini-review highlights the significant function of oxytocin as a potential biomarker for assessing the patient-therapist relationship, identifying a biological substrate of the therapeutic alliance.

Can vasopressin levels predict autism spectrum disorder severity? A case-control study

2025-06-24

Mohamed Afify , asmaa khalf kamel , Mohamed Abdel-Hakeem +1 more | Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette

Ready or not: Neural mechanisms regulating female sexual behavior

2025-06-23

Inês C. Dias , Nicolás Gutiérrez‐Castellanos , Constanze Lenschow +1 more | Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Female sexual behavior is essential for reproduction and species survival. It is orchestrated by hormonal and neuronal mechanisms that coordinate sexual maturation, reproductive cycle, and the copulatory sequence, preparing the … Female sexual behavior is essential for reproduction and species survival. It is orchestrated by hormonal and neuronal mechanisms that coordinate sexual maturation, reproductive cycle, and the copulatory sequence, preparing the female for pregnancy. These mechanisms synchronize behavioral receptivity with reproductive capacity, ensuring that copulation occurs during optimal reproductive windows while actively suppressing sexual behavior outside fertile periods. This review explores recent advances in neural mechanisms that integrate sensory, hormonal, and social cues in the female brain. We examine the main phases of sexual behavior: appetitive, consummatory, and refractory, focusing on the neural basis of sexual rejection during non-fertile periods. We also discuss studies using intersectional genetics and neural activity analysis to uncover the circuits underlying sexual receptivity and recent findings on how the female brain processes male ejaculation to trigger the refractory period. Altogether, this review sheds light on the orchestration of mating and reproductive readiness in female mice.

The location of self in animals

2025-06-23

Caroline Case | Routledge eBooks

The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Oxytocin on Food Craving and Weight Control in Obese Individuals with Food Addiction: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial

2025-06-22

Ali Mehranpour , Zakaria Eskandari , Jalal Hejazi +2 more | International Journal of Neuroscience

Obesity has become a major public health burden worldwide due to the significant social and economic impacts of its associated comorbidities. Despite substantial advancements in obesity research, its prevalence continues … Obesity has become a major public health burden worldwide due to the significant social and economic impacts of its associated comorbidities. Despite substantial advancements in obesity research, its prevalence continues to rise, and weight loss remains a persistent challenge despite numerous weight management programs. Food addiction has emerged as a novel factor contributing to obesity, garnering considerable attention. Some individuals consume specific foods in quantities exceeding their physiological needs, indicating a lack of control over their eating behavior. This study aimed to examine the possible synergistic effects of novel interventions (tDCS and oxytocin) on weight loss and food craving symptoms in obese individuals with food addiction. This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on obese individuals with food addiction. Sixty individuals of both genders with obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups (19 participants each). oxytocin nasal spray, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), combined oxytocin & tDCS, and sham groups treated for 15 days. body weight and food craving symptoms before and after treatment. All three experimental interventions significantly improved weight control and food craving symptoms. No significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the tDCS and oxytocin groups. However, the combined tDCS and oxytocin group demonstrated significant differences compared to the other three groups. It can be concluded that simultaneous application of two therapeutic approaches has a synergistic effect and can be effectively utilized in treating individuals with food addiction.

Sex-specific spatial memory deficits associated with region-specific neuroinflammatory changes in the dorsal hippocampus of rats exposed to neonatal repeated maternal separation

2025-06-20

Hannah Illouz , Yannick Menger , Ophélie Schaack +2 more | Brain Behavior and Immunity

The hippocampus is an essential brain structure for memory and emotional regulation and is particularly vulnerable to early life stress, which disrupts its development and increases the risk of neuropsychiatric … The hippocampus is an essential brain structure for memory and emotional regulation and is particularly vulnerable to early life stress, which disrupts its development and increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Using the neonatal maternal separation model of early life stress, we explored sex-specific behavioral and molecular alterations, focusing on hippocampal function, neuroinflammation, and associated signaling pathways. Our results show that neonatal maternal separation induces mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, as well as anxiety-like behaviors in both male and female rats, but spatial memory deficits were observed exclusively in males. These male-specific cognitive impairments are associated with a pro-inflammatory response in the dorsal CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Molecular analyses also showed sex- and region-specific changes in oxytocinergic signaling and chloride cotransporters, suggesting plastic mechanisms affecting local neuronal inhibition. These findings highlight the pronounced sex differences in hippocampal vulnerability to early adversity, with males displaying an intense neuroinflammatory signature in dorsal CA1 associated with spatial memory deficits. This work highlights that the cognitive component of pain needs to be studied more systematically to better understand sex differences that are not necessarily easy to observe in the sensory and emotional components.

Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Oxytocin Levels in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

2025-06-20

Olga B. Mikhailova , М. М. Петрова , Olga L. Lopatina | Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology

This study investigates the relationship between cognitive function and oxytocin levels in blood and saliva among male patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Existing literature highlights a significant association … This study investigates the relationship between cognitive function and oxytocin levels in blood and saliva among male patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Existing literature highlights a significant association between CAD and cognitive impairment, with prevalence rates varying widely due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria. Objective: To determine the relationship between cognitive function and oxytocin levels in blood and saliva among patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Methods: Our research involved 91 male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, excluding those with concomitant diseases or significant cognitive deficits. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted using validated screening scales, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Oxytocin levels were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results indicated significant correlations between cognitive performance and oxytocin levels, with direct relationships observed for MMSE and word recall tests, and inverse relationships for the Schulte test. Discussion: These findings suggest that oxytocin may serve as a potential biomarker for vascular cognitive impairment in CAD patients, offering a rapid and objective diagnostic tool that could enhance clinical practice. Conclusion: Ultimately, this study contributes to the understanding of cognitive deficits in CAD and supports the exploration of oxytocin as a diagnostic biomarker.

The emotional life of animals

2025-06-19

Kent Berridge | Cognition & Emotion

How can emotional reactions be measured in creatures that cannot verbally describe their feelings, such as animals? Many answers have been given to this question in the history of psychology … How can emotional reactions be measured in creatures that cannot verbally describe their feelings, such as animals? Many answers have been given to this question in the history of psychology and neuroscience, and Paul and Mendl offer a thoughtful review and analysis in the theory section of this issue. In my commentary, the merits of various definitions of emotion based on different criteria are compared. These definitions use measures ranging from verbal reports to stimulus-elicited affective reactions, instrumental working for rewards or avoidance of punishments, and triangulation approaches.

When Your Body Tells You to Not Breastfeed—The Connivance of Oxytocin, Prolactin, and Dopamine

2025-06-19

Vladimír Kraus , Beáta Čižmárová , Anna Birková | International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Breastfeeding is universally recognized for its extensive health benefits for both infants and mothers. However, for some women, the experience of breastfeeding can be complicated by intense negative emotional and … Breastfeeding is universally recognized for its extensive health benefits for both infants and mothers. However, for some women, the experience of breastfeeding can be complicated by intense negative emotional and physical reactions, including phenomena such as dysphoric milk ejection reflex and breastfeeding aversion/agitation. This review explores the neuroendocrine underpinnings of these conditions, emphasizing the interplay between oxytocin, prolactin, and dopamine. Oxytocin, traditionally viewed as a hormone promoting bonding and emotional regulation, can paradoxically provoke a stress response in vulnerable individuals. Prolactin, a key hormone for lactation and maternal behaviors, is implicated in stress resilience and mood regulation, but its dysregulation may contribute to depressive states. Dopamine, critical for reward processing and emotional stability, may underlie the acute emotional dysregulation seen in dysphoric milk ejection reflex. Together, disturbances in these neurohormonal systems may explain the aversive emotional experiences during breastfeeding. An improved understanding of these mechanisms offers critical insights into maternal mental health during lactation and underscores the importance of supportive clinical approaches for affected women.

Nucleus accumbens serotonin 1A receptor expression is altered by female reproduction and regulates postpartum affective and caregiving behaviors

2025-06-19

Erika M. Vitale , Emma G. Ford , Michael Ahern +1 more | Journal of Psychopharmacology

