Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure

Works Count: 28934

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This cluster of papers focuses on the indoor air quality and its impact on human health, particularly in relation to exposure to airborne microorganisms, volatile organic compounds, and formaldehyde. The papers cover topics such as mold exposure, ventilation rates, bioaerosols, and the association with various health effects including asthma symptoms and sick building syndrome.

Keywords

Indoor Air Quality; Airborne Microorganisms; Volatile Organic Compounds; Health Effects; Mold Exposure; Ventilation Rates; Bioaerosols; Formaldehyde Exposure; Asthma Symptoms; Sick Building Syndrome

The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction

1953-10-01

T. Nash

Research Article| October 01 1953 The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction T. Nash T. Nash 1Air Hygiene Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale Avenue, London, … Research Article| October 01 1953 The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction T. Nash T. Nash 1Air Hygiene Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale Avenue, London, N.W. 9 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1953) 55 (3): 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0550416 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation T. Nash; The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction. Biochem J 1 October 1953; 55 (3): 416–421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0550416 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1953 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1953 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

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Exposure to major volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in European indoor environments and associated health risk

2011-02-27

Dimosthenis Sarigiannis , Spyros Karakitsios , Alberto Gotti +2 more

Ventilation rates in schools and pupils’ performance

2011-09-02

Zs. Bakó-Biró , Derek Clements–Croome , Neena Kochhar +2 more

Continental-scale distributions of dust-associated bacteria and fungi

2015-04-20

Albert Barberán , Joshua Ladau , Jonathan Leff +4 more

Significance We inhale thousands of microbial cells when we breathe in outdoor air, and some of these airborne microbes can serve as pathogens or triggers of allergic disorders. Using settled … Significance We inhale thousands of microbial cells when we breathe in outdoor air, and some of these airborne microbes can serve as pathogens or triggers of allergic disorders. Using settled dust samples from ∼1,200 locations, we generated the first atlas, to our knowledge, of airborne bacterial and fungal distributions across the continental United States. We found that airborne microbial communities, such as terrestrial plants and animals, exhibit nonrandom geographic patterns, and we identified the factors that shape the continental-scale distributions of microbial taxa. Furthermore, we found that the airborne microbes found in urban and more rural areas are not distinct in composition, but the dust-associated communities found in more urbanized areas are more homogeneous across the United States.

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Formaldehyde in China: Production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects

2009-07-10

Xiaojiang Tang , Yang Bai , Anh Thuy Duong +3 more

Spatial variability in airborne bacterial communities across land-use types and their relationship to the bacterial communities of potential source environments

2010-11-04

Robert M. Bowers , Shawna McLetchie , Rob Knight +1 more

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Reactions of ozone with human skin lipids: Sources of carbonyls, dicarbonyls, and hydroxycarbonyls in indoor air

2009-08-18

Armin Wisthaler , Charles J. Weschler

This study has used proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for direct air analyses of volatile products resulting from the reactions of ozone with human skin lipids. An initial series of … This study has used proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for direct air analyses of volatile products resulting from the reactions of ozone with human skin lipids. An initial series of small-scale in vitro and in vivo experiments were followed by experiments conducted with human subjects in a simulated office. The latter were conducted using realistic ozone mixing ratios (≈15 ppb with occupants present). Detected products included mono- and bifunctional compounds that contain carbonyl, carboxyl, or α -hydroxy ketone groups. Among these, three previously unreported dicarbonyls have been identified, and two previously unreported α -hydroxy ketones have been tentatively identified. The compounds detected in this study (excepting acetone) have been overlooked in surveys of indoor pollutants, reflecting the limitations of the analytical methods routinely used to monitor indoor air. The results are fully consistent with the Criegee mechanism for ozone reacting with squalene, the single most abundant unsaturated constituent of skin lipids, and several unsaturated fatty acid moieties in their free or esterified forms. Quantitative product analysis confirms that squalene is the major scavenger of ozone at the interface between room air and the human envelope. Reactions between ozone and human skin lipids reduce the mixing ratio of ozone in indoor air, but concomitantly increase the mixing ratios of volatile products and, presumably, skin surface concentrations of less volatile products. Some of the volatile products, especially the dicarbonyls, may be respiratory irritants. Some of the less volatile products may be skin irritants.

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The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—a review

2004-03-20

Alan M. Jones , Roy M. Harrison

Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy

2000-09-01

Von Mutius , Braun‐Fahrländer , Schierl +5 more

Background Several recent studies have shown that growing up on a farm confers significant protection against the development of atopy. These findings point particularly towards the importance of exposure to … Background Several recent studies have shown that growing up on a farm confers significant protection against the development of atopy. These findings point particularly towards the importance of exposure to stable dust and farm animals. It has furthermore been reported that endotoxin, an intrinsic part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, is abundant in environments where livestock and poultry is kept. The aim of this study was therefore to measure the level of environmental endotoxin exposure in homes of farmers' children, children with regular contact to livestock and control children with no contact to farm animals. Methods Eighty‐four farming and nonfarming families were identified in rural areas in Southern Germany and Switzerland. Samples of settled and airborne dust were collected in stables, and of settled dust indoors from kitchen floors and the children's mattresses. Endotoxin concentrations were determined by a kinetic Limulus assay. Results Endotoxin concentrations were highest in stables of farming families, but were also significantly higher indoors in dust from kitchen floors (143 EU/mg vs 39 EU/mg, P < 0.001) and children's mattresses (49479 EU/m 2 vs 9383 EU/m 2 , P < 0.001) as compared to control children from nonfarming families. In addition, endotoxin levels were also significantly higher in mattresses and dust from kitchen floors in households where children had regular contact to farm animals (38.6 EU/mg and 23340 EU/m 2 , respectively) as compared to control subjects. Conclusion We propose that the level of environmental exposure to endotoxin and other bacterial wall components is an important protective determinant for the development of atopic diseases in childhood.

Odor Thresholds and Irritation Levels of Several Chemical Substances: A Review

1986-03-01

JON H. RUTH

A collation of odor threshold data for approximately 450 chemical substances is presented. The range of odor thresholds reported in the literature is shown along with any reported threshold of … A collation of odor threshold data for approximately 450 chemical substances is presented. The range of odor thresholds reported in the literature is shown along with any reported threshold of irritation to humans. These data can assist the industrial hygienist in determining when an "odor" may be in excess of the Threshold Limit Value®, when an organic vapor respirator is not acceptable due to the lack of an odor warning at the end of a cartridge life, and where odors may not indicate a hazard due to extremely low odor thresholds which may be well below the respective TLVs.

Seasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphere

1993-09-01

Kimitaka Kawamura , Kouichi Ikushima

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphereKimitaka Kawamura and Kouichi IkushimaCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 10, 2227–2235Publication Date (Print):September 1, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphereKimitaka Kawamura and Kouichi IkushimaCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 10, 2227–2235Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00047a033https://doi.org/10.1021/es00047a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1687Altmetric-Citations526LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Human reactions to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds

1986-01-01

Lars Mølhave , B. Bach , Ole F. Pedersen

Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.

