Environmental Science › Pollution

Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies

Works Count: 57330

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the use, impact, and management of pesticides, including herbicides, in agricultural and environmental contexts. It covers topics such as pesticide degradation in soils, groundwater contamination, environmental and health effects, risk assessment, and bioremediation strategies.

Keywords

Pesticides; Pollution; Herbicides; Degradation; Environmental Impact; Risk Assessment; Soil Sorption; Groundwater Contamination; Bioremediation; Toxicity

The SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database for Environmental Decision-Making

1992-01-01

R. D. Wauchope , Tasha M. Buttler , Arthur G. Hornsby +2 more

Formation of a thiobarbituric‐acid‐reactive substance from deoxyribose in the presence of iron salts

1981-06-15

Barry Halliwell , John M.C. Gutteridge

Isolation of superoxide dismutase mutants in Escherichia coli: is superoxide dismutase necessary for aerobic life?

1986-03-01

Antoine Carlioz , D Touati

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Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup® Herbicide

2000-01-01

John P. Giesy , Stuart Dobson , Keith R. Solomon

The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil—I. Fumigation with chloroform

1976-01-01

D. S. Jenkinson , D. S. Powlson

Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology

1992-07-01

Jeffrey G. Scott

Behavior Assessment Model for Trace Organics in Soil: I. Model Description

1983-10-01

William A. Jury , W. F. Spencer , W. J. Farmer

Abstract A mathematical model is introduced for describing transport and loss of soil‐applied organic chemicals. The model assumes linear, equilibrium partitioning between vapor, liquid, and adsorbed chemical phases, net first … Abstract A mathematical model is introduced for describing transport and loss of soil‐applied organic chemicals. The model assumes linear, equilibrium partitioning between vapor, liquid, and adsorbed chemical phases, net first order degradation, and chemical movement to the atmosphere by volatilization loss through a stagnant air boundary layer at the soil surface. From these assumptions and the assumption of steady state upward or downward water flow, an analytic solution is derived for chemical concentration and volatilization flux. This model, which is intended to classify and screen organic chemicals for their relative susceptibility to different loss pathways (volatilization, leaching, degradation) in the soil and air, requires knowledge of the organic carbon partition coefficient ( K oc ), Henry's constant ( K H ), and net, first‐order degradation rate coefficient or chemical half‐life to use on a given chemical. Illustration of the outputs available with the model is shown for two pesticides, lindane (γ‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexachlorocyclohexane) and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], which have widely differing chemical properties. Lindane, with a large K oc , large K H , and small degradation rate coefficient, is shown to be relatively immobile, persistent, and susceptible to volatilization. 2,4‐D, with a small K oc , small K H , and large degradation rate coefficient, is mobile and degrades rapidly, but is only slightly susceptible to losses by volatilization.

Contamination of vineyard soils with fungicides: A review of environmental and toxicological aspects

2009-11-14

Michael Komárek , Eva Čadková , Vladislav Chrastný +2 more

Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts from Soil

1965-11-01

Fumio Watanabe , S. R. Olsen

Murphy and Riley proposed use of a single reagent for determining P. The method was found to be accurate for determining P in soil extracts. This method is based on … Murphy and Riley proposed use of a single reagent for determining P. The method was found to be accurate for determining P in soil extracts. This method is based on reduction of the ammonium molybdiphosphate complex by ascorbic acid in the presence of antimony. The color produced is stable for 24 hours. It is less subject to interfering substances than are methods involving reduction by SnCl2.

Limits of the Natural Environment in Terms of pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials

1960-05-01

L. G. M. Baas Becking , I. R. Kaplan , David L. Moore

1. The electron and the proton content (measured as electrode potential [Eh] and pH) of an environment characterize this environment in many ways. In this paper the electrode potential and … 1. The electron and the proton content (measured as electrode potential [Eh] and pH) of an environment characterize this environment in many ways. In this paper the electrode potential and the pH are used as empirical parameters rather than as electrochemical data capable of thermodynamic interpretation. From published and unpublished work by the authors and from the literature, more than 6,200 pairs of characteristics were gathered, covering most types of the aqueous environment as well as the potential milieu of the chief actors in these environments: algae and bacteria. 2. It appears that the Eh-pH limits of biological systems and of the naturally occurring aqueous environment almost coincide. This would indicate that there are few, if any, sterile terrestrial environments caused by limiting Eh-pH characteristics. 3. As it seems unlikely that environments will be found outside the limits outlined in this paper, physico-chemical speculations on the sedimentary environment should be limited by this outline. Substances which do not occur (sulfuric acid, sulfide ion) should not be used in the electrochemical characterization of the environment. 4. The biogenic master reaction in the environment, changing one or both characteristics (Eh-pH), is reductive photosynthesis by algae and by colored bacteria. A photosynthetic mass may raise the pH of a water to 9.4; and in the absence of bivalent cations, to 12.6. 5. The intensity of sulfate reduction depends upon the sulfate content of the water and on the available hydrogen, in both organic and inorganic form. The iron concentration is also important, as iron is the principal acceptor of the $$H_{2}S$$ formed. The highly reactive, black iron Sulfides may be partly oxidized with the formation of the more stable pyrite and marcasite. The reduction of iron from ferric to ferrous state takes place even in surface soil. 6. Denitrification, another biologically important reduction, may be of lesser geochemical influence. 7. Oxidative reactions comprise, apart from nitrification, chiefly the oxidation of $$H_{2}S$$ and $$SH^{-}$$ to sulfur, thiosulfate, sulfite, hydrosulfite, sulfate, and hydrosulfate and the oxidation of ferrous and manganous compounds. In contrast with the reductions, these oxidations are only in part biological. The oxidation of pyrite may give rise to extremely low pH values. Heterotrophic oxidation (respiration) results in the conversion of organic matter into $$CO_{2}$$ and $$H_{2}O$$. 8. Acid formation in peat bogs is caused largely by cation exchange on plant cell walls, chiefly, but not exclusively, on Sphagnum. 9. In sediments the reaction between iron phosphate complexes and $$H_{2}S$$ may liberate the acid $$H_{2}PO_{4}^{-}$$ ion. 10. Certain environments are restricted, others cover almost the maximal area outlined in this paper. A progressive increase in the environmental range, arranged in a series, follows: rain water, mine water, peat bogs, sea water, rivers and lakes, marine sediments, and evaporites, while the geothermal environment shows the maximal area. 11. The potential milieu of the green bacteria is highly restricted. Less restricted is the environment of the iron bacteria, followed by sulfate-reducing bacteria, purple bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria. Thio-bacteria have a very wide potential milieu, and algae are found literally everywhere. 12. The Eh-pH characteristics are determined chiefly by photosynthesis, by respiration and by oxido-reductive changes in the iron and sulfur systems.

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF A RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINING ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS—EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN DIGESTION CONDITIONS AND OF INORGANIC SOIL CONSTITUENTS

1947-04-01

Allan Walkley

Division of Soils, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, The Waite Institute, Adelaide, South Australia. The author is now with the Division of Industrial Chemistry, of the Council, at Melbourne, … Division of Soils, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, The Waite Institute, Adelaide, South Australia. The author is now with the Division of Industrial Chemistry, of the Council, at Melbourne, Victoria. He wishes to thank G.S. Hart for assistance with some of the laboratory work in connection with this investigation.

