Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science

Genetically Modified Organisms Research

Works Count: 34454

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers explores the impact of genetically modified crops in agriculture, covering topics such as food safety, environmental risk assessment, consumer attitudes, pollen-mediated gene flow, and the adoption of biotechnology in developing countries. It also delves into the economic, health, and societal implications of transgenic plants and examines public perceptions of genetically modified foods.

Keywords

Genetically Modified Crops; Biotechnology; Food Safety; Environmental Risk Assessment; Consumer Attitudes; Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow; Bt Cotton; Transgenic Plants; Public Perception; Agricultural Biotechnology

Determinants of Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions With Regard to Genetically Modified Food – Results of a Cross-National Survey

2001-03-01

Lone Bredahl

GENETIC ISOLATION BY ENVIRONMENT OR DISTANCE: WHICH PATTERN OF GENE FLOW IS MOST COMMON?

2013-08-27

Jason P. Sexton , Sandra Hangartner , Ary A. Hoffmann

Gene flow among populations can enhance local adaptation if it introduces new genetic variants available for selection, but strong gene flow can also stall adaptation by swamping locally beneficial genes. … Gene flow among populations can enhance local adaptation if it introduces new genetic variants available for selection, but strong gene flow can also stall adaptation by swamping locally beneficial genes. These outcomes can depend on population size, genetic variation, and the environmental context. Gene flow patterns may align with geographic distance (IBD--isolation by distance), whereby immigration rates are inversely proportional to the distance between populations. Alternatively gene flow may follow patterns of isolation by environment (IBE), whereby gene flow rates are higher among similar environments. Finally, gene flow may be highest among dissimilar environments (counter-gradient gene flow), the classic "gene-swamping" scenario. Here we survey relevant studies to determine the prevalence of each pattern across environmental gradients. Of 70 studies, we found evidence of IBD in 20.0%, IBE in 37.1%, and both patterns in 37.1%. In addition, 10.0% of studies exhibited counter-gradient gene flow. In total, 74.3% showed significant IBE patterns. This predominant IBE pattern of gene flow may have arisen directly through natural selection or reflect other adaptive and nonadaptive processes leading to nonrandom gene flow. It also precludes gene swamping as a widespread phenomenon. Implications for evolutionary processes and management under rapidly changing environments (e.g., climate change) are discussed.

View PDF Chat

Growth–Defense Tradeoffs in Plants: A Balancing Act to Optimize Fitness

2014-04-29

Bethany Huot , Jian Yao , Beronda L. Montgomery +1 more

View PDF Chat

Linking Agricultural Biodiversity and Food Security: the Valuable Role of Agrobiodiversity for Sustainable Agriculture

2000-04-01

Lori Ann Thrupp

Agricultural biodiversity is critical for food security throughout the world. At the genetic, species, and farming systems levels, biodiversity provides valuable ecosytems services and functions for agricultural production. How can … Agricultural biodiversity is critical for food security throughout the world. At the genetic, species, and farming systems levels, biodiversity provides valuable ecosytems services and functions for agricultural production. How can the erosion of agrobiodiversity be halted? How can it effectively be conserved and enhanced? This article highlights key principles, policies, and practices for the sustain-able use, conservation and enhancement of agrobiodiversity for sustaining food security. After clarifying the serious threats from the global loss of agrobiodiversity, the article summarizes practical guidelines and lessons for biodiversity management in farming systems and landscapes. Such strategies build upon valuable local experiences and knowledge in traditional farming practices, and they also take advantage of recent scientific findings in agroecology and ecosystem health. There is an urgent need to adopt an agroecosytems approach, beyond a focus on genetic resource conservation alone, to implement other biodiversity-enhancing methods in farms, such as integrated ecological pest and soil management. Conflicting agricultural politics that promote monocultural industrial farming models and uniform technology packages need to be eliminated. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights is vital for those who have knowledge of the values and uses of such biodiversity, particularly for indigenous peoples and small farmers. The approaches reviewed in this analysis show effective ways to conserve, use and enhance biodiversity that will encourage sustainable food security.

Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR- based techniques

1997-11-15

S. Aljanabi

A very simple, fast, universally applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality megabase genomic DNA from different organisms is decribed. We applied the same method to extract high quality … A very simple, fast, universally applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality megabase genomic DNA from different organisms is decribed. We applied the same method to extract high quality complex genomic DNA from different tissues (wheat, barley, potato, beans, pear and almond leaves as well as fungi, insects and shrimps' fresh tissue) without any modification. The method does not require expensive and environmentally hazardous reagents and equipment. It can be performed even in low technology laboratories. The amount of tissue required by this method is ∼50–100 mg. The quantity and the quality of the DNA extracted by this method is high enough to perform hundreds of PCR-based reactions and also to be used in other DNA manipulation techniques such as restriction digestion, Southern blot and cloning.

View PDF Chat

A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops

2014-11-03

Wilhelm Klümper , Matin Qaim

Background Despite the rapid adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops by farmers in many countries, controversies about this technology continue. Uncertainty about GM crop impacts is one reason for widespread … Background Despite the rapid adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops by farmers in many countries, controversies about this technology continue. Uncertainty about GM crop impacts is one reason for widespread public suspicion. Objective We carry out a meta-analysis of the agronomic and economic impacts of GM crops to consolidate the evidence. Data Sources Original studies for inclusion were identified through keyword searches in ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, EconLit, and AgEcon Search. Study Eligibility Criteria Studies were included when they build on primary data from farm surveys or field trials anywhere in the world, and when they report impacts of GM soybean, maize, or cotton on crop yields, pesticide use, and/or farmer profits. In total, 147 original studies were included. Synthesis Methods Analysis of mean impacts and meta-regressions to examine factors that influence outcomes. Results On average, GM technology adoption has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. Yield gains and pesticide reductions are larger for insect-resistant crops than for herbicide-tolerant crops. Yield and profit gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Limitations Several of the original studies did not report sample sizes and measures of variance. Conclusion The meta-analysis reveals robust evidence of GM crop benefits for farmers in developed and developing countries. Such evidence may help to gradually increase public trust in this technology.

View PDF Chat

Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety

2006-10-21

Fernando P. Carvalho

The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue

2004-07-21

David A. Tallmon , Gordon Luikart , R WAPLES

View PDF Chat

Pesticide productivity and food security. A review

2012-10-17

József Popp , Károly Pető , János Nagy

The 7 billion global population is projected to grow by 70 million per annum, increasing by 30 % to 9.2 billion by 2050. This increased population density is projected to … The 7 billion global population is projected to grow by 70 million per annum, increasing by 30 % to 9.2 billion by 2050. This increased population density is projected to increase demand for food production by 70 % notably due to changes in dietary habits in developing countries towards high quality food, e.g. greater consumption of meat and milk products and to the increasing use of grains for livestock feed. The availability of additional agricultural land is limited. Any expansion will happen mostly at the expense of forests and the natural habitats containing wildlife, wild relatives of crops and natural enemies of crop pests. Furthermore, more agricultural land will be used to produce bio-based commodities such as biofuel or fibre instead of food. Thus, we need to grow food on even less land, with less water, using less energy, fertiliser and pesticide than we use today. Given these limitations, sustainable production at elevated levels is urgently needed. The reduction of current yield losses caused by pests is a major challenge to agricultural production. This review presents (1) worldwide crop losses due to pests, (2) estimates of pesticide-related productivity, and costs and benefits of pesticide use, (3) approaches to reduce yield losses by chemical, as well as biological and recombinant methods of pest control and (4) the challenges of the crop-protection industry. The general public has a critical function in determining the future role of pesticides in agriculture. However, as long as there is a demand for pesticide-based solutions to pest control problems and food security concerns, the externality problems associated with the human and environmental health effects of pesticides need also to be addressed.