1986-03-01

Anthony Arundel , E. Sterling , Judith H. Biggin +1 more

A review of the health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments suggests that relative humidity can affect the incidence of respiratory infections and allergies. Experimental studies on airborne-transmitted infectious … A review of the health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments suggests that relative humidity can affect the incidence of respiratory infections and allergies. Experimental studies on airborne-transmitted infectious bacteria and viruses have shown that the survival or infectivity of these organisms is minimized by exposure to relative humidities between 40 and 70%. Nine epidemiological studies examined the relationship between the number of respiratory infections or absenteeism and the relative humidity of the office, residence, or school. The incidence of absenteeism or respiratory infections was found to be lower among people working or living in environments with mid-range versus low or high relative humidities. The indoor size of allergenic mite and fungal populations is directly dependent upon the relative humidity. Mite populations are minimized when the relative humidity is below 50% and reach a maximum size at 80% relative humidity. Most species of fungi cannot grow unless the relative humidity exceeds 60%. Relative humidity also affects the rate of offgassing of formaldehyde from indoor building materials, the rate of formation of acids and salts from sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, and the rate of formation of ozone. The influence of relative humidity on the abundance of allergens, pathogens, and noxious chemicals suggests that indoor relative humidity levels should be considered as a factor of indoor air quality. The majority of adverse health effects caused by relative humidity would be minimized by maintaining indoor levels between 40 and 60%. This would require humidification during winter in areas with cold winter climates. Humidification should preferably use evaporative or steam humidifiers, as cool mist humidifiers can disseminate aerosols contaminated with allergens.

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The collison nebulizer: Description, performance and application

1973-05-01

K. R. May

Isolation and identification of the irradiation product of thymine

1960-07-01

R. Beukers , W. Berends

Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria

2012-04-18

Denina Hospodsky , Jing Qian , William W. Nazaroff +4 more

Exposure to specific airborne bacteria indoors is linked to infectious and noninfectious adverse health outcomes. However, the sources and origins of bacteria suspended in indoor air are not well understood. … Exposure to specific airborne bacteria indoors is linked to infectious and noninfectious adverse health outcomes. However, the sources and origins of bacteria suspended in indoor air are not well understood. This study presents evidence for elevated concentrations of indoor airborne bacteria due to human occupancy, and investigates the sources of these bacteria. Samples were collected in a university classroom while occupied and when vacant. The total particle mass concentration, bacterial genome concentration, and bacterial phylogenetic populations were characterized in indoor, outdoor, and ventilation duct supply air, as well as in the dust of ventilation system filters and in floor dust. Occupancy increased the total aerosol mass and bacterial genome concentration in indoor air PM(10) and PM(2.5) size fractions, with an increase of nearly two orders of magnitude in airborne bacterial genome concentration in PM(10). On a per mass basis, floor dust was enriched in bacterial genomes compared to airborne particles. Quantitative comparisons between bacterial populations in indoor air and potential sources suggest that resuspended floor dust is an important contributor to bacterial aerosol populations during occupancy. Experiments that controlled for resuspension from the floor implies that direct human shedding may also significantly impact the concentration of indoor airborne particles. The high content of bacteria specific to the skin, nostrils, and hair of humans found in indoor air and in floor dust indicates that floors are an important reservoir of human-associated bacteria, and that the direct particle shedding of desquamated skin cells and their subsequent resuspension strongly influenced the airborne bacteria population structure in this human-occupied environment. Inhalation exposure to microbes shed by other current or previous human occupants may occur in communal indoor environments.

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Respiratory and Allergic Health Effects of Dampness, Mold, and Dampness-Related Agents: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence

2011-01-26

Mark J. Mendell , Anna G. Mirer , Kerry Cheung +2 more

ObjectivesMany studies have shown consistent associations between evident indoor dampness or mold and respiratory or allergic health effects, but causal links remain unclear. Findings on measured microbiologic factors have received … ObjectivesMany studies have shown consistent associations between evident indoor dampness or mold and respiratory or allergic health effects, but causal links remain unclear. Findings on measured microbiologic factors have received little review. We conducted an updated, comprehensive review on these topics.Data sourcesWe reviewed eligible peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies or quantitative meta-analyses, up to late 2009, on dampness, mold, or other microbiologic agents and respiratory or allergic effects.Data extractionWe evaluated evidence for causation or association between qualitative/subjective assessments of dampness or mold (considered together) and specific health outcomes. We separately considered evidence for associations between specific quantitative measurements of microbiologic factors and each health outcome.Data synthesisEvidence from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses showed indoor dampness or mold to be associated consistently with increased asthma development and exacerbation, current and ever diagnosis of asthma, dyspnea, wheeze, cough, respiratory infections, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and upper respiratory tract symptoms. Associations were found in allergic and nonallergic individuals. Evidence strongly suggested causation of asthma exacerbation in children. Suggestive evidence was available for only a few specific measured microbiologic factors and was in part equivocal, suggesting both adverse and protective associations with health.ConclusionsEvident dampness or mold had consistent positive associations with multiple allergic and respiratory effects. Measured microbiologic agents in dust had limited suggestive associations, including both positive and negative associations for some agents. Thus, prevention and remediation of indoor dampness and mold are likely to reduce health risks, but current evidence does not support measuring specific indoor microbiologic factors to guide health-protective actions.

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On the history of indoor air quality and health

2004-08-01

Jan Sundell

Indoor air is a dominant exposure for humans. More that half of the body's intake during a lifetime is air inhaled in the home. Thus, most illnesses related to environmental … Indoor air is a dominant exposure for humans. More that half of the body's intake during a lifetime is air inhaled in the home. Thus, most illnesses related to environmental exposures stem from indoor air exposure. Indoor air was believed to be a major environmental factor for more than a hundred years, from the start of the hygienic revolution, around 1850, until outdoor environmental issues entered the scene, and became dominant around 1960. Main environmental issues today are outdoor air quality, energy use, and sustainable buildings, but not indoor air quality (IAQ). But, there is mounting evidence that exposure to IAQ is the cause of excessive morbidity and mortality. In developing regions indoor unvented burning of biomass for cooking is the cause of at least 2,000,000 deaths a year (mainly women and children), and in the developed world IAQ is a main cause of allergies, other hypersensitivity reactions, airway infections, and cancers. Cancer of the lungs is related to indoor radon and ETS exposure. Allergies, airway infections and sick building syndrome are associated with, e.g., "dampness", a low ventilation rate, and plasticizers. In the future more emphasis must be given to IAQ and health issues.Indoor air quality plays a major role with regard to public health. The main problems are in the developing countries with the indoor burning of biomass for cooking and heating. The solution is a stove with a chimney. In developed regions, good ventilation, getting rid of "dampness" problems, and adequate testing of new building materials would reduce morbidity and mortality.

Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment

2010-01-12

Tunga Salthammer , Sibel Menteşe , R. Marutzky

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTFormaldehyde in the Indoor EnvironmentTunga Salthammer*†, Sibel Mentese‡, and Rainer Marutzky†View Author Information Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, and … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTFormaldehyde in the Indoor EnvironmentTunga Salthammer*†, Sibel Mentese‡, and Rainer Marutzky†View Author Information Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, and Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey* Author for correspondence. Address: Fraunhofer-Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany. Phone: +49-531-2155-350. Fax: +49-531-2155-905. E-mail: [email protected]†Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI).‡Hacettepe University.Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 4, 2536–2572Publication Date (Web):January 12, 2010Publication History Received4 June 2008Published online12 January 2010Published inissue 14 April 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr800399ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr800399greview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn MoreArticle Views46130Altmetric-Citations1289LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Atmospheric chemistry,Computer simulations,Materials,Wood Get e-Alerts

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Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho

2004-08-25

Derek G. Shendell , R.J. Prill , William J. Fisk +3 more

Student attendance in American public schools is a critical factor in securing limited operational funding. Student and teacher attendance influence academic performance. Limited data exist on indoor air and environmental … Student attendance in American public schools is a critical factor in securing limited operational funding. Student and teacher attendance influence academic performance. Limited data exist on indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ) in schools, and how IEQ affects attendance, health, or performance. This study explored the association of student absence with measures of indoor minus outdoor carbon dioxide concentration (dCO(2)). Absence and dCO(2) data were collected from 409 traditional and 25 portable classrooms from 22 schools located in six school districts in the states of Washington and Idaho. Study classrooms had individual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, except two classrooms without mechanical ventilation. Classroom attributes, student attendance and school-level ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) were included in multivariate modeling. Forty-five percent of classrooms studied had short-term indoor CO(2) concentrations above 1000 p.p.m. A 1000 p.p.m. increase in dCO(2) was associated (P < 0.05) with a 0.5-0.9% decrease in annual average daily attendance (ADA), corresponding to a relative 10-20% increase in student absence. Annual ADA was 2% higher (P < 0.0001) in traditional than in portable classrooms.This study provides motivation for larger school studies to investigate associations of student attendance, and occupant health and student performance, with longer term indoor minus outdoor CO(2) concentrations and more accurately measured ventilation rates. If our findings are confirmed, improving classroom ventilation should be considered a practical means of reducing student absence. Adequate or enhanced ventilation may be achieved, for example, with educational training programs for teachers and facilities staff on ventilation system operation and maintenance. Also, technological interventions such as improved automated control systems could provide continuous ventilation during occupied times, regardless of occupant thermal comfort demands.

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Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores

2009-08-26

Vishukumar Aimanianda , Jagadeesh Bayry , Silvia Bozza +7 more

Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: an analysis of existing information

2003-02-28

Joan M. Daisey , William J. Angell , Michael G. Apte

Abstract We reviewed the literature on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), ventilation, and building-related health problems in schools and identified commonly reported building-related health symptoms involving schools until 1999. We collected … Abstract We reviewed the literature on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), ventilation, and building-related health problems in schools and identified commonly reported building-related health symptoms involving schools until 1999. We collected existing data on ventilation rates, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and symptom-relevant indoor air contaminants, and evaluated information on causal relationships between pollutant exposures and health symptoms. Reported ventilation and CO2 data strongly indicate that ventilation is inadequate in many classrooms, possibly leading to health symptoms. Adequate ventilation should be a major focus of design or remediation efforts. Total volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde (HCHO) and microbiological contaminants are reported. Low HCHO concentrations were unlikely to cause acute irritant symptoms (<0.05 ppm), but possibly increased risks for allergen sensitivities, chronic irritation, and cancer. Reported microbiological contaminants included allergens in deposited dust, fungi, and bacteria. Levels of specific allergens were sufficient to cause symptoms in allergic occupants. Measurements of airborne bacteria and airborne and surface fungal spores were reported in schoolrooms. Asthma and ‘sick building syndrome’ symptoms are commonly reported. The few studies investigating causal relationships between health symptoms and exposures to specific pollutants suggest that such symptoms in schools are related to exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), molds and microbial VOCs, and allergens.

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Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children

1998-04-01

Garrett , Rayment , Hooper +1 more

Background Children living in a damp house are more likely to suffer from respiratory symptoms and it has been suggested that exposure to fungi is an important contributing factor. However, … Background Children living in a damp house are more likely to suffer from respiratory symptoms and it has been suggested that exposure to fungi is an important contributing factor. However, more knowledge about underlying mechanisms for the association are needed. Objective To identify associations between measures of house dampness, levels of airborne fungal spores, housing factors and health outcomes in children. Methods Eighty households with 148 children between 7 and 14 years of age were recruited in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia. Some 36% of participating children were asthmatic. Six sampling visits were made to each house between March 1994 and February 1995 on a 2‐monthly cycle. Samples for airborne total and viable fungal spores were collected from bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens and outdoors. A detailed dwelling characterization, using a questionnaire and inspection surveys, was carried out. Skin‐prick tests were performed with extracts of common aeroallergens and a respiratory questionnaire was completed for each child. Results Large airborne fungal spore concentrations were recorded in association with: musty odour, water intrusion, high indoor humidity, limited ventilation through open windows, few extractor fans and failure to remove indoor mould growth. Visible mould growth or condensation evidence was associated with large concentrationsof Cladosporium spores, but not with large total spore concentrations. Penicillium exposure was a risk factor for asthma, while Aspergillus exposure was a risk factor for atopy. Fungal allergies were more common among children exposed to Cladosporium or Penicillium in winter or to musty odour. Respiratory symptoms were marginally more common with exposure to Cladosporium or total spores in winter. Conclusion Indoor exposure to certain fungal genera in winter was a risk factor for asthma, atopy and respiratory symptoms in children. On the other hand, no significant associations were seen between average viable or total spore concentrations and child health. Actual measurements of fungal spores predict health outcomes better than reported dampness.

The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents

2009-09-22

Julian W. Tang

The successful transmission of infection via the airborne route relies on several factors, including the survival of the airborne pathogen in the environment as it travels between susceptible hosts. This … The successful transmission of infection via the airborne route relies on several factors, including the survival of the airborne pathogen in the environment as it travels between susceptible hosts. This review summarizes the various environmental factors (particularly temperature and relative humidity) that may affect the airborne survival of viruses, bacteria and fungi, with the aim of highlighting specific aspects of environmental control that may eventually enhance the aerosol or airborne infection control of infectious disease transmission within hospitals.