Background: Motherhood is often characterized by a positive affective state and high motivation to interact with potentially rewarding offspring. However, many mothers suffer from postpartum mental health issues that can … Background: Motherhood is often characterized by a positive affective state and high motivation to interact with potentially rewarding offspring. However, many mothers suffer from postpartum mental health issues that can degrade their maternal motivation and caregiving abilities. Serotonin-modulating drugs are commonly used to treat distressed mothers, but how serotonin (5-HT) in brain sites underlying motivation influences postpartum behaviors is mostly unknown. Aims: Because 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens (NAcs) regulates dopamine release, we hypothesized that the NAc is a critical site where serotonin signaling influences postpartum affective and caregiving behaviors. Methods: We used RT-qPCR and autoradiographic binding to determine changes in NAc 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor expression across pregnancy and postpartum; shRNA-mediated knockdown of NAc 5-HT1A receptors to determine its effects on postpartum behavior; and repeated pregnancy stress to determine its effects on both NAc 5-HT1A and postpartum behavior. Results: Recently parturient rats had higher 5-HT1A (but not 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C) receptor mRNA and 5-HT1A binding in the NAc shell (NAcSh) compared with nulliparae. 5-HT1A knockdown in the maternal NAcSh to prevent this normative increase in receptor expression resulted in high anxiety-like behavior, more off-nest behaviors, and delayed pup retrieval. 5-HT1A knockdown also reduced NAcSh tyrosine hydroxylase. Pregnancy stress reduced postpartum NAcSh 5-HT1A receptor binding at some rostrocaudal levels, as well as disrupted the display of caregiving behaviors. Conclusions: These results provide new insights into how 5-HT signaling in the NAcSh contributes to postpartum affective and caregiving behaviors and offer a mechanism through which serotonin-based pharmacotherapies may help improve maternal caregiving motivation in anxious, depressed, or chronically stressed mothers.

Prediction of peripartum depression by oxytocin levels, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores and lack of social support: a prospective study

2025-06-19

Yanyan Lu , Xiaoxuan Qi , Qing Chen +1 more | Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology

This study aimed to determine predictive factors for peripartum depression (PPD). We collected pre-natal sociodemographic data, blood markers and psychosocial questionnaires from 237 mothers. We detected the oxytocin (OXT) concentrations … This study aimed to determine predictive factors for peripartum depression (PPD). We collected pre-natal sociodemographic data, blood markers and psychosocial questionnaires from 237 mothers. We detected the oxytocin (OXT) concentrations in saliva and administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) within 1-2 days postpartum. The multivariable logistic regression analysis model was applied to analyze the factors related to PPD at 4 weeks postpartum. A nomogram model was constructed and evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression showed that OXT levels (OR = 0.984, 95% CI 0.971-0.997), EPDS scores (OR = 1.284, 95% CI 1.154-1.428), and lack of social support (OR = 3.562, 95% CI 1.444-8.784) were predictive factors for PPD (all p < 0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on these factors. The model's C-index was 0.846 (95% CI 0.777-0.908). The calibration curve indicated good agreement between the predicted probabilities of PPD and the actual probabilities (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p = 0.928). The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.820 (95% CI 0.749-0.891). The results of the decision curve analysis showed that the model had good clinical utility. The predictive model can be used to identify high-risk parturients of PPD early.

Where’s my mom? Resilient maternal preference in post-weaning male and female mice within a multi-chamber social behavior task

2025-06-18

Maggie M. Slamin , Indra R. Bishnoi , Izabella M. Bankowski +2 more | Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health

Differences in hair coat condition between female and male mice occur through testicular-derived factors and are affected by the presence of another mouse

2025-06-18

A. Ozawa , M Imada , Akito Hata +2 more | PLoS ONE

An animal’s coat protects its body from ultraviolet rays, physical and chemical damage, and temperature changes. It also plays an important role in showing individual information like a pattern for … An animal’s coat protects its body from ultraviolet rays, physical and chemical damage, and temperature changes. It also plays an important role in showing individual information like a pattern for the outside world. In addition, changes in the condition of an animal’s coat may occur due to health or psychological changes and are important indicators from the perspective of health management and the welfare of captive animals. Also, the quantity and texture of human hair play a role in the impression it gives to others; however, few reports have objectively quantified the appearance and detailed analysis of hair condition relative to the time of appearance. In this study, we quantified changes in hair coat condition and examined the underlying causes. The results indicated that changes in hair coat condition in male mice were significantly greater compared with that in female mice and were affected by testicular-derived factors and the presence or absence of cohabiting individuals. We also found that the condition of the coat is related to the length of the lift-edges cuticle region (LCR), which indicates that the cuticle condition affects the overall impression of the coat. This is the first report to show that changes in hair coat condition within sexual difference are related to the length of the LCR, suggesting that gender is a direct factor in the hair coat condition. Cohabitation, or the presence and relationship between one another, is an indirect factor.

