Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering

Water Systems and Optimization

Works Count: 55125

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the design, management, and optimization of water distribution networks. It covers topics such as leak detection, resilience analysis, pipe friction modeling, sensor placement, genetic algorithms, transient flow analysis, infrastructure condition assessment, and pressure control in water distribution systems.

Keywords

Water Distribution Networks; Leak Detection; Optimization; Resilience Analysis; Pipe Friction Modeling; Sensor Placement; Genetic Algorithms; Transient Flow Analysis; Infrastructure Condition Assessment; Pressure Control

Optimal Measurement Methods for Distributed Parameter System Identification

2004-08-27

Dariusz Uciński

INTRODUCTION The Optimum Experimental Design Problem in Context A General Overview of Literature KEY IDEAS OF IDENTIFICATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN System Description Parameter Identification Measurement Location Problem Main Impediments Deterministic … INTRODUCTION The Optimum Experimental Design Problem in Context A General Overview of Literature KEY IDEAS OF IDENTIFICATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN System Description Parameter Identification Measurement Location Problem Main Impediments Deterministic Interpretation of the FIM Calculation of Sensitivity Coefficients A Final Introductory Note LOCALLY OPTIMAL DESIGNS FOR STATIONARY SENSORS Linear-in-Parameters Lumped Models Construction of Minimax Designs Continuous Designs in Measurement Optimization Clusterization-Free Designs Nonlinear Programming Approach A Critical Note on Some Deterministic Approach Modifications Required by Other Settings Summary LOCALLY OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR SCANNING AND MOVING OBSERVATIONS Optimal Activation Policies for Scanning Sensors Adapting the Idea of Continuous Designs for Moving Sensors Optimization of Sensor Trajectories Based on Optimal-Control Techniques Concluding Remarks MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES WITH ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OBJECTIVES Optimal Sensor Location for Prediction Sensor Location for Model Discrimination Conclusions ROBUST DESIGNS FOR SENSOR LOCATION Sequential Designs Optimal Designs in the Average Sense Optimal Designs in the Minimax Sense Robust Sensor Location Using Randomized Algorithms Concluding Remarks TOWARDS EVEN MORE CHALLENGING PROBLEMS Measurement Strategies in the Presence of Correlated Observations Maximization of an Observability Measure Summary APPLICATIONS FROM ENGINEERING Electrolytic Reactor Calibration of Smog Prediction Models Monitoring of Groundwater Resources Quality Diffusion Process With Correlated Observational Errors Vibrating H-Shaped Membrane CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS APPENDICES List of Symbols Mathematical Background On Statistical Properties of Estimators Analysis of the Largest Eigenvalue Differentiation of Nonlinear Operators Accessory Results for PDE's Interpolation of Tabulated Sensitivity Coefficients Differentials of Section 4.3.3 Solving Sensor Location Problems Using Maple and MATLAB

Discharge measurements at gaging stations

1969-01-01

Thomas J. Buchanan , William P. Somers

The techniques used in making discharge measurements at gaging stations are described in this report. Most of the report deals with the current-meter method of measuring discharge, because this is … The techniques used in making discharge measurements at gaging stations are described in this report. Most of the report deals with the current-meter method of measuring discharge, because this is the principal method used in gaging streams. The use of portable weirs and flumes, floats, and volumetric tanks in measuring discharge are briefly described.

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Lessons Learned from the Maroochy Water Breach

2007-11-06

Jill Slay , Michael G. Miller

Fundamentals of Stochastic Filtering

2008-10-06

Alan Bain , Dan Crisan

A dynamic model of the clarification-thickening process

1991-10-01

I. Takács , Gilles G. Patry , Daniel Nolasco

Frequency-Dependent Friction in Transient Pipe Flow

1968-03-01

W. Zielke

An equation is derived, which relates the wall shear stress in transient laminar pipe flow to the instantaneous mean velocity and to the weighted past velocity changes. The term is … An equation is derived, which relates the wall shear stress in transient laminar pipe flow to the instantaneous mean velocity and to the weighted past velocity changes. The term is applied to the method of characteristics to calculate water-hammer phenomena in viscous fluids, in which effects of frequency-dependent friction cause distortion of traveling waves. Theoretical results are compared with the experimental pressure fluctuation due to an instantaneous valve closure and show accurate prediction of the response curve.

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Comprehensive review of structural deterioration of water mains: statistical models

2001-09-01

Yehuda Kleiner , Balvant Rajani

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Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach

2000-06-01

E. Todini

A survey on gas leak detection and localization techniques

2012-05-29

Pal-Stefan Murvay , Ioan Silea

A New Heuristic Optimization Algorithm: Harmony Search

2001-02-01

Zong Woo Geem , Joong Hoon Kim , G. V. Loganathan

Many optimization problems in various fields have been solved using diverse optimization al gorithms. Traditional optimization techniques such as linear programming (LP), non-linear programming (NLP), and dynamic program ming (DP) … Many optimization problems in various fields have been solved using diverse optimization al gorithms. Traditional optimization techniques such as linear programming (LP), non-linear programming (NLP), and dynamic program ming (DP) have had major roles in solving these problems. However, their drawbacks generate demand for other types of algorithms, such as heuristic optimization approaches (simulated annealing, tabu search, and evolutionary algo rithms). However, there are still some possibili ties of devising new heuristic algorithms based on analogies with natural or artificial phenom ena. A new heuristic algorithm, mimicking the improvisation of music players, has been devel oped and named Harmony Search (HS). The performance of the algorithm is illustrated with a traveling salesman problem (TSP), a specific academic optimization problem, and a least-cost pipe network design problem.

State of the art review of inspection technologies for condition assessment of water pipes

2012-06-18

Zheng Liu , Yehuda Kleiner

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Genetic Algorithms for Least-Cost Design of Water Distribution Networks

1997-03-01

Dragan Savić , Godfrey A. Walters

The paper describes the development of a computer model GANET that involves the application of an area of evolutionary computing, better known as genetic algorithms, to the problem of least-cost … The paper describes the development of a computer model GANET that involves the application of an area of evolutionary computing, better known as genetic algorithms, to the problem of least-cost design of water distribution networks. Genetic algorithms represent an efficient search method for nonlinear optimization problems; this method is gaining acceptance among water resources managers/planners. These algorithms share the favorable attributes of Monte Carlo techniques over local optimization methods in that they do not require linearizing assumptions nor the calculation of partial derivatives, and they avoid numerical instabilities associated with matrix inversion. In addition, their sampling is global, rather than local, thus reducing the tendency to become entrapped in local minima and avoiding dependency on a starting point. Genetic algorithms are introduced in their original form followed by different improvements that were found to be necessary for their effective implementation in the optimization of water distribution networks. An example taken from the literature illustrates the approach used for the formulation of the problem. To illustrate the capability of GANET to efficiently identify good designs, three previously published problems have been solved. This led to the discovery of inconsistencies in predictions of network performance caused by different interpretations of the widely adopted Hazen-Williams pipe flow equation in the past studies. As well as being very efficient for network optimization, GANET is also easy to use, having almost the same input requirements as hydraulic simulation models. The only additional data requirements are a few genetic algorithm parameters that take values recommended in the literature. Two network examples, one of a new network design and one of parallel network expansion, illustrate the potential of GANET as a tool for water distribution network planning and management.

Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms for Design of Water Distribution Networks

2003-12-22

T. Devi Prasad , Nam-Sik Park

This paper presents a multiobjective genetic algorithm approach to the design of a water distribution network. The objectives considered are minimization of the network cost and maximization of a reliability … This paper presents a multiobjective genetic algorithm approach to the design of a water distribution network. The objectives considered are minimization of the network cost and maximization of a reliability measure. In this study, a new reliability measure, called network resilience, is introduced. This measure mimics a designer's desire of providing excess head above the minimum allowable head at the nodes and of designing reliable loops with practicable pipe diameters. The proposed method produces a set of Pareto-optimal solutions in the search space of cost and network resilience. Genetic algorithms are observed to be poor in handling constraints. To handle constraints in a better way, a constraint handling technique that does not require a penalty coefficient and is applicable to water distribution systems is presented. The present model is applied to two example problems, which are widely reported. Comparison of the present method with other methods revealed that the network resilience based approach gave better results.

A Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice

2005-01-01

Mohamed S. Ghidaoui , Ming Zhao , Duncan A. McInnis +1 more

Hydraulic transients in closed conduits have been a subject of both theoretical study and intense practical interest for more than one hundred years. While straightforward in terms of the one-dimensional … Hydraulic transients in closed conduits have been a subject of both theoretical study and intense practical interest for more than one hundred years. While straightforward in terms of the one-dimensional nature of pipe networks, the full description of transient fluid flows pose interesting problems in fluid dynamics. For example, the response of the turbulence structure and strength to transient waves in pipes and the loss of flow axisymmetry in pipes due to hydrodynamic instabilities are currently not understood. Yet, such understanding is important for modeling energy dissipation and water quality in transient pipe flows. This paper presents an overview of both historic developments and present day research and practice in the field of hydraulic transients. In particular, the paper discusses mass and momentum equations for one-dimensional Flows, wavespeed, numerical solutions for one-dimensional problems, wall shear stress models; two-dimensional mass and momentum equations, turbulence models, numerical solutions for two-dimensional problems, boundary conditions, transient analysis software, and future practical and research needs in water hammer. The presentation emphasizes the assumptions and restrictions involved in various governing equations so as to illuminate the range of applicability as well as the limitations of these equations. Understanding the limitations of current models is essential for (i) interpreting their results, (ii) judging the reliability of the data obtained from them, (iii) minimizing misuse of water-hammer models in both research and practice, and (iv) delineating the contribution of physical processes from the contribution of numerical artifacts to the results of waterhammer models. There are 134 refrences cited in this review article.

A two‐phase decomposition method for optimal design of looped water distribution networks

1990-04-01

Okitsugu Fujiwara , Do Ba Khang

A two‐phase decomposition method is proposed for the optimal design of new looped water distribution networks as well as for the parallel expansion of existing ones. The main feature of … A two‐phase decomposition method is proposed for the optimal design of new looped water distribution networks as well as for the parallel expansion of existing ones. The main feature of the method is that it generates a sequence of improving local optimal solutions. The first phase of the method takes a gradient approach with the flow distribution and pumping heads as decision variables and is an extension of the linear programming gradient method proposed by Alperovits and Shamir (1977) for nonlinear modeling. The technique is iterative and produces a local optimal solution. In the second phase the link head losses of this local optimal solution are fixed, and the resulting concave program is solved for the link flows and pumping heads; these then serve to restart the first phase to obtain an improved local optimal solution. The whole procedure continues until no further improvement can be achieved. Some applications and extensions of the method are also discussed.

The dispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe

1954-05-20

Geoffrey Ingram Taylor

The dispersion of soluble matter introduced into a slow stream of solvent in a capillary tube can be described by means of a virtual coefficient of diffusion (Taylor 1953 a … The dispersion of soluble matter introduced into a slow stream of solvent in a capillary tube can be described by means of a virtual coefficient of diffusion (Taylor 1953 a ) which represents the combined action of variation of velocity over the cross-section of the tube and molecluar diffusion in a radial direction. The analogous problem of dispersion in turbulent flow can be solved in the same way. In that case the virtual coefficient of diffusion K is found to be 10∙1 av * or K = 7∙14 aU √ γ . Here a is the radius of the pipe, U is the mean flow velocity, γ is the resistance coefficient and v * ‘friction velocity’. Experiments are described in which brine was injected into a straight 3/8 in. pipe and the conductivity recorded at a point downstream. The theoretical prediction was verified with both smooth and very rough pipes. A small amount of curvature was found to increase the dispersion greatly. When a fluid is forced into a pipe already full of another fluid with which it can mix, the interface spreads through a length S as it passes down the pipe. When the interface has moved through a distance X , theory leads to the formula S 2 = 437 aX ( v * / U ). Good agreement is found when this prediction is compared with experiments made in long pipe lines in America.

Genetic Algorithms Compared to Other Techniques for Pipe Optimization

1994-07-01

Angus R. Simpson , Graeme C. Dandy , Laurence Murphy

The genetic algorithm technique is a relatively new optimization technique. In this paper we present a methodology for optimizing pipe networks using genetic algorithms. Unknown decision variables are coded as … The genetic algorithm technique is a relatively new optimization technique. In this paper we present a methodology for optimizing pipe networks using genetic algorithms. Unknown decision variables are coded as binary strings. We investigate a three‐operator genetic algorithm comprising reproduction, crossover, and mutation. Results are compared with the techniques of complete enumeration and nonlinear programming. We apply the optimization techniques to a case study pipe network. The genetic algorithm technique finds the global optimum in relatively few evaluations compared to the size of the search space.

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Ant Colony Optimization for Design of Water Distribution Systems

2003-04-21

Holger R. Maier , Angus R. Simpson , Aaron C. Zecchin +4 more

During the last decade, evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithms have been used extensively for the optimal design and operation of water distribution systems. More recently, ant colony optimization algorithms … During the last decade, evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithms have been used extensively for the optimal design and operation of water distribution systems. More recently, ant colony optimization algorithms (ACOAs), which are evolutionary methods based on the foraging behavior of ants, have been successfully applied to a number of benchmark combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, a formulation is developed which enables ACOAs to be used for the optimal design of water distribution systems. This formulation is applied to two benchmark water distribution system optimization problems and the results are compared with those obtained using genetic algorithms (GAs). The findings of this study indicate that ACOAs are an attractive alternative to GAs for the optimal design of water distribution systems, as they outperformed GAs for the two case studies considered both in terms of computational efficiency and their ability to find near global optimal solutions.

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An Improved Genetic Algorithm for Pipe Network Optimization

1996-02-01

Graeme C. Dandy , Angus R. Simpson , Laurence Murphy

An improved genetic algorithm (GA) formulation for pipe network optimization has been developed. The new GA uses variable power scaling of the fitness function. The exponent introduced into the fitness … An improved genetic algorithm (GA) formulation for pipe network optimization has been developed. The new GA uses variable power scaling of the fitness function. The exponent introduced into the fitness function is increased in magnitude as the GA computer run proceeds. In addition to the more commonly used bitwise mutation operator, an adjacency or creeping mutation operator is introduced. Finally, Gray codes rather than binary codes are used to represent the set of decision variables which make up the pipe network design. Results are presented comparing the performance of the traditional or simple GA formulation and the improved GA formulation for the New York City tunnels problem. The case study results indicate the improved GA performs significantly better than the simple GA. In addition, the improved GA performs better than previously used traditional optimization methods such as linear, dynamic, and nonlinear programming methods and an enumerative search method. The improved GA found a solution for the New York tunnels problem which is the lowest‐cost feasible discrete size solution yet presented in the literature.

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Comparison of void fraction correlations for different flow patterns in horizontal and upward inclined pipes

2006-12-01

Melkamu A. Woldesemayat , Afshin J. Ghajar

Inverse Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks

1994-08-01

James A. Liggett , Li‐Chung Chen

Modern monitoring devices can inexpensively extract a huge amount of data from water‐distribution systems through measurements of pressure (and sometimes flows). These data can be used in algorithms for transient … Modern monitoring devices can inexpensively extract a huge amount of data from water‐distribution systems through measurements of pressure (and sometimes flows). These data can be used in algorithms for transient analysis, time‐lagged calculations, inverse calculations, and event detection to continuously determine the calibration and the general state of health of the distribution system. The last three calculations depend on the first. The most useful of those three is the inverse calculation, which can calibrate while determining leaks or unauthorized use. A key to efficient calculation is the adjoint solution of the system (generally easier than the transient analysis) to find gradient data and a Jacobian matrix. These are used to find a Hessian matrix, which is used in the Levenberg‐Marquardt method to adjust parameters so as to minimize the difference between calculated and measured heads. The adjoint method is also used to compute sensitivities, which are valuable in judging the quality of the solution.

The Flow of Complex Mixtures in Pipes

1973-06-01

G. W. Govier , Khalid Aziz , W. R. Schowalter

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A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks

2010-02-01

Raido Puust , Zoran Kapelan , Dragan Savić +1 more

Abstract Leakage in water distribution systems is an important issue which is affecting water companies and their customers worldwide. It is therefore no surprise that it has attracted a lot … Abstract Leakage in water distribution systems is an important issue which is affecting water companies and their customers worldwide. It is therefore no surprise that it has attracted a lot of attention by both practitioners and researchers over the past years. Most of the leakage management related methods developed so far can be broadly classified as follows: (1) leakage assessment methods which are focusing on quantifying the amount of water lost; (2) leakage detection methods which are primarily concerned with the detection of leakage hotspots and (3) leakage control models which are focused on the effective control of current and future leakage levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the above methods with the objective to identify the current state-of-the-art in the field and to then make recommendations for future work. The review ends with the main conclusion that despite all the advancements made in the past, there is still a lot of scope and need for further work, especially in area of real-time models for pipe networks which should enable fusion of leakage detection, assessment and control methods. Keywords: distribution systemleakage assessmentleakage controlleakage detectionpipe networkwater distribution systemsleakage model, pressure-dependent leakage Acknowledgements The first author would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Estonian Science Foundation (ETF7646).

