Medicine › Dermatology

Contact Dermatitis and Allergies

Works Count: 57502

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on skin sensitization and contact allergy research, particularly related to fragrance ingredients, occupational dermatitis, patch testing, allergic contact dermatitis, and the safety assessment of cosmetic products. It covers topics such as risk assessment, epidemiology, and toxicological endpoints in the context of skin sensitization.

Keywords

Skin Sensitization; Contact Allergy; Fragrance Ingredients; Occupational Dermatitis; Patch Testing; Allergic Contact Dermatitis; Cosmetic Products; Risk Assessment; Epidemiology; Toxicological Endpoints

Evidence that cutaneous antigen-presenting cells migrate to regional lymph nodes during contact sensitization.

1990-11-01

Margaret L. Kripke , C. G. Munn , Amminikutty Jeevan +2 more

These studies address the hypothesis that Ag-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells migrate to the regional lymph node during contact sensitization and function as APC. Skin from C3H mice was grafted onto … These studies address the hypothesis that Ag-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells migrate to the regional lymph node during contact sensitization and function as APC. Skin from C3H mice was grafted onto BALB/c nude mice, and 7 or 14 days later, the recipients were sensitized with FITC through the grafts. APC from lymph nodes draining the site of sensitization were capable of sensitizing C3H recipients to FITC. Because sensitization is MHC restricted, only cells reaching the lymph node from the grafted skin could have induced contact hypersensitivity in C3H mice. Examination of the FITC+ draining lymph node cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that all were Ia+, most were F4/80+, and some contained Birbeck granules. These studies demonstrate that Ia+, FITC+ cells from the skin, at least some of which are Langerhans cells, leave the skin after epicutaneous sensitization with FITC and participate in the initiation of the contact hypersensitivity response within the regional lymph node.

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Suction Blister Device for Separation of Viable Epidermis from Dermis*

1968-02-01

U Kiistala

Immediate Reactions in the Skin of Experimental Animals Provoked by Antibody-Antigen Interaction

1958-01-01

Zoltán Óváry

Fisher’s contact dermatitis

2001-09-01

Robert L. Rietschel , Joseph F. Fowler

The updated edition of Dr. Alexander Fisher's classic monograph continues to form the foundation of this resource, well regarded for its consistency and readability. No other text provides this degree … The updated edition of Dr. Alexander Fisher's classic monograph continues to form the foundation of this resource, well regarded for its consistency and readability. No other text provides this degree of coverage, and in such detail. The extensively revised and updated edition features all the common and unusual allergens physicians are likely to encounter, including latex and gold allergies, plus the best, most in-depth discussion of aquatic dermatoses available anywhere. An extensive appendix provides thumbnail sketches of many allergens, and brief commentaries on their exposure and cross reactions. Also included are patient education instructions for dealing with common allergies

Epidermal Langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB.

1980-01-01

Galen B. Toews , Paul R. Bergstresser , J. Wayne Streilein

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Textbook of Contact Dermatitis

1995-01-01

R. J. G. Rycroft , Torkil Menné , Peter J. Frosch

The Identification of Contact Allergens by Animal Assay. the Guinea Pig Maximization Test**From the Department of Dermatology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Sjukhuset, Gothenburg, Sweden and the Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.

1969-03-01

Bertil Magnusson , Albert M. Kligman

European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing – recommendations on best practice

2015-07-14

Jeanne D. Johansen , Kristiina Aalto‐Korte , Tove Agner +7 more

Summary The present guideline summarizes all aspects of patch testing for the diagnosis of contact allergy in patients suspected of suffering, or having been suffering, from allergic contact dermatitis or … Summary The present guideline summarizes all aspects of patch testing for the diagnosis of contact allergy in patients suspected of suffering, or having been suffering, from allergic contact dermatitis or other delayed‐type hypersensitivity skin and mucosal conditions. Sections with brief descriptions and discussions of different pertinent topics are followed by a highlighted short practical recommendation. Topics comprise, after an introduction with important definitions, materials, technique, modifications of epicutaneous testing, individual factors influencing the patch test outcome or necessitating special considerations, children, patients with occupational contact dermatitis and drug eruptions as special groups, patch testing of materials brought in by the patient, adverse effects of patch testing, and the final evaluation and patient counselling based on this judgement. Finally, short reference is made to aspects of (continuing) medical education and to electronic collection of data for epidemiological surveillance.

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The Dermal Sensitisation Threshold—A TTC approach for allergic contact dermatitis

2008-03-21

R.J. Safford

Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients

2009-12-18

Gerhard J. Nohynek , Eric Antignac , Thomas Re +1 more

Risk for Occupational Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Associated with Clinical Exposures

1990-11-15

David K. Henderson

To summarize the results of a 6-year, ongoing, prospective study of the risk for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission among health care workers, and to estimate the magnitude … To summarize the results of a 6-year, ongoing, prospective study of the risk for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission among health care workers, and to estimate the magnitude of the risk for HIV-1 infection associated with different types of occupational exposures.Prospective cohort study; the median follow-up for employees sustaining parenteral exposures was 30.2 months (range, 6 to 69 months).Health care workers at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, including those reporting parenteral and nonparenteral occupational exposures to HIV-1.One thousand three hundred and forty-four clinical health care workers reported 179 percutaneous and 346 mucous membrane exposures to fluids from HIV-1-infected patients during a 6-year period. Responding to a supplementary questionnaire, 559 of these workers reported 2712 cutaneous exposures to blood from HIV-1-infected patients and more than 10,000 cutaneous exposures to blood from all patients during a 12-month period. Occupational transmission of HIV-1 occurred in a single worker after a parenteral exposure to blood from an HIV-1-infected patient. No infections occurred after either mucous membrane or cutaneous exposures to blood from HIV-1-infected patients. Use of newer diagnostic technologies (for example, antigen detection, gene amplification) has not resulted in the identification of occupationally transmitted seronegative infections.Combining our results with those of other prospective studies, the risk for HIV-1 transmission associated with a percutaneous exposure to blood from an HIV-1-infected patient is approximately 0.3% per exposure (95% CI, 0.13% to 0.70%); the risks associated with occupational mucous membrane and cutaneous exposures are likely to be substantially smaller. These data support the use of barrier precautions and suggest a need for strategies that change health care providers' attitudes and behaviors.

Refinement of the Dermal Sensitisation Threshold (DST) approach using a larger dataset and incorporating mechanistic chemistry domains

2011-04-02

R.J. Safford , Aynur O. Aptula , N. Gilmour

Compilation of Historical Local Lymph Node Data for Evaluation of Skin Sensitization Alternative Methods

2005-01-01

G. Frank Gerberick , Cindy A. Ryan , Petra Kern +5 more

Within the toxicology community, considerable effort is directed toward the development of alternative methods for skin sensitization testing. The availability of high-quality, relevant, and reliable in vivo data regarding skin … Within the toxicology community, considerable effort is directed toward the development of alternative methods for skin sensitization testing. The availability of high-quality, relevant, and reliable in vivo data regarding skin sensitization is essential for the effective evaluation of alternative methodologies. Ideally, data derived from humans would be the most appropriate source because the test methods are attempting to predict a toxicologic effect in humans. Unfortunately, insufficient human data of the necessary quality are available, so it is necessary to rely on the best available animal data. In recent years, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) has emerged as a practical option for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. In addition to accurately identifying skin sensitizers, the LLNA can also provide a reliable measure of relative sensitization potency, information that is pivotal to the successful management of human health risks.To provide a database of robust in vivo data to calibrate, evaluate, and eventually validate new approaches for skin sensitization testing.LLNA data derived from previously conducted studies were compiled from the published literature and unpublished sources.We provide a database that comprises LLNA data on 211 individual chemicals. This extensive chemical data set encompasses both the chemical and biologic diversity of known chemical allergens. To cover the range of relative allergenic potencies, the data set includes data on 13 extreme, 21 strong, 69 moderate, and 66 weak contact allergens, classified according to each allergen's mathematically estimated concentration of chemical required to induce a threefold stimulation index. In addition, there are also 42 chemicals that are considered to be nonsensitizers. In terms of chemical diversity, the database contains data pertaining to the chemical classes represented by aldehydes, ketones, aromatic amines, quinones, and acrylates, as well as compounds that have different reactivity mechanisms. In addition to two-dimensional chemical structures, the physicochemical parameters included are log Kp, log K(o/w), and molecular weight.The list of chemicals contained in the data set represents both the chemical and biologic diversity that is known to exist for chemical allergens and non-allergens. It is anticipated that this database will help accelerate the development, evaluation, and eventual validation of new approaches to skin sensitization assessment.