Is bioaugmentation a feasible strategy for pollutant removal and site remediation?

2005-05-10

Saı̈d El Fantroussi , Spiros N. Agathos

Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials

1977-03-01

L. E. Sommers

Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters

2012-11-13

Keith R. Solomon , John P. Giesy , Thomas W. LaPoint +2 more

The article "The ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters" 1 is one of the few among the 100 most cited articles in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry … The article "The ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters" 1 is one of the few among the 100 most cited articles in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry to specifically address risk and/or assessment of risk, and it was the first to use probabilistic approaches for a pesticide. As with all science, it was one of many steps in the refinement of procedures for characterizing and assessing risks. Today, we understand that risk must always be expressed as a probability; but, in the general sense, this concept was a late arrival in the area of ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicological risk assessment, as we use it today, traces its scientific origins to risk assessment for the protection of human health, but even that was a relatively recent adoption. Although humans have faced risks since the dawn of society, risk assessment was purely empirical, descriptive, and anecdotal. The concept of risk in mathematical terms became possible only though the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numbering system by Western society approximately 800 years ago 2. Risk was studied quantitatively only during and after the Renaissance through the work of Chevalier de Méré, Blaise Pascal, Jacob Bernoulli, and Abraham de Moivre, who suggested the structure of the normal distribution. This concept was further refined by Swiss mathematician Carl Fredrick Gauβ and many others, resulting in the process used today. The risk assessment of atrazine 1 typifies the breadth of expertise that is needed to undertake ecotoxicological risk assessment; it was the work of a panel of 12 authors, each contributing equally important and essential components to the process. The final product was brought together in a collegial and nonconfrontational process and the paper prepared for publication by one panel member. This model worked well and has been emulated in many subsequent assessments. The assessment of risks of adverse effects from atrazine in the environment was not completely novel, but it was an important step forward in the development of the concepts of risk in ecotoxicology. The probabilistic characterization of toxicity data was not new. In the arena of human health, this process was suggested for components of food 3, which then led to the use of the threshold of toxicological concern 4 as an important screening tool, an approach now advocated for use in ecotoxicology 5. From the environmental point of view, distributions of toxicity values were used to distinguish between more tolerant or resistant and more susceptible populations of ectoparasites of animals 6, but the notion of using these distributions for setting environmental quality guidelines originated from early work in the Netherlands (N. van Straalen, 1982, personal communication) that was further developed in Europe 7 and the United States 8. These probabilistic methods are now used worldwide for setting guidelines for environmental quality. Though the probabilistic analysis of toxicity was not novel, the ecological risk assessment for atrazine demonstrated how data for toxicity and exposure could be combined into a probabilistic characterization and unified expression of risk. This was a significant advancement over the use of simple quotients based on worst-case values. However, this was also not entirely new, it had been conceptualized in the work of the Aquatic Risk Assessment Dialogue Group 9, a process that was organized in part by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and also involved several authors of the article on the risk assessment for atrazine. The publication of "The ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters" was likely the catalyst for a number of joint activities between academia, industry, and regulators, such as the Ecological Committee on Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Risk Assessment Methods (ECOFRAM 10) in the United States and the European Framework for Probabilistic Risk Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of Pesticides EUFRAM 11 in the European Union. Both of these have led to the further development of probabilistic assessment of ecotoxicological risks. One such development was the use of the joint probability distribution, first suggested in a computer program developed by the Cadmus Group and refined by ECOFRAM 10 for use in graphically displaying risks and, more recently, using these graphical displays for decision making (see Fig. 4 in 12). Several of the refinements of probabilistic assessment of risk were incorporated in a more comprehensive, larger, and updated evaluation of atrazine that was published as a SETAC book 13, which included significant advances in the modeling of concentrations in surface waters. Probabilistic methods, such as those pioneered in these and subsequent risk assessment authored by others, are likely to become more widely used, particularly for chemicals for which large sets of data are available. A spreadsheet model, the probabilistic risk assessment tool (PRAT) has been developed to aid in the probabilistic assessment of chemicals in the environment 14. Another feature of the risk assessment for atrazine that probably contributed to the number of citations is the large amount of data that it provided about one particular chemical, which is an important herbicide used in production agriculture. The reason for the inclusion of these data in the paper was two-fold: first, the paper was partly a review of the biological and physical properties of atrazine; and second, the authors wished to be as transparent as possible in providing the scientific basis for the conclusions reached in the paper. As has been noted 15, transparency is very important in communicating the results of risk assessments and should be an integral part of the assessment and the decisions that result therefrom. Hopefully, with the ability to include supplemental information in journal articles, such transparency will become the standard for risk assessments in the future. Table S1. (45 KB PDF). Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds

2006-03-29

Brajesh K. Singh , Allan Walker

Synthetic organophosphorus compounds are used as pesticides, plasticizers, air fuel ingredients and chemical warfare agents. Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used insecticides, accounting for an estimated 34% of world-wide … Synthetic organophosphorus compounds are used as pesticides, plasticizers, air fuel ingredients and chemical warfare agents. Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used insecticides, accounting for an estimated 34% of world-wide insecticide sales. Contamination of soil from pesticides as a result of their bulk handling at the farmyard or following application in the field or accidental release may lead occasionally to contamination of surface and ground water. Several reports suggest that a wide range of water and terrestrial ecosystems may be contaminated with organophosphorus compounds. These compounds possess high mammalian toxicity and it is therefore essential to remove them from the environments. In addition, about 200,000 metric tons of nerve (chemical warfare) agents have to be destroyed world-wide under Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Bioremediation can offer an efficient and cheap option for decontamination of polluted ecosystems and destruction of nerve agents. The first micro-organism that could degrade organophosphorus compounds was isolated in 1973 and identified as Flavobacterium sp. Since then several bacterial and a few fungal species have been isolated which can degrade a wide range of organophosphorus compounds in liquid cultures and soil systems. The biochemistry of organophosphorus compound degradation by most of the bacteria seems to be identical, in which a structurally similar enzyme called organophosphate hydrolase or phosphotriesterase catalyzes the first step of the degradation. organophosphate hydrolase encoding gene opd (organophosphate degrading) gene has been isolated from geographically different regions and taxonomically different species. This gene has been sequenced, cloned in different organisms, and altered for better activity and stability. Recently, genes with similar function but different sequences have also been isolated and characterized. Engineered microorganisms have been tested for their ability to degrade different organophosphorus pollutants, including nerve agents. In this article, we review and propose pathways for degradation of some organophosphorus compounds by microorganisms. Isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation are discussed. The major achievements and technological advancements towards bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds, limitations of available technologies and future challenge are also discussed.