View PDF Chat

The Planned Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms: Ecological Considerations and Recommendations

1989-04-01

James M. Tiedje , Robert K. Colwell , Y.L. Grossman +4 more

The ecological and evolutionary aspects of planned introductions of transgenic organisms into the environment are considered in this report. The authors support the timely development of environmentally sound products, such … The ecological and evolutionary aspects of planned introductions of transgenic organisms into the environment are considered in this report. The authors support the timely development of environmentally sound products, such as improved agricultural varieties, fertilizers, pest control agents, and microorganisms for waste treatment, through the use of advanced biotechnology within the context of a scientifically based regulatory policy that encourages innovation without compromising sound environmental management. Economic, social, and ethical concerns also must be weighed along with strictly ecological and evolutionary considerations, but these other issues are beyond the scope of this report. Ecological oversight of planned introductions should be directed at promoting effectiveness while guarding against potential problems. The diversity of organisms that will be modified, functions that will be engineered, and environments that will receive altered organisms makes ecological risk evaluation complex. While we cannot now recommend the complete exemption of specific organisms or traits from regulatory oversight, we support and will continue to assist in the development of methods for scaling the level of oversight needed for individual cases according to objective, scientific criteria, with a goal of minimizing unnecessary regulatory burdens. In this report, we provide a preliminary set of specific criteria for the scaling of regulatory oversight. Genetically engineered organisms should be evaluated and regulated according to their biological properties (phenotypes), rather than according to the genetic techniques used to produce them. Nonetheless, because many novel combinations of properties can be achieved only by molecular and cellular techniques, products of these techniques may often be subjected to greater scrutiny than the products of traditional techniques. Although the capability to produce precise genetic alterations increases confidence that unintended changes in the genome have not occurred, precise genetic characterization does not ensure that all ecologically important aspects of the phenotype can be predicted for the environments into which an organism will be introduced. Many important scientific issues must be considered in evaluating the potential ecological consequences of the planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. These include survival and reproduction of the introduced organism, interactions with other organisms in the environment, and effects of the introduced organism on ecosystem function. We encourage the use of small—scale field tests , when justified by previous laboratory and/or greenhouse studies, under conditions that minimize dispersal and under appropriate regulatory oversight. As the biotechnology industry develops, continuing regulatory oversight as well as long—term research and monitoring will be necessary for responsible risk management. Many engineered organisms will probably be less fit than the parent organism, although some important exceptions may arise. Even if an engineered trait reduces an organism's fitness only slightly, may generations may pass before the introduced organisms disappears completely due to decreased fitness. Such persistence is most probable when the turnover rate of populations is very slow. Natural selection will act on genetically engineered organisms, as it does on all others. Selection after the release of the transgenic organism will tend to increase fitness, not decrease it, by reducing the costs associated with the novel traits. If increases in fitness do occur, they will probably increase population growth rate and biological competitiveness, or produce other ecological effects that should be considered in assessing risks. Transfer of engineered genes from the modified organism to other organisms may occur through hybridization in higher organisms, or through conjugation, transduction, or transformation in microorganisms. If lateral transfer occurs, an engineered gene may persist in the natural environment even after the genetically engineered organism itself is no longer present. The available scientific evidence indicates that lateral transfer among microorganisms in nature is neither so rare that we can ignore its occurrence, nor so common that we can assume that barriers crossed by modern biotechnology are comparable to those constantly crossed in nature. Native species, as well as species newly introduced from distant habitats, may become pests. An organism engineered to prosper in a new habitat type, geographic area, or season is effectively an introduced organism in that it will probably enter into new biotic and abiotic interactions. Therefore, regulatory and risk assessment structures that rely on the distinction between ~`native" and ~`non—native" must be used with caution. Concern has frequently been expressed regarding the potential for genetically engineered organisms to displace resident species in the receiving community, particularly microbial species performing key functional roles such as nitrogen fixation of lignin decomposition. Because redundancy of function appears to be common in microbial communities, in many cases there would be little concern over microbial species displacement caused by an introduced transgenic organism. Ecological effects and the geographic ranges of organisms transcend political boundaries; we therefore consider it essential to promote and achieve international coordination of risk assessment and regulation of biotechnology. Special consideration must be given to the protection of rare genetic resources, such as the wild ancestors of domesticated species, and threatened gene pools of other wild species. We urge local, state, national, international cooperation in risk assessment and regulation of the ecological effects of the introduction of transgenic organisms. Evaluating the benefits and risks of biotechnology products requires expertise in many scientific disciplines including molecular biology, genetics, cell biology, evolutionary biology, physiology, population and community ecology, and ecosystem science. For society to realize the full benefits of biotechnology, interdisciplinary research and graduate training programs are needed to expand the expertise of the scientific community at large.

Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic crops

2002-06-01

Phillip J. Dale , Belinda Clarke , E. M. G. Fontes

View PDF Chat

AVERAGE EXCESS AND AVERAGE EFFECT OF A GENE SUBSTITUTION

1941-01-01

Ronald Aylmer Fisher

View PDF Chat

Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods

2008-02-01

Jörg Romeis , Detlef K. Bartsch , F. Bigler +7 more

View PDF Chat

Attitudes and intentions towards purchasing GM food

2002-10-01

Andrew J. Cook , Geoffrey N. Kerr , Kevin Moore

Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico

2001-11-29

David Quist , Ignacio H. Chapela

Consumer acceptance, valuation of and attitudes towards genetically modified food: Review and implications for food policy

2007-09-05

Montserrat Costa‐Font , José María Gil Roig , W. Bruce Traill

Gene Flow by Pollen: Implications for Plant Conservation Genetics

1992-02-01

Norman C. Ellstrand

The absence of gene flow, genetic isolation, is frequently emphasized in conservation genetics. However, the presence of gene flow can play an equally important role in determining the genetic fate … The absence of gene flow, genetic isolation, is frequently emphasized in conservation genetics. However, the presence of gene flow can play an equally important role in determining the genetic fate of populations. Here, I first review what is known of patterns of gene flow by pollen. Gene flow by pollen is often substantial among plant populations. I next review the expectations for gene flow patterns in the small populations typical of endangered species. Then, I consider what role gene flow can play in plant conservation genetics. Depending on the specific situation, such gene flow could be either beneficial or detrimental. Geographically disjunct populations might not always be as reproductively isolated as previously thought, and thereby less vulnerable to detrimental drift-based processes (...)

Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate.

1979-08-01

Geoffrey M. Wahl , Michael Stern , George R. Stark

We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of double-stranded DNA from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper. Controlled cleavage of the DNA in situ by sequential treatment with dilute acid, … We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of double-stranded DNA from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper. Controlled cleavage of the DNA in situ by sequential treatment with dilute acid, which causes partial depurination, and dilute alkali, which causes cleavage and separation of the strands, allows the DNA to leave the gel rapidly and completely, with an efficiency independent of its size. Covalent attachment of DNA to paper prevents losses during subsequent hybridization and washing steps and allows a single paper to be reused many times. Ten percent dextran sulfate, originally found to accelerate DNA hybridization in solution by about 10-fold [J.G. Wetmur (1975) Biopolymers 14, 2517-2524], accelerates the rate of hybridization of randomly cleaved double-stranded DNA probes to immobilized nucleic acids by as much as 100-fold, without increasing the background significantly.

View PDF Chat

Plant ecotypes: genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration

2003-03-01

Kristina M. Hufford , Susan J. Mazer

Plant Biotechnology in China

2002-01-25

Jikun Huang , Scott Rozelle , Carl E. Pray +1 more

A survey of China's plant biotechnologists shows that China is developing the largest plant biotechnology capacity outside of North America. The list of genetically modified plant technologies in trials, including … A survey of China's plant biotechnologists shows that China is developing the largest plant biotechnology capacity outside of North America. The list of genetically modified plant technologies in trials, including rice, wheat, potatoes, and peanuts, is impressive and differs from those being worked on in other countries. Poor farmers in China are cultivating more area of genetically modified plants than are small farmers in any other developing country. A survey of agricultural producers in China demonstrates that Bacillus thuringiensis cotton adoption increases production efficiency and improves farmer health.

Time to Change What to Sow: Risk Preferences and Technology Adoption Decisions of Cotton Farmers in China

2012-07-18

Elaine M. Liu

Abstract This paper examines the role of individual risk attitudes in the decision to adopt a new form of agricultural biotechnology in China. I conducted a survey and a field … Abstract This paper examines the role of individual risk attitudes in the decision to adopt a new form of agricultural biotechnology in China. I conducted a survey and a field experiment to elicit the risk preferences of Chinese farmers, who faced the decision of whether to adopt genetically modified Bt cotton a decade ago. In my analysis, I expand the measurement of risk preferences beyond expected utility theory to incorporate prospect theory. I find that farmers who are more risk averse or more loss averse adopt Bt cotton later. Farmers who overweight small probabilities adopt Bt cotton earlier.

View PDF Chat

The Economics of Genetically Modified Crops

2009-06-26

Matin Qaim

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been used commercially for more than 10 years. Available impact studies of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops show that these technologies are beneficial to farmers and … Genetically modified (GM) crops have been used commercially for more than 10 years. Available impact studies of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops show that these technologies are beneficial to farmers and consumers, producing large aggregate welfare gains as well as positive effects for the environment and human health. The advantages of future applications could even be much bigger. Given a conducive institutional framework, GM crops can contribute significantly to global food security and poverty reduction. Nonetheless, widespread public reservations have led to a complex system of regulations. Overregulation has become a real threat for the further development and use of GM crops. The costs in terms of foregone benefits may be large, especially for developing countries. Economics research has an important role to play in designing efficient regulatory mechanisms and agricultural innovation systems.

Gene Flow and Introgression from Domesticated Plants into their Wild Relatives

1999-11-01

Norman C. Ellstrand , Honor C. Prentice , James F. Hancock

▪ Abstract Domesticated plant taxa cannot be regarded as evolutionarily discrete from their wild relatives. Most domesticated plant taxa mate with wild relatives somewhere in the world, and gene flow … ▪ Abstract Domesticated plant taxa cannot be regarded as evolutionarily discrete from their wild relatives. Most domesticated plant taxa mate with wild relatives somewhere in the world, and gene flow from crop taxa may have a substantial impact on the evolution of wild populations. In a literature review of the world's 13 most important food crops, we show that 12 of these crops hybridize with wild relatives in some part of their agricultural distribution. We use population genetic theory to predict the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild plants and discuss two applied consequences of crop-to-wild gene flow–the evolution of aggressive weeds and the extinction of rare species. We suggest ways of assessing the likelihood of hybridization, introgression, and the potential for undesirable gene flow from crops into weeds or rare species.