Association of low dose oxytocin with pain intensity and delivery outcomes among primiparas who delivered vaginally with epidural block analgesia

2025-06-18

Fuxue Tang , Zhijie Zhang , Peng Han | Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation

Objective: This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of low-dose oxytocin (LDO) on pain intensity and delivery outcomes in primiparas who delivered vaginally with epidural block analgesia (EBA). Methods: A … Objective: This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of low-dose oxytocin (LDO) on pain intensity and delivery outcomes in primiparas who delivered vaginally with epidural block analgesia (EBA). Methods: A total of 150 primiparas were retrospectively collected, and finally, 120 cases were included. They were divided into a control group (n = 60, received EBA) and an oxytocin group (n = 60, received EBA combined with LDO). Analgesic onset time, analgesic duration, time to flatus, and time to first bowel movement were compared. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at pre-analgesia, cervical dilation of 3 cm, and fetal delivery. Serum levels of cortisol (Cor), norepinephrine (NE), and C-reactive protein (CRP) before and 24 hours post-delivery, postpartum bleeding, Apgar scores, delivery outcomes, and adverse reactions were compared. Results: The oxytocin group had shorter times for gas passage and first bowel movement, as well as shorter durations of the first, second, and third stages of labor (p < 0.05). VAS scores at cervical dilation of 3 cm and fetal delivery were lower than pre-analgesia in both groups (p < 0.05), with no inter-group differences at each time point (p > 0.05). Serum Cor and NE decreased, while CRP increased at 24 hours postpartum (p < 0.05), with no inter-group differences (p > 0.05). The oxytocin group had less postpartum bleeding at 2 hours (p < 0.05), a higher natural delivery rate, and a lower incidence of uterine atony (p < 0.05), with no significant difference in Apgar scores (p > 0.05). Conclusion: EBA with LDO shortens labor duration, promotes gastrointestinal recovery, reduces uterine atony, postpartum hemorrhage, and vaginal assistive delivery rates, without affecting analgesia or stress response.

Oxytocin as a Positive Allosteric Modulator for Particular Opioid Receptors

2025-06-17

H. Fujii , Takaaki Mizuguchi , Yasuhito Uezono | IntechOpen eBooks

Oxytocin plays important roles in parturition, lactation, social bonding, and social behavior. It is also related to pain modulation, exhibiting analgesic effects through both oxytocin receptor-dependent and oxytocin receptor-independent mechanisms. … Oxytocin plays important roles in parturition, lactation, social bonding, and social behavior. It is also related to pain modulation, exhibiting analgesic effects through both oxytocin receptor-dependent and oxytocin receptor-independent mechanisms. Although evidence suggests that these analgesic effects are related to endogenous opioid peptides, the detailed mechanism of action remains unclear. It was recently elucidated that oxytocin is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for the μ and κ opioid receptors. Interestingly, the oxytocin structure is distinct from that of any other known PAMs for the opioid receptors. The synthesis of several oxytocin analogs led to the identification of the cyclic structure containing a disulfide bond, and the C-terminal three amino acid residues, as essential for the PAM activity toward the μ opioid receptor. Based on the accumulated evidence that oxytocin induces analgesic effects in several experimental animals, some clinical trials have tested oxytocin as an analgesic. However, the available results do not indicate that oxytocin has significant analgesic effects in humans compared to placebo. Here, we will discuss the possible use of oxytocin as an analgesic and/or analgesic adjuvant.

Behavioral sex differences in the developmental emergence and selectivity of partner preferences in prairie voles

2025-06-17

Ciara A Schaepe , Lisa C. Hiura | Hormones and Behavior

Targeting Acetylcholinesterase with Oxytocin: A New Avenue in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics

2025-06-17

Chhanda Charan Danta , Prakash Chaudhari , Adel Nefzi | ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Oxytocin, the so-called natural love hormone, is a neuropeptide comprising nine amino acids with an active aliphatic disulfide bond forming the cyclic ring through cysteine1-cysteine6 residues. Oxytocin synthesizes in hypothalamus … Oxytocin, the so-called natural love hormone, is a neuropeptide comprising nine amino acids with an active aliphatic disulfide bond forming the cyclic ring through cysteine1-cysteine6 residues. Oxytocin synthesizes in hypothalamus and acts as a neurotransmitter. Oxytocin receptors are present in many areas of brain such as the hypothalamus that involve in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since 1987, it has been postulated that oxytocin could be useful in the treatment of AD as it showed some positive outcomes when injected into the hypothalamus in experimental animals. However, in recent years, some reports suggested that oxytocin decreases the amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau deposition in AD animal experiments and exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, therefore, acting as a neuroprotective agent. In addition, even though evidence is limited, recently, it has also been reported that oxytocin is capable of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and can reverse learning and memory impairment in AD animal models but the in vitro enzyme inhibition data have not been reported yet. Therefore, as it is well documented that AChE inhibition leads to an increase of acetylcholine level and a decrease of Aβ and tau deposition in brain, discovery and development of oxytocin and its analogues as potential future drug candidates for the treatment of AD would be an attractive and promising approach.

Dietary modulation of pubertal timing: gut microbiota-derived SCFAs and neurotransmitters orchestrate hypothalamic maturation via the gut–brain axis

2025-06-17

Xiaoqing You , Wei Yang , Xiuyun Li +3 more | Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

The global rise in early pubertal activation is closely linked to dietary patterns and gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis. This review synthesizes evidence on how GM-derived metabolites modulate hypothalamic maturation and … The global rise in early pubertal activation is closely linked to dietary patterns and gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis. This review synthesizes evidence on how GM-derived metabolites modulate hypothalamic maturation and pubertal timing through the gut-brain axis. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of human and animal studies (PubMed, Medline, CNKI, Wanfang) up to October 2024, focusing on dietary impacts (high-fat/high-sugar) on GM composition and puberty onset. Inclusion criteria prioritized studies linking GM metabolites to HPGA activation. High-fat/high-sugar diets reduce GM diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (e.g., butyrate, acetate), impair gut barrier integrity, and promote systemic inflammation. Dysbiosis in SCFA-producing taxa (Roseburia, Faecalibacterium) and neurotransmitter-modulating genera (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus) disrupts leptin/insulin signaling and kisspeptin-GnRH interactions, accelerating HPGA activation. Animal studies demonstrate SCFA supplementation delays puberty by reducing hypothalamic inflammation, while human data reveal ethnic and dietary variability in GM profiles. Western diets heighten altered pubertal timing risk via GM-mediated HPGA dysregulation, whereas fiber-rich Mediterranean diets exhibit protective effects. GM dysbiosis and SCFA depletion are pivotal in diet-driven alterations of pubertal timing. Culturally adapted interventions targeting microbiota-metabolite interactions may mitigate risks of early puberty onset.

The interplay between functional connectivity of medial and lateral visual networks, behavioral measures, and oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs2254298) in autism

2025-06-16

Chi Chen , Yi‐Ling Chien , Susan Shur-Fen Gau | European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

Sex Differences in Structural and Receptor mRNA Expression in the Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex and a Potential Role of Perineuronal Nets in Monogamous Pair Bond Establishment (Peromyscus californicus)

2025-06-16

Candice L. Malone , Jiaxuan Li , Elsa M Luebke +5 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

The monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) exhibits distinct behavioral changes during pair bond formation. Using a detailed temporal behavioral analysis over seven days, we found a rapid decrease in aggression … The monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) exhibits distinct behavioral changes during pair bond formation. Using a detailed temporal behavioral analysis over seven days, we found a rapid decrease in aggression within 24 hours of pair introduction in this highly territorial species. After this aggression reduction, the gradual increase in affiliative behaviors varied by type of affiliative behavior and ranged from one to seven days. We then measured neurobiological changes at three time points during this transition to uncover mechanisms that might govern this shift from aggressive to affiliative behavior, revealing novel sex differences that add to current research on biological mechanisms of social bonding. Specifically, we examined plasticity through mRNA expression of two perineuronal net (PNN) associated proteins, HAPLN and ACAN, in two brain regions implicated in affiliation, aggression, and social cognition: the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and lateral septum (LS). The vACC in females exhibited higher expression levels of both of these PNN components relative to males. Additionally, we observed a decrease in ACAN mRNA expression in the vACC over the course of pair bond establishment, but no such change in the LS. Furthermore, oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and vasopressin receptor (AVPR) plasticity exhibited sex-specific patterns in the vACC during pair bond formation. Females displayed higher OXTR mRNA expression across the bonding period, whereas males expressed higher AVPR mRNA levels. In addition, our results uncovered a positive association between AVPR expression levels in the vACC and male-female nesting distance, a novel measure of affiliative behavior. We discuss how a decrease in PNNs could allow for an increase in receptor plasticity in the vACC as the pair bond is established. Moreover, we suggest that structural plasticity across this social transition may differ between males and females due to factors such as pre-pair sociality and aggression/territoriality changes.