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The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources

2007-09-17

Manuel Arias‐Estévez , Eugenio López Periago , Elena Martínez‐Carballo +3 more

Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness; A review

2007-06-23

Stefan Reichenberger , Martin Bach , Adrian Skitschak +1 more

A microplate fluorimetric assay for the study of enzyme diversity in soils

2001-10-01

Marie-Claude Marx , M. Wood , S. C. Jarvis

Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review

2007-12-27

Ole K. Borggaard , Anne Louise Gimsing

Abstract The very wide use of glyphosate to control weeds in agricultural, silvicultural and urban areas throughout the world requires that special attention be paid to its possible transport from … Abstract The very wide use of glyphosate to control weeds in agricultural, silvicultural and urban areas throughout the world requires that special attention be paid to its possible transport from terrestrial to aquatic environments. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge on sorption, degradation and leachability of glyphosate in soils. Difficulties of drawing clear and unambiguous conclusions because of strong soil dependency and limited conclusive investigations are pointed out. Nevertheless, the risk of ground and surface water pollution by glyphosate seems limited because of sorption onto variable‐charge soil minerals, e.g. aluminium and iron oxides, and because of microbial degradation. Although sorption and degradation are affected by many factors that might be expected to affect glyphosate mobility in soils, glyphosate leaching seems mainly determined by soil structure and rainfall. Limited leaching has been observed in non‐structured sandy soils, while subsurface leaching to drainage systems was observed in a structured soil with preferential flow in macropores, but only when high rainfall followed glyphosate application. Glyphosate in drainage water runs into surface waters but not necessarily to groundwater because it may be sorbed and degraded in deeper soil layers before reaching the groundwater. Although the transport of glyphosate from land to water environments seems very limited, knowledge about subsurface leaching and surface runoff of glyphosate as well as the importance of this transport as related to ground and surface water quality is scarce. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

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GLEAMS: Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems

1987-01-01

R. A. Leonard , W. G. Knisel , D. A. Still

ABSTRACT GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricul-tural Management Systems) is a mathematical model developed for field-size areas to evaluate the effects of agricultural management systems on the movement of agricultural … ABSTRACT GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricul-tural Management Systems) is a mathematical model developed for field-size areas to evaluate the effects of agricultural management systems on the movement of agricultural chemicals within and through the plant root zone. This paper describes the concepts of the hydrology, erosion, and pesticide components of GLEAMS. Results of sensitivity analysis and validation with observed bromide and pesticide data are given. The validation includes comparisons of model simulations and observed soil concentrations in the root zone, and simulated and observed leaching losses.

A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry

1931-02-15

J. W. Mellor

Journal Article A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Get access A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. X. Sulphur and Selenium. By J. W. MELLOR Longmans, … Journal Article A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Get access A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. X. Sulphur and Selenium. By J. W. MELLOR Longmans, Green & Company, New York, 1930. 958 pp. Price $20.00. Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 14, Issue 1, 15 February 1931, Page 118, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/14.1.118 Published: 21 February 2020

The Pesticide Content of Surface Water Draining from Agricultural Fields—A Review

1978-10-01

R. D. Wauchope

Abstract The literature on pesticide losses in runoff waters from agricultural fields is reviewed. For the majority of commercial pesticides, total losses are 0.5% or less of the amounts applied, … Abstract The literature on pesticide losses in runoff waters from agricultural fields is reviewed. For the majority of commercial pesticides, total losses are 0.5% or less of the amounts applied, unless severe rainfall conditions occur within 1–2 weeks after application. Exceptions are the organochlorine insecticides, which may lose about 1% regardless of weather pattern because of their long persistence; and soil surface‐applied, wettable‐powder formulations of herbicides, which may lose up to 5%, depending on weather and slope, because of the ease of washoff of the powder. Pesticides with solubilities of 10 ppm or higher are lost mainly in the water phase of runoff, and erosion control practices will have little effect on such losses. Organochlorine pesticides, paraquat, and arsenical pesticides, however, are important cases of pesticides which are strongly adsorbed by sediments, and erosion control can be important in controlling losses of these compounds. The behavior and fate of pesticides in streams receiving runoff is generally not known. Information on such factors as time and distance of impact of a given runoff event, ability of local ecosystems to recover from transient pesticide concentrations, and dissipation or concentration processes in aquatic ecosystems will have to be obtained before “edge‐of‐field” pesticide losses can be related to water quality in receiving waters.

Evaluating Pesticide Degradation in the Environment: Blind Spots and Emerging Opportunities

2013-08-15

Kathrin Fenner , Silvio Canonica , Lawrence P. Wackett +1 more

The benefits of global pesticide use come at the cost of their widespread occurrence in the environment. An array of abiotic and biotic transformations effectively removes pesticides from the environment, … The benefits of global pesticide use come at the cost of their widespread occurrence in the environment. An array of abiotic and biotic transformations effectively removes pesticides from the environment, but may give rise to potentially hazardous transformation products. Despite a large body of pesticide degradation data from regulatory testing and decades of pesticide research, it remains difficult to anticipate the extent and pathways of pesticide degradation under specific field conditions. Here, we review the major scientific challenges in doing so and discuss emerging opportunities to identify pesticide degradation processes in the field.

A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data

1997-02-01

H.-J. Klimisch , Meinrat O. Andreae , U Tillmann

Bound pesticide residues in soils: a review

2000-04-01

Bondi Gevao , Kirk T. Semple , Kevin C. Jones

Turbidimetric Determination of Available Sulfates

1951-01-01

Leon Chesnin , C. H. Yien

Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale

2015-04-13

Sebastian Stehle , Ralf Schulz

Compared with nutrient levels and habitat degradation, the importance of agricultural pesticides in surface water may have been underestimated due to a lack of comprehensive quantitative analysis. Increasing pesticide contamination … Compared with nutrient levels and habitat degradation, the importance of agricultural pesticides in surface water may have been underestimated due to a lack of comprehensive quantitative analysis. Increasing pesticide contamination results in decreasing regional aquatic biodiversity, i.e., macroinvertebrate family richness is reduced by ∼30% at pesticide concentrations equaling the legally accepted regulatory threshold levels (RTLs). This study provides a comprehensive metaanalysis of 838 peer-reviewed studies (>2,500 sites in 73 countries) that evaluates, for the first time to our knowledge on a global scale, the exposure of surface waters to particularly toxic agricultural insecticides. We tested whether measured insecticide concentrations (MICs; i.e., quantified insecticide concentrations) exceed their RTLs and how risks depend on insecticide development over time and stringency of environmental regulation. Our analysis reveals that MICs occur rarely (i.e., an estimated 97.4% of analyses conducted found no MICs) and there is a complete lack of scientific monitoring data for ∼90% of global cropland. Most importantly, of the 11,300 MICs, 52.4% (5,915 cases; 68.5% of the sites) exceeded the RTL for either surface water (RTLSW) or sediments. Thus, the biological integrity of global water resources is at a substantial risk. RTLSW exceedances depend on the catchment size, sampling regime, and sampling date; are significantly higher for newer-generation insecticides (i.e., pyrethroids); and are high even in countries with stringent environmental regulations. These results suggest the need for worldwide improvements to current pesticide regulations and agricultural pesticide application practices and for intensified research efforts on the presence and effects of pesticides under real-world conditions.

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Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate

2015-04-16

Kathryn Z. Guyton , Dana Loomis , Yann Grosse +6 more

Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack

2000-07-01

Jeff Baldock , J. O. Skjemstad

Jackson, M. L.:Soil chemical analysis. Verlag: Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1958, 498 S. DM 39.40

1959-01-01

Rathje

COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL AND PLANT MATERIALS WITH ASCORBIC ACID

1970-04-01

Matt K. John

Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans

2000-04-01

Gary M. Williams , R. Kroes , I.C. Munro

Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

2016-02-02

Charles Benbrook

Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides … Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.