Explicit Equations for Pipe-Flow Problems

1976-05-01

Prabhata K. Swamee , Akalank K. Jain

Direct solutions of pipe flow problems are not possible because of the implicit form of Colebrook-White equation which expresses the hydraulic resistancee of commercial pipes. The three basic and major … Direct solutions of pipe flow problems are not possible because of the implicit form of Colebrook-White equation which expresses the hydraulic resistancee of commercial pipes. The three basic and major problems encountered in hydraulic engineering practice are the determination of pipe diameter, the discharge and the head loss. The solution of these problems on conventional lines involves many trials and tedious computations. Some research workers have proposed graphical solutions which have their own inherent limitations. Reported herein are explicit and accurate equations for pipe diameter and head loss and a closed form solution for the discharge through the pipe, based on Colebrook-White equation. These explicit equations can also be utilized with advantage in optimization studies of pipelines and water distribution systems.

Design of optimal water distribution systems

1977-12-01

E. Alperovits , Uri Shamir

A method called linear programing gradient (LPG) is presented, by which the optimal design of a water distribution system can be obtained. The system is a pipeline network, which delivers … A method called linear programing gradient (LPG) is presented, by which the optimal design of a water distribution system can be obtained. The system is a pipeline network, which delivers known demands from sources to consumers and may contain pumps, valves, and reservoirs. Operation of the system under each of a set of demand loadings is considered explicitly in the optimization. The decision variables thus include design parameters, i.e., pipe diameters, pump capacities and reservoir elevations, and operational parameters, i.e., the pumps to be operated and the valve settings for each of the loading conditions. The objective function, to be minimized, reflects the overall cost capital plus present value of operating costs. The constraints are that demands are to be met and pressures at selected nodes in the network are to be within specified limits. The solution is obtained via a hierarchial decomposition of the optimization problem. The primary variables are the flows in the network. For each flow distribution the other decision variables are optimized by linear programing. Postoptimality analysis of the linear program provides the information necessary to compute the gradient of the total cost with respect to changes in the flow distribution. The gradient is used to change the flows so that a (local) optimum is approached. The method was implemented in a computer program. Solved examples are presented.

Water Distribution Reliability: Simulation Methods

1988-05-01

Janet M. Wagner , Uri Shamir , David H. Marks

Following a companion paper on analytical methods, this paper presents simulation as a complementary method for analyzing the reliability of water distribution networks. For this simulation, the distribution system is … Following a companion paper on analytical methods, this paper presents simulation as a complementary method for analyzing the reliability of water distribution networks. For this simulation, the distribution system is modeled as a network whose pipes and pumps are subject to failure. Nodes are targeted to receive a given supply at a given head. If this head is not attainable, supply at the node is reduced. Pumps and pipes fail randomly, according to probability distributions with user‐specified parameters. Several reliability measures are estimated with this simulation. Confidence intervals are also supplied for some of these reliability measures. Simulation results are presented for a small network (ten nodes) and a larger network (sixteen nodes). Simulation enables computation of a much broader class of reliability measures than do analytical methods, but it requires considerably more computer time and its results are less easy to generalize. It is therefore recommended that analytical and simulation methods be used together when assessing the reliability of a system and considering improvements.

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Practical algorithms for a family of waterfilling solutions

2005-01-17

Daniel P. Palomar , J.R. Fonollosa

Many engineering problems that can be formulated as constrained optimization problems result in solutions given by a waterfilling structure; the classical example is the capacity-achieving solution for a frequency-selective channel. … Many engineering problems that can be formulated as constrained optimization problems result in solutions given by a waterfilling structure; the classical example is the capacity-achieving solution for a frequency-selective channel. For simple waterfilling solutions with a single waterlevel and a single constraint (typically, a power constraint), some algorithms have been proposed in the literature to compute the solutions numerically. However, some other optimization problems result in significantly more complicated waterfilling solutions that include multiple waterlevels and multiple constraints. For such cases, it may still be possible to obtain practical algorithms to evaluate the solutions numerically but only after a painstaking inspection of the specific waterfilling structure. In addition, a unified view of the different types of waterfilling solutions and the corresponding practical algorithms is missing. The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it overviews the waterfilling results existing in the literature from a unified viewpoint. On the other hand, it bridges the gap between a wide family of waterfilling solutions and their efficient implementation in practice; to be more precise, it provides a practical algorithm to evaluate numerically a general waterfilling solution, which includes the currently existing waterfilling solutions and others that may possibly appear in future problems.

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Optimization of Water Distribution Network Design Using the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm

2003-04-21

Muzaffar Eusuff , Kevin Lansey

Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) is a meta-heuristic for solving discrete optimization problems. Here it is applied to determine optimal discrete pipe sizes for new pipe networks and for network … Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) is a meta-heuristic for solving discrete optimization problems. Here it is applied to determine optimal discrete pipe sizes for new pipe networks and for network expansions. SFLA is a population based, cooperative search metaphor inspired by natural memetics. The algorithm uses memetic evolution in the form of infection of ideas from one individual to another in a local search. The local search is similar in concept to particle swarm optimization. A shuffling strategy allows for the exchange of information between local searches to move toward a global optimum. This paper summarizes the development of SFLANET, a computer model that links SFLA and the hydraulic simulation software EPANET and its library functions. Application of SFLANET to literature network design problems is then described. Although the algorithm is in its initial stages of development, promising results were obtained.

A selective literature review of transient-based leak detection methods

2009-03-01

Andrew F. Colombo , Pedro Lee , Bryan Karney

Comparison of resampling schemes for particle filtering

2005-01-01

Randal Douc , Olivier Cappé

This contribution is devoted to the comparison of various resampling approaches that have been proposed in the literature on particle filtering. It is first shown using simple arguments that the … This contribution is devoted to the comparison of various resampling approaches that have been proposed in the literature on particle filtering. It is first shown using simple arguments that the so-called residual and stratified methods do yield an improvement over the basic multinomial resampling approach. A simple counter-example showing that this property does not hold true for systematic resampling is given. Finally, some results on the large-sample behavior of the simple bootstrap filter algorithm are given. In particular, a central limit theorem is established for the case where resampling is performed using the residual approach.

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Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data

1990-01-01

G. Kruseman , N.A. de Ridder

Modeling Chlorine Residuals in Drinking‐Water Distribution Systems

1994-07-01

Lewis A. Rossman , Robert M. Clark , Walter M. Grayman

A mass‐transfer‐based model is developed for predicting chlorine decay in drinking‐water distribution networks. The model considers first‐order reactions of chlorine to occur both in the bulk flow and at the … A mass‐transfer‐based model is developed for predicting chlorine decay in drinking‐water distribution networks. The model considers first‐order reactions of chlorine to occur both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall. The overall rate of the wall reaction is a function of the rate of mass transfer of chlorine to the wall and is therefore dependent on pipe geometry and flow regime. The model can thus explain field observations that show higher chlorine decay rates associated with smaller pipe sizes and higher flow velocities. It has been incorporated into a computer program called EPANET that can perform dynamic water‐quality simulations on complex pipe networks. The model is applied to chlorine measurements taken at nine locations over 53 h from a portion of the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority's service area. Good agreement with observed chlorine levels is obtained at locations where the hydraulics are well characterized. The model should prove to be a valuable tool for managing chlorine‐disinfection practices in drinking‐water distribution systems.

Cost-effective outbreak detection in networks

2007-08-12

Jure Leskovec , Andreas Krause , Carlos Guestrin +3 more

Given a water distribution network, where should we place sensors toquickly detect contaminants? Or, which blogs should we read to avoid missing important stories?. Given a water distribution network, where should we place sensors toquickly detect contaminants? Or, which blogs should we read to avoid missing important stories?.

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Efficient Sensor Placement Optimization for Securing Large Water Distribution Networks

2008-10-17

Andreas Krause , Jure Leskovec , Carlos Guestrin +2 more

The problem of deploying sensors in a large water distribution network is considered, in order to detect the malicious introduction of contaminants. It is shown that a large class of … The problem of deploying sensors in a large water distribution network is considered, in order to detect the malicious introduction of contaminants. It is shown that a large class of realistic objective functions—such as reduction of detection time and the population protected from consuming contaminated water—exhibits an important diminishing returns effect called submodularity. The submodularity of these objectives is exploited in order to design efficient placement algorithms with provable performance guarantees. The algorithms presented in this paper do not rely on mixed integer programming, and scale well to networks of arbitrary size. The problem instances considered in the approach presented in this paper are orders of magnitude (a factor of 72) larger than the largest problems solved in the literature. It is shown how the method presented here can be extended to multicriteria optimization, selecting placements robust to sensor failures and optimizing minimax criteria. Extensive empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the method presented in this paper on two benchmark distribution networks, and an actual drinking water distribution system of greater than 21,000 nodes, is presented.