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Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature

2005-01-01

Mark J. Mendell , Garvin Heath

To assess whether school environments can adversely affect academic performance, we review scientific evidence relating indoor pollutants and thermal conditions, in schools or other indoor environments, to human performance or … To assess whether school environments can adversely affect academic performance, we review scientific evidence relating indoor pollutants and thermal conditions, in schools or other indoor environments, to human performance or attendance. We critically review evidence for direct associations between these aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and performance or attendance. Secondarily, we summarize, without critique, evidence on indirect connections potentially linking IEQ to performance or attendance. Regarding direct associations, little strongly designed research was available. Persuasive evidence links higher indoor concentrations of NO(2) to reduced school attendance, and suggestive evidence links low ventilation rates to reduced performance. Regarding indirect associations, many studies link indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants (primarily in homes) to asthma exacerbations and respiratory infections, which in turn have been related to reduced performance and attendance. Also, much evidence links poor IEQ (e.g. low ventilation rate, excess moisture, or formaldehyde) with adverse health effects in children and adults and documents dampness problems and inadequate ventilation as common in schools. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools is common and adversely influences the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Evidence is available to justify (i) immediate actions to assess and improve IEQ in schools and (ii) focused research to guide IEQ improvements in schools.There is more justification now for improving IEQ in schools to reduce health risks to students than to reduce performance or attendance risks. However, as IEQ-performance links are likely to operate largely through effects of IEQ on health, IEQ improvements that benefit the health of students are likely to have performance and attendance benefits as well. Immediate actions are warranted in schools to prevent dampness problems, inadequate ventilation, and excess indoor exposures to substances such as NO(2) and formaldehyde. Also, siting of new schools in areas with lower outdoor pollutant levels is preferable.

Bioaerosol Health Effects and Exposure Assessment: Progress and Prospects

2003-03-15

Jeroen Douwes , Peter S. Thorne , Neil Pearce +1 more

Exposures to bioaerosols in the occupational environment are associated with a wide range of health effects with major public health impact, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies and cancer. … Exposures to bioaerosols in the occupational environment are associated with a wide range of health effects with major public health impact, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies and cancer. Respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment are the most widely studied and probably among the most important bioaerosol-associated health effects. In addition to these adverse health effects some protective effects of microbial exposure on atopy and atopic conditions has also been suggested. New industrial activities have emerged in recent years in which exposures to bioaerosols can be abundant, e.g. the waste recycling and composting industry, biotechnology industries producing highly purified enzymes and the detergent and food industries that make use of these enzymes. Dose-response relationships have not been established for most biological agents and knowledge about threshold values is sparse. Exposure limits are available for some contaminants, e.g. wood dust, subtilisins (bacterial enzymes) and flour dust. Exposure limits for bacterial endotoxin have been proposed. Risk assessment is seriously hampered by the lack of valid quantitative exposure assessment methods. Traditional culture methods to quantify microbial exposures have proven to be of limited use. Non-culture methods and assessment methods for microbial constituents [e.g. allergens, endotoxin, beta(1-->3)-glucans, fungal extracellular polysaccharides] appear more successful; however, experience with these methods is generally limited. Therefore, more research is needed to establish better exposure assessment tools and validate newly developed methods. Other important areas that require further research include: potential protective effects of microbial exposures on atopy and atopic diseases, inter-individual susceptibility for biological exposures, interactions of bioaerosols with non-biological agents and other potential health effects such as skin and neurological conditions and birth effects.

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Profiles of Airborne Fungi in Buildings and Outdoor Environments in the United States

2002-04-01

Brian G. Shelton , Kimberly H. Kirkland , W. Dana Flanders +1 more

ABSTRACT We examined 12,026 fungal air samples (9,619 indoor samples and 2,407 outdoor samples) from 1,717 buildings located across the United States; these samples were collected during indoor air quality … ABSTRACT We examined 12,026 fungal air samples (9,619 indoor samples and 2,407 outdoor samples) from 1,717 buildings located across the United States; these samples were collected during indoor air quality investigations performed from 1996 to 1998. For all buildings, both indoor and outdoor air samples were collected with an Andersen N6 sampler. The culturable airborne fungal concentrations in indoor air were lower than those in outdoor air. The fungal levels were highest in the fall and summer and lowest in the winter and spring. Geographically, the highest fungal levels were found in the Southwest, Far West, and Southeast. The most common culturable airborne fungi, both indoors and outdoors and in all seasons and regions, were Cladosporium , Penicillium , nonsporulating fungi, and Aspergillus. Stachybotrys chartarum was identified in the indoor air in 6% of the buildings studied and in the outdoor air of 1% of the buildings studied. This study provides industrial hygienists, allergists, and other public health practitioners with comparative information on common culturable airborne fungi in the United States. This is the largest study of airborne indoor and outdoor fungal species and concentrations conducted with a standardized protocol to date.

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Sick-building syndrome

1997-04-01

Carrie A. Redlich , Judy Sparer , Mark R. Cullen

Sick-building syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly common problem. Although objective physiological abnormalities are not generally found and permanent sequelae are rare, the symptoms of SBS can be uncomfortable, even disabling, … Sick-building syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly common problem. Although objective physiological abnormalities are not generally found and permanent sequelae are rare, the symptoms of SBS can be uncomfortable, even disabling, and whole workplaces can be rendered non-functional. In assessment of patients with SBS complaints, specific buildingrelated illnesses suggested by history or physical examination should be ruled out. On-site assessment of buildings is extremely useful. Treatment involves both the patient and the building. Whenever possible, changes such as ventilation improvements and reduction of sources of environmental contamination should be initiated even if specific aetiological agents have not been identified.

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Cancer risk of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods: an analysis and implications for research

1995-01-01

David Layton , Kenneth T. Bogen , Mark G. Knize +3 more

Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed as pyrolysis products during the cooking of meats/fish. These substances are potent mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella assay and are also carcinogens in laboratory animals. In … Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed as pyrolysis products during the cooking of meats/fish. These substances are potent mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella assay and are also carcinogens in laboratory animals. In order to assess the magnitude of the cancer risk posed by their presence in the US diet, we estimated the average intakes of HAs, based on analyses of the concentrations of HAs in cooked foods and data from a dietary survey of the US population and quantified the cancer potencies of the individual compounds using dose–response data from animal bioassays. Measured concentrations of HAs in cooked foods were taken from a major review of the open literature. Only those concentrations that were associated with normal cooking conditions were chosen for use in estimating dietary intakes. The average consumption of HA-bearing foods was determined by analyzing statistically the intakes of 3563 individuals who provided 3 day dietary records in a USDA sponsored random survey of the US population during 1989. Dietary intakes of the five principal HAs in descending order were 2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) > 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) > 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MelQx) > 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyllmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxa-line (DiMeIQx) > 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). The carcinogenic potencies, in contrast, were almost the reverse order: IQ > DiMeIQx > MeIQx > PhIP > AαC. An upper-bound estimate of the incremental cancer risk is 1.1×10−4, using cancer potencies based on a body surface area basis. Nearly half (46%) of the incremental risk was due to ingestion of PhIP. Consumption of meat and fish products contributed the most (˜80%) to total risk.