Evaluating toxicity of immature compost

1981-01-01

F. Zucconi , A. Pèra , Mariana Forte +1 more

Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement

2016-02-12

John Peterson Myers , Michael Antoniou , Bruce Blumberg +7 more

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. … The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management

2016-01-11

Kathleen Lewis , John Tzilivakis , Douglas Warner +1 more

Despite a changing world in terms of data sharing, availability, and transparency, there are still major resource issues associated with collating datasets that will satisfy the requirements of comprehensive pesticide … Despite a changing world in terms of data sharing, availability, and transparency, there are still major resource issues associated with collating datasets that will satisfy the requirements of comprehensive pesticide risk assessments, especially those undertaken at a regional or national scale. In 1996, a long-term project was initiated to begin collating and formatting pesticide data to eventually create a free-to-all repository of data that would provide a comprehensive transparent, harmonized, and managed extensive dataset for all types of pesticide risk assessments. Over the last 20 years, this database has been keeping pace with improving risk assessments, their associated data requirements, and the needs and expectations of database end users. In 2007, the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) was launched as a free-to-access website. Currently, the PPDB holds data for almost 2300 pesticide active substances and over 700 metabolites. For each substance around 300 parameters are stored, covering human health, environmental quality, and biodiversity risk assessments. With the approach of the twentieth anniversary of the database, this article seeks to elucidate the current data model, data sources, its validation, and quality control processes and describes a number of existing risk assessment applications that depend upon it.

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DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes

1978-09-15

Paul Broda

Guidance on tiered risk assessment for plant protection products for aquatic organisms in edge‐of‐field surface waters

2013-07-01

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Review Article. Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment

2016-12-01

Jayaraj Ravindran , Pankajshan Megha , Sreedev Puthur

Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are synthetic pesticides widely used all over the world. They belong to the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon derivatives, which have vast application in the chemical industry and … Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are synthetic pesticides widely used all over the world. They belong to the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon derivatives, which have vast application in the chemical industry and in agriculture. These compounds are known for their high toxicity, slow degradation and bioaccumulation. Even though many of the compounds which belong to OC were banned in developed countries, the use of these agents has been rising. This concerns particularly abuse of these chemicals which is in practice across the continents. Though pesticides have been developed with the concept of target organism toxicity, often non-target species are affected badly by their application. The purpose of this review is to list the major classes of pesticides, to understand organochlorine pesticides based on their activity and persistence, and also to understand their biochemical toxicity.

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Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate

2017-11-17

A.H.C. van Bruggen , Min He , Keumchul Shin +4 more

Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils – A hidden reality unfolded

2018-11-06

Vera Silva , Hans Mol , Paul Zomer +3 more

Pesticide use is a major foundation of the agricultural intensification observed over the last few decades. As a result, soil contamination by pesticide residues has become an issue of increasing … Pesticide use is a major foundation of the agricultural intensification observed over the last few decades. As a result, soil contamination by pesticide residues has become an issue of increasing concern due to some pesticides' high soil persistence and toxicity to non-target species. In this study, the distribution of 76 pesticide residues was evaluated in 317 agricultural topsoil samples from across the European Union. The soils were collected in 2015 and originated from 11 EU Member States and 6 main cropping systems. Over 80% of the tested soils contained pesticide residues (25% of samples had 1 residue, 58% of samples had mixtures of two or more residues), in a total of 166 different pesticide combinations. Glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) and the broad-spectrum fungicides boscalid, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole were the compounds most frequently found in soil samples and the compounds found at the highest concentrations. These compounds occasionally exceeded their predicted environmental concentrations in soil but were below the respective toxic endpoints for standard in-soil organisms. Maximum individual pesticide content assessed in a soil sample was 2.05 mg kg-1 while maximum total pesticide content was 2.87 mg kg-1. This study reveals that the presence of mixtures of pesticide residues in soils are the rule rather than the exception, indicating that environmental risk assessment procedures should be adapted accordingly to minimize related risks to soil life and beyond. This information can be used to implement monitoring programs for pesticide residues in soil and to trigger toxicity assessments of mixtures of pesticide residues on a wider range of soil species in order to perform more comprehensive and accurate risk assessments.

Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem

2019-10-21

Anket Sharma , Vinod Kumar , Babar Shahzad +7 more

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Soil Chemical Analysis

1958-08-01

L J Hardin

Journal Article Soil Chemical Analysis Get access Soil Chemical Analysis. Jackson M L mithsonian Institution Publication 4294pp.Illus Prentice-Hall, Englewood, N.J.,, 1958 xi+498pp Illus index.Price $9.00. L J Hardin L J … Journal Article Soil Chemical Analysis Get access Soil Chemical Analysis. Jackson M L mithsonian Institution Publication 4294pp.Illus Prentice-Hall, Englewood, N.J.,, 1958 xi+498pp Illus index.Price $9.00. L J Hardin L J Hardin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 41, Issue 3, 1 August 1958, Page 740, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/41.3.740a Published: 07 February 2020

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Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes

1965-08-01

William Horwitz

Journal Article Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes Get access Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes. Section I: Inorganic Ligands, compiled by Lars Gunnar Sillen; Section II: Organic Ligands, compiled … Journal Article Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes Get access Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes. Section I: Inorganic Ligands, compiled by Lars Gunnar Sillen; Section II: Organic Ligands, compiled by Arthur E. Martell. Special Publication No. 17, The Chemical Society, Burlington House; W.1, London, England ( 1964). Price $23.00. William Horwitz William Horwitz Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 48, Issue 4, 1 August 1965, Page 870, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/48.4.870a Published: 01 February 2020

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Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment

2021-01-27

Muyesaier Tudi , Huada Daniel Ruan , Li Wang +5 more

Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in … Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world’s population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.

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Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale

2021-03-29

Fiona H. M. Tang , Manfred Lenzen , Alex B. McBratney +1 more

Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters

1996-01-01

Keith R. Solomon , David B. Baker , R. Peter Richards +7 more

Abstract The triazine herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-amino-s-triazine) is one of the most used pesticides in North America. Atrazine is principally used for control of certain annual broadleaf and grass weeds, primarily … Abstract The triazine herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-amino-s-triazine) is one of the most used pesticides in North America. Atrazine is principally used for control of certain annual broadleaf and grass weeds, primarily in corn but also in sorghum, sugarcane, and, to a lesser extent, other crops and landscaping. Atrazine is found in many surface and ground waters in North America, and aquatic ecological effects are a possible concern for the regulatory and regulated communities. To address these concerns an expert panel (the Panel) was convened to conduct a comprehensive aquatic ecological risk assessment. This assessment was based on several newly suggested procedures and included exposure and hazard subcomponents as well as the overall risk assessment. The Panel determined that use of probabilistic risk assessment techniques was appropriate. Here, the results of this assessment are presented as a case study for these techniques. The environmental exposure assessment concentrated on monitoring data from Midwestern watersheds, the area of greatest atrazine use in North America. This analysis revealed that atrazine concentrations rarely exceed 20 μg/L in rivers and streams that were the main focus of the aquatic ecological risk assessment. Following storm runoff, biota in lower-order streams may be exposed to pulses of atrazine greater than 20 μg/L, but these exposures are short-lived. The assessment also considered exposures in lakes and reservoirs. The principal data set was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, which monitored residues in 76 Midwestern reservoirs in 11 states in 1992-1993. Residue concentrations in some reservoirs were similar to those in streams but persisted longer. Atrazine residues were widespread in reservoirs (92% occurrence), and the 90th percentile of this exposure distribution for early June to July was about 5 μg/L. Mathematical simulation models of chemical fate were used to generalize the exposure analysis to other sites and to assess the potential effects of reduction in the application rates. Models were evaluated, modified, and calibrated against available monitoring data to validate that these models could predict atrazine runoff. PRZM-2 overpredicted atrazine concentrations by about an order of magnitude, whereas GLEAMS underpredicted by a factor of 2 to 5. Thus, exposure models were not used to extrapolate to other regions of atrazine use in this assessment. The effects assessment considered both freshwater and saltwater toxicity test results. Phytoplankton were the most sensitive organisms, followed, in decreasing order of sensitivity, by macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, and fish. Atrazine inhibits photophosphorylation but typically does not result in lethality or permanent cell damage in the short term. This characteristic of atrazine required a different model than typically used for understanding the potential impact in aquatic systems, where lethality or nonreversible effects are usually assumed. In addition, recovery of phytoplankton from exposure to 5 to 20 μg/L atrazine was demonstrated. In some mesocosm field experiments, phytoplankton and macrophytes were reduced after atrazine exposures greater than 20 μg/L. However, populations were quickly reestablished, even while atrazine residues persisted in the water. Effects in field studies were judged to be ecologically important only at exposures of 50 μg/L or greater. Mesocosm experiments did not reveal disruption of either ecosystem structure or function at atrazine concentrations typically encountered in the environment (generally 5 μg/L or less). Based on an integration of laboratory bioassay data, field effects studies, and environmental monitoring data from watersheds in high-use areas in the Midwestern United States, the Panel concluded that atrazine does not pose a significant risk to the aquatic environment. Although some inhibitory effects on algae, phytoplankton, or macrophyte production may occur in small streams vulnerable to agricultural runoff, these effects are likely to be transient, and quick recovery of the ecological system is expected. A subset of surface waters, principally small reservoirs in areas with intensive use of atrazine, may be at greater risk of exposure to atrazine. Therefore, it is recommended that site-specific risk assessments be conducted at these sites to assess possible ecological effects in the context of the uses to which these ecosystems are put and the effectiveness and cost-benefit aspect of any risk mitigation measures that may be applied.

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Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review

2022-08-17

Vinay Mohan Pathak , Vijay Verma , Balwant Rawat +7 more

Pesticides are either natural or chemically synthesized compounds that are used to control a variety of pests. These chemical compounds are used in a variety of sectors like food, forestry, … Pesticides are either natural or chemically synthesized compounds that are used to control a variety of pests. These chemical compounds are used in a variety of sectors like food, forestry, agriculture and aquaculture. Pesticides shows their toxicity into the living systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes them based on their detrimental effects, emphasizing the relevance of public health. The usage can be minimized to a least level by using them sparingly with a complete grasp of their categorization, which is beneficial to both human health and the environment. In this review, we have discussed pesticides with respect to their global scenarios, such as worldwide distribution and environmental impacts. Major literature focused on potential uses of pesticides, classification according to their properties and toxicity and their adverse effect on natural system (soil and aquatic), water, plants (growth, metabolism, genotypic and phenotypic changes and impact on plants defense system), human health (genetic alteration, cancer, allergies, and asthma), and preserve food products. We have also described eco-friendly management strategies for pesticides as a green solution, including bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation. The microbes, using catabolic enzymes for degradation of pesticides and clean-up from the environment. This review shows the importance of finding potent microbes, novel genes, and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management to create a sustainable environment.

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Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists

1971-09-01

Kenneth Helrich

Characterization of the herbicide-resistance gene bar from Streptomyces hygroscopicus

1987-09-01

Charles J. Thompson , N. Rao Movva , Richard Tizard +4 more

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Mechanistic elucidation of citric acid-modified biochar-mediated atrazine degradation and drift risk mitigation in maize rhizosphere soil

2025-06-25

Weijian Zhang , Yan Ma , Jingyi Feng +3 more | Industrial Crops and Products

Physiological and Molecular Responses of Anabaena laxa to Rac‐Metalaxyl Fungicide: Exploring Metabolic and Oxidative Changes

2025-06-23

Wael A. Fathy , Emad A. Alsherif , Shereen Magdy Korany +3 more | Journal of Basic Microbiology

Rac-metalaxyl is a widely used fungicide for managing plant diseases; however, its environmental persistence and potential toxicity to aquatic microorganisms raise significant ecological concerns. Despite its widespread application, there is … Rac-metalaxyl is a widely used fungicide for managing plant diseases; however, its environmental persistence and potential toxicity to aquatic microorganisms raise significant ecological concerns. Despite its widespread application, there is limited understanding of how cyanobacteria, which play vital ecological roles in aquatic systems, respond to such chemical stressors. This study addresses this gap by investigating the physiological and metabolic responses of the cyanobacterium Anabaena laxa to rac-metalaxyl exposure. Cultures were treated with 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L concentrations of the fungicide. Results showed increased intracellular accumulation of rac-metalaxyl at 200 mg/L, leading to significant reductions in cell growth, photosynthetic pigments, and the activities of key enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Further elevated lipid peroxidation levels indicated oxidative damage. Consequently, rac-metalaxyl triggered substantial metabolic shifts, total soluble sugars increased by 7.66% at 100 mg/L and 67.48% at 200 mg/L; malic acid rose to 76.23% at 200 mg/L; amino acids increased by 27.14% at 100 mg/L and 48.8% at 200 mg/L; total fatty acids rose by 10.11% at 100 mg/L and 35.06% at 200 mg/L. These findings suggest that Anabaena laxa exhibits coordinated oxidative and metabolic responses to mitigate rac-metalaxyl toxicity, highlighting its potential resilience and role in the bioremediation of contaminated aquatic environments.

Biodegradation of Tribenuron-Methyl by Microbacterium paraoxydans BS3-TBM: Optimization and Toxicological Evaluation

2025-06-22

Samira Bouizzar , Madjid Berkani , Bertrand Cornu +4 more | ACS ES&T Water

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for measuring potentially bioavailable pesticide residues in soil systems: Current challenges and perspectives

2025-06-22

Vijay Kumar Aralappanavar , Binoy Sarkar , Casey L. Doolette +6 more | Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Potential of Sugarcane Biomass-Derived Biochars for the Controlled Release of Sulfentrazone in Soil Solutions

2025-06-21

Marcos R. F. da Silva , Maria Eliana Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz , Antônio Augusto Neves +6 more | Processes

Sugarcane bagasse-derived biochars, produced at 350 °C (B350) and 600 °C (B600), were evaluated for their capacity to modify the sorption behavior of the herbicide sulfentrazone (SFZ) in Red–Yellow Latosol … Sugarcane bagasse-derived biochars, produced at 350 °C (B350) and 600 °C (B600), were evaluated for their capacity to modify the sorption behavior of the herbicide sulfentrazone (SFZ) in Red–Yellow Latosol (RYL) and to serve as carriers for its controlled release. Batch sorption experiments indicated that SFZ exhibits low affinity for soil and undergoes sorption–desorption hysteresis. Adding B350 biochar (up to 0.30%) did not significantly affect the herbicide sorption, whereas B600 enhanced its retention. Sequential desorption assays were conducted by incorporating SFZ either directly into the soil or into the biochars, which were subsequently blended into the soil (at 0.15% w/w). The SFZ desorbed more rapidly from the soil than from the biochars, suggesting that the pyrogenic material has potential for modulating herbicide release. Phytotoxicity assessments using Sorghum bicolor confirmed that only SFZ incorporated into B350 (at 0.15% w/w) retained herbicidal efficacy comparable to its direct application in soil. These findings underscore the potential of B350 biochar as a controlled-release carrier for SFZ without compromising its weed control effectiveness.