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The Battle of the Water Sensor Networks (BWSN): A Design Challenge for Engineers and Algorithms

2008-10-17

Avi Ostfeld , James G. Uber , Elad Salomons +7 more

Following the events of September 11, 2001, in the United States, world public awareness for possible terrorist attacks on water supply systems has increased dramatically. Among the different threats for … Following the events of September 11, 2001, in the United States, world public awareness for possible terrorist attacks on water supply systems has increased dramatically. Among the different threats for a water distribution system, the most difficult to address is a deliberate chemical or biological contaminant injection, due to both the uncertainty of the type of injected contaminant and its consequences, and the uncertainty of the time and location of the injection. An online contaminant monitoring system is considered as a major opportunity to protect against the impacts of a deliberate contaminant intrusion. However, although optimization models and solution algorithms have been developed for locating sensors, little is known about how these design algorithms compare to the efforts of human designers, and thus, the advantages they propose for practical design of sensor networks. To explore these issues, the Battle of the Water Sensor Networks (BWSN) was undertaken as part of the 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 27–29, 2006. This paper summarizes the outcome of the BWSN effort and suggests future directions for water sensor networks research and implementation.

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An Analytic Approach to Scheduling Pipe Replacement

1979-05-01

Uri Shamir , Charles D. D. Howard

A procedure is described that uses the history of main breaks to forecast how the number of breaks would change with time if the pipe were not replaced; a separate … A procedure is described that uses the history of main breaks to forecast how the number of breaks would change with time if the pipe were not replaced; a separate analysis predicts the failure rate of newly installed pipes. These forecasts are combined with cost data and a discount rate that accounts for inflation to determine the optimal replacement date.

Flood Frequency Analysis

2019-04-30

A. Ramachandra Rao , Khaled H. Hamed

INTRODUCTION Hydrologic Frequency Analysis General Aspects and Approaches Other Models Return Period, Probability, and Plotting Positions Flood Frequency Models Hydrologic Risk Regionalization Tests on Hydrologic Data SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF … INTRODUCTION Hydrologic Frequency Analysis General Aspects and Approaches Other Models Return Period, Probability, and Plotting Positions Flood Frequency Models Hydrologic Risk Regionalization Tests on Hydrologic Data SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF PARENT DISTRIBUTION: CONVENTIONAL MOMENTS Moments of Distributions and Their Sample Estimates Moment Ratio Diagrams (MRDs) Probability Plots Selection of Distributions Regional Homogeneity and Regionalization SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF PARENT DISTRIBUTIONS: PROBABILITY WEIGHTED MOMENTS AND L-MOMENTS Moments of Distributions and Their Sample Estimates L-Moment Ratio Diagrams Goodness of Fit Tests A Case Study PARAMETER AND QUANTILE ESTIMATION Introduction Parameter Estimation Quantile Estimation Confidence Intervals NORMAL AND RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS Normal Distribution Two-Parameter Lognormal (LN(2)) Distribution Three-Parameter Lognormal (LM(3)) Distribution GAMMA FAMILY Exponential Distribution Two-Parameter Gamma (G(2)) Distribution Pearson (2) Distribution Log-Pearson (3) Distribution U.S. Water Resources Council Method (WRCM) EXTREME VALUE DISTRIBUTIONS Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) Distribution The Extreme Value Type (EV(1) Distribution Weibul Distribution WAKEBY FAMILY The 5-Parameter Wakeby Distribution (WAK(5)) The 4-Parameter Wakeby Distribution (WAK(4)) The Generalized Pareto Distribution LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTIONS Logistic Distribution Generalized Logistic Distribution COMPUTER PROGRAM Introduction Description of Program REFERENCES

Friction Factors for Pipe Flow

1944-11-01

Lewis F. Moody

Abstract The object of this paper is to furnish the engineer with a simple means of estimating the friction factors to be used in computing the loss of head in … Abstract The object of this paper is to furnish the engineer with a simple means of estimating the friction factors to be used in computing the loss of head in clean new pipes and in closed conduits running full with steady flow. The modern developments in the application of theoretical hydrodynamics to the fluid-friction problem are impressive and scattered through an extensive literature. This paper is not intended as a critical survey of this wide field. For a concise review, Professor Bakhmeteff’s (1) small book on the mechanics of fluid flow is an excellent reference. Prandtl and Tietjens (2) and Rouse (3) have also made notable contributions to the subject. The author does not claim to offer anything particularly new or original, his aim merely being to embody the now accepted conclusions in convenient form for engineering use.

Global water shortage and potable water safety; Today’s concern and tomorrow’s crisis

2021-10-14

Maryam Salehi

Climate change, severe droughts, population growth, demand increase, and poor management during the recent decades have further stressed the scarce freshwater resources worldwide and resulted in severe water shortages in … Climate change, severe droughts, population growth, demand increase, and poor management during the recent decades have further stressed the scarce freshwater resources worldwide and resulted in severe water shortages in many regions. The water utilities address the water shortage by providing alternative source of water, augment the supplied water, supply intermittently, and even bulk water delivery under severe water shortage conditions. On the other hand, many households store water in building storage tanks to cope with insufficient delivery of potable water due to frequent interruptions. All these practices could pose crucial risks to the chemical and microbiological quality of the water. However, consistent monitoring and implementation of mitigation strategies could lower the potential risks associated with these practices. It is critical to identify the potential hazards resulting from the alternative water supplies and distribution practices to develop temporary and long-term monitoring and mitigation plans and reduce the microbial and chemical contamination of potable water delivered to the consumers. This paper provides a holistic review of the significant hazards associated with the practices employed by the water utilities and water consumers to alleviate the potable water shortage and discusses the required monitoring and mitigation practices.

Optimal cost design of water distribution networks using harmony search

2006-04-01

Zong Woo Geem

This study presents a cost minimization model for the design of water distribution networks. The model uses a recently developed harmony search optimization algorithm while satisfying all the design constraints. … This study presents a cost minimization model for the design of water distribution networks. The model uses a recently developed harmony search optimization algorithm while satisfying all the design constraints. The harmony search algorithm mimics a jazz improvisation process in order to find better design solutions, in this case pipe diameters in a water distribution network. The model also interfaces with a popular hydraulic simulator, EPANET, to check the hydraulic constraints. If the design solution vector violates the hydraulic constraints, the amount of violation is considered in the cost function as a penalty. The model was applied to five water distribution networks, and obtained designs that were either the same or cost 0.28–10.26% less than those of competitive meta-heuristic algorithms, such as the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and tabu search under similar or less favorable conditions. The results show that the harmony search-based model is suitable for water network design.

Hydraulic City

2017-02-17

Nikhil Anand

Ac know ledg mentsThis research on Mumbai's water took me home to a world I did not know.Like many in Mumbai, I had for a long time lived in the … Ac know ledg mentsThis research on Mumbai's water took me home to a world I did not know.Like many in Mumbai, I had for a long time lived in the city without needing to be conscious of the tremendous work of its social and material infrastructures.Through fieldwork, I learned of the extraordinary quotidian labor of employees of the city's hydraulic engineering department and those that live in the city's auto-constructed settlements, just to make water appear every day in city taps.And so it is with this more mundane book.Its appearance as a discrete thing conceals the generosity and work that has been invested in it by many others, just to make it appear in the world.As residents, friends, and experts of the city I love, I would like to thank

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Stochastic Filtering Theory

1980-01-01

Gopinath Kallianpur

Corrigendum: <i>Journal of Hydroinformatics</i>, Field validation of a pressure transient source localization method in a water distribution network, Carlos Jara-Arriagada and Ivan Stoianov, http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2025.004

2025-06-25

| Journal of Hydroinformatics

Impact Assessment of Optimal Water Allocation Using a Linear Model in Lower Bari Doab Canal Command Area

2025-06-25

Atiqa Yasin , Muhammad Zafar , Muhammad Umer Masood +2 more | Water Conservation Science and Engineering

Water distribution system selection with modified fuzzy VIKOR approach based on novel knowledge and accuracy measure