Antibody tocolysis targeting oxytocin receptor

2025-06-16

Xiangyu Liu , Jia Nie , Kaixuan Gao +7 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, poses significant risks to maternal and neonatal health. These risks include neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, long-term developmental … <title>Abstract</title> Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, poses significant risks to maternal and neonatal health. These risks include neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, long-term developmental challenges, and in severe cases, mortality. Addressing these issues, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated tocolysis has become a focal strategy in pharmaceutical research to mitigate preterm labor risks. Most GPCR drugs are small molecules, yet their tendency to cross the placental barrier and induce fetal toxicity presents a significant challenge. Antibody drugs, with minimal cell membrane permeability, offer a promising alternative. In this study, we leveraged AI-driven protein design to enable nanobody screening and identified several nanobodies with antagonist activity against the oxytocin receptor, a key target for preterm birth therapeutics. One of these nanobodies demonstrated antagonist activity comparable to atosiban, a commonly used clinical drug, while exhibiting superior subtype selectivity. Pharmacological and structural analyses revealed mechanisms distinct from small molecule antagonists. These findings expand the pharmacological potential of antibody drugs and introduce novel tools and perspectives for developing effective tocolytic agents.

Salivary oxytocin levels, empathy, and executive functions in Egyptian children with ADHD: a case–control study

2025-06-15

Manasa Belal , Suaad Moussa , R. Amin Omnia +1 more | Middle East Current Psychiatry

Abstract Objective This case–control study was to compare the salivary oxytocin levels of ADHD in children and typically developing children (TDC) and to examine the correlation between executive functions, empathy, … Abstract Objective This case–control study was to compare the salivary oxytocin levels of ADHD in children and typically developing children (TDC) and to examine the correlation between executive functions, empathy, and salivary oxytocin levels in ADHD in children and TDC. Method We recruited a consecutive specimen of 60 Egyptian ADHD children and 30 TDC. The following instruments were employed to evaluate the participants: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III), Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM), the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL), Conner’s Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and salivary oxytocin analysis via ELISA. Results Salivary oxytocin levels were significantly greater in ADHD cases (mean = 83.68 ± 37.3 pg/ml) compared to controls (mean = 68.00 ± 48.6 pg/ml; p = 0.031). However, correlations between salivary oxytocin, empathy, and executive functions were not statistically significant. Conclusions Salivary oxytocin levels were higher in ADHD in children (mean = 83.68 ± 37.3 pg/ml) compared to controls (mean = 68.00 ± 48.6 pg/ml with p -value = 0.031), but did not correlate with empathy or executive functions.

Maternal diet exerts sex-specific effects on offspring' personalities in predatory mites

2025-06-15

THI HANH NGUYEN , Peter Schausberger | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Animal personality is characterized by consistent behavior within individuals linked to consistently variable behavior among individuals in a population across time and contexts. Genetic determination, transgenerational effects, and personal experience … Animal personality is characterized by consistent behavior within individuals linked to consistently variable behavior among individuals in a population across time and contexts. Genetic determination, transgenerational effects, and personal experience are major pathways shaping animal personalities. Among these pathways, little attention has been paid to environmental factors in the parental generation affecting offspring personality. Here we tested the effects of the maternal diet on offspring personality in the plant-inhabiting predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii. Mated females and males, whose mothers were fed during egg production on either cattail pollen, two-spotted spider mites, or thrips, were subjected to a battery of three to five tests each for exploration, activity, and boldness. Movement activity was assessed in the mites' familiar environment. Exploration was quantified by the latency to leave and reach novel sites or objects. Boldness was evaluated by residence in risky and benign sites. Mean behaviors were analyzed by generalized estimating equations, repeatability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients. On average, offspring from spider mite-fed mothers were the most active and those from pollen-fed mothers were the shiest. Offspring from thrips-fed mothers were more repeatable in activity than offspring from pollen- and spider mite-fed mothers. Consistently little and highly active personalities produced more eggs than inconsistent, flexible types. Only offspring from pollen-fed mothers were repeatable in boldness. Maternal diet did not influence offspring' personality in exploration. Taken together, our study suggests that the maternal diet critically influences both mean behavioral trait expression and behavioral repeatability of offspring. The ability of mothers to respond to short-term diet changes during internal egg production allows to adaptively adjust the behavior and personalities of daughters and sons within local and regional groups.