Mechanistic Applicability Domain Classification of a Local Lymph Node Assay Dataset for Skin Sensitization

2007-06-08

David W. Roberts , Grace Patlewicz , Petra Kern +6 more

The goal of eliminating animal testing in the predictive identification of chemicals with the intrinsic ability to cause skin sensitization is an important target, the attainment of which has recently … The goal of eliminating animal testing in the predictive identification of chemicals with the intrinsic ability to cause skin sensitization is an important target, the attainment of which has recently been brought into even sharper relief by the EU Cosmetics Directive and the requirements of the REACH legislation. Development of alternative methods requires that the chemicals used to evaluate and validate novel approaches comprise not only confirmed skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers but also substances that span the full chemical mechanistic spectrum associated with skin sensitization. To this end, a recently published database of more than 200 chemicals tested in the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been examined in relation to various chemical reaction mechanistic domains known to be associated with sensitization. It is demonstrated here that the dataset does cover the main reaction mechanistic domains. In addition, it is shown that assignment to a reaction mechanistic domain is a critical first step in a strategic approach to understanding, ultimately on a quantitative basis, how chemical properties influence the potency of skin sensitizing chemicals. This understanding is necessary if reliable non-animal approaches, including (quantitative) structure-activity relationships (Q)SARs, read-across, and experimental chemistry based models, are to be developed.

The Identification of Contact Allergens by Human Assay III. The Maximization Test: A Procedure for Screening and Rating Contact Sensitizers

1989-04-01

Albert M. Kligman

Extension of the Dermal Sensitisation Threshold (DST) approach to incorporate chemicals classified as reactive

2015-05-02

R.J. Safford , A.M. Api , David W. Roberts +1 more

Manual of Contact Dermatitis

1980-12-01

Howard I. Maibach , S. Fregert

Delayed Contact Hypersensitivity In the Guinea Pig

1965-02-01

E.V. Buehler

Detection of delayed contact sensitizers has been dependent upon the use of a repeated insult patch test on human subjects, since it has been generally recognized that the guinea pig, … Detection of delayed contact sensitizers has been dependent upon the use of a repeated insult patch test on human subjects, since it has been generally recognized that the guinea pig, when utilized as a test animal, frequently gives false-negative results. The experimental approaches using the guinea pig, however, have been restricted to intradermal injections and topical applications. Since the closed or occlusive patch provides acceptably exaggerated conditions for human studies, this technique was applied to guinea pigs. Results indicate that use of the closed patch on the guinea pig results in a much more sensitive tool which could be of value not only for the routine detection of potential sensitizers, but could serve as the ideal model system for the investigation of delayed contact hypersensitivity.

Incidence of immediate allergy to latex gloves in hospital personnel

1987-11-01

K. Turjanmaa

Latex surgical gloves may cause contact urticaria and serious allergic reactions in sensitized persons, but the frequency of this allergy is not known. In the present study, 512 hospital employees … Latex surgical gloves may cause contact urticaria and serious allergic reactions in sensitized persons, but the frequency of this allergy is not known. In the present study, 512 hospital employees were screened with a latex‐glove scratch‐chamber test: 23 (4.5%) were suspected and 15 (2.9%) were proven allergic with latex prick and use tests. All of them were doctors and nurses, and 12 had had contact urticaria but no special symptoms. They could continue their routine work using cotton or vinyl undergloves or special latex surgical gloves. Atopy, hand eczema and surgical work seemed to be predisposing factors. In operating units, 7.4% of the doctors and 5.6% of the nurses were allergic; the frequency was lower in non‐operating units and among laboratory personnel. The high frequency of latex glove allergy, especially in operating units, focuses attention on the quality of surgical latex gloves

DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGY BY AN IN-VITRO TEST FOR ALLERGEN ANTIBODIES

1967-11-01

Leif Wide , H. Bennich , S. G. O. Johansson

Allergy: Principles and Practice

1999-05-26

Albert L. Sheffer

Local Effects of Synthetic Leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, and LTB4) in Human Skin

1983-02-01

Nicholas A. Soter , Robert A. Lewis , E. J. Corey +1 more

Edema and cell infiltration in the phorbol ester-treated mouse ear are temporally separate and can be differentially modulated by pharmacologic agents

1989-03-01

Larry M. Young , Julia Kheifets , Stephen J. Ballaron +1 more

Late cutaneous allergic responses in isolated IgE-dependent reactions

1973-07-01

Jerry Dolovich , Frederick E. Hargreave , R CHALMERS +3 more

Palladium – A review of exposure and effects to human health

2002-01-01

Janet Kielhorn , Christine Melber , Detlef Keller +1 more

Allergy: Principles and Practice

1978-10-20

Noel R. Rose

After many years as a neglected stepchild, the practice of allergy has come to the forefront of medical research and practice. Part of this change has come from increased basic … After many years as a neglected stepchild, the practice of allergy has come to the forefront of medical research and practice. Part of this change has come from increased basic understanding of allergic reactions, especially knowledge of the IgE antibodies mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions, their mode of interaction with cells, and the nature of the products released following the encounter between cell-associated antibody and antigen. Skillful use of drugs can control many of the worst effects of allergic reactions. The allergist has graduated from being an empiricist whose only therapeutic tools consisted of skin tests and shots to a broadly based clinician whose understanding of allergic disorders permits him to manipulate skillfully the allergic response. The two-volume bookAllergy: Principles and Practicewill further advance the practice of allergy by both the specialist and the generalist. Volume 1 contains a thorough review of the basic sciences that underly the practice

The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population – prevalence and main findings*

2010-01-29

Jacob P. Thyssen , Jeanne D. Johansen , Allan Linneberg +1 more

Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in the general population. These studies are of high value as they tend to be less biased than … Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in the general population. These studies are of high value as they tend to be less biased than studies using clinical populations and as they are important for healthcare decision makers when they allocate resources. This study aimed to review the epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population. Literature was examined using Pubmed‐Medline, Biosis, Science Citation Index, and dermatology text books. On the basis of studies performed between 1964 and 2007, the point prevalence of hand eczema was around 4%, the 1‐year prevalence nearly 10%, whereas the lifetime prevalence reached 15%. Based on seven studies, the median incidence rate of hand eczema was 5.5 cases/1000 person‐years (women = 9.6 and men = 4.0). A high incidence rate was associated with female sex, contact allergy, atopic dermatitis, and wet work. Atopic dermatitis was the single most important risk factor for hand eczema. Hand eczema resulted in medical consultations in 70%, sick leave (> 7 days) in about 20%, and job change in about 10%. Mean sick time was longer among those with allergic hand eczema than those with atopic and irritant hand eczema. Moderate to severe extension of hand eczema was the strongest risk factor for persistence of hand eczema. Other risk factors included early onset of hand eczema and childhood eczema. The aetiology of hand eczema is multifactorial and includes environmental as well as genetic factors. Future studies should focus on unresolved areas of hand eczema, for example, genetic predisposition.

Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity

1998-01-01

Stephan Grabbe , Thomas Schwarz

The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population – prevalence and main findings

2007-08-22

Jacob P. Thyssen , Allan Linneberg , Torkil Menné +1 more

A substantial number of studies have investigated the prevalence of contact allergy in the general population and in unselected subgroups of the general population. The aim of this review was … A substantial number of studies have investigated the prevalence of contact allergy in the general population and in unselected subgroups of the general population. The aim of this review was to determine a median prevalence and summarize the main findings from studies on contact allergy in the general population. Published research mainly originates from North America and Western Europe. The median prevalence of contact allergy to at least 1 allergen was 21.2% (range 12.5–40.6%), and the weighted average prevalence was 19.5%, based on data collected on all age groups and all countries between 1966 and 2007. The most prevalent contact allergens were nickel, thimerosal, and fragrance mix. The median nickel allergy prevalence was 8.6% (range 0.7–27.8%) and demonstrates that nickel was an important cause of contact allergy in the general population and that it was widespread in both men and women. Numerous studies demonstrated that pierced ears were a significant risk factor for nickel allergy. Nickel was a risk factor for hand eczema in women. Finally, heavy smoking was associated with contact allergy, mostly in women. Population‐based epidemiological studies are considered a prerequisite in the surveillance of national and international contact allergy epidemics.

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Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis

2012-01-13

Daniel H. Kaplan , Botond Z. Igyártó , Anthony A. Gaspari

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Comparison of Cramer classification between Toxtree, the OECD QSAR Toolbox and expert judgment

2014-11-24

S.P. Bhatia , T.W. Schultz , David W. Roberts +3 more

Metal Sensitivity in Patients with Orthopaedic Implants

2001-03-01

Nadim J. Hallab , Katharine Merritt , Joshua J. Jacobs

Nadim Hallab, PhD; Joshua J. Jacobs, MD; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail address for N. Hallab: [email protected] Katharine … Nadim Hallab, PhD; Joshua J. Jacobs, MD; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612. E-mail address for N. Hallab: [email protected] Katharine Merritt, PhD; Food and Drug Administration, 12709 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852

Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers

1976-02-01

N Hjorth , J Roed‐Petersen

The preparation of food in restaurant kitchens carries a high risk of occupational dermatoses. Analysis of 33 cases revealed four different etiological types. Simple irritant dermatitis was rare (2 cases), … The preparation of food in restaurant kitchens carries a high risk of occupational dermatoses. Analysis of 33 cases revealed four different etiological types. Simple irritant dermatitis was rare (2 cases), plain contact dermatitis was more common (6 cases). Fifteen patients had relevant patch tests and scratch tests; ten had positive scratch tests only to explain the cause of their dermatitis. The last type was termed protein contact dermatitis. The major type IV allergens incriminated were metals, onion and garlic. The major proteinaceous allergens indicated by history and test results were fish and shell-fish. Open patch tests with the incriminated foods may cause erythema or oedema on normal skin after 20 minutes. Previously eczematous, now normal looking, skin often responds with a crop of dyshidrotic vesicles preceded by erythema and itching 30 minutes after the application of an open test. Examination for specific IgE is not always positive in such cases. Inhalant allergy was rare. The results indicate that food handlers are sensitized by the protein they touch, and then react to later contact with the proteins. Protein contact dermatitis is similarly common among veterinary surgeons, while the importance in other occupational groups remains to be studied.

Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel

2010-08-15

Marc Schmidt , Badrinarayanan Raghavan , Verena Müller +7 more

An in silico skin absorption model for fragrance materials

2014-10-05

J. Shen , L. Kromidas , T.W. Schultz +1 more

Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens

1975-08-01

Albert M. Kligman , William L. Epstein

The maximization test for detecting contact allergens has proved to possess both sensitivity and specificity. However, modifications have become necessary because of excessive irritancy reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate. Fewer … The maximization test for detecting contact allergens has proved to possess both sensitivity and specificity. However, modifications have become necessary because of excessive irritancy reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate. Fewer exposures are now recommended during induction and lower concentrations for challenge patch testing. Pre‐testing of each subject in the panel is now standard procedure. The problem of interpreting challenge patch tests is discussed in detail.

Titanium allergy in dental implant patients: a clinical study on 1500 consecutive patients

2008-07-10

Alberto Sicilia , Susana Cuesta , Gerardo Coma +4 more

Abstract Background: In dentistry, allergic reactions to Ti implants have not been studied, nor considered by professionals. Placing permanent metal dental implants in allergic patients can provoke type IV or … Abstract Background: In dentistry, allergic reactions to Ti implants have not been studied, nor considered by professionals. Placing permanent metal dental implants in allergic patients can provoke type IV or I reactions. Several symptoms have been described, from skin rashes and implant failure, to non‐specific immune suppression. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the presence of titanium allergy by the anamnesis and examination of patients, together with the selective use of cutaneous and epicutaneous testing, in patients treated with or intending to receive dental implants of such material. Material and methods: Thirty‐five subjects out of 1500 implant patients treated and/or examined (2002–2004) were selected for Ti allergy analysis. Sixteen presented allergic symptoms after implant placement or unexplained implant failures [allergy compatible response group (ACRG)], while 19 had a history of other allergies, or were heavily Ti exposed during implant surgeries or had explained implant failures [predisposing factors group (PFG)]. Thirty‐five controls were randomly selected (CG) in the Allergy Centre. Cutaneous and epicutaneous tests were carried out. Results: Nine out of the 1500 patients displayed positive (+) reactions to Ti allergy tests (0.6%): eight in the ACRG (50%), one in the PFG (5.3%)( P =0.009) and zero in the control group. Five positives were unexplained implant failures (five out of eight). Conclusions: Ti allergy can be detected in dental implant patients, even though its estimated prevalence is low (0.6%). A significantly higher risk of positive allergic reaction was found in patients showing post‐op allergy compatible response (ACRG), in which cases allergy tests could be recommended.

Porcine ear skin: an in vitro model for human skin

2006-12-14

U. Jacobi , Marco Kaiser , Rani Toll +5 more

Background/purpose: Porcine ear skin is used in studies of percutaneous penetration as a substitute for human skin. The structure of this tissue, including hair follicles, was studied qualitatively and quantitatively … Background/purpose: Porcine ear skin is used in studies of percutaneous penetration as a substitute for human skin. The structure of this tissue, including hair follicles, was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in comparison with human skin. Methods: Sections of shock‐frozen biopsies, biopsies embedded in paraffin and cyanoacrylate skin surface biopsies were investigated using microscopy. The thickness of the different skin layers and the follicular characteristics were determined. Results: The thickness of the stratum corneum was 17–28 μm, whereas the viable epidermis was 60–85 μm thick. On 1 cm 2 , 11–25 hairs were detected, showing a diameter of 58–97 μm and a maximal extension depth of 0.96–1.38 mm into the skin. The orifices of the porcine infundibula showed a diameter of approximately 200 μm. Conclusions: The results obtained are similar to those of human skin, indicating the suitability of this porcine tissue as a model for human skin.

Development of a Peptide Reactivity Assay for Screening Contact Allergens

2004-07-14

G. Frank Gerberick , Jeffrey D. Vassallo , Ruth Bailey +3 more

Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from skin sensitization is a common occupational and environmental health problem. In recent years, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) has emerged as a practical option … Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from skin sensitization is a common occupational and environmental health problem. In recent years, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) has emerged as a practical option for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. In addition to accurate identification of skin sensitizers, the LLNA can also provide a reliable measure of relative sensitization potency; information that is pivotal in successful management of human health risks. However, even with the significant animal welfare benefits provided by the LLNA, there is still interest in the development of nonanimal test methods for skin sensitization testing. One characteristic of a chemical allergen is its ability to react with proteins prior to the induction of skin sensitization. The majority of chemical allergens is electrophilic and as such reacts with nucleophilic amino acids like cysteine or lysine. In order to determine if reactivity correlates with sensitization potential, 38 chemicals representing allergens of different potencies (weak to extreme) and nonsensitizers were evaluated for their ability to react with glutathione or three synthetic peptides containing either cysteine, lysine, or histidine. Following a 15-min reaction time for glutathione or a 24 h reaction period for the three synthetic peptides, the samples were analyzed by HPLC. UV detection was used to monitor the depletion of glutathione or the peptide following reaction. The results demonstrate that a significant correlation (Spearman correlation) exists between allergen potency and the depletion of glutathione (p = 0.001), lysine (p = 0.025), and cysteine (p = 0.020), but not histidine. The peptide with the highest sensitivity was cysteine (80.8%) whereas histidine was the least sensitive (11.5%). The data presented show that measuring peptide reactivity has utility for screening chemicals for their skin sensitization potency and thus potential for reducing our reliance on animal test methods.