2025-06-25

Manish Garg , Satish Kumar | Evolutionary Intelligence

Improving Pipeline Leak Detection Accuracy by Constructing a Multistate Leakage Sounds Training Set

2025-06-24

Zhou Hong , Dan Zhao , Liqiang Dong +3 more | Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice

Water Hammer Mitigation Using Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Simulation Tools and Machine Learning Modelling

2025-06-24

Óscar J. Burgos-Méndez , Óscar E. Coronado-Hernández , Helena M. Ramos +2 more | Water

The water hammer phenomenon represents a significant challenge to the safe and efficient operation of pressurised water systems. This study investigates the application of hydro-pneumatic tanks (HPTs) as protective devices … The water hammer phenomenon represents a significant challenge to the safe and efficient operation of pressurised water systems. This study investigates the application of hydro-pneumatic tanks (HPTs) as protective devices against transient flow events, with a particular focus on their integration into simplified modelling frameworks. Rigid and elastic water column models are examined, and their performance is evaluated through a representative case study. A multi-criteria decision matrix was employed to select a suitable simulation tool, leading to the adoption of the ALLIEVI software for implementing both modelling approaches. Comparative results indicate that the rigid water column model offers a favourable compromise between accuracy and computational efficiency under appropriate conditions. This supports its practical application in installing HPTs in design and operational scenarios. To further assess the predictive capacity of each model, a confusion matrix analysis was conducted across 57 scenarios. This approach proved effective in evaluating the models’ ability to anticipate pipeline rupture based on the initial configuration of the hydraulic installation. The elastic model achieved accuracy levels ranging from 90.7% to 100%, whereas the rigid water column model exhibited a slightly broader accuracy range, from 76.7% to 97.7%. These findings suggest that integrating machine learning techniques could enhance the rapid assessment of failure risks in water utility networks. Such tools may enable operators to determine in advance whether a given operating condition will likely lead to system failure, thus improving resilience and decision-making in managing pressurised pipeline systems.

Integration of hybrid machine learning model with differential evolution algorithm for underground Pipeline corrosion prediction

2025-06-24

Ahmad Fares Al-Nouti , Zaher Mundher Yaseen‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ | Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Non-Markovian superposition process model for stochastically describing concentration–discharge relationship

2025-06-23

Hidekazu Yoshioka , Yumi Yoshioka | Chaos Solitons & Fractals

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Developing a Methodology to Repair Water Supply Pipeline Break Failure using Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques and Water-hammer Anaylsis: A case study

2025-06-23

Myung Hwan Choi , Seung Yong Lee , Doo Yong Choi +2 more | Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers

The purpose of this study were to examine the safety and appropriateness of water pipe repair construction methods and to suggest these methodology as a standard. In this study, the … The purpose of this study were to examine the safety and appropriateness of water pipe repair construction methods and to suggest these methodology as a standard. In this study, the flow field force applied to nine pipe wall segments was calculated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique for a case of repairing a water pipe breaks. In addition, the temporal change in pressure head at key points (K_tank junction, D_junction, S_tank junction) on the connecting pipeline was simulated through water hammer analysis. The CFD simulation results showed that the pressure inside the bend was lower, and the pressure outside the bend was relatively higher than that in other parts. This can be explained by the phenomenon of dynamic effects transfer due to the flow velocity in the pipe. The water hammer analysis results showed that when the valve closing time was 30 sec, the pressure head at the branch point adjacent to the closed valve increased by up to 150 m. In conclusion, in the case of the water pipe under study, a water hammer phenomenon may occur due to the sudden closure of the S_water tank inlet valve. If the current valve operation status does not allow for control of the valve opening over time, it is necessary to examine a method of controlling the valve closing time by installing an actuator.

Multi-Objective Optimal Scheduling of Water Transmission and Distribution Channel Gate Groups Based on Machine Learning

2025-06-23

Yiying Du , Chaoyue Zhang , Rong Qiang Wei +4 more | Agriculture

This study develops a synergistic optimization method of multiple gates integrating hydrodynamic simulation and data-driven methods, with the goal of improving the accuracy of water distribution and regulation efficiency. This … This study develops a synergistic optimization method of multiple gates integrating hydrodynamic simulation and data-driven methods, with the goal of improving the accuracy of water distribution and regulation efficiency. This approach addresses the challenges of large prediction deviation of hydraulic response and unclear synergy mechanisms in the coupled regulation of multiple gates in irrigation areas. The NSGA-II multi-objective optimisation algorithm is used to minimise the water distribution error and the water level deviation before the gate as the objective function in order to achieve global optimisation of the regulation of the complex canal system. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on St. Venant’s system of equations is built to generate the feature dataset, which is then combined with the random forest algorithm to create a nonlinear prediction model. An example analysis demonstrates that the optimal feedforward time of the open channel gate group is negatively connected with the flow condition and that the method can manage the water distribution error within 13.97% and the water level error within 13%. In addition to revealing the matching mechanism between the feedforward time and the flow condition, the study offers a stable and accurate solution for the cooperative regulation of multiple gates in irrigation districts. This effectively supports the need for precise water distribution in small irrigation districts.

Acoustic Modal Characteristics of Pump Tower Structures Based on Fluid–Structure Coupling Effects

2025-06-23

Wei Song , Sherman Xie , Yonggang Lu +2 more | Water

This study investigated the acoustic modal characteristics of pump tower structures under fluid–structure coupling effects through a finite element analysis. Compared with the dry condition, filling the internal pipelines with … This study investigated the acoustic modal characteristics of pump tower structures under fluid–structure coupling effects through a finite element analysis. Compared with the dry condition, filling the internal pipelines with liquid causes the first three natural frequencies to decrease by 17.12%, 16.80%, and 19.50%, respectively, while full external immersion (wet mode) further reduces them by 15.60%, 15.10%, and 5.30%. As the liquid level in the surrounding storage tank increases from 0% to 100%, the first-mode frequency falls from 6.07 Hz to 5.13 Hz (a 15.5% reduction), the second-mode from 14.71 Hz to 12.48 Hz (15.1%), and the third-mode from 19.69 Hz to 18.63 Hz (5.5%). Mode-shape distributions remain qualitatively similar across liquid levels, although local deformation magnitudes decrease by up to 21.0% for the first mode and 18.3% for the second mode. These quantitative findings provide a theoretical and technical basis for predicting dynamic responses of pump tower structures in complex fluid environments.

Acoustic-based array leakage detection technology and experimental study for urban water supply pipeline network

2025-06-21

Fei Wang , Hai Qian , Qunfang Hu +1 more | Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology

Hybrid Symbolic Regression and Machine Learning Approaches for Modeling Gas Lift Well Performance

2025-06-21

Samuel Nashed , Rouzbeh Ghanbarnezhad Moghanloo | Fluids

Proper determination of the bottomhole pressure in a gas lift well is essential to enhance production, tackle operating concerns, and use the least amount of gas. Mechanistic models, empirical correlation, … Proper determination of the bottomhole pressure in a gas lift well is essential to enhance production, tackle operating concerns, and use the least amount of gas. Mechanistic models, empirical correlation, and hybrid models are usually limited by the requirements for calibration, large amounts of inputs, or limited scope of work. Through this study, sixteen well-tested machine learning (ML) models, such as genetic programming-based symbolic regression and neural networks, are developed and studied to accurately predict flowing BHP at the perforation depth, using a dataset from 304 gas lift wells. The dataset covers a variety of parameters related to reservoirs, completions, and operations. After careful preprocessing and analysis of features, the models were prepared and tested with cross-validation, random sampling, and blind testing. Among all approaches, using the L-BFGS optimizer on the neural network gave the best predictions, with an R2 of 0.97, low errors, and better accuracy than other ML methods. Upon using SHAP analysis, it was found that the injection point depth, tubing depth, and fluid flow rate are the main determining factors. Further using the model on 30 unseen additional wells confirmed its reliability and real-world utility. This study reveals that ML prediction for BHP is an effective alternative for traditional models and pressure gauges, as it is simpler, quicker, more accurate, and more economical.