1661-P: Exogenous Oxytocin Has No Effect on Ad Libitum Food Intake or Postprandial Plasma Glucose Concentrations in Individuals with Obesity

2025-06-13

Ida M. Gether , PETUR T. OLAFSSON , VIVIAN KLIIM-HANSEN +7 more | Diabetes

Introduction and Objective: Single-dose intranasal oxytocin has been shown to reduce food intake and improve glucose tolerance. Further, oxytocin mRNA expression has been reported throughout the small intestine, pointing to … Introduction and Objective: Single-dose intranasal oxytocin has been shown to reduce food intake and improve glucose tolerance. Further, oxytocin mRNA expression has been reported throughout the small intestine, pointing to a potential role for oxytocin in postprandial metabolism. We investigated the effects of intravenous infusion with oxytocin on ad libitum food intake, appetite sensations, and postprandial metabolism. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, overnight fasted individuals with obesity underwent two 4.5-hour intravenous infusions with oxytocin (0.2 IU/min) and placebo (saline), respectively, on separate days interposed by a wash-out period of seven days. After 30 minutes of infusion, a standardized liquid mixed meal was ingested, and after 4 hours, food intake (primary endpoint) was assessed during an ad libitum meal. During the test days, appetite and satiety sensations were assessed by visual analogue scales, and circulating concentrations of glucose and appetite-regulating hormones were measured. Results: Twenty-four individuals (12 female, median age 42 [interquartile range (IQR) 29;55] years, BMI 36.2 [32.1;37.6] kg/m2, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 34 [32;36] mmol/mol (5.2 [5.1;5.4]%)) were included. Ad libitum food intake was similar during infusion of oxytocin and placebo, respectively (660 [405;870] vs. 596 [458;902] kcal). Compared to placebo, the oxytocin infusion did not affect sensations of hunger, fullness, satiety, and appetite nor circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and cholecystokinin. Conclusion: In individuals with obesity, 4.5-hour intravenous infusion with oxytocin had no effect on ad libitum food intake, appetite and satiety sensations, or circulating concentrations of appetite and glucose-regulating hormones. Disclosure I. Gether: None. P.T. Olafsson: None. V. Kliim-Hansen: None. C.K. Nielsen: Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. M.G. Pedersen: None. J.J. Holst: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; AstraZeneca, Fractyl Health, Inc., MSD Life Science Foundation, Structure Therapeutics, Inc. B. Hartmann: Employee; Bainan Biotech. J.F. Rehfeld: None. M.B. Christensen: None. F.K. Knop: Consultant; 89bio, Inc, AstraZeneca. Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca. Advisory Panel; Boehringer-Ingelheim. Consultant; Cytoki Pharma. Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company. Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Gubra. Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Novo Nordisk A/S. Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk A/S. Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S, Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Sanofi. Consultant; Structure Therapeutics, Inc. Advisory Panel; Zealand Pharma A/S. Consultant; Zealand Pharma A/S. Research Support; Zealand Pharma A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Zealand Pharma A/S. Stock/Shareholder; Zealand Pharma A/S, Gubra. Advisory Panel; Zucara Therapeutics. Consultant; Zucara Therapeutics. Stock/Shareholder; Antag Therapeutics. L.S. Gasbjerg: Stock/Shareholder; Antag Therapeutics, Bainan Biotech. A.B. Lund: Consultant; Zealand Pharma A/S. Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Novo Nordisk. Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk, Boehringer-Ingelheim. Funding Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF23OC0084114), Independent Research Fund Denmark (3101-00442A), Gangstedfonden (A43111)

95-OR: Identification of a Novel Subset of Cold-Activated Hypothalamic Neurons That Stimulate Feeding