Economic, Ecological, Food Safety, and Social Consequences of the Deployment of Bt Transgenic Plants

2002-01-01

Anthony M. Shelton , Yun Zhao , R. T. Roush

▪ Abstract Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are revolutionizing agriculture. Bt, which had limited use as a foliar insecticide, has become a major insecticide … ▪ Abstract Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are revolutionizing agriculture. Bt, which had limited use as a foliar insecticide, has become a major insecticide because genes that produce Bt toxins have been engineered into major crops grown on 11.4 million ha worldwide in 2000. Based on the data collected to date, generally these crops have shown positive economic benefits to growers and reduced the use of other insecticides. The potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations, are being compared for Bt plants and alternative insect management strategies. Scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. Bt plants were deployed with the expectation that the risks would be lower than current or alternative technologies and that the benefits would be greater. Based on the data to date, these expectations seem valid.

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING: A UBIQUITOUS MECHANISM FOR THE GENERATION OF MULTIPLE PROTEIN ISOFORMS FROM SINGLE GENES

1987-06-01

Roger E. Breitbart , Athena Andreadis , Bernardo Nadal‐Ginard

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth … The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More

Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines

2009-06-19

Céline Gasnier , Coralie Dumont , Nora Bénachour +3 more

How to manage biological invasions under globalization

2005-03-11

Charles Perrings , Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz , Julia Touza +1 more

Biotechnology and the European public

2000-09-01

George Gaskell , Nick Allum , Martín W. Bauer +7 more

A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi

2007-12-01

Robin Holliday

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ … An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

View PDF Chat

Five years of Bt cotton in China – the benefits continue

2002-08-01

Carl E. Pray , Jikun Huang , Ruifa Hu +1 more

Summary Bt cotton is spreading very rapidly in China, in response to demand from farmers for technology that will reduce both the cost of pesticide applications and exposure to pesticides, … Summary Bt cotton is spreading very rapidly in China, in response to demand from farmers for technology that will reduce both the cost of pesticide applications and exposure to pesticides, and will free up time for other tasks. Based on surveys of hundreds of farmers in the Yellow River cotton‐growing region in northern China in 1999, 2000 and 2001, over 4 million smallholders have been able to increase yield per hectare, and reduce pesticide costs, time spent spraying dangerous pesticides, and illnesses due to pesticide poisoning. The expansion of this cost‐saving technology is increasing the supply of cotton and pushing down the price, but prices are still sufficiently high for adopters of Bt cotton to make substantial gains in net income.

View PDF Chat

Assessment of the food safety issues related to genetically modified foods

2001-09-01

H.A. Kuiper , G.A. Kleter , H.P.J.M. Noteborn +1 more

Summary International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of … Summary International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se , but helps to identify similarities and differences between the existing food and the new product, which are then subject to further toxicological investigation. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. Consensus on practical application of the principle should be further elaborated. Experiences with the safety testing of newly inserted proteins and of whole genetically modified foods are reviewed, and limitations of current test methodologies are discussed. The development and validation of new profiling methods such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. An issue that will gain importance in the near future is that of post‐marketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops. It is concluded, among others that, that application of the principle of substantial equivalence has proven adequate, and that no alternative adequate safety assessment strategies are available.

View PDF Chat

The Ecological Risks and Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants

2000-12-15

L. L. Wolfenbarger , P. R. Phifer

Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked … Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified.

View PDF Chat

The release of genetically modified crops into the environment

2003-01-01

A. J. Conner , Travis R. Glare , Jan‐Peter Nap

Despite numerous future promises, there is a multitude of concerns about the impact of GM crops on the environment. Key issues in the environmental assessment of GM crops are putative … Despite numerous future promises, there is a multitude of concerns about the impact of GM crops on the environment. Key issues in the environmental assessment of GM crops are putative invasiveness, vertical or horizontal gene flow, other ecological impacts, effects on biodiversity and the impact of presence of GM material in other products. These are all highly interdisciplinary and complex issues. A crucial component for a proper assessment is defining the appropriate baseline for comparison and decision. For GM crops, the best and most appropriately defined reference point is the impact of plants developed by traditional breeding. The latter is an integral and accepted part of agriculture. In many instances, the putative impacts identified for GM crops are very similar to the impacts of new cultivars derived from traditional breeding. When assessing GM crops relative to existing cultivars, the increased knowledge base underpinning the development of GM crops will provide greater confidence in the assurances plant science can give on the risks of releasing such crops.

Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review

2012-12-18

A. S. Bawa , K. R. Anilakumar

Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture

2005-02-01

G. Philip Robertson , Scott M. Swinton

Agriculture meets a major human need and both affects and depends on all other life support systems. Current trends point to continued human population growth and ever higher levels of … Agriculture meets a major human need and both affects and depends on all other life support systems. Current trends point to continued human population growth and ever higher levels of consumption as the global economy expands. This will stress the capacity of agriculture to meet food needs without further sacrificing the environmental integrity of local landscapes and the global environment. Agriculture's main challenge for the coming decades will be to produce sufficient food and fiber for a growing global population at an acceptable environmental cost. This challenge requires an ecological approach to agriculture that is largely missing from current management and research portfolios. Crop and livestock production systems must be managed as ecosystems, with management decisions fully informed of environmental costs and benefits. Currently, too little is known about important ecological interactions in major agricultural systems and landscapes and about the economic value of the ecosystem services assoc...

Transfer RNA: Molecular Structure, Sequence, and Properties

1976-06-01

Alexander Rich , Uttam L. RajBhandary

Hybridization and extinction

2016-02-05

Marco Todesco , Mariana A. Pascual , Gregory L. Owens +7 more

Abstract Hybridization may drive rare taxa to extinction through genetic swamping, where the rare form is replaced by hybrids, or by demographic swamping, where population growth rates are reduced due … Abstract Hybridization may drive rare taxa to extinction through genetic swamping, where the rare form is replaced by hybrids, or by demographic swamping, where population growth rates are reduced due to the wasteful production of maladaptive hybrids. Conversely, hybridization may rescue the viability of small, inbred populations. Understanding the factors that contribute to destructive versus constructive outcomes of hybridization is key to managing conservation concerns. Here, we survey the literature for studies of hybridization and extinction to identify the ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors that critically affect extinction risk through hybridization. We find that while extinction risk is highly situation dependent, genetic swamping is much more frequent than demographic swamping. In addition, human involvement is associated with increased risk and high reproductive isolation with reduced risk. Although climate change is predicted to increase the risk of hybridization‐induced extinction, we find little empirical support for this prediction. Similarly, theoretical and experimental studies imply that genetic rescue through hybridization may be equally or more probable than demographic swamping, but our literature survey failed to support this claim. We conclude that halting the introduction of hybridization‐prone exotics and restoring mature and diverse habitats that are resistant to hybrid establishment should be management priorities.

View PDF Chat

Identification of a Brazil-Nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans

1996-03-14

Julie A. Nordlee , Steve L. Taylor , Jeffrey Townsend +2 more

The nutritional quality of soybeans (Glycine max) is compromised by a relative deficiency of methionine in the protein fraction of the seeds. To improve the nutritional quality, methionine-rich 2S albumin … The nutritional quality of soybeans (Glycine max) is compromised by a relative deficiency of methionine in the protein fraction of the seeds. To improve the nutritional quality, methionine-rich 2S albumin from the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) has been introduced into transgenic soybeans. Since the Brazil nut is a known allergenic food, we assessed the allergenicity of the 2S albumin.