Evaluating the engineering design and computational analysis: a case study of Machai micro-hydropower plant, Mardan, Pakistan

2025-06-21

Uzair Ali , A Nawaz , Abdul Basit Mansoor +3 more | Deleted Journal

Hydroelectric power generation is one of the most significant and dependable renewable energy sources for Pakistan. With a few minor adjustments and a range of design options, micro hydropower plants … Hydroelectric power generation is one of the most significant and dependable renewable energy sources for Pakistan. With a few minor adjustments and a range of design options, micro hydropower plants may be built on an existing canal to restore or boost irrigation water delivery and generate electricity by choosing the appropriate turbine. The design of the Machai hydropower plant was examined in this study using the Manning equation to establish the power canal's design specifications. The Manning roughness coefficient is calculated to find the section factor. Hydraulic mean depth, top width, height, area, and channel width may all be determined using the section factor. Based on the outcomes of the TURBNPRO program, the Kaplan turbine installed in the powerhouse was selected. To evaluate the stability of embankments, SLIDE software was employed. The study concludes that micro-hydropower is a technically viable and environmentally friendly method of producing electricity in remote areas. Particularly for isolated off-grid locations, Machai and other micro-hydropower devices provide a cost-effective and ecologically friendly energy alternative. Compared to diesel generators or coal-fired power plants, micro-hydropower is a more environmentally beneficial choice since it emits no greenhouse gases when in operation.

OʻLCHASH VOSITALARINI QIYOSLASH VA KALIBRLASH JARAYONINI DASTURIY TAʼMINOT YORDAMIDA AVTOMATLASHRISHNING AHAMIYATI VA AFZALLIKLARI

2025-06-20

Odil Jumayev , Abduaziz Xolov , Doston Raxmatov | Techscience.uz.

Ushbu maqolada metrologik xizmatning asosiy qismi boʻlgan oʻlchash vositalarini qiyoslash va kalibrlash jarayonini avtomatlashtirish hamda dasturiy taʼminot yordamida optimallashtirish masalalari koʻrib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, oʻlchash vositalaridan kompyuterga maʼlumotlarni uzatishda signallarni filtrlash … Ushbu maqolada metrologik xizmatning asosiy qismi boʻlgan oʻlchash vositalarini qiyoslash va kalibrlash jarayonini avtomatlashtirish hamda dasturiy taʼminot yordamida optimallashtirish masalalari koʻrib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, oʻlchash vositalaridan kompyuterga maʼlumotlarni uzatishda signallarni filtrlash usullari va vositalari haqida ham tushuntirish berilgan. Qiyoslash va kalibrlash jarayonini avtomatlashtirishning zamonaviy texnologiyalari va ularning sanoatdagi qoʻllanilishi boʻyicha real misollar ham keltirilgan.

Leak Localization in Operational Water Distribution Networks Using a Cross Correlation–Based Approach

2025-06-19

Pranav Agrawal , Sriram Narasimhan | Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice

Leakage Area Detection in Water Distribution Networks: a Two-Step Algorithm Using Limited Data

2025-06-19

Luigi Cimorelli , Andrea D’Aniello , Dina Pirone +1 more | Water Resources Management

Leakage Break Diagnosis for Water Distribution Network Using LSTM-FCN Neural Network Based on High-Frequency Pressure Data

2025-06-18

Sen Peng , Hongyan Zeng , Xingqi Wu +1 more | Water

Water distribution is no arguably the most important factor in modern times, and water leak breaks are typically a consequence of failures in water distribution networks. But pipeline leakage breaks … Water distribution is no arguably the most important factor in modern times, and water leak breaks are typically a consequence of failures in water distribution networks. But pipeline leakage breaks have become one of the most frequent consequences affecting the operation of water distribution networks (WDNs) and monitoring their health is often complicated. This paper proposes a leakage break diagnosis method based on an LSTM-FCN neural network model from high-frequency pressure data. Data preprocessing is used to avoid the influence of noise and information redundancy, and the LSTM module and the FCN module are used to extract and concatenate different leakage break features. The leakage break feature is sent to a dense classifier to obtain the predicted result. Two sample sets, steady state and water consumption, were obtained to verify the performance of the proposed leakage break diagnosis method. Three other models, LSTM, FCN, and ANN, were compared using the sample sets. The proposed LSTM-FCN model achieved an overall accuracy of 85% for leakage break detection, illustrating that the model could effectively learn the leakage break features in high-frequency time-series data and had a high accuracy for leakage break detection and leakage break degree prediction of new samples in WDNs. Meanwhile, the proposed method also had good adaptability to the variations in water consumption in actual WDNs.

Optimizing an Urban Water Infrastructure Through a Smart Water Network Management System

2025-06-17

Evangelos Ntousakis , Konstantinos Loukakis , Evangelos C. Petrou +2 more | Electronics

Water, an essential asset for life and growth, is under growing pressure due to climate change, overpopulation, pollution, and industrialization. At the same time, water distribution within cities relies on … Water, an essential asset for life and growth, is under growing pressure due to climate change, overpopulation, pollution, and industrialization. At the same time, water distribution within cities relies on piping networks that are over 30 years old and thereby prone to leaks, cracking, and losses. Taking this into account, non-revenue water (i.e., water that is distributed to homes and facilities but not returning revenues) is estimated at almost 50%. To this end, intelligent water management via computational advanced tools is required in order to optimize water usage, to mitigate losses, and, more importantly, to ensure sustainability. To address this issue, a case study was developed in this paper, following a step-by-step methodology for the city of Heraklion, Greece, in order to introduce an intelligent water management system that integrates advanced technologies into the aging water distribution infrastructure. The first step involved the digitalization of the network’s spatial data using geographic information systems (GIS), aiming at enhancing the accuracy and accessibility of water asset mapping. This methodology allowed for the creation of a framework that formed a “digital twin”, facilitating real-time analysis and effective water management. Digital twins were developed upon real-time data, validated models, or a combination of the above in order to accurately capture, simulate, and predict the operation of the real system/process, such as water distribution networks. The next step involved the incorporation of a hydraulic simulation and modeling tool that was able to analyze and calculate accurate water flow parameters (e.g., velocity, flowrate), pressure distributions, and potential inefficiencies within the network (e.g., loss of mass balance in/out of the district metered areas). This combination provided a comprehensive overview of the water system’s functionality, fostering decision-making and operational adjustments. Lastly, automatic meter reading (AMR) devices could then provide real-time data on water consumption and pressure throughout the network. These smart water meters enabled continuous monitoring and recording of anomaly detections and allowed for enhanced control over water distribution. All of the above were implemented and depicted in a web-based environment that allows users to detect water meters, check water consumption within specific time-periods, and perform real-time simulations of the implemented water network.

A Two-stage Stochastic Bi-level Model and a Decomposition Algorithm for the Valve Location Problem in Water Networks

2025-06-17

F. Hooshmand , S.A. MirHassani , M. Jamalian | Water Resources Management

Use of Binary Classification in Non-Invasive Load Monitoring

2025-06-17

Jacek Bartman , Bogdan Kwiatkowski , Damian Mazur +2 more | Applied Sciences

The increasing energy intensity of the economy has led us to look for ways to reduce this negative trend. One method is non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). This paper presents the … The increasing energy intensity of the economy has led us to look for ways to reduce this negative trend. One method is non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). This paper presents the use of artificial intelligence methods for the selection of information features and for the identification of operating electrical devices. A set of potential identification features was obtained from high-frequency measurements covering 12 types of electrical consumers and consisted of 218 features. From these, an identification vector was selected via the mRMR (minimum redundancy maximum relevance) method, which searches for features that are maximally correlated with the class and are as little correlated with each other as possible. Identification was realized by building a hybrid classifier using binary classifiers built from artificial neural networks and decision trees. The Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 metrics were used to assess the quality of identification. The obtained values of the identification quality indicators confirm that it is possible to replace multiclass classification in NILM with binary classification without losing its quality. The use of binary classifiers allows for the identification of new devices without the need to change the classifier configuration.

Rainfall data in urban drainage: What do we need?