2025-06-13

Christina A. Watts , INGRID K. REDFORD , CAELEY BRYAN +7 more | Diabetes

Introduction and Objective: Growing evidence suggests that neurocircuits within the hypothalamus coordinate the function of two key and interdependent physiologic processes: thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Based on our preliminary evidence … Introduction and Objective: Growing evidence suggests that neurocircuits within the hypothalamus coordinate the function of two key and interdependent physiologic processes: thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Based on our preliminary evidence of a novel subset of neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) located in the rostral hypothalamus that are activated by cold exposure, we sought in the current work to 1) anatomically map with more precision this previously unrecognized subpopulation and, 2) determine if this population plays a role in the regulation of energy intake. Methods: To accomplish these goals, C57Bl6 mice were acutely exposed to either a cold (10 °C) or warm environment (30 °C) for 90 min. Animals were then sacrificed, and the hypothalamus was collected and processed for immunohistochemical analysis of TH(+) and cFos, a marker for neural activation. To determine whether activation of PeVNTH neurons is sufficient to increase food intake, TH-Cre animals underwent microinjection of a stimulatory DREADD (hM3Dq) directed to the PeVN. Results: Compared to housing in a warm environment, exposure to cold increased both the number and % of TH neurons expressing cFos selectively in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PeVN) (22.5 ± 1.2% for cold vs. 5.0 ± 1.3% for warm, a ~4-fold increase; p=0.0003). In contrast, cFos expression was not increased by cold exposure in other hypothalamic TH-expressing subpopulations, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (p=ns) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) (p=ns). Additionally, we found that relative to vehicle-treated controls, food intake was robustly increased following CNO-induced activation of PeVNTH neurons (0.94 ± 0.18g with CNO vs. 0.28 ± 0.09g with vehicle, a ~3-fold increase; p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: These findings implicate a novel subset of cold-activated hypothalamic TH neurons in the regulation of food intake. Disclosure C.A. Watts: None. I.K. Redford: None. C. Bryan: None. B.N. Phan: None. V. Damian: None. K. Kadlec: None. E.L. Yamashita: None. J.M. Scarlett: None. M.W. Schwartz: Consultant; NodThera, Olio Labs, PriveBio. G.J. Morton: Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding NIDDK T32 Trainee Award (T32DK007247); National Institute of Health (RO1 DK089056, R01 DK124238, P30 DK035816)

The synergistic effects of acute stress and exogenous oxytocin on males’ decision-making under unfairness.

2025-06-13

Guangya Wang , Jun Tang , Zhouqian Yin +5 more | Psychoneuroendocrinology

Impact of Delivery Method on Serum Cortisol Levels and Neonatal Outcomes in Canine Cesarean Sections

2025-06-12

Renatha A. Araújo , João Domingos Rocha-Júnior , Jaqueline Tamara Bonavina +7 more | Animals

In this study, thirty female dogs, aged one to five years and varying in weight, in the last week of gestation were evaluated. The animals were divided into two groups: … In this study, thirty female dogs, aged one to five years and varying in weight, in the last week of gestation were evaluated. The animals were divided into two groups: GC, which comprised twenty-two bitches undergoing elective cesarean section, and GD, which consisted of eight dogs requiring therapeutic cesarean section as a treatment to dystocia. We found that cortisol levels in the amniotic fluid were significantly higher in pups delivered via elective cesareans (mean: 9.86 ng/mL) compared to those from therapeutic c-sections (mean: 4.11 ng/mL). This observation contrasted with previous studies that reported lower cortisol levels in elective procedures, suggesting complexities in the physiological responses to different delivery methods that warrant further investigation. Notably, our study observed no significant association between amniotic fluid meconium presence and other distress markers, indicating that meconium may be more closely associated with fetal maturation rather than distress (p > 0.05). Neonatal viability (Apgar score) revealed that 92.86% of the neonates from elective procedures demonstrated no distress shortly after delivery, contrasting with 56.25% in therapeutic c-section. Fetal distress can be a direct consequence of dystocia caused by various stressors, such as pain and hypoxia. These factors can impair the fetus’ ability to adapt to extrauterine life, often leading to lower Apgar scores. Notably, neonatal weight was directly related to fetal cortisol levels, while no significant associations were noted between the litter size or birth order and cortisol concentrations, irrespective of the delivery type. These findings underscore the need for ongoing investigation into the relationships between cesarean delivery types, maternal and neonatal stress markers, and resultant health outcomes, aiming to enhance care strategies for expectant canine mothers and their puppies.

VTA-ACC dopaminergic circuit mediates trait anxiety-related observational learning of social avoidance in male mice

2025-06-12

Ming Li , Kun Ren , Chi Cui +7 more | Neuropsychopharmacology