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Criteria for the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) safety evaluation process for fragrance ingredients

2014-12-12

A.M. Api , D. Belsito , M. Bruze +7 more

Inhibition of Experimental Drug Allergy by Prior Feeding of the Sensitizing Agent

1946-03-01

Merrill W. Chase

SummaryThrough the feeding of certain allergenic compounds to the non-sensitive subject, a state of resistance may be established against subsequent experimental sensitization of the skin by the same substance. SummaryThrough the feeding of certain allergenic compounds to the non-sensitive subject, a state of resistance may be established against subsequent experimental sensitization of the skin by the same substance.

Zur Kenntnis der pharmakologischen Wirkungen von Nativsekreten und Extrakten männlicher accessorischer Geschlechtsdrüsen

1934-01-01

U. S. von Euler

Application of the expanded Creme RIFM consumer exposure model to fragrance ingredients in cosmetic, personal care and air care products

2017-02-28

B. Safford , A.M. Api , Christopher L. R. Barratt +7 more

Integrating habits and practices data for soaps, cosmetics and air care products into an existing aggregate exposure model

2017-05-30

D. Comiskey , A.M. Api , C. B. Barrett +7 more

Handbuch der Haut-und Geschlechtskrankheiten

1929-01-01

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The Identification of Contact Allergens by Human Assay

1966-11-01

Albert M. Kligman

Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019

2020-03-18

Jiajia Lan , Zexing Song , Xiaoping Miao +7 more

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Fragrance Skin Sensitization Evaluation and Human Testing: 30-Year Experience

2020-10-22

Mihwa Na , G. Ritacco , Devin O’Brien +3 more

The human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT) has a history of use in the fragrance industry as a component of safety evaluation, exclusively to confirm the absence of skin sensitization … The human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT) has a history of use in the fragrance industry as a component of safety evaluation, exclusively to confirm the absence of skin sensitization at a defined dose.The aim of the study was to document the accumulated experience from more than 30 years of conducting HRIPTs.A retrospective collation of HRIPT studies carried out to a consistent protocol was undertaken, with each study comprising a minimum of 100 volunteers.The HRIPT outcomes from 154 studies on 134 substances using 16,512 volunteers were obtained. Most studies confirmed that at the selected induction/challenge dose, sensitization was not induced. In 0.12% of subjects (n = 20), there was induction of allergy. However, in the last 11 years, only 3 (0.03%) of 9854 subjects became sensitized, perhaps because of improved definition of a safe HRIPT dose from the local lymph node assay and other skin sensitization methodologies, as well as more rigorous application of the standard protocol after publication in 2008. This experience with HRIPTs demonstrates that de novo sensitization induction is rare and becoming rarer, but it plays an important role as an indicator that toxicological predictions from nonhuman test methods (in vivo and in vitro methods) can be imperfect.

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Novel database for exposure to fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products

2015-05-19

D. Comiskey , A.M. Api , Christopher L. R. Barratt +7 more

Use of an aggregate exposure model to estimate consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients in personal care and cosmetic products

2015-06-13

B. Safford , A.M. Api , Christopher L. R. Barratt +7 more

Management of Irritant Contact Dermatitis and Review of Peristomal Skin Complications

2025-06-24

A. Rojas , Kurt Schultz , Jennifer L. Giannettino +2 more | Diseases of the Colon & Rectum

Contact Allergens in “PPD-Free” Hair Dyes

2025-06-24

Carli D. Needle , Emily C. Milam , Aryeh Korman +4 more | Dermatitis

Background: Hair dyes are a commonly used cosmetic product and an important cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Primary hair dye agents, paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and other aromatic amines, are potent … Background: Hair dyes are a commonly used cosmetic product and an important cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Primary hair dye agents, paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and other aromatic amines, are potent contact sensitizers. Despite some hair dyes being advertised as all natural or allergen-free, patients still present with hair dye contact allergy following the use of these products. We hypothesized that these products may contain cross-reactive ingredients not tested on standard series or undisclosed ingredients such as trace amounts of the allergens. Objective: We aimed to test hair dyes marketed and sold in the United States as "PPD-free" for the presence and quantity of common hair dye allergens and ingredients, including p-phenylenediamine, m-aminophenol, p-aminophenol, toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. Methods: We tested best-selling hair dyes advertised as "PPD-free" for common allergens through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: In 7 out of 51 hair dye products, we detected a compound that was not present on the ingredient list. Five products contained PPD despite no mention of PPD on the ingredient list and 4 being labeled "PPD-free." One of these products contained PPD levels higher than 2% by weight, while the rest contained trace levels. Conclusions: These findings may help guide dermatologists in counseling patients with ACD about the importance of performing allergy alert testing before the use of a new hair dye product, regardless of how it is commercially advertised or labeled.

Assessment of Systemic Safety of Althaea rosea Flower Extract for Use in Cosmetics: Threshold of Toxicological Concern and History of Safe Consumption Approaches

2025-06-24

Solange Gil , Kyung‐Min Lim | Cosmetics

Althaea rosea flower extract (ARFE) is widely used as a food and cosmetic ingredient. However, the systemic safety of ARFE for use in cosmetics has not been confirmed, yet. Here, … Althaea rosea flower extract (ARFE) is widely used as a food and cosmetic ingredient. However, the systemic safety of ARFE for use in cosmetics has not been confirmed, yet. Here, we adopted the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and history of safe food consumption approaches to evaluate the systemic safety of ARFE as a cosmetic ingredient. A systematic literature review identified 48 chemical constituents in ARFE, 92.6% of which are common food components. Through a literature review, 48 chemical constituents of ARFE were identified. To exclude the potential genotoxicity issues, in silico predictions of an in vitro AMES test and additional literature reviews were performed, demonstrating that all the chemical constituents of ARFE have no genotoxicity issues. To evaluate the systemic toxicity of ARFE, a comparison with the dietary intake of ARFE was performed. The daily dietary intake of ARFE through tea products was estimated to be 66.67 mg/kg/day. Since exposure to ARFE through cosmetic use ranges from 0.0045 to 5.380 mg/kg/day, which is far lower than dietary intake, it is unlikely to pose any additional health risk. The TTC approach along with in silico predictions of dermal absorption also revealed that systemic exposure doses (SEDs) of all the chemical constituents are below TTC thresholds, further supporting its systemic safety for use in cosmetics.

Tissue-based skin prick test extracts from Atlantic salmon containing occupationally relevant allergens

2025-06-23

Inga Elda , Miriam Grgic , Klara Stensvåg +1 more | Frontiers in Allergy

Introduction Diagnosis of salmon allergy often includes skin prick testing using commercially available extracts. Multiple studies have shown that these may contain highly variable amounts of important allergens. In this … Introduction Diagnosis of salmon allergy often includes skin prick testing using commercially available extracts. Multiple studies have shown that these may contain highly variable amounts of important allergens. In this study we aimed to produce skin prick test extracts containing salmon allergens relevant to the occupational exposure situation. The extracts were characterized with respect to the presence of known salmon allergens. The effect of heat-treatment on the antibody-binding of allergens was also assessed. Method Allergenic proteins were extracted from muscle, skin, and outer mucus coating from Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Electrophoresis was used for protein separation with subsequent silver staining and immunoblotting for the detection of known allergenic proteins with antibody-binding activity to commercially available antibodies. The identity of allergens was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Results Our extraction methods were successful in detecting the allergenic proteins aldolase, collagen, enolase, and parvalbumin from muscle, skin, and outer mucus coating from Atlantic salmon. Our work also demonstrates that these allergens have various tolerance towards heating. Conclusion By using multiple fish tissues for extraction, we were able to produce skin prick test extracts containing allergens of presumed relevance in diagnosis of work-related sensitization.