Extraction, Detection, and Quantification Methods for Analyzing Glyphosate and AMPA in Foods: Challenges and Opportunities

2025-06-20

Andony David González-Cruz , Luis Miguel Anaya‐Esparza , Ignacio Valenzuela-Chavira +7 more | Applied Sciences

Glyphosate (GLYP) is an effective and low-cost broad-spectrum herbicide. However, this herbicide and its primary degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), have been linked with adverse human health effects. The global … Glyphosate (GLYP) is an effective and low-cost broad-spectrum herbicide. However, this herbicide and its primary degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), have been linked with adverse human health effects. The global use of glyphosate has significantly increased in recent years, resulting in more direct and indirect human exposure. In this context, GLYP and AMPA are often detected in fresh and processed foods for adults and infants, as well as in drinking water worldwide. Diverse extraction and quantification methods for GLYP and AMPA from foods have been developed. Solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) are the most frequently employed cleanup strategies, while LC-MS/MS is one of the most sensitive and selective techniques for detecting GLYP and AMPA in food products. Although most studies show that GLYP and AMPA concentrations in foods remain within established maximum residue limits, occasionally they exceed legal limits. Thus, the widespread presence of GLYP and AMPA in foodstuffs is a public concern that may lead to consumers exceeding the acceptable daily intake due to prolonged dietary exposure, even if levels remain within thresholds. Therefore, this review explores the different approaches and techniques used in the extraction, detection, and quantification of GLYP and AMPA in foods.

Barriers and guidelines in the use of fungi in pesticide bioremediation: A global overview

2025-06-20

Geovane Pereira-Silva , Lucas Leonardo-Silva , Carlos Filipe Camilo Cotrim +3 more | The Science of The Total Environment

The United States Legal Regulations on Biological Pesticides and Recommendations for Vietnam

2025-06-20

Thanh Luan Nguyen | VNU Journal of Science Legal Studies

This article focuses on presenting, analyzing, and evaluating the legal regulations regarding biological pesticides in the United States, covering the following aspects: the concept, the list of biological pesticides, the … This article focuses on presenting, analyzing, and evaluating the legal regulations regarding biological pesticides in the United States, covering the following aspects: the concept, the list of biological pesticides, the government agencies responsible for managing biological pesticides, and the registration process for biological pesticides, among others. Based on an evaluation and comparison with the corresponding regulations on biological pesticides in Vietnam, the article offers recommendations for Vietnam in developingand improving laws concerning biological pesticides. This aims to contribute to the promotion of the development, production, commercialization, and widespread use of biological pesticides, with the goal of achieving sustainable development in the agricultural sector.

Spatial distribution of sediment pesticides concentrations in the Maritime Region of Canada

2025-06-20

Benoit A. Lalonde | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> This study measured pesticide concentrations at 51 distinct sampling sites in freshwater streams in three maritime provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) in 2020–2021. … <title>Abstract</title> This study measured pesticide concentrations at 51 distinct sampling sites in freshwater streams in three maritime provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) in 2020–2021. There were 50 different pesticides analysed in each sediment samples. The majority of those pesticides had concentrations below the detection limit of the laboratory. However, nine pesticides had detections that ranged from one to nine sites. Terbufos and parathion were the two most detected pesticides of this study. Surprisingly, terbufos has not been registered for use in Canada since 2012 which showcases the prevalence of some legacy contamination in sediments. The results align with other recent Canadian research, suggesting that pesticide occurrence in sediment is complex and not explained by a single factor like organic matter or chemical properties alone. Instead, it is a result of multiple interacting factors, including land use, the pesticide's solubility, its concentration in the surrounding water, and the persistence of legacy products.

Preparation, characterization and biological activity of propargite stereoisomers

2025-06-19

Yingshuai Liu , Guangyao Sheng , Baohong Liu +4 more | Pest Management Science

Abstract BACKGROUND Chirality plays an important role in the efficacy of pesticides, significantly influencing their biological activity, selectivity, and environmental impact. Since the first preparation of the commercial acaricide propargite … Abstract BACKGROUND Chirality plays an important role in the efficacy of pesticides, significantly influencing their biological activity, selectivity, and environmental impact. Since the first preparation of the commercial acaricide propargite in 1963, the isomeric composition has remained obscure. Propargite I and II have been referenced in various studies, yet without clear chemical structural definitions. Investigating into preparation, characterization, and biological activity of propargite stereoisomers is deemed a valuable pursuit. RESULTS Eight target propargite stereoisomers as mixture of P ( trans ) ( Pa + Pb + Pc + Pd in a 1:1:1:1 ratio), P ( cis ) ( Pe + Pf + Pg + Ph in a 1:1:1:1 ratio), P (1 S , 2 S ) ( Pa + Pb in a 1:1 ratio), and P (1 R , 2 R ) ( Pc + Pd in a 1:1 ratio), and as single stereoisomer of P ( trans )‐1 ( Pa (or Pb )), P ( trans )‐2 ( Pb (or Pa )), P ( trans )‐3 ( Pc (or Pd )), and P ( trans )‐4 ( Pd (or Pc )) were prepared and structurally characterized. The acaricidal activity of P ( trans ) (LC 50 = 29.43 mg L −1 ) equaled approximately that of P ( cis ) (LC 50 = 32.41 mg L −1 ). The P (1 S , 2 S ) (LC 50 = 17.83 mg L −1 ) demonstrated greater acaricidal activity than P (1 R , 2 R ) (LC 50 = 62.84 mg L −1 ). Notably, the P ( trans )‐1 (LC 50 = 13.00 mg L −1 ) exhibited the most potent acaricidal activity among the four trans ‐stereoisomers. The crop safety of P (1 S , 2 S ) , P (1 R , 2 R ) , and P ( trans ) on cowpea seedlings were equivalent. CONCLUSION The propargite stereoisomers P ( 1S, 2S ) would be a promising chiral acaricide if its cost‐effective synthetic methods could be developed. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

A concise review on microbial degradation of pesticides and organohalogen compounds: recent advances and current challenges

2025-06-18

Yashi Rohilla , Ashwin M Pai , Soumya Pandit +7 more | Vegetos

Green manure from cover crops enhances pesticide degradation and soil biological health

2025-06-18

Marina Aliste , C. Ros , Isabel Garrido +7 more | Journal of Hazardous Materials

Several biosolarization approaches have been investigated to reduce pesticide residues in agricultural soils, which can potentially affect soil health and microbial communities. This study explored biosolarization with green manures from … Several biosolarization approaches have been investigated to reduce pesticide residues in agricultural soils, which can potentially affect soil health and microbial communities. This study explored biosolarization with green manures from fresh plant material (oats/vetch, mustard, radish, and red clover), previously used as cover crops, to degrade nine pesticide residues in soil. It also examined the effects on soil health indicators, such as basal respiration and microbial biomass. A pot experiment was conducted with pesticide-contaminated soil from SE Spain, amended to 10 % with green manure, during the summer in a greenhouse. Two control treatments without green manure were performed: untreated and solarized. Biosolarized soils exhibited significantly higher pesticide degradation (e.g., from 31 % for myclobutanil with radish) than controls (e.g., from 1 % for pendimethalin in untreated soil and from 7 % for myclobutanil in solarized soil). Basal respiration in biosolarized soils peaked at 15 days after amendment (5.5-11.2 mg CO2-C kg-1 soil day-1) compared to controls (1.7-1.8 mg CO2-C kg-1 soil day-1). Microbial biomass was four times higher in biosolarized soils than in the controls 15 days after amendment. The results demonstrate that biosolarization with green manure is a feasible tool for recovering pesticide-polluted soils while enhancing soil biological health.