View PDF Chat

Global review of commercialized transgenic crops

2003-01-01

Clive James

THE unprecedented rapid adoption of transgenic crops during the initial five-year period (1996 to 2000) when genetically modified (GM) crops were first adopted, reflects the significant multiple benefits realized by … THE unprecedented rapid adoption of transgenic crops during the initial five-year period (1996 to 2000) when genetically modified (GM) crops were first adopted, reflects the significant multiple benefits realized by large and small farmers in industrial and developing countries that have grown transgenic crops commercially. Between 1996 and 2000, a total of fifteen countries – 10 industrial and 5 developing – contributed to more than a twentyfive fold increase in the global area of transgenic crops from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 44.2 million hectares in 2000. The accumulated area of transgenic crops planted in the five-year period 1996 to 2000 total 125 million hectares, equivalent to more than 300 million acres. Adoption rates for transgenic crops are unprecedented and are the highest for any new technology by agricultural industry standards. High adoption rates reflect grower satisfaction with products that offer significant benefits ranging from more convenient and flexible crop management, higher productivity and/or net returns per hectare, health benefits and a safer environment through decreased use of conventional pesticides, which collectively contribute to not only improved weed and insect pest control (attainable with transgenic herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant Bt crops) but also benefits of lower input and production costs; genetically modified crops offer significant economic advantages to farmers compared with corresponding conventional crops. The severity of weed and insect pests varies from year to year and hence this will have a direct impact on pest control costs and the consequent economic advantage. Despite the on-going debate on GM crops, particularly in countries of the European Union, millions of large and small farmers in both industrial and developing countries continue to increase their plantings of GM crops because of the significant multiple benefits they offer. This high adoption rate is a strong vote of confidence in GM crops, reflecting grower satisfaction. Many recent studies have confirmed that farmers planting herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant Bt crops are more efficient in managing their weed and insect pests. An estimated 3.5 million farmers grew transgenic crops to health and economic advantages. In coming years, the number of farmers planting GM crops is expected to grow substantially and the global area of GM crops is expected to continue to grow. Global population would exceed 6 billion by 2050, when approximately 90% of the global population will reside in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Today, 815 million people in the developing countries suffer from malnutrition and 1.3 billion are afflicted by poverty. Transgenic crops, often referred to as GM crops, represent promising technologies that can make a vital contribution to global food, feed and fibre security. Global reviews of transgenic crops have been published as ISAAA Briefs annually since 1996. This publication provides the latest information on the global status of commercialized transgenic crops. A detailed global data set on the adoption of commercialized transgenic crops is presented for the year 2001 and the changes that have occurred between 2000 to 2001 are highlighted. The global adoption trends during the last six years from 1996 to 2001 are also illustrated. Given the continuing debate on transgenic crops, particularly the issues relating to public acceptance, there has been much speculation as to whether the global area of transgenic crops would continue to increase in 2001. This publication documents the global database on the adoption and distribution of GM crops in 2001. Note that the words transgenic crops and genetically modified crops, maize and corn, as well as rapeseed and canola are used synonymously in the text, reflecting the usage of these words in different regions of the world. Global figures and hectares planted commercially with transgenic crops have been rounded off to the nearest 100,000 hectares. In some cases this leads to insignificant approximations and there may be slight variances in some figures, totals and percentage estimates. It is also important to note that countries in the Southern Hemisphere plant their crops in the last quarter of the calendar year; the transgenic crop areas reported in this publication are planted, not harvested, hectarage in the year stated. Thus, the 2001 information for Argentina, Australia, South Africa and Uruguay is hectares planted in the last quarter of 2001.

First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-2000

1989-09-01

Daniel J. Kevles , Jack Kloppenburg

Journal Article First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492–2000. By Jack Ralph Kloppenburg Jr. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xviii + 349 pp. $37.50.) Get access … Journal Article First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492–2000. By Jack Ralph Kloppenburg Jr. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xviii + 349 pp. $37.50.) Get access Daniel J. Kevles Daniel J. Kevles California Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 76, Issue 2, September 1989, Page 578, https://doi.org/10.2307/1908006 Published: 01 September 1989

Pesticides, environment, and food safety

2017-05-01

Fernando P. Carvalho

Abstract Agrochemicals have enabled to more than duplicate food production during the last century, and the current need to increase food production to feed a rapid growing human population maintains … Abstract Agrochemicals have enabled to more than duplicate food production during the last century, and the current need to increase food production to feed a rapid growing human population maintains pressure on the intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. However, worldwide surveys have documented the contamination and impact of agrochemical residues in soils, and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including coastal marine systems, and their toxic effects on humans and nonhuman biota. Although persistent organic chemicals have been phased out and replaced by more biodegradable chemicals, contamination by legacy residues and recent residues still impacts on the quality of human food, water, and environment. Current and future increase in food production must go along with production of food with better quality and with less toxic contaminants. Alternative paths to the intensive use of crop protection chemicals are open, such as genetically engineered organisms, organic farming, change of dietary habits, and development of food technologies. Agro industries need to further develop advanced practices to protect public health, which requires more cautious use of agrochemicals through prior testing, careful risk assessment, and licensing, but also through education of farmers and users in general, measures for better protection of ecosystems, and good practices for sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries, and aquaculture. Enhanced scientific research for new developments in food production and food safety, as well as for environmental protection, is a necessary part of this endeavor. Furthermore, worldwide agreement on good agriculture practices, including development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their release for international agriculture, may be urgent to ensure the success of safe food production.

Genetic diversity targets and indicators in the CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework must be improved

2020-07-02

Sean Hoban , Michael W. Bruford , Josephine D’Urban Jackson +7 more

The 196 parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will soon agree to a post-2020 global framework for conserving the three elements of biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) … The 196 parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will soon agree to a post-2020 global framework for conserving the three elements of biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) while ensuring sustainable development and benefit sharing. As the most significant global conservation policy mechanism, the new CBD framework has far-reaching consequences- it will guide conservation actions and reporting for each member country until 2050. In previous CBD strategies, as well as other major conservation policy mechanisms, targets and indicators for genetic diversity (variation at the DNA level within species, which facilitates species adaptation and ecosystem function) were undeveloped and focused on species of agricultural relevance. We assert that, to meet global conservation goals, genetic diversity within all species, not just domesticated species and their wild relatives, must be conserved and monitored using appropriate metrics. Building on suggestions in a recent Letter in Science (Laikre et al., 2020) we expand argumentation for three new, pragmatic genetic indicators and modifications to two current indicators for maintaining genetic diversity and adaptive capacity of all species, and provide guidance on their practical use. The indicators are: 1) the number of populations with effective population size above versus below 500, 2) the proportion of populations maintained within species, 3) the number of species and populations in which genetic diversity is monitored using DNA-based methods. We also present and discuss Goals and Action Targets for post-2020 biodiversity conservation which are connected to these indicators and underlying data. These pragmatic indicators and goals have utility beyond the CBD; they should benefit conservation and monitoring of genetic diversity via national and global policy for decades to come.

View PDF Chat

The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources

2004-04-01

Kal Raustiala , David G. Victor

This article examines the implications of the rising density of international institutions. Despite the rapid proliferation of institutions, scholars continue to embrace the assumption that individual regimes are decomposable from … This article examines the implications of the rising density of international institutions. Despite the rapid proliferation of institutions, scholars continue to embrace the assumption that individual regimes are decomposable from others. We contend that an increasingly common phenomenon is the "regime complex:" a collective of partially overlapping and nonhierarchical regimes. The evolution of regime complexes reflects the influence of legalization on world politics. Regime complexes are laden with legal inconsistencies because the rules in one regime are rarely coordinated closely with overlapping rules in related regimes. Negotiators often attempt to avoid glaring inconsistencies by adopting broad rules that allow for multiple interpretations. In turn, solutions refined through implementation of these rules focus later rounds of negotiation and legalization. We explore these processes using the issue of plant genetic resources (PGR). Over the last century, states have created property rights in these resources in a Demsetzian process: as new technologies and ideas have made PGR far more valuable, actors have mobilized and clashed over the creation of property rights that allow the appropriation of that value.We are grateful for comments on early drafts presented at Stanford Law School, New York University Law School, Duke Law School, Harvard Law School, and the American Society for International Law. Thanks especially to Larry Helfer, Tom Heller, Robert Keohane, Benedict Kingsbury, Peter Lallas, Lisa Martin, Ron Mitchell, Sabrina Safrin, Gene Skolnikoff, Richard Stewart, Chris Stone, Buzz Thompson, Jonathan Wiener, Katrina Wyman, Oran Young, and two anonymous reviewers for their feedback. Kal Raustiala thanks the Program on Law and Public Affairs at Princeton for support. We also thank our research assistants, Lindsay Carlson, Lesley Coben and Joshua House.

How agricultural research systems shape a technological regime that develops genetic engineering but locks out agroecological innovations

2009-04-07

Gaëtan Vanloqueren , Philippe V. Baret

Sustainable Protein Sources

2016-12-29

The ever-evolving world of microbes: the current state of microbial taxonomy, genome evolutionary dynamics, and the potential impact on the future of agricultural microbials risk assessment

2025-06-23

Katherine A. Karberg | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Risk assessment frameworks for plant agricultural biotechnology products have been in place for decades, focused on the evaluation of living biotechnology products created through genetic engineering. These products contain genetic … Risk assessment frameworks for plant agricultural biotechnology products have been in place for decades, focused on the evaluation of living biotechnology products created through genetic engineering. These products contain genetic material from outside the breeder’s gene pool, which is often from different taxa or represents “novel combinations of genetic material”. These products are typically considered to be “genetically modified” (GM) organisms in regulatory jurisdictions. However, in the microbial world, particularly among Bacteria and Archaea, the rapid expansion of genome sequence databases shows that natural microbial innovation primarily occurs through the natural exchange of genetic material from various sources, even from different taxa. This means that many microbes can be considered naturally occurring GM organisms. This raises the question of whether labeling a microbe as GM is always scientifically relevant for risk assessment. In most regulatory frameworks, being classified as GM significantly impacts the registration path, especially for microbes intended for environmental release. A more effective and science-based regulatory approach would assess the actual functions of a microbe rather than relying on the uncertain classification of its genetic material. This would benefit regulators, developers, and society by promoting the use of microbial technologies for agricultural use.