Indoor residential chemical emissions as risk factors for respiratory and allergic effects in children: a review

2007-06-11

Mark J. Mendell

Abstract Abstract Most research into effects of residential exposures on respiratory health has focused on allergens, moisture/mold, endotoxin, or combustion products. A growing body of research from outside the US; … Abstract Abstract Most research into effects of residential exposures on respiratory health has focused on allergens, moisture/mold, endotoxin, or combustion products. A growing body of research from outside the US; however, has associated chemical emissions from common indoor materials with risk of asthma, allergies, and pulmonary infections. This review summarizes 21 studies in the epidemiologic literature on associations between indoor residential chemical emissions, or emission-related materials or activities, and respiratory health or allergy in infants or children. Associations, some strong, were reported between many risk factors and respiratory or allergic effects. Risk factors identified most frequently included formaldehyde or particleboard, phthalates or plastic materials, and recent painting. Findings for other risk factors, such as aromatic and aliphatic chemical compounds, were limited but suggestive. Elevated risks were also reported for renovation and cleaning activities, new furniture, and carpets or textile wallpaper. Reviewed studies were entirely observational, limited in size, and variable in quality, and specific risk factors identified may only be indicators for correlated, truly causal exposures. Nevertheless, overall evidence suggests a new class of residential risk factors for adverse respiratory effects, ubiquitous in modern residences, and distinct from those currently recognized. It is important to confirm and quantify any risks, to motivate and guide necessary preventive actions.

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Impact of Temperature and Humidity on the Perception of Indoor Air Quality

1998-06-01

Lei Fang , Geo Clausen , Povl Ole Fanger

Abstract Sensory responses to clean air and air polluted by five building materials under different combinations of temperature and humidity in the ranges 18-28°C and 30-70%RH were studied in the … Abstract Sensory responses to clean air and air polluted by five building materials under different combinations of temperature and humidity in the ranges 18-28°C and 30-70%RH were studied in the laboratory. A specially designed test system was built and a set of experiments was designed to observe separately the impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality/odour intensity, and on the emission of pollutants from the materials. This paper reports on the impact on perception. The odour intensity of air did not change significantly with temperature and humidity; however, a strong and significant impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality was found. The air was perceived as less acceptable with increasing temperature and humidity. This impact decreased with an increasing level of air pollution. Significant linear correlations were found between acceptability and enthalpy of the air at all pollution levels tested, and a linear model was established to describe the dependence of perceived air quality on temperature and humidity at different pollution levels.

Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications

2013-01-28

Natasha DeLeón-Rodriguez , T. L. Lathem , Luis M. Rodriguez‐R +7 more

The composition and prevalence of microorganisms in the middle-to-upper troposphere (8–15 km altitude) and their role in aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions represent important, unresolved questions for biological and atmospheric science. In particular, … The composition and prevalence of microorganisms in the middle-to-upper troposphere (8–15 km altitude) and their role in aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions represent important, unresolved questions for biological and atmospheric science. In particular, airborne microorganisms above the oceans remain essentially uncharacterized, as most work to date is restricted to samples taken near the Earth’s surface. Here we report on the microbiome of low- and high-altitude air masses sampled onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration DC-8 platform during the 2010 Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes campaign in the Caribbean Sea. The samples were collected in cloudy and cloud-free air masses before, during, and after two major tropical hurricanes, Earl and Karl. Quantitative PCR and microscopy revealed that viable bacterial cells represented on average around 20% of the total particles in the 0.25- to 1-μm diameter range and were at least an order of magnitude more abundant than fungal cells, suggesting that bacteria represent an important and underestimated fraction of micrometer-sized atmospheric aerosols. The samples from the two hurricanes were characterized by significantly different bacterial communities, revealing that hurricanes aerosolize a large amount of new cells. Nonetheless, 17 bacterial taxa, including taxa that are known to use C1–C4 carbon compounds present in the atmosphere, were found in all samples, indicating that these organisms possess traits that allow survival in the troposphere. The findings presented here suggest that the microbiome is a dynamic and underappreciated aspect of the upper troposphere with potentially important impacts on the hydrological cycle, clouds, and climate.

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Daily time spent indoors in German homes – Baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants

2005-07-01

Sabine Brasche , W. Bischof

Dispersal in microbes: fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances

2013-02-21

Rachel I. Adams , Marzia Miletto , John W. Taylor +1 more

Abstract The indoor microbiome is a complex system that is thought to depend on dispersal from the outdoor biome and the occupants’ microbiome combined with selective pressures imposed by the … Abstract The indoor microbiome is a complex system that is thought to depend on dispersal from the outdoor biome and the occupants’ microbiome combined with selective pressures imposed by the occupants’ behaviors and the building itself. We set out to determine the pattern of fungal diversity and composition in indoor air on a local scale and to identify processes behind that pattern. We surveyed airborne fungal assemblages within 1-month time periods at two seasons, with high replication, indoors and outdoors, within and across standardized residences at a university housing facility. Fungal assemblages indoors were diverse and strongly determined by dispersal from outdoors, and no fungal taxa were found as indicators of indoor air. There was a seasonal effect on the fungi found in both indoor and outdoor air, and quantitatively more fungal biomass was detected outdoors than indoors. A strong signal of isolation by distance existed in both outdoor and indoor airborne fungal assemblages, despite the small geographic scale in which this study was undertaken (&lt;500 m). Moreover, room and occupant behavior had no detectable effect on the fungi found in indoor air. These results show that at the local level, outdoor air fungi dominate the patterning of indoor air. More broadly, they provide additional support for the growing evidence that dispersal limitation, even on small geographic scales, is a key process in structuring the often-observed distance–decay biogeographic pattern in microbial communities.

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Fungal Fragments as Indoor Air Biocontaminants

2002-07-01

Rafał L. Górny , Tiina Reponen , Klaus Willeke +4 more

The aerosolization process of fungal propagules of three species (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium melinii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) was studied by using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. We discovered that … The aerosolization process of fungal propagules of three species (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium melinii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) was studied by using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. We discovered that fungal fragments are aerosolized simultaneously with spores from contaminated agar and ceiling tile surfaces. Concentration measurements with an optical particle counter showed that the fragments are released in higher numbers (up to 320 times) than the spores. The release of fungal propagules varied depending on the fungal species, the air velocity above the contaminated surface, and the texture and vibration of the contaminated material. In contrast to spores, the release of fragments from smooth surfaces was not affected by air velocity, indicating a different release mechanism. Correlation analysis showed that the number of released fragments cannot be predicted on the basis of the number of spores. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with monoclonal antibodies produced against Aspergillus and Penicillium fungal species showed that fragments and spores share common antigens, which not only confirmed the fungal origin of the fragments but also established their potential biological relevance. The considerable immunological reactivity, the high number, and the small particle size of the fungal fragments may contribute to human health effects that have been detected in buildings with mold problems but had no scientific explanation until now. This study suggests that future fungal spore investigations in buildings with mold problems should include the quantitation of fungal fragments.

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High diversity of fungi in air particulate matter

2009-07-18

Janine Fröhlich‐Nowoisky , Daniel A. Pickersgill , Viviane R. Després +1 more

Fungal spores can account for large proportions of air particulate matter, and they may potentially influence the hydrological cycle and climate as nuclei for water droplets and ice crystals in … Fungal spores can account for large proportions of air particulate matter, and they may potentially influence the hydrological cycle and climate as nuclei for water droplets and ice crystals in clouds, fog, and precipitation. Moreover, some fungi are major pathogens and allergens. The diversity of airborne fungi is, however, not well-known. By DNA analysis we found pronounced differences in the relative abundance and seasonal cycles of various groups of fungi in coarse and fine particulate matter, with more plant pathogens in the coarse fraction and more human pathogens and allergens in the respirable fine particle fraction (<3 μm). Moreover, the ratio of Basidiomycota to Ascomycota was found to be much higher than previously assumed, which might also apply to the biosphere.