Effective Adsorption of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides by Tomato Stem-Derived Activated Carbons

2025-06-17

Krzysztof Kuśmierek , Beata Doczekalska , Maciej Sydor +1 more | Applied Sciences

Six activated carbons from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) stems (TS-AC) were synthesized by carbonization and chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at temperatures of 550, 650, … Six activated carbons from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) stems (TS-AC) were synthesized by carbonization and chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at temperatures of 550, 650, and 750 °C. These TS-ACs were then evaluated as adsorbents to remove 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics of both herbicides followed the pseudo-second-order model, closely correlating with the mesopore volume of the TS-AC. The Langmuir isotherm accurately described the adsorption process for both 2,4-D and MCPA. The porous structure of TS-AC, characterized by micropore volume and specific surface area, significantly influenced the maximum adsorption capacities. The adsorption of both herbicides was pH dependent, but ionic strength had no significant effect. Regeneration testing, conducted over three cycles, showed less than a 15% reduction in herbicide adsorption capacity. This study demonstrates that agricultural waste, specifically tomato stems, can be effectively valorized by using simple activation techniques in TS-AC that are efficient adsorbents to remove organic pollutants, such as herbicides, from aqueous media.

Accurate Quantification of Multifunctional C2–3 Organosulfates in Atmospheric Aerosols Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Overcoming Matrix Effects and Underestimation

2025-06-17

Shumin Liang , Yuchen Wang , Hanzhe Chen +2 more | Environmental Science & Technology

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is widely used to analyze polar organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). However, its efficacy for small, polar multifunctional … Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is widely used to analyze polar organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). However, its efficacy for small, polar multifunctional C2-C3 organosulfates (C2-3OSs)─conceivably key products of isoprene oxidation─is questionable. Notable matrix effects are anticipated to arise from poor retention and coelution with abundant salts in PM samples. Here, we systematically evaluated RPLC versus hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with ESI-Orbitrap MS in quantifying PM-bound C2-3OSs. We synthesized three C2-3OSs, including glycolic acid sulfate, hydroxyacetone sulfate, and lactic acid sulfate. The availability of authentic standards enabled the first quantitative assessment of measurement bias for C2-3OSs using the RPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS method, revealing an underestimation of these compounds by 1-2 orders of magnitude. The measurement bias primarily stemmed from the matrix effects arising from the coexisting bisulfate in ambient PM. In contrast, HILIC notably outperformed RPLC in retentive capacities and peak resolving abilities, effectively avoiding matrix suppression effects. Additionally, the HILIC-ESI-MS method uncovered six previously unreported C2-3OSs, expanding our knowledge of atmospheric OSs. This work enhances our capability of accurate quantification of aerosol components, thus helping to reduce constraints on studies of aerosols and their impacts.

Effects of Bioavailability and Microbial Community on the Degradation of Atrazine in Sewage Sludge Biochar-Amended Soils

2025-06-16

Siying Li , Xin Li , Yunyang Li +1 more | Energies

Biochar, as an emerging biotechnology, has been widely used in the remediation of soil organic pollution, mainly by promoting the abundance of related degrading bacteria in soil. In this study, … Biochar, as an emerging biotechnology, has been widely used in the remediation of soil organic pollution, mainly by promoting the abundance of related degrading bacteria in soil. In this study, we explored the influence of sewage sludge biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures of 300–700 °C (SSB300-SSB700) and addition rates (1% and 5%) on the atrazine biodegradation in soils. After a 21-day incubation, the application of 5% SSB300 significantly increased soil catalase (CAT), urease activity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and electrical conductivity (EC). However, biochar amendment exhibited inhibitory effects on atrazine degradation in soils. The atrazine degradation ratio decreased with decreasing pyrolysis temperature and increasing addition rates. Further analysis found that there were two possible reasons for the significant decline of atrazine biodegradation in SSB300 groups: (1) SSB300 demonstrated higher adsorption capacity for atrazine compared to SSB500 and SSB700 and reduced atrazine bioavailability due to its stronger hydrophobic nature and more abundant surface functional groups; and (2) the SSB300 significantly decreased the abundances of dominant atrazine-degraders (Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas) and atrazine-degrading genes (atzA, atzB, and trzN).

The influence of Copper and Soil type on the Uptake, Translocation of Organophosphate Esters by Corn

2025-06-16

Yujie Wang , Angela Yee‐Moon Wang , Longfei Jiang +2 more | Environmental Pollution

Economics of Pesticides

2025-06-16

| World Scientific lecture notes in economics and policy

Prioritization of currently used pesticides in soils of main European cropping systems and an Argentinian cropping system for assessment of mixture toxicity and risk on terrestrial biota

2025-06-16

Olukayode Jegede , Paula S. Tourinho , Violette Geissen +1 more | Journal of Hazardous Materials

Photoredox Dechlorination of the Fungicide Chlorothalonil with Sodium Lignosulfonate in Water

2025-06-13

Jingfeng Xue , Taozhong Shi , Xin Ma +3 more | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Chlorothalonil (CTL) is a well-known water contaminant and has high toxicity to aquatic species and amphibians. Sodium lignosulfonate (SL) as an inexpensive surfactant is renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally benign. Effects … Chlorothalonil (CTL) is a well-known water contaminant and has high toxicity to aquatic species and amphibians. Sodium lignosulfonate (SL) as an inexpensive surfactant is renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally benign. Effects of SL on photodegradation of CTL were studied under different light. SL enhanced the photodegradation rate of CTL by 14, 18, 7.4, and 18.5 fold under a high-pressure mercury lamp (HPML), an UV lamp, a xenon lamp, and sunlight, respectively, compared to the SL-free control. The mechanism of SL-enhanced CTL degradation was revealed as a reductive dechlorination reaction by radical scavenging activity and electron donation of SL. Further experiments evidenced that the photoreductive capacity of SL generated electrons to reduce generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) under irradiation and promoted dechlorination of CTL̇. The results are helpful to understand the effects of SL on phototransformation and the high potential of using SL as a catalyst to abate chloroarenes pollution.