Potential market and welfare effects of a gene-edited technology on the U.S. soybean market

2025-06-23

Yunkyung Lee , Richard K. Perrin , Lilyan E. Fulginiti | The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review

Abstract A genetically edited high-oleic soybean seed has been recently introduced. There has also been increasing demand for healthy substitutes for low-oleic oils and even a regulatory ban on trans-fats … Abstract A genetically edited high-oleic soybean seed has been recently introduced. There has also been increasing demand for healthy substitutes for low-oleic oils and even a regulatory ban on trans-fats in processed foods. The likely market and welfare impact of the new variety on the U.S. soybean and oil markets, with and without the transfat ban, are quantified by using an equilibrium displacement model. The results indicate that the introduction of the variety alone would have little market impact, given the estimated yield drag relative to current varieties. The primary beneficiaries of the variety introduction combined with trans-fat bans we find to be consumers of low-oleic oil because of a price decrease and land owners because of a price increase. The biggest losers would be corn consumers because of a price increase and soybean processors because of a price decrease. The food and agribusiness sector might increase benefits further through marketing campaigns potentially driving higher demand for high-oleic products.

Seeds of Innovation: Exploring Intellectual Property Rights in the Realm of Genetically Modified Crops in India

2025-06-20

Firdous Abdullah , J. R. | Biotechnology Law Report

OPINIÓN DE ESPECIALISTAS FRENTE A LA LIBERACIÓN DE CULTIVOS TRANSGÉNICOS EN MÉXICO

2025-06-19

A. Gutiérrez , Higinio López-Sánchez , Benito Ramírez Valverde +3 more | Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo

Los científicos mexicanos especializados en temas de seguridad alimentaria, mejoramiento genético y biotecnología agrícola, muestran opiniones e inquietudes dispares respecto a la adopción de transgénicos. Es necesario conocer sus opiniones … Los científicos mexicanos especializados en temas de seguridad alimentaria, mejoramiento genético y biotecnología agrícola, muestran opiniones e inquietudes dispares respecto a la adopción de transgénicos. Es necesario conocer sus opiniones para establecer y/o fortalecer estudios de impacto y análisis de riesgo, así como favorecer el proceso de toma de decisión respecto al uso de esta tecnología, pues su uso en México aún sigue en discusión. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las opiniones de científicos que investigan temas relacionados con agrobiotecnología, comparar las inquietudes de aquellos especializados en temas biológicos y aquellos especializados en temas sociales, para determinar los principales riesgos que ellos visualizan para las comunidades indígenas sobre el tema de transgénicos. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario a un grupo selecto de expertos en temas de transgénicos, mejoramiento genético y soberanía alimentaria. Se encontró que 70.6 % de los científicos se opone a la liberación de los cultivos transgénicos actualmente disponibles en el mercado en fase comercial y que esta cifra aumenta a 94.1 % al tratarse de maíz; 96 % piensa que sí es posible que lleguen a territorio indígena, y que esto es principalmente para favorecer los negocios de empresas semilleras. Se concluye que en México la liberación de cultivos transgénicos no considera la perspectiva de los investigadores nacionales, quienes, en su mayoría, opinan que esta tecnología tendrá efectos negativos, principalmente en la alimentación y economía campesina, por lo que desde esta perspectiva representan una amenaza para México y en particular para las comunidades indígenas.

Technological Innovation and Intellectual Property in Agriculture

2025-06-19

Ananya Pandey | IGI Global eBooks

The intersection of technological advancements and intellectual property rights in agriculture has created both opportunities and challenges for farmers and innovators. Modern agricultural technologies, such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), … The intersection of technological advancements and intellectual property rights in agriculture has created both opportunities and challenges for farmers and innovators. Modern agricultural technologies, such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), precision farming, and digital tools, promise increased productivity and sustainability. However, the associated intellectual property frameworks often limit farmers' traditional rights to save, share, and reuse seeds, raising ethical, economic, and legal concerns. This chapter critically examines the balance between fostering innovation and protecting farmers' rights, emphasizing the implications of patents, farmers and plant breeders' rights in terms of plant variety protection. Furthermore, it advocates for equitable policy frameworks that promote innovation while ensuring farmers' access to affordable, adaptable, and sustainable technologies. By fostering collaboration among stakeholders, a harmonious balance between innovation and farmers' rights can be achieved, supporting long-term agricultural resilience and food security.

A comprehensive review of key requirements and analytical methods for tracking genetically modified (GM) ingredients in processed food products

2025-06-16

Monika Singh , Kushaldeep Kaur , Raghavendra Aminedi +1 more | Food Bioscience

GM Mustard in India: An Ex-ante Impact Assessment

2025-06-14

Sahin Aktar Munshi , Akriti Sharma , Praveen Kumar +4 more | National Academy Science Letters

Genetically modified microorganisms for agricultural use: an opportunity for the advancement of risk assessment criteria in Argentina

2025-06-13

Clara Rubinstein , Gabriela Levitus , Carmen Vicién +7 more | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

The development and use of biologicals in agriculture is of growing interest globally. The potential of these tools to increase and protect yield complementing other tools has stimulated the interest … The development and use of biologicals in agriculture is of growing interest globally. The potential of these tools to increase and protect yield complementing other tools has stimulated the interest of developers. Agricultural countries like Brazil and Argentina in Latin America have extensive experience with the use of biologicals for biocontrol and as seed inoculants. The last decade has seen the number of bio-based startups grow in the region, many of those dedicated to the development of microbial based bio-inputs. The potential for improving the efficacy and functionality of these products by means of gene technologies is very promising; however, the regulatory oversight of these innovations needs adaptation to become fit for purpose. The Biotechnology Working Group at ICCAS identified the need for a science-based discussion on this matter and considered alternatives to the current paradigm, developed over 30 years ago for transgenic plants.

The role of actively open-minded thinking in willingness to take civic and political action on genome-edited food in the United States and Switzerland

2025-06-02

Alex Segrè Cohen , Angela Bearth , Caitlin Drummond | Frontiers in Psychology

Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) is a set of standards for good thinking, including avoiding overconfidence and a willingness to change one's mind in response to new information. While AOT is … Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) is a set of standards for good thinking, including avoiding overconfidence and a willingness to change one's mind in response to new information. While AOT is theorized to aid individuals in navigating complex and polarizing issues, little prior literature has examined the role of AOT in public responses to emerging technologies. This study examines how engagement in AOT relates to civic and political action on genome editing. This controversial technology modifies plant genes for improved traits, offering transformative possibilities but bearing associated risks and uncertainties. We conducted surveys in the United States and Switzerland, two countries with different regulations toward genome-edited foods. We find inconsistent evidence for predictions between AOT and willingness to engage in actions supporting or opposing genome editing; further, in several cases, relationships varied by country. We discuss the implications for future research on AOT and public engagement in emerging technologies.

Onsite rapid detection method for genetically modified maize and soybean based on recombinase polymerase amplification.

2025-06-01

Jia-Tong Yan , Guan‐Wei Chen , Qingmei Miao +7 more | PubMed

With the commercial planting of transgenic maize and transgenic soybeans in China, in order to ensure the healthy development of China's biological breeding industry, it is urgent to develop on-site … With the commercial planting of transgenic maize and transgenic soybeans in China, in order to ensure the healthy development of China's biological breeding industry, it is urgent to develop on-site rapid detection techniques for transgenic maize and soybeans. In this study, a rapid detection method based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was proposed to overcome the shortcomings of on-site rapid detection of transgenic maize and soybean. Representative transgenic maize (Shuang Kang 12-5, DBN9936, MON810) and soybean (DBN9004, GTS40-3-2, SHZD32-1) were selected as test objects. According to their flanking sequence, specific primers and probes were designed and screened, and a RPA amplification system with high specificity and sensitivity of 20 copies for each transgenic event was established. In order to quickly obtain DNA, seed samples use nucleic acid release agents to obtain templates that can be used for RPA amplification. In order to eliminate the interference of chlorophyll in leaves on RPA fluorescence signal and quickly obtain DNA, leaf samples use the nucleic acid rapid integrated extraction device developed by our laboratory to quickly obtain DNA and eliminate the chlorophyll interference. Combined with a portable metal bath for initiating RPA amplification, a blue light gel cutter for visual detection, and a rapid on-site detection method for transgenic maize and soybean was constructed. The entire detection process required approximately 20 minutes, and the detection result was consistent with the result of conventional PCR. It is suitable for on-site rapid detection without large equipment, and has strong practicability and adaptability. The proposed approach provides technical support for on-site detection of transgenic crops and offers a reference for the application of other rapid nucleic acid detection technologies.

Assessment of genetically modified maize NK603 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF‐2023‐21250)

2025-06-01

Josep Casacuberta , Francisco Barro , Albert Braeuning +7 more | EFSA Journal

Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21250 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked … Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21250 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified maize NK603, for food and feed uses, excluding cultivation within the European Union. The data received in the context of this renewal application contained post‐market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a scoping review, a search for additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant and updated bioinformatics analyses. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in maize NK603 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in renewal application GMFF‐2023‐21250 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on maize NK603.