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Dampness in Buildings and Health

2001-06-01

Carl‐Gustaf Bornehag , Göran Blomquist , Finn Gyntelberg +6 more

Abstract Abstract Several epidemiological investigations concerning indoor environments have indicated that “dampness” in buildings is associated to health effects such as respiratory symptoms, asthma and allergy. The aim of the … Abstract Abstract Several epidemiological investigations concerning indoor environments have indicated that “dampness” in buildings is associated to health effects such as respiratory symptoms, asthma and allergy. The aim of the present interdisciplinary review is to evaluate this association as shown in the epidemiological literature. A literature search identified 590 peer-reviewed articles of which 61 have been the foundation for this review. The review shows that “dampness” in buildings appears to increase the risk for health effects in the airways, such as cough, wheeze and asthma. Relative risks are in the range of OR 1.4–2.2. There also seems to be an association between “dampness” and other symptoms such as tiredness, headache and airways infections. It is concluded that the evidence for a causal association between “dampness” and health effects is strong. However, the mechanisms are unknown. Several definitions of dampness have been used in the studies, but all seems to be associated with health problems. Sensitisation to mites may be one but obviously not the only mechanism. Even if the mechanisms are unknown, there is sufficient evidence to take preventive measures against dampness in buildings.

High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain

2013-07-01

J. A. Huffman , A. J. Prenni , Paul J. DeMott +7 more

Abstract. Bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the climate system, but their atmospheric abundance, properties, and sources are not well understood. Here we … Abstract. Bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the climate system, but their atmospheric abundance, properties, and sources are not well understood. Here we show that the concentration of airborne biological particles in a North American forest ecosystem increases significantly during rain and that bioparticles are closely correlated with atmospheric ice nuclei (IN). The greatest increase of bioparticles and IN occurred in the size range of 2–6 μm, which is characteristic for bacterial aggregates and fungal spores. By DNA analysis we found high diversities of airborne bacteria and fungi, including groups containing human and plant pathogens (mildew, smut and rust fungi, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae). In addition to detecting known bacterial and fungal IN (Pseudomonas sp., Fusarium sporotrichioides), we discovered two species of IN-active fungi that were not previously known as biological ice nucleators (Isaria farinosa and Acremonium implicatum). Our findings suggest that atmospheric bioaerosols, IN, and rainfall are more tightly coupled than previously assumed.

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Architectural design influences the diversity and structure of the built environment microbiome

2012-01-26

Steven W. Kembel , Evan Jones , Jeff Kline +6 more

Abstract Buildings are complex ecosystems that house trillions of microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans and with their environment. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the diversity … Abstract Buildings are complex ecosystems that house trillions of microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans and with their environment. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the diversity and composition of the built environment microbiome—the community of microorganisms that live indoors—is important for understanding the relationship between building design, biodiversity and human health. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to quantify relationships between building attributes and airborne bacterial communities at a health-care facility. We quantified airborne bacterial community structure and environmental conditions in patient rooms exposed to mechanical or window ventilation and in outdoor air. The phylogenetic diversity of airborne bacterial communities was lower indoors than outdoors, and mechanically ventilated rooms contained less diverse microbial communities than did window-ventilated rooms. Bacterial communities in indoor environments contained many taxa that are absent or rare outdoors, including taxa closely related to potential human pathogens. Building attributes, specifically the source of ventilation air, airflow rates, relative humidity and temperature, were correlated with the diversity and composition of indoor bacterial communities. The relative abundance of bacteria closely related to human pathogens was higher indoors than outdoors, and higher in rooms with lower airflow rates and lower relative humidity. The observed relationship between building design and airborne bacterial diversity suggests that we can manage indoor environments, altering through building design and operation the community of microbial species that potentially colonize the human microbiome during our time indoors.

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Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air - A Review

1994-06-01

Stephen K. Brown , Malcolm Sim , Michael J. Abramson +1 more

A review is presented of investigations of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in indoor air of buildings of different classifications (dwellings, offices, schools, hospitals) and categories (established, new and complaint … A review is presented of investigations of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in indoor air of buildings of different classifications (dwellings, offices, schools, hospitals) and categories (established, new and complaint buildings). Measured concentrations obtained from the published literature and from research in progress overseas were pooled so that VOC concentration profiles could be derived for each building classification/category. Mean concentrations of individual compounds in established buildings were found to be generally below 50 μg/m3, with most below 5 μg/m3. Concentrations in new buildings were much greater, often by an order of magnitude or more, and appeared to arise from construction materials and building contents. The nature of these sources and approaches to reduce indoor air concentrations by limiting source VOC emissions is discussed. Total VOC (TVOC) concentrations were substantially higher than concentrations of any individual VOCs in all situations, reflecting the large number of compounds present, but interpretation of such measurements was limited by the lack of a common definition for TVOC relevant to occupant exposure.

Urban aerosols harbor diverse and dynamic bacterial populations

2006-12-21

Eoin Brodie , Todd Z. DeSantis , Jordan Moberg Parker +3 more

Considering the importance of its potential implications for human health, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem stability, surprisingly little is known regarding the composition or dynamics of the atmosphere's microbial inhabitants. Using … Considering the importance of its potential implications for human health, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem stability, surprisingly little is known regarding the composition or dynamics of the atmosphere's microbial inhabitants. Using a custom high-density DNA microarray, we detected and monitored bacterial populations in two U.S. cities over 17 weeks. These urban aerosols contained at least 1,800 diverse bacterial types, a richness approaching that of some soil bacterial communities. We also reveal the consistent presence of bacterial families with pathogenic members including environmental relatives of select agents of bioterrorism significance. Finally, using multivariate regression techniques, we demonstrate that temporal and meteorological influences can be stronger factors than location in shaping the biological composition of the air we breathe.

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AIRBORNE SPREAD OF MEASLES IN A SUBURBAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

1978-05-01

Edward C. Riley , Georgina Murphy , R. L. Riley

Journal Article AIRBORNE SPREAD OF MEASLES IN A SUBURBAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Get access E. C. RILEY, E. C. RILEY Address for reprints: E. C. Riley, M.D., Russell Rd., Pine Island, … Journal Article AIRBORNE SPREAD OF MEASLES IN A SUBURBAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Get access E. C. RILEY, E. C. RILEY Address for reprints: E. C. Riley, M.D., Russell Rd., Pine Island, Box 312AA, Route 8, Ft. Myers, FL 33901. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. MURPHY, G. MURPHY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. L. RILEY R. L. RILEY 1R. L. Riley Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public HealthBaltimore, MD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 107, Issue 5, May 1978, Pages 421–432, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560 Published: 01 May 1978 Article history Received: 08 June 1977 Accepted: 20 December 1977 Published: 01 May 1978

Studies of prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis among the residents in a densely cultivated area.