2025-06-17

Marek Sokáč , Márta Koczka Bara , Yvetta Velísková +1 more | Acta hydrologica Slovaca

Identifying Worst Transient Cases and Optimizing Surge Protection for Existing Water Networks

2025-06-17

Howayda M. Ahmed , Yehya E. Imam , Hamdy A. El-Ghandour +1 more | Water

Previous studies of transients in existing water distribution networks (WDNs) accounted for only single worst cases in optimizing surge protection measures, considered only pressure at pipe end nodes, and did … Previous studies of transients in existing water distribution networks (WDNs) accounted for only single worst cases in optimizing surge protection measures, considered only pressure at pipe end nodes, and did not examine the effect of regulating the duration of demand increase. This study presents a comprehensive model for identifying the minimal set of worst transient cases for which optimized surge protection achieves zero Surge Damage Potential Factor (SDPF) for all transient loading cases. The model introduces SDPFP to account for pressure at all computational nodes along pipes, as opposed to relying on SDPFN, which considers pressure at pipe end nodes only. The existing New York Tunnel network was used for model validation and for determining the optimal diameters for additional duplicate pipes to achieve higher pressure under steady-state conditions and protect the network from transients due to demand increase. Compared to previous studies, the model achieved SDPFN=0 with a lower cost for sudden demand increase at a single predefined node. For concurrent sudden demand increase at two nodes, the model identified a total of 8 critical transient cases and corresponding optimum duplicate pipe diameters that achieved SDPFN=0 and SDPFP=0 with 46% and 74% higher costs than previous studies, respectively. The higher costs are necessary; previous studies did not achieve zero SDPFN and SDPFP in 39% and 91% of transient cases, respectively. To reduce duplicate pipe costs, the model was used to examine the effect of regulating the duration for a gradual demand increase. Using only the pipes optimized for steady-state service, the minimum duration for satisfying the transient pressure constraints was identified as ~260 s for the concurrent demand increase scenario. Slight relaxation of the minimum allowable pressure constraint allows a reduction in the duration to 150 s. For applying a demand increase over a smaller duration, duplicate pipes would be needed and can be optimized using the model. These results indicate the advantage of the proposed model in achieving full protection of existing WDNs while maintaining computational efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Optimal reliability–redundancy allocation of solar water pump power plant for farm

2025-06-16

Shivani Choudhary , Nupur Goyal , Mangey Ram +2 more | International Journal of Systems Assurance Engineering and Management

Data-driven approaches for pipe life prognosis in water distribution networks: the Barcelona water distribution network case study

2025-06-16

Congcong Sun , David Henry , Joan Vendrell +2 more | Journal of Hydroinformatics

ABSTRACT A water distribution network is a critical infrastructure in a city whose proper function affects significantly human life. However, aging pipe assets require periodic investment plans to reduce the … ABSTRACT A water distribution network is a critical infrastructure in a city whose proper function affects significantly human life. However, aging pipe assets require periodic investment plans to reduce the risk of having leaks. In order to maximize the value of the existing water infrastructure and optimize asset investment, assessing and predicting pipe life in water distribution systems has become very important. Up to now, the study for determining relevant variables and pipe failure occurrence has drawn most of the attention, which has scientific value but cannot assist real operations in the water industry. To add practical values to pipe life assessment and prognosis methods, this paper contributes (1) first, several comparable data-driven approaches are proposed to quantify pipe deterioration and the influencing variables, such as pipe diameters, materials and age; (2) then, a prediction method, for the remaining useful life of pipe assets based on the algorithms described previously, is introduced; (3) finally, an easy reading risk-level checklist is presented for all pipe assets to assist the water industry with daily operation, maintenance of assets and renewal of their water networks. All these approaches will be implemented into a real-life case study, the Barcelona WDN.

Investigating Light Hydrocarbon Pipeline Leaks: A Comprehensive Study on Diffusion Patterns and Energy Safety Implications

2025-06-16

Shuxin Zhang , Xiaohui Xia , Deng Ying +5 more | Energies

Light hydrocarbon fuels are widely utilized in industrial production and transportation due to their high calorific value and clean combustion characteristics. Compared to traditional oil tanker transportation, pipelines not only … Light hydrocarbon fuels are widely utilized in industrial production and transportation due to their high calorific value and clean combustion characteristics. Compared to traditional oil tanker transportation, pipelines not only reduce transportation costs but also minimize environmental impact. To understand the leakage and diffusion law of light hydrocarbon pipelines, this paper takes light hydrocarbon pipelines as the research object, establishes the conceptual model of the process of light hydrocarbon leakage and diffusion, divides the four major processes of leakage and diffusion, analyzes the relevant theory, and deduces a formula. The numerical model of pipeline–air–soil leakage and diffusion was established to analyze the whole process of light hydrocarbon leakage and diffusion. The diffusion behavior of individual hydrocarbon components is examined, along with a comparative analysis between multi-component and single-component leakage scenarios. Simulation results reveal that the leakage process comprises three stages: an initial rapid diffusion phase, a transitional phase where a stable region begins to form, and a final stage where the diffusion pattern stabilizes around 800 s. C3 and C5 exhibit the largest diffusion ranges among gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons, respectively. In multi-component systems, the vaporization sequence suppresses the overall diffusion range compared to single-component cases, though gas-phase hydrocarbons tend to accumulate near the leakage source. Understanding the leakage and diffusion behavior of light hydrocarbon pipelines is crucial for energy security. By accurately modeling these processes, we can determine the impact zones of potential pipeline failures and establish appropriate safety buffers. This proactive approach not only safeguards human life and the environment but also ensures the reliable and uninterrupted delivery of energy resources. Consequently, such research is instrumental in fortifying the resilience and dependability of energy infrastructure.

Monitoring and early warning system for buried water supply networks and its applications

2025-06-16

Fei Wang , Shuke Nie , Qunfang Hu +2 more | Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring

Regional Frequency Analysis Using L-Moments for Determining Daily Rainfall Probability Distribution Function and Estimating the Annual Wastewater Discharges

2025-06-16

Pau Estrany-Planas , Pablo Blanco-Gómez , Juan I. Ortiz-Vallespí +2 more | Hydrology

The spatial distribution of precipitation is one of the major unknowns in hydrological modeling since meteorological stations do not adequately cover the territory, and their records are often short. In … The spatial distribution of precipitation is one of the major unknowns in hydrological modeling since meteorological stations do not adequately cover the territory, and their records are often short. In addition, regulations are increasingly restricting the amount of wastewater that can be discharged each year. Therefore, understanding the annual behavior of rainfall events is becoming increasingly important. This paper presents Rainfall Frequency Analysis (RainFA), a software package that applies a methodology for data curation and frequency analysis of precipitation series based on the evaluation of the L-moments for regionalization and cluster classification. This methodology is tested in the city of Palma (Spain), identifying a single homogeneous cluster integrated by 7 (out of 11) stations, with homogeneity values less than 0.6 for precipitation values greater than or equal to 0.4 mm. In the evaluation of the prediction capacity, the selected cluster of 7 stations performed in the first quartile of the 120 possible combinations of 7 stations, both for the detection of the occurrence of rainfall—in terms of Probability of Detection (POD), False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Critical Success Index (CSI) and Bias Score (BS) statistics—and for the accuracy of rainfall—according to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBIAS). The cluster was also excellent for predicting different rainfall ranges, resulting in the best combination for both light—i.e., [1, 5) mm—and moderate—i.e., [5, 20) mm—rainfall prediction. The Generalized Pareto gave the best probability distribution function for the selected region, and it was used to simulate daily rainfall and system discharges over annual periods using Monte Carlo techniques. The derived discharge values were consistent with observations for 2023, with an average discharge of about 700,000 m3 of wastewater. RainFA is an easy-to-use and open-source software programmed using Python that can be applied anywhere in the world.

Optimizing monitoring strategies for urban drainage systems via bilayer iterative clustering

2025-06-15

Zhiji Yu , Biao Huang , David Z. Zhu | Water Science & Technology

ABSTRACT Online monitoring is increasingly essential for the effective management and operation of urban sewer systems, yet resource limitations necessitate careful planning of sensor deployment. This study aims to address … ABSTRACT Online monitoring is increasingly essential for the effective management and operation of urban sewer systems, yet resource limitations necessitate careful planning of sensor deployment. This study aims to address the impact of time lags on monitoring point selection in urban drainage systems using unsupervised machine learning techniques. A novel method is introduced to determine the optimal number and placement of sensors in manholes, using cluster analysis informed by simulated time-series data. The proposed methodology involves two sequential stages: the first stage clusters time-series data based on morphology similarity using the time-lagged cross-correlation (TLCC) coefficient, which measures the temporal alignment between datasets. The second stage further refines these clusters by considering magnitude similarity, employing dynamic time warping distance to quantify shape-based similarities and improve clustering accuracy. The proposed approach allows for flexible threshold adjustments to accommodate specific engineering requirements, enabling the design of monitoring strategies tailored to a predetermined number of locations. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of rainfall intensity on sensor placement, providing actionable guidance for sewer managers to improve monitoring efficiency and address urban water management challenges.