England poised to green-light precision breeding

2025-06-01

| Nature Biotechnology

FDA says GM pigs safe to eat

2025-06-01

| Nature Biotechnology

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase from the genetically modified Komagatella phaffii strain LALL‐LI2

2025-06-01

Holger Zorn , José Manuel Barat Baviera , Claudia Bolognesi +7 more | EFSA Journal

Abstract The food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) is produced with the genetically modified Komagatella phaffii strain LALL‐LI2 by Danstar Ferment AG. The production strain met the requirements … Abstract The food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) is produced with the genetically modified Komagatella phaffii strain LALL‐LI2 by Danstar Ferment AG. The production strain met the requirements for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS). The food enzyme was considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in the processing of cereals and other grains for the production of baked products. Dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.071 mg TOS/kg body weight per day in European populations. Given the QPS status of the production strain and the absence of concerns resulting from the food enzyme manufacturing process, toxicity tests were considered unnecessary by the Panel. A search for the homology of the amino acid sequence of the triacylglycerol lipase to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure to the food enzyme cannot be excluded, but that the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

Selected Developments in Biotechnology Law and the Biotechnology Industry

2025-05-30

Steven J. Zweig | Biotechnology Law Report

Prioritizing parents from global genebanks to breed climate-resilient crops

2025-05-29

Quinn Campbell , Nora P Castañeda Álvarez , Ryan Domingo +7 more | Nature Climate Change

Scientists’ warning on genetic pollution

2025-05-29

Anagnostis Theodoropoulos , Kathryn A. Stewart , Ben Wielstra | Deleted Journal

Genetic pollution (i.e. anthropogenic hybridization) is insidious; it is a worryingly common problem that should be taken more seriously. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies make it possible to obtain the … Genetic pollution (i.e. anthropogenic hybridization) is insidious; it is a worryingly common problem that should be taken more seriously. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies make it possible to obtain the information to make management decisions. Yet, policy uptake is urgently needed.

Building public trust and acceptance towards spray-on RNAi biopesticides: lessons from current ethical, legal and social discourses

2025-05-27

Ariyani Rinaldi , Nurzatil Sharleeza Mat Jalaluddin , Rosila Bee Mohd Hussain +1 more

Advances in New Plant Breeding Techniques (NBTs), particularly spray-on RNA interference (RNAi) biopesticides, necessitates a reevaluation of existing regulatory and governance frameworks. While spray-on RNAi technologies offer promising solutions for … Advances in New Plant Breeding Techniques (NBTs), particularly spray-on RNA interference (RNAi) biopesticides, necessitates a reevaluation of existing regulatory and governance frameworks. While spray-on RNAi technologies offer promising solutions for sustainable crop protection and targeted pest control without altering plant genomes, they also raise important ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI). This paper explores current ELSI discourses surrounding spray-on RNAi biopesticides, such as issues of environmental risk, regulatory ambiguity, corporate control and public acceptance. The study also highlights the importance to incorporate trust as an ethical element in developing regulatory and governance framework for the RNAi technology to increase public acceptance toward the technology. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on the governance of novel biotechnologies in agriculture, offering guidance for future regulatory design tailored to the unique characteristics of spray-on RNAi-based interventions.

The invasion of fall armyworm and green pest control: an analysis of farmers’ willingness to adopt genetically modified insect-resistant maize in Southwest China

2025-05-27

Yanfang Huang , Minglong Zhang , Xiangping Jia +3 more

The invasion of fall armyworm poses a serious threat to global food security, necessitating the urgent promotion of environmentally friendly pest control technologies. As a key strategy in green pest … The invasion of fall armyworm poses a serious threat to global food security, necessitating the urgent promotion of environmentally friendly pest control technologies. As a key strategy in green pest control, the effectiveness of genetically modified (GM) insect-resistant crops largely depends on the extent of farmer acceptance. Based on survey data from 426 GM maize pilot farmers in Yunnan Province, this study employs an ordered Logit model to analyze the key factors influencing farmers' adoption intentions from a behavioral decision-making perspective. The results indicate that (1) cognition, value orientation, and social trust are the primary drivers of farmers' willingness to adopt GM maize; (2) the impact of risk perception is context-dependent, exerting a significant positive moderating effect on planting decisions among farmers with higher levels of social trust; (3) planting experience reinforces the effects of cognition and social trust and amplifies the role of value orientation. This study provides policy-relevant insights for the industrial promotion of GM crops and the green control of fall armyworms, with important implications for safeguarding national food security.

1000 conifer genomes: Genome innovation, organisation and diversity

2025-05-26

Ove Nilsson , Teitur Ahlgren Kalman , Nicolas Delhomme +7 more

<title>Abstract</title> Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) are the dominant tree species in northern Eurasia with global importance for carbon sequestration and that are … <title>Abstract</title> Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) are the dominant tree species in northern Eurasia with global importance for carbon sequestration and that are increasingly at risk from climate change. Here, we present chromosome-scale reference genomes for both species and an unprecedented conifer resequencing effort comprising over 1000 Norway spruce trees. We show that, despite diverging ~130 million years ago, and in contrast to angiosperms, the genomes retain remarkable macro-synteny with no signs of major chromosomal rearrangements or recent whole genome duplications. Instead, genetic novelty is primarily fuelled by novel gene copy creation by frequent segmental duplications, independent of retrotransposition, that account for almost 1 Gbp of novel genetic material created since the spruce/pine split. We show that gene accessibility and regulation in these large genomes is facilitated by a highly structured three-dimensional chromatin organisation and epigenetic landscape, with housekeeping genes containing long introns located at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs), with TADs and chromatin loops facilitating gene co-expression. Comparative transcriptome profiling during wood development identified sub- and neo-functionalisation among segmentally duplicated genes, as well as conserved and diverged gene co-expression between species. Population genomics analyses confirmed a recently expanded, largely panmictic population with a latitudinal cline, and identified genes under selection involved in climate adaptation and geographically segregating presence-absence variation of genes.

Ethical Decision-Making on Genetically Modified Foods in China from a Dynamic Balance Perspective

2025-05-25

Hsin‐Te Wu , Xiangwen Xu , Ju Guo Peng

Plant Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture

2025-05-14

Eija Pehu , J. B. Dent , M. J. McGregor

Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Willingness to Use Genetically Modified Foods in Ogun State, Nigeria

2025-05-14

Olusegun Emmanuel Ogundele , Folasade Tinuade Ojo , Adebola Daniel Awofodu

The increasing focus on genetically modified (GM) foods has sparked significant debate, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where food security remains a pressing issue. This study aims to assess … The increasing focus on genetically modified (GM) foods has sparked significant debate, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where food security remains a pressing issue. This study aims to assess public knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to use GM foods in Ogun State, Nigeria, in light of the federal government's endorsement of some GM crops to enhance agricultural productivity and nutritional quality. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting adults aged 18 years and above across four divisions of Ogun State: Ijebu, Egba, Remo, and Yewa. A total of 1,104 participants were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and willingness regarding GM foods. The findings indicate that 70.9% of respondents had heard of GM foods, but only 39% accurately distinguished them from hybrids. Willingness to purchase GM foods was high, particularly among those who perceived them as healthier or more affordable. Regional differences were observed, with participants from Remo exhibiting the highest acceptance levels. Concerns regarding health risks and environmental impacts were prevalent, highlighting the need for targeted educational initiatives to address misconceptions and improve public understanding. This study provides insights into the perceptions of GM foods in Ogun State, emphasising the importance of education in fostering acceptance. It appears that while there is general willingness to adopt GM foods, significant knowledge gaps and persistent misconceptions must be addressed to facilitate informed decision-making and support the integration of GM technologies into sustainable agricultural practices.

A hazai növénynemesítés és növényi biotechnológia

2025-05-12

Zoltán Bedő , Dénes Dudits

A magyar növénynemesítés jelentősen hozzájárult az élelmiszer-termelés genetikai alapjainak biztosításához az elmúlt hetven év során. Jelenleg részt vesz az élelmiszer-biztonságot megalapozó új kihívások – mint például az éghajlatváltozás, egészséges táplálkozás, … A magyar növénynemesítés jelentősen hozzájárult az élelmiszer-termelés genetikai alapjainak biztosításához az elmúlt hetven év során. Jelenleg részt vesz az élelmiszer-biztonságot megalapozó új kihívások – mint például az éghajlatváltozás, egészséges táplálkozás, fenntarthatóság – kutatásában számos nemzetközi együttműködés keretében.

A significantly enhanced role for plant genetic resource centres in linking in situ and ex situ conservation to aid user germplasm access

2025-05-09

Nigel Maxted , Anne‐Françoise Adam‐Blondon , Catherine Hazel Aguilar +7 more

Plant genetic resources (PGR) serve as the cornerstone for global varietal enhancement and food security. However, these resources face significant threats, including diversity erosion and extinction, are often inadequately conserved, … Plant genetic resources (PGR) serve as the cornerstone for global varietal enhancement and food security. However, these resources face significant threats, including diversity erosion and extinction, are often inadequately conserved, and frequently remain inaccessible for practical use. Traditionally, PGR have been primarily conserved through population seed samples stored ex situ in genebanks. In contrast, complementary in situ techniques – whether involving crop wild relatives in genetic reserves or crop landraces on-farm – have largely remained experimental. The demand from breeders for a broader diversity is driving a more integrated approach that combines ex situ and in situ methods. This paper posits that such an integrated strategy would be mutually advantageous for PGR, biodiversity and farmer-based conservation communities. As a foundation for future PGR science, we propose the three 'Principles of PGR Conservation and Use Congruence' and outline the practical processes involved in in situ and on-farm conservation. We also review the challenges associated with integrating ex situ and in situ conservation, specifically addressing how collaborative resource management can be established, how potential resource users can access in situ and on-farm conserved PGR, how to promote user access to in situ conserved populations, and the progress made thus far in integrating in situ and ex situ efforts. While it is acknowledged that full integration may be unrealistic without adequate resources for Genetic Resource Centres and the rectification of skill gaps, the potential to significantly enhance the long-term, sustainable conservation of PGR diversity holds profound existential benefits for humanity in the 21st century.