1987-04-01

T Ishizaki , K Koizumi , R Ikemori +2 more

Prevalence studies of Japanese cedar pollinosis in densely planted areas were performed using pollen counts, patient studies, and population surveys with questionnaires. The incidence of pollinosis was increased and appeared … Prevalence studies of Japanese cedar pollinosis in densely planted areas were performed using pollen counts, patient studies, and population surveys with questionnaires. The incidence of pollinosis was increased and appeared to be related to dispersed pollen, which resulted in high immunologic responses. Onset of symptoms was influenced by hereditary factors as well as pollution from automobile exhausts.

Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments

2015-10-26

Joseph G. Allen , Piers MacNaughton , Usha Satish +3 more

Background:The indoor built environment plays a critical role in our overall well-being because of both the amount of time we spend indoors (~90%) and the ability of buildings to positively … Background:The indoor built environment plays a critical role in our overall well-being because of both the amount of time we spend indoors (~90%) and the ability of buildings to positively or negatively influence our health. The advent of sustainable design or green building strategies reinvigorated questions regarding the specific factors in buildings that lead to optimized conditions for health and productivity.Objective:We simulated indoor environmental quality (IEQ) conditions in “Green” and “Conventional” buildings and evaluated the impacts on an objective measure of human performance: higher-order cognitive function.Methods:Twenty-four participants spent 6 full work days (0900–1700 hours) in an environmentally controlled office space, blinded to test conditions. On different days, they were exposed to IEQ conditions representative of Conventional [high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] and Green (low concentrations of VOCs) office buildings in the United States. Additional conditions simulated a Green building with a high outdoor air ventilation rate (labeled Green+) and artificially elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels independent of ventilation.Results:On average, cognitive scores were 61% higher on the Green building day and 101% higher on the two Green+ building days than on the Conventional building day (p < 0.0001). VOCs and CO2 were independently associated with cognitive scores.Conclusions:Cognitive function scores were significantly better under Green+ building conditions than in the Conventional building conditions for all nine functional domains. These findings have wide-ranging implications because this study was designed to reflect conditions that are commonly encountered every day in many indoor environments.Citation:Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD. 2016. Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: a controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environ Health Perspect 124:805–812; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037

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Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions

2016-08-10

Janine Fröhlich‐Nowoisky , Christopher J. Kampf , Bettina Weber +7 more

Aerosols of biological origin play a vital role in the Earth system, particularly in the interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, climate, and public health. Airborne bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, and other … Aerosols of biological origin play a vital role in the Earth system, particularly in the interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, climate, and public health. Airborne bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, and other bioparticles are essential for the reproduction and spread of organisms across various ecosystems, and they can cause or enhance human, animal, and plant diseases. Moreover, they can serve as nuclei for cloud droplets, ice crystals, and precipitation, thus influencing the hydrological cycle and climate. The sources, abundance, composition, and effects of biological aerosols and the atmospheric microbiome are, however, not yet well characterized and constitute a large gap in the scientific understanding of the interaction and co-evolution of life and climate in the Earth system. This review presents an overview of the state of bioaerosol research, highlights recent advances, and outlines future perspectives in terms of bioaerosol identification, characterization, transport, and transformation processes, as well as their interactions with climate, health, and ecosystems, focusing on the role bioaerosols play in the Earth system.

Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health

2017-09-20

Ki‐Hyun Kim , Ehsanul Kabir , Shamin Ara Jahan

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Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health – An overview

2018-02-01

Peder Wolkoff

There is a long-standing dispute about indoor air humidity and perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) and associated health effects. Complaints about sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways are generally … There is a long-standing dispute about indoor air humidity and perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) and associated health effects. Complaints about sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways are generally among top-two symptoms together with the perception "dry air" in office environments. This calls for an integrated analysis of indoor air humidity and eye and airway health effects. This overview has reviewed the literature about the effects of extended exposure to low humidity on perceived IAQ, sensory irritation symptoms in eyes and airways, work performance, sleep quality, virus survival, and voice disruption. Elevation of the indoor air humidity may positively impact perceived IAQ, eye symptomatology, and possibly work performance in the office environment; however, mice inhalation studies do not show exacerbation of sensory irritation in the airways by low humidity. Elevated humidified indoor air appears to reduce nasal symptoms in patients suffering from obstructive apnea syndrome, while no clear improvement on voice production has been identified, except for those with vocal fatigue. Both low and high RH, and perhaps even better absolute humidity (water vapor), favors transmission and survival of influenza virus in many studies, but the relationship between temperature, humidity, and the virus and aerosol dynamics is complex, which in the end depends on the individual virus type and its physical/chemical properties. Dry and humid air perception continues to be reported in offices and in residential areas, despite the IAQ parameter "dry air" (or "wet/humid air") is semantically misleading, because a sensory organ for humidity is non-existing in humans. This IAQ parameter appears to reflect different perceptions among other odor, dustiness, and possibly exacerbated by desiccation effect of low air humidity. It is salient to distinguish between indoor air humidity (relative or absolute) near the breathing and ocular zone and phenomena caused by moisture-damage of the building construction and emissions therefrom. Further, residential versus public environments should be considered as separate entities with different characteristics and demands of humidity. Research is needed about particle, bacteria and virus dynamics indoors for improvement of quality of life and with more focus on the impact of absolute humidity. "Dry (or wet) air" should be redefined to become a meaningful IAQ descriptor.

The manipulation of air- sensitive compounds.

1969-01-01

R.G. Cunninghame

The manipulation of air-sensitive compounds

1987-04-01

Janice Smith

A state–of–the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for indoor air pollution control

2020-09-17

Javier González-Martín , N.J.R. Kraakman , Cristina Pérez +2 more

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Environmental factors associated with indoor microbial aerosols in residential apartments in Ibadan, Nigeria

2025-06-25

Adekunle Fakunle , Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle , Johnson Oluwaseun Ogundare +2 more | Indoor and Built Environment

Despite the health outcomes associated with exposure to indoor microbial aerosols, the environmental factors contributing to indoor microbial proliferation in residential environments have not been extensively investigated. This study assessed … Despite the health outcomes associated with exposure to indoor microbial aerosols, the environmental factors contributing to indoor microbial proliferation in residential environments have not been extensively investigated. This study assessed factors associated with indoor bacterial and fungal aerosols in residential apartments within Ibadan, Nigeria. A 12-month survey on housing characteristics and estimation of indoor bacterial and fungal aerosols was carried out in a sample of 356 residential apartments in Ibadan using a standardized home walkthrough checklist and an indoor sampling method. Indoor levels of microbial concentration, total bacterial count, total fungal count, richness ( R ) and Simpson diversity ( D ) were assessed and categorized as either high (>median) or low (≤median) exposures. The results showed that occupant density (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.05; aOR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.02–1.06; aOR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.02–1.06), leaking roofs (aOR = 2.51, 95%CI = 1.52–4.27; aOR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.13–2.88; aOR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.17–2.97) and visible dampness (aOR = 4.67, 95%CI = 2.21–10.34; aOR = 4.37, 95%CI = 2.22–8.81; aOR = 4.28, 95%CI = 2.17–8.59) were independently associated with higher levels of bacterial concentrations, richness and diversity respectively. Culturally relevant interventions targeted at these factors would be promising in managing microbial proliferation in residential environments.