Prevalence of reactive allergens in contact patch testing studies using the Brazilian standard battery: a systematic review

2025-06-23

Ana Laura Andrade Bueno , Nathalia Hoffmann Guarda , Renan Rangel Bonamigo | Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia

Pediatric implant of a gold-coated defibrillator due to persistent metal hypersensitivity: case report

2025-06-23

Marcos Javier Duarte-Sau , José Cruz Arzola-Hernández , Anwar Hazael Gutiérrez-García +2 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> A 9-year-old male presented with recurrent exteriorization of four implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD). The first subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) was implanted as secondary prevention due to ventricular fibrillation. Echocardiography revealed … <title>Abstract</title> A 9-year-old male presented with recurrent exteriorization of four implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD). The first subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) was implanted as secondary prevention due to ventricular fibrillation. Echocardiography revealed non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic incisional scarring (HIS) and generator exposure later developed. The device was removed, and a second S-ICD was implanted (with an antibacterial envelope). The ICD exteriorized after developing HIS with a third device implanted via left subclavian. Following generator exposure removal of leads was programmed. A fourth ICD (polytetrafluoroethylene envelope) was implanted contralaterally. Blood and wound cultures resulted negative in all procedures. Dermal tests of ICD components were reactive to titanium. Pocket tissue biopsy reported inflammatory granulomatous reaction. In a fifth attempt owing to partial exteriorization, a gold-coated device was implanted. Appropriate wound healing was observed. The recurrence of device exposure at different site implantations and biomaterials suggests a persistent allergic reaction to ICD metal compounds.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Octyldodecanol in a Men's Anti‐Aging Cream: A Case Report

2025-06-22

Antoine Badaoui | Contact Dermatitis

Updates in Metal Allergy: A Review of New Pathways of Sensitization, Exposure, and Treatment

2025-06-19

Joshua G. W. Bernstein , Levi Keller , Karin Pacheco | Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

Inkjet printing of pharmaceutical tattoos for the direct deposition of oestradiol onto skin in turner syndrome

2025-06-19

Patricija Januskaite , Álvaro Goyanes , Mine Orlu +1 more | European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

Turner syndrome, a rare chromosomal disorder affecting 1 in 2500 females, is characterized by the partial or complete absence of the second X chromosome. The primary treatment involves oestradiol (E2) … Turner syndrome, a rare chromosomal disorder affecting 1 in 2500 females, is characterized by the partial or complete absence of the second X chromosome. The primary treatment involves oestradiol (E2) hormone replacement therapy, essential for inducing puberty and maintaining secondary sex characteristics. While transdermal E2 patches are preferred due to their controlled release and bypassing of first-pass metabolism, paediatric dosing poses significant challenges since patches cannot be safely cut for adjustment. Although a weight-based nocturnal E2 regimen is recommended, achieving precise, personalised dosing is challenging to achieve. This study explores an innovative approach to obtain personalised transdermal doses using a handheld commercial inkjet printer to apply E2 directly onto the skin, in the form of temporary drug-loaded tattoos. A highly soluble (52.24 ± 8.76 mg/mL) E2-loaded pharma-ink was developed using a propylene glycol and ethanol (2:8) formulation. The ink was successfully printed in various designs on both paper and porcine skin, demonstrating excellent resolution and reproducibility. Dose linearity was confirmed (R2 > 0.96) with 3.8 ± 0.5 µg of E2 delivered per single printing pass using a 2 mg/mL pharma-ink. Personalised dosing is achievable by altering the concentration of E2 in the ink or by adjusting the number of printing passes, ideal for young Turner syndrome patients who require periodic dose adjustments. In vitro Franz Cell permeation studies revealed a first-order extended permeation profile, with 100 % of E2 permeating within 8 h, supporting nocturnal administration to mimic natural hormone fluctuations during puberty. Handheld inkjet printing therefore offers a novel solution by enabling precise, low-dose delivery of E2 directly onto the skin, making it a promising approach for tailored treatment in young patients with Turner syndrome.

Reapplication of the Type IV Hypersensitivity Quantitative Risk Assessment to Assess Ingredients Used on Canines

2025-06-19

Anne M. McDermott , Gwendolen Lorch , J.F. Nash +1 more | Veterinary Medicine and Science

ABSTRACT A quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework to assess the risk for the induction of human skin sensitization from exposure to contact allergens has been successfully developed and applied. So … ABSTRACT A quantitative risk assessment (QRA) framework to assess the risk for the induction of human skin sensitization from exposure to contact allergens has been successfully developed and applied. So far, the QRA has not been applied in a canine risk assessment for establishing concentration limits of ingredients with Type IV hypersensitivity potential. Outlining this risk assessment is critical, as shampoos are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in canines. Additionally, humans have developed ACD after washing their dogs with dog shampoo. To address this gap, we conducted a thorough literature review on canine Type IV hypersensitivity and identified potential differences which might demand an adaptation of the QRA. We summarize data from the literature demonstrating that all four key events (KE) in the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP) are present in dogs as they are in humans, guinea pigs, and mice. The hazard potential of sensitizers for canines is compared with the established sensitization QRA framework for humans. The limited collective evidence suggests that dogs are not more susceptible to sensitizers than humans; therefore, safety‐defined concentration limits from Type IV hypersensitivity risk assessments for humans can be re‐applied to canines so long as their unique exposure considerations are factored in. Using the principles in this review, one can evaluate chemical sensitizers to support the safe development of new topical formulations for canines. The result of applying our current best approaches for assessing ACD to canine products should protect both the pet and the owners.

Case report of thigh laceration caused by EpiPen® use that current guidance could not prevent

2025-06-19

Takashi Sako , Ryo Imakiire | Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Evaluating Copositivity Patterns in Fragrance/Botanical Patch Testing through Hierarchical Clustering and Network Analysis

2025-06-19

Yul W. Yang , James A. Yiannias , Mark D.P. Davis +3 more | Dermatitis

Background: Fragrances/botanicals are ubiquitous allergens. Patients allergic to one fragrance/botanical are frequently sensitive to other fragrances/botanicals and are typically counseled to avoid all fragrances/botanicals. However, broad avoidance of all fragrances/botanicals … Background: Fragrances/botanicals are ubiquitous allergens. Patients allergic to one fragrance/botanical are frequently sensitive to other fragrances/botanicals and are typically counseled to avoid all fragrances/botanicals. However, broad avoidance of all fragrances/botanicals may not be clinically necessary. Objectives: We examined copositivity patterns in fragrance/botanical patch testing. Methods: The Mayo Clinic patch test database was queried for pairwise copositivity rates for fragrances/botanicals between 1997 and 2022, representing a total of 43 allergens. Data analyzed included 4706 positive reactions out of 252,485 total patches applied to 15,864 patients. After background correction for general positivity, copositivity rates were organized through unsupervised hierarchical clustering to determine copositivity subgroups and then evaluated through network analysis. Results: After background correction, clustering revealed distinct copositivity subgroups: Fragrance Mix I-Myroxylon pereirae-limonene hydroperoxides-linalool hydroperoxides; Compositae Mix-sesquiterpene lactone-parthenolide; Fragrance Mix II-Lyral; lichen acid mix-treemoss extract; menthol-Mentha piperita; narcissus-dandelion; and Santalum album-trans-anethole-tea tree-lemongrass-clove-turpentine-Rosa damascena-Lavandula-Geranium-Cananga odorata-neroli-bergamot. In addition, there were further isolated intergroup copositivity reactions seen in network analysis. Conclusions: Background correction followed by hierarchical clustering demonstrated the fragrance/botanical group can be divided into multiple copositivity subgroups. Combined with network analysis, patients with a positive patch test to one fragrance/botanical allergen may be preferentially guided to use specific other fragrances/botanicals.