“The risks cannot be compensated”: The willingness to donate DNA for science and its relationship with economic preferences

2025-05-06

Richard Karlsson Linnér , Manisha Jain

Abstract The accumulation of large genetic data is crucial for the scientific advancement of genetic research and precision medicine, but various participation biases threaten the validity of genetic research data … Abstract The accumulation of large genetic data is crucial for the scientific advancement of genetic research and precision medicine, but various participation biases threaten the validity of genetic research data sets. To better understand the decision to participate and its relationship with economic incentives and preferences, we studied the stated willingness to donate DNA for science by saliva sample in a representative panel of Dutch households. There were two randomized treatments, varying (i) the information material on benefits and risks and (ii) the intended financial incentive. The first treatment had no detectable effect, suggesting insensitivity to the information material. The higher incentive conditions had modest and diminishing effects, suggesting that offering higher incentives is not cost‐effective. Stated reasons not to donate DNA concentrated on personal risks, e.g., privacy violations and data exploitation. Accordingly, stated risk willingness was found strongly associated, followed by trust and positive reciprocity. Revealed economic preferences were not associated. The results support previous findings for self‐rated health, interpersonal trust and confidence in science or societal institutions but not for certain demographic variables (e.g., age, education and religiosity). We conclude by proposing strategies to encourage participation, e.g., to reallocate resources to risk‐minimizing or compensatory measures.

Use of Bioinputs in Sustainable Agriculture: Trends, Challenges and Perspectives for Reducing the Use of Agrochemicals

2025-05-05

G. Correa , Caíke de Sousa Pereira , Antônio Tarcísio da Silva Queiroz +7 more

Objective: This study aims to analyze the benefits, challenges, and perspectives of using bioinputs in sustainable agriculture, intending to contribute to the implementation of more environmentally responsible farming practices. Theoretical … Objective: This study aims to analyze the benefits, challenges, and perspectives of using bioinputs in sustainable agriculture, intending to contribute to the implementation of more environmentally responsible farming practices. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on the concepts of sustainable agriculture and agroecology, highlighting bioinputs as sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical inputs, including beneficial microorganisms, plant extracts, and biological derivatives. Method: A qualitative methodology based on bibliographic review was adopted, using updated sources such as scientific articles, books, and dissertations from the last five years. Data collection and analysis followed rigorous criteria, ensuring the relevance and validity of the information discussed. Results and Discussion: The findings show that the use of bioinputs significantly improves soil health, increases biodiversity, and reduces negative environmental impacts such as chemical contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges such as high costs, limited access, and regulatory uncertainty remain significant obstacles. Research Implications: This study provides important theoretical and practical contributions for farmers, researchers, and policymakers, suggesting investments in agricultural education, ongoing scientific research, and public policies that facilitate the adoption of bioinputs. Originality/Value: This research stands out by discussing in an integrated and updated way the practical, theoretical, and political implications of using bioinputs, highlighting their relevance in achieving a more sustainable and resilient agriculture.

Chemical Food Safety in Europe Under the Spotlight: Principles, Regulatory Framework and Roadmap for Future Directions

2025-05-05

Teresa D’Amore , Slim Smaoui , Theodoros Varzakas

Chemical food safety is a fundamental pillar of public health, regulatory governance, and economic stability, with far-reaching implications for human, animal, and environmental well-being. In the matter of chemicals in … Chemical food safety is a fundamental pillar of public health, regulatory governance, and economic stability, with far-reaching implications for human, animal, and environmental well-being. In the matter of chemicals in the food chain, the European Union (EU) has established one of the most sophisticated and robust regulatory frameworks to ensure food safety and balance consumer protection with scientific advancements and industry needs. This review provides a holistic analysis of the EU chemical food safety scenario, examining its regulatory framework, key risk assessment methodologies, and the roles of critical institutions involved in monitoring, enforcement, and policymaking. The new and evolving challenges of chemical food safety, including transparency, cumulative risk assessment, and emerging contaminants, were discussed. Special attention is given to major classes of chemical substances in food, their regulatory oversight, and the scientific principles guiding their assessment, as well as to the role of key actors, including regulatory agencies, official laboratories, and competent authorities. This work offers an updated and integrated analysis of chemical food safety in the EU, uniquely combining regulatory, scientific, and enforcement perspectives and providing a structured roadmap for future directions.

El largo camino hacia un régimen jurídico propio para los vegetales obtenidos por Nuevas Técnicas Genéticas (NTG): análisis de la propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo relativo a los vegetales obtenidos con determinadas nuevas técnicas genómicas y a los alimentos y piensos derivados

2025-05-05

María Almodóvar Iñesta

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la Propuesta de Reglamento Europeo relativo a los vegetales obtenidos con determinadas nuevas técnicas genómicas y a los alimentos y piensos derivados. La Propuesta tiene su … Resumen: Este estudio analiza la Propuesta de Reglamento Europeo relativo a los vegetales obtenidos con determinadas nuevas técnicas genómicas y a los alimentos y piensos derivados. La Propuesta tiene su origen en la Sentencia Confédération y otros del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, que incluye a los vegetales obtenidos mediante técnicas genéticas posteriores a la adopción de la Directiva 2001/18 en el marco regulatorio de los OMG. Abstract: This study analyzes the Proposal for a European Regulation regarding plants obtained with certain new genomic techniques and derived food and feed. The Proposal has its origins in the Judgment Confédération and others of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which includes plants obtained through new genetic techniques after the adoption of Directive 2001/18, in the regulatory framework of GMOs. Palabras clave: Nuevas Técnicas Genéticas. Vegetales NTG. Organismos modificados genéticamente. Mutagénesis. Cisgénesis. Verificación NTG. Autorización. Etiquetado. Patentabilidad. Agricultura ecológica. Keywords: New Genetic Techniques. NTG plants. Genetically Modified Organisms. Mutagenesis. Cisgenesis. NTG Verification. Authorization. Labeling. Patentability. Organic farming. Índice: 1.INTRODUCCIÓN 2. ANTECEDENTES 2.1. Marco regulatorio general para los Organismos Modificados Genéticamente 2.1.1. Primera generación de Directivas OMG: Directiva 90/219/CEE y Directiva 90/220/CEE 2.1.2. Segunda generación de Directivas OMG: La Directiva 2001/18/CE por la que se deroga la Directiva 90/220/CEE 2.2. Marco sectorial para los alimentos y piensos modificados genéticamente 2.2.1. El Reglamento 258/97 sobre nuevos alimentos y nuevos ingredientes alimentarios 2.2.2. Reglamento 1829/2003 sobre alimentos y piensos modificados genéticamente 3.LA SENTENCIA CONFÉDÉRATION Y OTROS DEL TRIBUNAL DE JUSTICIA DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA 4.ORIGEN DE LA PROPUESTA DE UN REGLAMENTO ESPECIFICO PARA LOS VEGETALES OBTENIDOS CON NTG 4.1. Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Bioseguridad sobre la edición genética 4.1.1. Utilización de técnicas de edición genética en los distintos sectores biotecnológicos 4.1.2. Riesgos de las técnicas de edición genética 4.1.3. Valoración desde el punto de vista científico de la STJUE 4.2. Estudio sobre las Nuevas Técnicas Genéticas de la Comisión Europea 4.3. Consultas previas con las partes interesadas 5.PROPUESTA DE REGLAMENTO DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO RELATIVO A LOS VEGETALES OBTENIDOS CON DETERMINADAS NUEVAS TÉCNICAS GENÓMICAS Y A LOS ALIMENTOS Y PIENSOS DERIVADOS 5.1. Ámbito de aplicación de la Propuesta 5.2. Vegetales obtenidos con NTG de categoría 1 5.2.1. Procedimiento de verificación del estado de vegetal obtenido con NTG de categoría 1 antes de la liberación para cualquier fin distinto de la comercialización 5.2.2. Procedimiento de verificación del estado de vegetal obtenido con NTG de categoría 1 antes de la comercialización de productos obtenidos con NTG 5.2.3. Información pública de las decisiones por las que se declara es estado de vegetal obtenido con NTG de categoría 1 5.2.4. Prohibición de uso de vegetales obtenidos con NTG de categoría 1 en la producción ecológica 5.3. Vegetales obtenidos con NTG de categoría 2 6.CUESTIONES COMUNES A NTG DE CATEGORÍA 1 Y 2 6.1. Posibilidad de los Estados miembros de restringir o prohibir cultivos 6.2. Medidas de coexistencia de vegetales NGT con cultivos ecológicos y de producción sin OMG 6.3. Protección jurídica de los vegetales obtenidos con NTG NGT en su territorio 7.CONCLUSIONES 8.BIBLIOGRAFÍA Table of Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BACKGROUND 2.1. General regulatory framework for Genetically Modified Organisms 2.1.1. First generation of GMO Directives: Directive 90/219/EEC and Directive 90/220/EEC 2.1.2. Second generation of GMO Directives: Directive 2001/18/EC repealing Directive 90/220/EEC 2.2. Sectoral framework for genetically modified food and feed 2.2.1. Regulation 258/97 on novel foods and novel food ingredients 2.2.2. Regulation 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed 3. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE COURT OF JUSTICE IN THE FOLLOWING JUDGMENTS IN THE CONFÉDÉRATION AND OTHERS 4.ORIGIN OF THE PROPOSAL FOR A SPECIFIC REGULATION FOR PLANTS OBTAINED WITH NTG 4.1. Report of the National Biosafety Commission on gene editing 4.1.1. Use of gene editing techniques in different biotechnology sectors. 4.1.2.Risks of gene editing techniques 4.1.3.Scientific assessment by the CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) 4.2. Study on New Genetic Techniques by the European Commission. 4.3.Prior consultations with interested parties 5.PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ON PLANTS OBTAINED WITH CERTAIN NEW GENOMIC TECHNIQUES AND FOOD AND FEED DERIVED FROM THEM 5.1.Scope of the Proposal 5.2.Plants obtained with category 1 NTG 5.2.1.Procedure for verifying the status of a plant obtained with category 1 NTG before release for any purpose other than marketing 5.2.2.Procedure for verifying the status of a plant obtained with category 1 NTG before placing products obtained with NTG on the market 5.2.3.Public information on decisions declaring the status of a plant obtained with category 1 NTG 5.2.4.Prohibition on the use of plants obtained with category 1 NTG in organic production 5.3.Plants obtained with category 2 NTG 6.ISSUES COMMON TO CATEGORY 1 AND 2 NTG 6.1. Possibility for Member States to restrict or prohibit cultivation 6.2. Measures for the coexistence of NGT plants with organic and non-GMO crops 6.3. Legal protection of plants obtained with NTG NGT in its territory 7. CONCLUSIONS 8.LITERATURE