Assessment of chemical footprints of hydrophobic pesticide/biocide contamination in western Kenya using polydimethylsiloxane silicone passive samplers

2025-06-13

Isaac Cheruiyot Tanui , Faith Jebiwot Kandie , Ruth Chepchirchir +7 more | Environmental Pollution

The role of glutaredoxins in regulating root function and development in response to environmental changes

2025-06-12

Nastassja Dugout , Antoine Martin , Liên Bach | Plant and Soil

Phytoremediation of pesticide-contaminated freshwaters by aquatic plants: a meta-analysis

2025-06-05

Fernanda Vieira da Silva Cruz , Simone Jaqueline Cardoso , Philippe Juneau | Chemosphere

In the last decade, water contamination by pesticides has become a global concern, and phytoremediation has gained increasing attention. This approach is cost-effective and ecologically beneficial, revealing the abilities of … In the last decade, water contamination by pesticides has become a global concern, and phytoremediation has gained increasing attention. This approach is cost-effective and ecologically beneficial, revealing the abilities of plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental contaminants. Despite the growing number of publications, some questions remain: (i) How effectively do aquatic plants reduce pesticides in water? (ii) How is the effectiveness of water phytoremediation influenced by plant characteristics, pesticide properties, and environmental/experimental conditions? To answer those questions, we conducted a meta-analysis with 405 extracted pairs of data points from 56 studies to systematically analyze and explore the efficiency of pesticide removal by aquatic plants. We found that, compared to the control without plants, aquatic vegetation increases pesticide removal from water by 38.86 % (95 % CI = 31.50-46.21 %). We conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to identify factors influencing the global effect size. The taxonomy (order) and the life form of the plants did not significantly influence the degree of pesticide removal. The removal efficiency was influenced by pesticides' type/mode of action, with insecticides being less efficiently removed than other pesticides. Additionally, we observed higher phytoremediation efficiency with increasing log KOW (lipophilicity), molecular mass, and in experiments conducted with contaminant mixtures. Environmental conditions also influenced removal efficiency, with higher temperatures and light intensity enhancing phytoremediation. Our results provide insights into the key factors determining the success of phytoremediation in aquatic environments contaminated by pesticides, thereby guiding decision-making on using this technology and directing new research toward developing strategies to enhance its effectiveness.

Remediation of acetochlor-contaminated maize field soil using Serratia odorifera AC-1 fertilizer: effects on soil microbial communities

2025-06-05

Zhengyi Zhang , Zhenqing Shi , Lining Zheng +1 more | Frontiers in Microbiology

Acetochlor is a chloroacetamide herbicide that is widely applied in corn fields. Nevertheless, the long-term usage of acetochlor in the soil leads to residues, which severely affect the germination of … Acetochlor is a chloroacetamide herbicide that is widely applied in corn fields. Nevertheless, the long-term usage of acetochlor in the soil leads to residues, which severely affect the germination of corn seeds and the growth of seedlings, and even exert an influence on the soil microbial community. Microbial degradation of acetochlor is the principal approach for restoring the soil microbial ecology. In this study, the Serratia odorifera AC-1 strain was isolated and identified from the soil for the degradation of residual acetochlor in the soil. To enhance the degradation efficiency, a solid microbial agent was prepared by using activated carbon as a carrier and the AC-1 strain at a 1:1 ratio and applied to the soil for degradation and remediation experiments. The content of the microbial cells in the solid microbial agent was 1.49 × 106 CFU/g after 120 days of preparation. The application of the AC-1 solid microbial agent significantly influenced the relative abundance of soil microbial communities (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria), increasing the diversity of bacterial populations in the soil. The experimental results indicated that after the application of the AC-1 solid microbial agent, the plant height, stem diameter, and photosynthetic efficiency of corn seedlings under acetochlor stress were significantly elevated. When the application rate of the AC-1 solid microbial agent was 5.00 mg/kg, the stem diameter of corn increased by 56.4% compared with the control group. When the acetochlor concentration in the soil was 6.65 mg/kg, the DT50 value of the AC-1 solid microbial agent was 2.28 days. This study clarified the degradation mechanism and remediation capacity of the Serratia odorifera AC-1 strain in acetochlor-contaminated soil and proposed a new strategy to improve the stability and degradation efficiency of the microbial strain by optimizing the immobilization technology of the strain on activated carbon. This research provides a scientific basis and technical guidance for the future application of bioremediation technology in the field environment to remove pesticide residues, restore soil health, and enhance crop productivity.

Growth inhibition and activity stimulation of non-target organism nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii by herbicide florasulam

2025-06-04

Hua Chen , Hongtao Wang , Jinwei Yang +5 more | Journal of Hazardous Materials

REMOVAL OF GLYPHOSATE PESTICIDE FROM CONTAMINATED WATER BY SOLAR DISTILLATION

2025-06-01

Karyna Steffane da Silva , Camylla Barbosa Silva , Vanessa Rosales Conserva +4 more | Process Safety and Environmental Protection

Genotoxic activity of glyphosate and co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides assessed by the micronucleus test in human mononuclear white blood cells

2025-06-01

Khadija Ramadhan Makame , Yazen Aljaber , Moustafa Sherif +2 more | Toxicology Reports

Inhibition of Alternaria alternata biofilms and invitro antifungal efficacy of [Glu1, Asp5] surfactin-C15 and its divalent metal-ion complexes

2025-06-01

Asma Sani , Hong‐Ze Gang , Yi‐Fan Liu +2 more | Microbial Pathogenesis

Sargassum-based biosorption for glyphosate removal: A green, efficient, and sustainable approach

2025-06-01

J. Luis López‐Miranda , Gustavo A. Molina , Alberto Elizalde-Mata +3 more | Journal of environmental chemical engineering

Pesticide degradation capacity of a novel strain belonging to Serratia sarumanii with its genomic profile

2025-06-01

Gülperi Alatassi , Ömür Baysal , Ragıp Soner Silme +3 more | Biodegradation

Abstract The extensive use of pesticides in agricultural practices, coupled with the potential for microbial biodegradation of these chemicals, plays a critical role in environmental sustainability. This study aimed to … Abstract The extensive use of pesticides in agricultural practices, coupled with the potential for microbial biodegradation of these chemicals, plays a critical role in environmental sustainability. This study aimed to identify microorganisms capable of degrading the most commonly used pesticides in agricultural fields within our region. In vitro screening revealed a microorganism with a broad pesticide degradation spectrum, and whole-genome sequencing further indicated the presence of genomic regions associated with pesticide degradation, a finding that was validated by LC–MS/MS analysis. Detailed genomic analysis, including ribosomal multi-locus sequence typing (rMLST), identified the microorganism as Serratia sarumanii . Our results also demonstrated that the introduction of this strain into the environment not only promoted the degradation of specific pesticides but also enhanced the efficacy of certain other pesticides at low concentrations through a synergistic interaction. To further substantiate the biodegradation capabilities of the strain, LC–MS/MS chromatographic analysis of 25 pesticide-active chemicals confirmed that Serratia sarumanii effectively biodegrades several pesticide active ingredients, including fludioxonil, fenhexamid, pyrimethanil, and spirodiclofen. These findings underscore the biodegradative potential of Serratia sarumanii and its promising application in the bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. Graphical abstract

Valorization of orange peels through the production of eco-friendly, highly effective adsorbents for herbicides based on one-step CO₂-activation under conventional/microwave heating

2025-06-01

Sylwia Kukowska , Piotr Nowicki , Katarzyna Szewczuk‐Karpisz | Food and Bioproducts Processing

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for selective detection of Glyphosate in real water samples using SrxZn1-xO/g-C3N4 composite electrode

2025-06-01

I. Mansouri , Amel Meribai , Soner Çakar +3 more | Materials Chemistry and Physics