Variability in Paediatric Patch Test Practices Across Europe: A Survey From the European Baseline Series (<scp>EBS</scp>) Working Party on Behalf of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (<scp>ESCD</scp>)

2025-06-18

Olivier Aerts , Thomas Rustemeyer , Anna Belloni Fortina +7 more | Contact Dermatitis

ABSTRACT Background Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an increasingly recognised condition in children and adolescents. However, there is limited knowledge about the different paediatric patch test procedures in European patch … ABSTRACT Background Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an increasingly recognised condition in children and adolescents. However, there is limited knowledge about the different paediatric patch test procedures in European patch test clinics. Objectives To map current European paediatric patch test practices, and to relate these to the existing literature, with the aim of guiding the development of a future paediatric patch test guideline, and a corresponding paediatric European baseline series (pEBS). Materials and Methods In the course of late 2023/early 2024, a standardised paediatric patch test e‐mail questionnaire was developed, distributed, and discussed among members of the European Baseline Series (EBS) Working Party of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD). Results Areas of agreement and discussion were identified regarding patch testing in children of different ages, with and without atopic dermatitis: (contra)indications, choice of allergens and patch test chambers, peculiarities regarding the application and fixation of tests, occlusion and reading times. Conclusion Although variability exists in paediatric patch test practices across Europe, there is broad agreement on common procedures, and only a few areas of debate; these findings may be used to inform the development of a future paediatric patch test guideline and pEBS.

Contact Dermatitis From Exposure to Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia): A Deviation From the Saying “Leaves of Three, Let It Be”

2025-06-17

Drew M Frase , Susan Bannon | Cureus

Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Formaldehyde Released by Work Clothes

2025-06-17

Tina Lejding , Anna Kiuru , Ola Bergendorff | Contact Dermatitis

Extensive colloid milium in a patient with chronic actinic dermatitis

2025-06-17

Hassan A. Aziz , Atiya Rahman , Sara Shafqat +2 more | Dermatology Online Journal

Systemic exposure and bioavailability of delgocitinib cream in adults with moderate to severe Chronic Hand Eczema

2025-06-17

Diamant Thaçi , Melinda Gooderham , Paola Lovato +3 more | Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

Abstract Background Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition characterized by pain, pruritus and significant impact on patients' quality of life. Delgocitinib cream, a pan‐Janus kinase inhibitor, … Abstract Background Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition characterized by pain, pruritus and significant impact on patients' quality of life. Delgocitinib cream, a pan‐Janus kinase inhibitor, has shown potential in targeting the key mediators of CHE. To develop a detailed trial drug safety profile, it is vital to assess systemic exposure and bioavailability following repeated drug applications. Objective This analysis aimed to evaluate the systemic exposure and bioavailability of delgocitinib cream 20 mg/g in adults with moderate to severe CHE and compare these parameters with those from oral delgocitinib administration in healthy adults. Methods An open‐label, single‐arm, Phase 1 trial (NCT05486117) was conducted involving 16 adults with moderate to severe CHE. Participants applied delgocitinib cream 20 mg/g twice daily for 1 week. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on Day (D)1 and D8. Systemic exposure was compared with data from two Phase 1 trials involving oral delgocitinib in healthy adults (1.5–12 mg, NCT05050279, and 1–100 mg, NBX1‐1). Results Delgocitinib cream demonstrated minimal systemic exposure, with geometric mean maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) values of 0.50 ng/mL on D1 and 0.46 ng/mL on D8. The geometric mean area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC 0–12h ) was 2.5 h*ng/mL on D1 and 3.7 h*ng/mL on D8. No significant accumulation of delgocitinib was observed over time. Systemic exposure with topical application was significantly lower than with oral administration, with a relative bioavailability of 0.6%. Delgocitinib cream was well tolerated, with no reported adverse events during the trial. Conclusion Delgocitinib cream shows minimal systemic exposure and is well tolerated in patients with moderate to severe CHE. These findings suggest that no systemic pharmacological effect is expected with the application of delgocitinib cream 20 mg/g to the hands and wrists of patients with moderate to severe CHE. Clinicaltrials.gov (or equivalent) listing: NCT05486117, NCT05050279.

Argyric kidney induced by colloidal silver

2025-06-13

Po‐Yen Kuo , Kai‐Fan Tsai , Yu-Kai Chien +4 more | Kidney Research and Clinical Practice

Updates to the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. Confirmation of No Induction in Human Test Standard Protocol

2025-06-13

M. Lavelle , Isabelle Lee , Devin O’Brien +2 more | Dermatitis

Background: At the recommendation of the Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) considered adopting a 48-hour challenge for confirmation of no induction in … Background: At the recommendation of the Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) considered adopting a 48-hour challenge for confirmation of no induction in human (CNIH) studies in order to more closely mimic the patch testing conducted by dermatologists assessing allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: A pilot study was undertaken to ensure that adopting a new protocol would not invalidate the 30+ years of human patch-testing data collected by RIFM. Methods: Two protocols were simultaneously tested to determine if a 48-hour challenge patching would result in reactions significantly different from those produced during a 24-hour challenge patching. RIFM tested 19 fragrance materials, including key ingredients in natural complex substances. Conclusions: Although patching for 48 hours is more sensitive than patching for 24 hours, during this pilot, no significant differences in sensitization were noted between the two challenge protocols when 2317 subjects were tested with 19 test materials, a vehicle control, and a saline control. Therefore, adopting this new 48-hour challenge patching for RIFM-conducted CNIHs does not invalidate previously published studies conducted according to the 2008 RIFM standard protocol, which utilized a 24-hour patching during the challenge phase.

Occurrence, dermal and unintentional ingestion exposure, and human health risk of additives and chemical allergens in commercial mouse pads

2025-06-13

Lishan Zhong , Chen-Chou Wu , Jie-Feng Dong +2 more | Environment International

Prolonged frictional contact between mouse pads and human skin occurs repeatedly in daily life, but occurrence and potential hazards of additives and chemical allergens in commercial mouse pads remain poorly … Prolonged frictional contact between mouse pads and human skin occurs repeatedly in daily life, but occurrence and potential hazards of additives and chemical allergens in commercial mouse pads remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the present study evaluated five classes of additives in 70 commercial mouse pads from China. Target metal(loid)s exhibited the highest concentrations (42-120000 μg g-1), followed by vulcanizing accelerators (0.1-2100 μg g-1), benzothiazoles (0.1-1400 μg g-1), plasticizers (1-310000 μg g-1), and phenylenediamines (0.1-100 μg g-1). Skin sensitizers (0.1-2100 μg g-1) and regulated nitrosatable substances (0.3-22 μg g-1) were also identified, particularly in the mouse pads for general usage, e-sports, and rubber-type. Mouse pads with infrared heating (1800-310000 μg g-1) contained more abundant target chemicals than those for general usage (73-160000 μg g-1) and e-sports (150-120000 μg g-1). Estimated daily exposure doses of the target chemicals via dermal contact and inadvertent hand-to-mouth ingestion were comparable. Unintentional hand-to-mouth ingestion with heated mouse/desk pads and leather mouse pads poses significant non-carcinogenic risk, but insignificant risk with other mouse pads. However, given the widespread occurrence of a variety of additives in mouse pads, particularly those that cause skin sensitization concerns, adoption of green and low/non-skin sensitizers in mouse pads is highly desirable.

A Multi-Center Study on Sensitization to Thimerosal in North-Eastern Italy, 1997–2023: Prevalence, Risk Factors, the Role of Occupation and the Impact of Vaccinations

2025-06-09

Luca Cegolon , Emilia Patriarca , Francesca Larese Filon | Vaccines

Background: Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative to prevent microbial growth in medications and vaccines. However, in 1999 its removal from vaccine formulations was called for due to … Background: Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative to prevent microbial growth in medications and vaccines. However, in 1999 its removal from vaccine formulations was called for due to concerns about its potential side effects on humans, with subsequent reduced sensitizations at patch tests. The present multi-center study investigated the epidemiological, occupational and temporal pattern of sensitization to Thimerosal in North-Eastern Italy during 1997–2023 and associated factors. Methods: Due to variability in patch testing and positive reactions by the centers, this study was broken down by three periods: 1997–2004 (including all centers but Trieste); 1997–2015 (considering only Padua and Pordenone); and 2010–2023 (considering only Trieste and Pordenone). Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate prevalence of sensitization to Thimerosal and associated factors. Results were expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Prevalence of positive patch test reactions to Thimerosal decreased from (8.13%) in 1997 to 0.95% in 2023 across all centers combined. Prevalence of positivity to Thimerosal was 9.49% during 1997–2004 (in all centers yet excluding Trieste), 8.41% during 1997–2015 (considering only Padua and Pordenone) and 4.01% during 2010–2023 (considering only Trieste and Pordenone). A significantly decreasing trend of Thimerosal sensitization was observed during 1997–2015 (aOR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.92; 0.95). Regardless of the study period, sensitization to Thimerosal was consistently and significantly higher among health care workers (HCWs) and in patients born during 1981–1990. Conclusions: The significantly decreasing prevalence of sensitization to Thimerosal over time likely reflected removal policies from vaccines and medications after 1999. Likewise, the higher prevalence of patch test reactions in patients born during 1981–1990 may mirror the widespread presence of this hapten in vaccines and medications in the 1980ies. Moreover, the increased prevalence of patch test reactions positive to Thimerosal in HCWs probably reflected higher influenza vaccination uptake in this group compared to other occupational categories. Positive patch test reactions to Thimerosal after 2000 were likely clinically irrelevant though.