Consumer Perception of Irradiated Food Products in the Abai Region of Kazakhstan

2025-05-04

Duman Orynbekov , Zhanar Kalibekkyzy , Алмагуль Нургазезовна Нургазезова +3 more

Food irradiation is a scientifically validated method for improving food safety and shelf life, yet public acceptance remains limited due to persistent misconceptions. This study investigates consumer perceptions of irradiated … Food irradiation is a scientifically validated method for improving food safety and shelf life, yet public acceptance remains limited due to persistent misconceptions. This study investigates consumer perceptions of irradiated food in the Abai region of Kazakhstan, an area historically affected by radiation exposure, though this context is not explicitly addressed. A structured questionnaire was administered to 420 adult residents across urban and rural districts, collecting data on familiarity, knowledge, perceived risks and benefits, willingness to consume, and influencing factors such as trust in authorities and preference for natural foods. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and Duncan’s test, were employed. Results reveal widespread knowledge gaps—only 20% correctly rejected the myth that irradiated food is radioactive—yet nearly half of respondents expressed willingness to purchase such products. Perceived health risk was high across all food categories, especially infant food, but this did not consistently predict avoidance. Demographic variables such as education and age influenced perceptions of necessity, while gender and trust in authorities had minimal impact. The study concludes that although consumer knowledge is low, moderate openness exists toward irradiated food, suggesting that public education and clear communication could play a pivotal role in building acceptance for this food safety intervention.

Acceptance of Crop Biotechnology Requires a Change in Communication Strategy

2025-05-02

Kevin M. Folta

Abstract Ever since the first transgenic plant emerged from a green clump of callus, grant proposals were erected upon grand ideas, visions of crop genetic engineering innovations positively impacting people … Abstract Ever since the first transgenic plant emerged from a green clump of callus, grant proposals were erected upon grand ideas, visions of crop genetic engineering innovations positively impacting people and the planet. But how many of these actually came to fruition? More than three decades of journal articles articulate the discoveries of gene-trait connections and how they may be implemented to improve profits for farmers, products for consumers, environmental stewardship, and the plight of the food insecure. The shelves and autoclaves of academic, government and industry laboratories speak stories of innovation unrealized. Today’s latest gene editing technologies stand to speed innovation with greater precision with less perception of risk-- but will the next wave of crop solutions created via transgenesis or site-directed nucleases also fail to reach the field? Their deployment is not limited by safety or utility. Instead, they are hindered by a lack of social license to implement technology, driven by understandable concerns, many not based in reality, and some stoked by well-constructed disinformation campaigns. The solution is public engagement, yet scientists engage at low frequency, and fail to connect in effective ways when they do engage. The goal of this article is to illuminate the agricultural biotechnology communication chasm, how it happened, its effects, and implementable solutions. Scientists need to understand the how information flows, the social guardrails that impede information flow, and ways to bypass psychological barriers to deliver trusted information. Rapid deployment of next generation plant biology solutions is dependent on scientists retooling their communication strategies, and then becoming part of the social conversation.

Historical perspectives, challenges, and potential of agricultural biotechnology landscape in Africa

2025-05-02

Victor Acheampong Amankwaah , Ruth Prempeh , Marceline Egnin +2 more

Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 87427 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF‐2023‐21254)

2025-05-01

Josep Casacuberta , Francisco Barro , Albert Braeuning +7 more

Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21254 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked … Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21254 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the of tissue‐selective herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified maize MON 87427, for food and feed uses, excluding cultivation within the European Union. The data received in the context of this renewal application contained post‐market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a scoping review, a search for additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant and updated bioinformatics analyses. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in maize MON 87427 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in renewal dossier GMFF‐2023‐21254 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on maize MON 87427.

Approaches for cessation and elimination of tobacco to atttain sustainable development goal

2025-05-01

Shyamala Ravikoti , Vikas Bhatia , S.K. Mohanasundari | Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

A BSTRACT Tobacco use remains a pervasive global health challenge, particularly affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India, where it contributes significantly to preventable deaths and economic burdens. This … A BSTRACT Tobacco use remains a pervasive global health challenge, particularly affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India, where it contributes significantly to preventable deaths and economic burdens. This comprehensive review synthesizes current literature from 2010 to 2024 using prominent databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, and Embase and extracted 49 full text article focused on tobacco prevalence, health impacts, and control measures in India, emphasizing the urgency of tobacco elimination to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). The review includes data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2), highlighting that 28.6% of Indian adults use tobacco, with variations by gender, urban-rural divide, and product preference. Tobacco use exacerbates health disparities, leading to chronic diseases such as cancer, respiratory conditions, and cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, tobacco compromises immune function, increasing susceptibility to infections like tuberculosis and COVID-19. Effective tobacco control strategies outlined include policy interventions, cessation programs integrating counseling and medication, international collaborations under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), and leveraging technological advancements like mobile apps and virtual reality for cessation support. This review highlights the importance of coordinated efforts to create a tobacco-free future in India and globally.

Assessment of genetically modified cotton MON 88913 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF‐2023‐21234)

2025-05-01

Josep Casacuberta , Francisco Barro , Albert Braeuning +7 more

Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21234 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on genetically modified organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked … Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21234 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on genetically modified organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified cotton MON 88913, for food and feed uses, excluding cultivation within the European Union. The data received in the context of this renewal application contained post‐market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a scoping review, a search for additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant and updated bioinformatics analyses. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in cotton MON 88913 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in renewal dossier GMFF‐2023‐21234 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on cotton MON 88913.

Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF‐2023‐21220)

2025-05-01

Josep Casacuberta , Francisco Barro , Albert Braeuning +7 more

Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21220 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked … Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21220 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302, for food and feed uses, excluding cultivation within the European Union. The data received in the context of this renewal application contained post‐market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a scoping review, a search for additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant and updated bioinformatics analyses. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in oilseed rape MON 88302 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in renewal dossier GMFF‐2023‐21220 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on oilseed rape MON 88302.

Assessment of genetically modified soybean MON 87708 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF‐2023‐21237)

2025-05-01

Josep Casacuberta , Francisco Barro , Albert Braeuning +7 more

Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21237 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked … Abstract Following the submission of dossier GMFF‐2023‐21237 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience LP, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean MON 87708, for food and feed uses, excluding cultivation within the European Union. The data received in the context of this renewal application contained post‐market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a scoping review, a search for additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant and updated bioinformatics analyses. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in soybean MON 87708 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in renewal dossier GMFF‐2023‐21237 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on soybean MON 87708.

Transgenic corn syrup enhances in vitro yeast ethanol production: Hidden cause of the US MASH epidemic?

2025-02-05

Sibiri Sissoko , Armstrong Nicholas , Tidjani Alou +5 more

View PDF Chat