Energy Dissipation in Intermittent Water Supplies Depends on Household Behavior

2025-06-14

Hamidreza Mohabbat , David Meyer | Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management

Multi-resolution model predictive control with real-time demand forecasting for water distribution networks

2025-06-14

P. C. N. Verheijen , Ward P. de Groot , Dip Goswami +1 more | Urban Water Journal

Numerical Study of Pipeline Leak Monitoring Based on Negative Pressure Wave Method

2025-06-13

Luqman Harith Azamuddin Jamaludin , Norfazrina Hayati Mohd Yatim , Meftah Hrairi | Journal of Advanced Research Design

Due to its potential as a sensor and actuator in the structural health monitoring sector, the piezoelectric material is widely used in monitoring the damage in pipelines. Monitoring pipeline damage … Due to its potential as a sensor and actuator in the structural health monitoring sector, the piezoelectric material is widely used in monitoring the damage in pipelines. Monitoring pipeline damage is crucial since damage like fractures and leaks can result in significant losses if they go unreported for a long time. Numerous studies have used piezoelectric to examine the reliability of this sensor for locating pipeline defects and assessing their severity. However, there are limitations when it comes to the numerical research of piezoelectric sensors as global vibration analysis for damage monitoring in pipelines. Hence, the objective of this study is to conduct a numerical study of pipeline conveying fluid with different leak severity based on the negative pressure wave (NPW) for damage monitoring. The pipe’s internal pressure fluctuation and surface strain are needed to obtain the PVDF voltage response. To determine the internal pressure fluctuation, the pipeline is first modelled with the turbulent fluid flow within and simulated in ANSYS Fluent. The surface strain is then obtained by exporting the pressure fluctuation data into ANSYS Transient Structural. The idea which includes piezoelectric as a leak detector and the procedure that may be used to determine the leak severity are also discussed in this study. A total of three pipeline models were examined, each with a healthy pipe as the baseline and a varied damage severity (i.e., 5 mm, and 10 mm leaks) at a location 0.3 m from the inlet. The result illustrates that when pipe damage increases, it creates a higher strain due to the fluid-structure interaction, thus increasing the PVDF voltage output. The proposed methodology has the potential as a leak detector in the pipeline and detects small-scale damages when combined with the impedance-based technique.

Design and analysis of water supply system: A case study

2025-06-13

S. I. Patil , Niteen M. Survase , Suresh W. Gosavi +4 more | International Journal of Science and Research Archive

"Design and Analysis of Water Distribution System" focuses on developing an efficient water supply system for rural areas, particularly in regions with limited access to clean and safe water. The … "Design and Analysis of Water Distribution System" focuses on developing an efficient water supply system for rural areas, particularly in regions with limited access to clean and safe water. The project aims to optimize water distribution, maintain water quality, and address issues like water loss and inadequate pressure within the network. Using advanced software such as WaterCAD, the project analyzes the water demands of selected villages in Malshiras Taluka, Maharashtra, India, and designs a system to meet these needs. Key design elements include population forecasting, water demand estimation, hydraulic modeling, pipe sizing, pump selection, the construction of elevated service reservoirs, water distribution network. The towns' water supply network is analysed and developed using Bentley's WATERCAD programme. Water distribution network systems are designed to distribute water from a source to all or any single user in a sufficient amount, quality, and pressure. The project employs both conventional and advanced methodologies for water treatment, distribution, and optimization to ensure a reliable and sustainable water supply for the region through 2054.

Multifractal analysis of acoustic signals for leak detection in urban water distribution networks

2025-06-13

Sohn JungHoon , Konstantinos Sitaropoulos , Salvatore Salamone +1 more | Advanced Engineering Informatics

Resiliency evaluation for the water distribution system considering earthquake scenarios for Indian case studies

2025-06-13

K . Veeramani , Shweta Rathi | AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society

ABSTRACT The main aim of the study is to assess the resiliency of water distribution systems (WDSs) to natural hazards like earthquakes for Indian networks using the water network tool … ABSTRACT The main aim of the study is to assess the resiliency of water distribution systems (WDSs) to natural hazards like earthquakes for Indian networks using the water network tool for resiliency (WNTR). The methodology used was suggested by Klise et al. (2017). No study has been performed in Indian Scenarios to determine the resiliency of WDSs to natural hazards such as earthquakes using WNTR. Two practical case studies are considered to evaluate the resiliency of WDSs of the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Kurukshetra and Bhuj, India considering the vulnerability of WDSs to earthquake scenarios. It is observed that the distance to the epicenter and earthquake parameters: magnitude, depth, and epicenter and network layout play an important role in estimating the severity of damage in both networks. For NIT Network, it is observed that the closer the location is to the earthquake's epicenter, the more the NIT water distribution networks (WDNs) resilience is reduced to 0.00507 from 0.022648. The Todini resiliency index of Bhuj's WDN was 0.018541 and the post-earthquake RI dropped to 0.011151. This indicates that the network's resilience significantly decreased due to the earthquake's impact. It indicates significant damage and reduces the ability of the network to maintain water pressure and supply, emphasizing the need for a strong infrastructure in earthquake-prone areas.

A critical systematic review of machine learning based models for water leak detection using vibroacoustic technology

2025-06-12

Rongsheng Liu , Tarek Zayed , Rui Xiao | Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Dynamic model integrated with BIM to evaluate building water distribution system performance

2025-06-12

Tiago de Vasconcelos Gonçalves Ferreira , Orestes Marraccini Gonçalves , L.H. Oliveira +1 more | Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

The use of computational simulation techniques has gradually been incorporated into the building system design process. These techniques enable the evaluation of various scenarios that a building can face during … The use of computational simulation techniques has gradually been incorporated into the building system design process. These techniques enable the evaluation of various scenarios that a building can face during its construction, usage, and operation phases, providing designers with greater decision-making power in the early stages of the life cycle of the project. However, it is noted that the use of computational simulation techniques has had little or no impact on the design process of Building Water Distribution Systems. In this context, this paper proposes the use of computational simulation techniques, supported by object-oriented modeling, to improve the design and dimensioning process of system components through the definition of their requirements and performance criteria. Considering that building modeling is being carried out using BIM software, a discussion was presented on the structuring of object classes that align with BIM concepts, which can be incorporated into the computational tool developed in the study. In addition, a model for simulating user interactions with sanitary appliances was presented. The paper discussed the impact of using this approach in the water distribution system dimensioning process, highlighting how relevant aspects of the traditional process need to be replaced for the adoption of this approach. Practical Application The paper presents an application of a simulation model for the design of building water distribution systems based on the evaluation of their performance. To this end, a computational tool was developed that can read data exported from BIM models, making the application more practical, considering that the system topology modeled in the software can be used for performing analyses.

Safety inspection and diagnosis methods for long-distance water conveyance channels coupled with BIM and drones

2025-06-11

Xiaotong Yang | Water Reuse

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of science and technology, unmanned aerial vehicle inspection technology has also been widely applied in various fields of society. To solve the problem of low … ABSTRACT With the rapid development of science and technology, unmanned aerial vehicle inspection technology has also been widely applied in various fields of society. To solve the problem of low efficiency in current long-distance water channel inspection and slope damage diagnosis methods, this study proposes a long-distance water channel safety inspection method that combines building information models and drones. It combines a support vector machine, genetic algorithm, and principal component analysis algorithm to construct a slope failure diagnosis (SFD) model based on this algorithm. In the performance comparison, it was found that the average accuracy and average runtime were 98.18% and 0.19 s, which were superior to the compared algorithms. Subsequently, the effectiveness analysis of the detection method showed that it was effective. Finally, in the performance comparison of the SFD model, the F1 values for the four types of slope failures were 98.4, 96.3, 97.8, and 96.9%, all of which performed the best. This indicates that the proposed long-distance water transmission channel inspection and diagnosis methods have good performance and practicality, and can provide a theoretical basis for water transmission channel inspection and disaster diagnosis.

Deep Learning Model-Based Demand Forecasting for Secondary Water Supply in Residential Communities.

2025-06-10

Prof.A.H. Auti | INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT Water is essential for the survival of life on Earth, and its depletion can be attributed to both natural processes and human activities. Despite the persistence of freshwater resources … ABSTRACT Water is essential for the survival of life on Earth, and its depletion can be attributed to both natural processes and human activities. Despite the persistence of freshwater resources on our planet, the exponential growth of the global population has intensified the demand for freshwater. To ensure the sustainable use of this vital resource, effective water management and accurate forecasting are imperative. In the realm of urban water management, two critical factors come into play: water demand and population forecasting. These parameters serve as the cornerstone for developing strategies to efficiently manage urban water resources. Traditional methods of demand forecasting often struggled when dealing with historical data that was unstructured or semi-structured. However, the advent of machine learning has revolutionized the field, offering a powerful approach for forecasting. One machine learning technique that has gained prominence in this context is Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). LSTM is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) designed to process and forecast sequential data. It excels at capturing dependencies and patterns in time-series data, making it well-suited for water demand and forecasting. Keywords:- Water resource management, water demand forecasting, LSTM, Urban Development, Data Forecasting.