Evaluation of Glove Liners Made of Semipermeable and Textile Materials in Patients With Hand Dermatoses: Results of a Multicenter Intervention Study (ProTection II)

2025-06-04

Theres Heichel , Jan Felix Kersten , Antje Braumann +7 more | Contact Dermatitis

ABSTRACT Background Glove liners (GLs) are worn under impermeable gloves to prevent occlusion effects. Objectives To evaluate the acceptance and tolerability of cotton gloves (COT) and semipermeable Sympatex gloves (SYM) … ABSTRACT Background Glove liners (GLs) are worn under impermeable gloves to prevent occlusion effects. Objectives To evaluate the acceptance and tolerability of cotton gloves (COT) and semipermeable Sympatex gloves (SYM) as GLs in patients with hand dermatoses. Methods In a prospective multicenter study, 210 patients with work‐related hand dermatoses were invited to wear either COT or SYM as GLs for 4 weeks underneath occlusive protective gloves during their regular work tasks. Acceptance of GL and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed by questionnaires and the disease severity by the Osnabrueck Hand Eczema Severity Index. Results A total of 178 data sets were available (SYM: n = 89/103, 86.4%; COT: n = 89/107, 83.2%). Both GLs did not impair work performance and were applicable in various work activities. SYM received better ratings regarding climate conditions, mobility and tactility. COT showed superiority in fit, donning and doffing. No substantial intergroup differences regarding disease severity and HRQoL were observed. Conclusions SYM and COT were well tolerated and accepted, suggesting that SYM is a reasonable alternative for COT as GL in patients with hand dermatoses. The choice of material of GLs may depend on occupation‐specific requirements for the performed tasks, individual needs and preferences.

New artificial neural network models for risk assessment of skin sensitization using amino acid derivative assay, KeratinoSens™, human cell line activation test and in silico structural alert parameter

2025-06-01

Kosuke Imai , Yuri Hatakeyama , Shiho Oeda +3 more | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

[Hydrogen peroxide and compound chlorhexidine gargle induced anaphylactic shock: a case report and literature review].

2025-06-01

Siyu Zhong , Zhujun Yu , Beibei Ma +2 more | PubMed

Severe allergic reactions to hydrogen peroxide solution and compound chlorhexidine gargle are rare, and most medical professionals have limited understanding of such cases. This article reports a case of anaphylactic … Severe allergic reactions to hydrogen peroxide solution and compound chlorhexidine gargle are rare, and most medical professionals have limited understanding of such cases. This article reports a case of anaphylactic shock in a patient with a periodontal abscess following oral flushing with hydrogen peroxide and compound chlorhexidine gargle. Drawing on domestic and international literature, it provides a reference for the emergency management of serious adverse reactions caused by these agents.

Emotional Burden of Patients With Work‐Related Hand Eczema: Results of an Exploratory Study in a Tertiary Individual Prevention Setting in Germany

2025-06-01

Marc Rocholl , Richard Brans , Annika Wilke +3 more | Contact Dermatitis

ABSTRACT Background Work‐related hand eczema (WRHE) is a prevalent skin condition associated with reduced health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), sleep disturbances or depression. While prior studies primarily explored emotional effects … ABSTRACT Background Work‐related hand eczema (WRHE) is a prevalent skin condition associated with reduced health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), sleep disturbances or depression. While prior studies primarily explored emotional effects as part of HRQoL, emotions have been less studied separately. Objectives To evaluate the psychometric properties of the ‘Atopic Eczema Score of Emotional Consequences’ (AESEC) in patients with WRHE and to investigate the emotional impact of WRHE. Methods Self‐reported sociodemographic data as well as self‐reported and clinically assessed disease severity of 223 patients (55.6% female; mean age: 48.1 ± 12.0 years) taking part in a tertiary prevention program for WRHE were included in the analysis. The factor structure was checked using an exploratory factor analysis. The emotional burden was determined using the AESEC. Results The three underlying facets of emotional consequences, as previously described in the validation study of the AESEC, could not be replicated in patients with WRHE. Positive emotions were emphasised by items such as optimism, balance and self‐confidence. Emotional burden was most evident in worries about life, sadness, lack of control, feelings of constraint and disturbance by itch. Conclusions Patients with WRHE face a significant emotional burden indicating a great need for psychological support. Further studies on the psychometric properties of the AESEC in patients with WRHE are warranted.

Photo‐Aggravated Allergic Contact Dermatitis due to Hydroxyacetophenone Present in a Sunscreen: A Case Report

2025-06-01

David Pesqué , Emilio Berná‐Rico , Gabija Rudzikaitė-Fergizė +3 more | Contact Dermatitis

Percutaneous Absorption of climbazole: In Vitro Data from Human Skin

2025-06-01

Catherine Champmartin , Matthieu Aubertin , Claire Seiwert +1 more | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

Extemporaneous dermatological compounding in hospital pharmacies, Northwest Ethiopia

2025-05-30

Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew , Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie , Wondale Tsega +2 more | Frontiers in Public Health

Dermatological problems are among the leading causes of hospital visits in Ethiopia. Extemporaneous compounded products are currently used by many patients with different disorders. The aim of the study was … Dermatological problems are among the leading causes of hospital visits in Ethiopia. Extemporaneous compounded products are currently used by many patients with different disorders. The aim of the study was to evaluate the most commonly prescribed extemporaneously compounded products compounding practice and applicability of compounding guidelines at five randomly selected hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by retrospectively analyzing prescription records for dermatological compounding from January to April 2023. A total of 423 prescriptions from hospital pharmacies were systematically selected. Data related to skin condition patterns, product selection, and dosage form types were extracted using a semi-structured data extraction tool and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 at a significance level of 5%. A total of 423 prescriptions containing dermatological products for compounding were analyzed. Most patients were female (82.1%) and aged 30-64 years (46.3%). Melasma (82.9%), acne vulgaris (68.6%), acute dermatitis (63.27%), and Rosacea (61.54%) were the four top dermatological diseases for which compounding preparations were prescribed. More than half of the prescriptions (56.26%) contained a combination of two drugs. Most compounded dosage form was semisolid preparations (95.98%), while the remaining 17 (4.02%) were liquids. Salicylic acid (35.39%) was the most frequently prescribed active ingredient, followed by Clobetasone (13.03%) and Betamethasone (10.01%). Vaseline (47.62%) and Nivea cream (44.3%) were the most commonly used excipients for compound preparations. Hydroquinone (4%) with Nivea cream (30gm) (17.0%), followed by salicylic acid (5%) + Betamethasone (75 g) + Vaseline (20 g) (10.6%) were the most commonly prescribed dermatological formulations. Dermatological disease is more prevalent in the study area. and extemporaneous compounding is a common element of pharmaceutical care. Extemporaneous and topical semisolid preparations containing two or more active ingredients are the most widely compounded and prescribed products. This study suggests the application of good manufacturing practices and componding guidelines for extemporaneous compounding of dermatological formulations to ensure efficacy, quality, and safety.

Trends in Contact Allergy to Preservatives From 2014 to 2023: Benzisothiazolinone on the Rise

2025-05-30

Rebekka Søgaard , Christoffer Kursawe Larsen , Jeanne D. Johansen +1 more | Contact Dermatitis

ABSTRACT Background Skin sensitising preservatives are commonly used in consumer and industrial products. The widespread use of preservatives has led to recurrent epidemics of contact allergy. Objectives To investigate temporal … ABSTRACT Background Skin sensitising preservatives are commonly used in consumer and industrial products. The widespread use of preservatives has led to recurrent epidemics of contact allergy. Objectives To investigate temporal trends of contact allergy to preservatives from 2014 to 2023. Materials and Methods Patients consecutively patch tested with preservatives from the European baseline series and the supplementary baseline series at Gentofte hospital from 2014 to 2023 were included. Results The study population included 6435 patients. Contact allergy to benzisothiazolinone (BIT) increased significantly from ≤ 0.3% in 2014 to 5.0% in 2023. Painters and machine operators, and assemblers were most often sensitised to BIT, and detergents and paints were the most common exposures to BIT. Contact allergy to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) decreased significantly from 3.3% in 2014 to 2.2% in 2023. Likewise, contact allergy to MI declined significantly from 3.9% in 2014 to 2.5% in 2023. Stable trends were found for the overall prevalence of contact allergy to preservatives from 9.0% in 2014 to 10.2% in 2023. Conclusions Regulatory restrictions on the use of MI and MCI/MI in cosmetic products have led to a decrease in contact allergy. However, the rise in contact allergy to BIT underscores the need for ongoing monitoring and preventive measures.

Requirements for Alternative In Vitro and In Silico Skin Models of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis

2025-05-30

Meital Portugal‐Cohen , Warangkana Lohcharoenkal , E. Kelemen +7 more | Contact Dermatitis

ABSTRACT Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory disease characterised by skin redness and swelling, oozing of fluid or pus and pain, caused by direct skin contact with an irritant or allergen. … ABSTRACT Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory disease characterised by skin redness and swelling, oozing of fluid or pus and pain, caused by direct skin contact with an irritant or allergen. Its prevalence has skyrocketed worldwide, probably because human skin is in daily contact with an increasing gamut of irritants and allergens, which should require systematic surveillance. Large‐scale testing is feasible by using organotypic and in silico skin models, which are becoming commonplace in industry and academic labs. In this work, we summarise the literature on models of contact dermatitis and provide insights on advantages, limitations and options for improvement.

Lead in hair of academic adolescents in France, Poland and Belarus from sociomedical perspective

2025-05-29

Iwona Gładysz , Andriej Szpakow , Bogusława Karczewska +2 more | Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu

Refining the Amino Reactivity-Based Identification of Respiratory Sensitizers

2025-05-29

Martin Simoneit , H. Langer , Nadin Ulrich +1 more | Chemical Research in Toxicology

The sensitization of the respiratory tract may lead to various pulmonary diseases such as asthma. It can be triggered by the chemical reaction of organic electrophiles with nucleophiles of lung … The sensitization of the respiratory tract may lead to various pulmonary diseases such as asthma. It can be triggered by the chemical reaction of organic electrophiles with nucleophiles of lung proteins with amino groups being of particular interest in this case. For assessing the dermal sensitization potential of chemicals, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) has become an OECD-accepted nonanimal test system. However, issues with the identification of known respiratory sensitizers such as isocyanates and anhydrides based on their amino reactivity in the DPRA have been reported. Hence, in this study the chemoassay employing glycine-para-nitroanilide (Gly-pNA) as model nucleophile is applied to eight iso(thio)cyanates, seven anhydrides, four dinitrobenzenes, one triazine, five acrylates, glutaraldehyde, and chloramine T to quantify their amino reactivity in terms of the second order rate constant kGly and the DPRA-like 24 h percent depletion DGly. A comparison of DGly with respective DPRA amino reactivity data (DDPRA) showed that in particular iso(thio)cyanates and anhydrides are substantially more reactive toward Gly-pNA. This can be rationalized by the unintentional and so far not considered reaction of the test compounds with the ammonium acetate buffer used for DPRA testing. A detailed analysis of this reaction includes half-lives and analytically determined adduct patterns and indicates that it can hamper the envisaged depletion of the DPRA amino nucleophile. Finally, the obtained log kGly values range from -3.73 to ≥ 4.52 and allow for an improved identification of respiratory sensitizers. Hence, the Gly-pNA chemoassay may serve as a nonanimal screening method as one part of a mechanism-informed integrated testing and assessment strategy for respiratory sensitizers.

Contact Dermatitis

2025-05-29

| Australasian Journal of Dermatology

Hypersensitivity reactions to platinums: Systematic review of efficacy and safety of desensitization.

2025-05-28

Estefanía Guadarrama-Rendón , Rosalaura Virginia Villarreal-González , Óscar Vidal-Gutiérrez +7 more | Journal of Clinical Oncology

e23326 Background: Platinum compounds carry a significant risk of hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), and repeated exposures can lead to IgE-mediated sensitization, culminating in allergic symptoms and anaphylaxis. Drug desensitization offers a … e23326 Background: Platinum compounds carry a significant risk of hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), and repeated exposures can lead to IgE-mediated sensitization, culminating in allergic symptoms and anaphylaxis. Drug desensitization offers a temporary immunological tolerance, allowing for the safe reintroduction of platinum-based therapies in allergic individuals. Methods: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of rapid drug desensitization (RDD) for platinum-related hypersensitivity reactions, we conducted a systematic review. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered our study in PROSPERO (CRD42023473211). A thorough literature search was performed across the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Results: A total of 53 studies were included (n = 2853) from 11 countries between 1998 and 2024, patients with initial HSR to platinums, carboplatin (n = 44), oxaliplatin (n = 30) and cisplatin (n = 23) that underwent a desensitization. The symptoms of HSR to platinum were skin and respiratory. There was variability in the type of desensitization protocols used, the most frequent being 4 bags-4 steps and 3-4 bags and 12-16 steps, with an average duration of 5.7 2.5 hours. Premedication was reported in most cases (n = 49), consisting mainly of antihistamines, corticosteroids and leukotriene antagonists. Patients tolerated the desensitization protocol; the success rate at desensitization with carboplatin and oxaliplatin varied between 67-100%, while it was 100% in all cases of desensitization for cisplatin. An incidence of HSR during desensitization was reported, ranging from 4.4% to 96.7% (median of 24%), and no associated deaths. Conclusions: Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) is an effective procedure for patients with platinum-induced hypersensitivity reactions, enabling safe re-exposure to carboplatin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin, thereby improving quality of life and ensuring the continuation of first-line therapy.

Comparative pH analysis of synthetic and natural cleaning agents: implications for eco-friendly and dermatological safety

2025-05-27

Narendra Kumar Chaudhary , Maneesh K. Yadav , Sujan Budhathoki +3 more

Cleaning agents are essential for maintaining hygiene in domestic and industrial settings, and their pH plays a critical role in determining their safety and efficacy. This study analyzed the pH … Cleaning agents are essential for maintaining hygiene in domestic and industrial settings, and their pH plays a critical role in determining their safety and efficacy. This study analyzed the pH profiles of synthetic (soaps, shampoos, and detergents) and natural cleaning agents (Aloe vera and Reetha) in dilute solutions to evaluate their implications for skin health and environmental safety. The results showed that soaps like Neem Kanti Patanjali and No. 1 exhibited near-neutral to mildly alkaline pH (6.88–7.95), making them suitable for skin applications, whereas shampoos such as Dove and Sunsilk displayed slightly acidic profiles (6.35–6.85), aligning with the scalp's natural pH. Detergents, including Surf Excel and Ariel, were strongly alkaline (8.16–8.59), indicating effective cleaning but potential harshness on sensitive skin. Natural agents demonstrated eco-friendly properties, with Aloe vera being mildly acidic (5.40–5.79) and Reetha being near-neutral to slightly alkaline (7.36–7.74). Dilution reduced alkalinity or acidity across all samples, emphasizing the importance of proper usage of concentrations. These findings highlight the need for pH-balanced formulations to ensure compatibility with human skin and minimize environmental harm. Future research should focus on optimizing product formulations for skin health, biodegradability, and ecological safety while promoting sustainable cleaning practices.