Genetic sequencing of the airborne fungal spectrum and air quality at a public hospital in Mexico City

2025-06-24

María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro , Carolina Brunner-Mendoza , C. Guerrero-Guerra +5 more | PLOS Global Public Health

Hospital bioaerosols represent significant risks for nosocomial infections, contributing to patient morbidity and mortality. Exposure to these particles, particularly airborne fungal spores or propagules, can trigger adverse effects on the … Hospital bioaerosols represent significant risks for nosocomial infections, contributing to patient morbidity and mortality. Exposure to these particles, particularly airborne fungal spores or propagules, can trigger adverse effects on the immune system and cause respiratory diseases. This study evaluated the airborne fungal community in a public hospital in Mexico City using a metagenomic approach, two types of aerobiological samplers as well as temperature, humidity, and suspended particle analysis. Sampling was carried out in three areas within the hospital: and outside the hospital. Airborne sampling was performed for three consecutive days, except in the EU. The results showed that using two different samplers revealed fungal diversity and composition variations. Specifically, the Cμ-Sampler captured a higher abundance and diversity of fungi than the AVPS, with Total Taxonomy Annotations at a Genus level of 626 in F1, 632 in F2, 485 in EU and 617 in OH). In the analysis of fungal presence, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were identified as dominant phyla. Using the AVPS sampler, Ascomycota showed an overwhelming presence of 90% to 100% inside and outside the hospital, while Basidiomycota was found in a range of 1% to 10%. Using the CμS-Sampler, Ascomycota was observed to vary between 39% and 72% in areas F1 and F2 of the hospital and from 73% to 82% outside it. On the other hand, Basidiomycota presented values between 54% and 61% in F1 and from 18% to 27% outside the hospital. The predominant genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Alternaria . The identification of twenty-seven fungal species, including opportunistic pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. expansum, Cladosporium and Alternaria alternata, is a significant result of this study. The results revealed the diversity of fungi in the hospital environment. The proposed complementary use of different samplers could significantly optimise current surveillance methods.

CO <sub>2</sub> concentration in six schools located in Palma – a comparative evaluation

2025-06-23

Maria-Angels Llabrés-Morey , Susana Hormigos-Jiménez , Mercedes del Río Merino | Building Research & Information

Critical insights on fungal contamination in schools: a comprehensive review of assessment methods

2025-06-23

Renata Cervantes , Pedro Pena , Bruna Riesenberger +7 more | Frontiers in Public Health

This review addresses the increasing problem of fungal contamination in schools, which has a profound impact on indoor air quality and student health. Fungal contamination creates health problems such as … This review addresses the increasing problem of fungal contamination in schools, which has a profound impact on indoor air quality and student health. Fungal contamination creates health problems such as respiratory problems, allergies, which can be particularly harmful in schools (e.g., Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium sp. are especially important as they are a well-known indoor allergens and can induce serious respiratory diseases). The aim of this study is to determine the effect of geographic location as well as season of filamentous fungi in school context. Through a comprehensive screening of 6,659 articles, 47 studies were selected for data extraction, detailing sampling techniques, analysis methods, climatic conditions, and relevant fungal species. The study highlights the importance of regularly measuring IAQ and utilizing both active and passive sampling methodologies in addition to molecular genetic analysis to complement identification and improve comparability across studies. A targeted monitoring is also proposed for species such as Aspergillus fumigatus ( Aspergillus section Fumigati ), Fusarium sp., and Mucorales order, which are therapeutically relevant, as well as Stachybotrys atra and Aspergillus section Flavi , in terms of their toxicological potential. Additionally, the article discusses the importance of consistent data formatting for effective meta-analysis and the need for further research to inform regulatory frameworks protecting student health. Recommendations for minimizing fungal threats include evaluating building structure, ventilation, cleaning practices, and gathering information from parents about school activities. Overall, the study underscores the global health risks posed by fungi in schools and calls for extensive investigations combining various sampling and analytical techniques. Additionally, the article discusses the importance of consistent data formatting for effective meta-analysis and the need for further research to inform regulatory frameworks protecting student health. Recommendations for minimizing fungal threats include evaluating building structure, ventilation, cleaning practices, and gathering information from parents about school activities. Overall, the study underscores the global health risks posed by fungi in schools and calls for extensive investigations combining various sampling and analytical techniques.

Unveiling Airborne Microbiomes through Metagenomic Sequencing

2025-06-21

D. P. S. Verma , Rachna Chaturvedi , Jyoti Prakash +1 more | International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology

This study aimed to characterise the variety of bacteria present in air samples collected in the Sahara Desert, Barbados, Cyprus, and during the Air Quality and Climate Change in the … This study aimed to characterise the variety of bacteria present in air samples collected in the Sahara Desert, Barbados, Cyprus, and during the Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin (AQABA) ship voyage that travelled across the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula. A metagenomic analysis was conducted using 16s rRNA gene sequences from the MGnify database (study ID: PRJEB26788). Human health, atmospheric chemistry, and environmental processes are all significantly influenced by airborne microbial communities. The microbial diversity and composition of air samples taken from a variety of sites, including desert, marine, and urban settings, were examined in this work using metagenomic analysis. To identify important bacterial taxa including Streptomyces, Nocardioidaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Mycobacteriaceae, we processed and analysed sequencing data using programs like FastQC, Trim Galore, Kraken2, and Krona. The findings demonstrated the impact of environmental conditions on airborne microbiomes by revealing a notable variance in microbial abundance between locales.Our results also imply that long-distance atmospheric transport plays a role in the worldwide spread of microbial species, which may have consequences for the stability of ecosystems and the spread of disease. This research highlights the importance of metagenomics for high-resolution microbial community analysis and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance of airborne microorganisms to better understand their ecological functions and health implications

Integrated Culture-Based and Metagenomic Profiling of Airborne and Surface-deposited Bacterial Communities in Residential Environments

2025-06-20

Jinho Yang , Ji Soo Kim , Hyun Woo Jeon +2 more | Environmental Pollution

Seasonal Variations and Spatial Distribution of Indoor Airborne Microorganisms in a University Campus in Beijing: A Metagenomic Study

2025-06-19

Yuheng Liu , Deng Xunuo , Ma Shenglun +3 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> As densely populated urban areas, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of airborne microorganisms on university campuses are critical to the health of students and faculty, as well as urban ecological … <title>Abstract</title> As densely populated urban areas, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of airborne microorganisms on university campuses are critical to the health of students and faculty, as well as urban ecological safety. This study employed impact sampling and metagenomic sequencing techniques to systematically analyze the concentration, particle size distribution, and community characteristics of airborne microorganisms across different seasons (autumn, winter) and sites (male dormitory, female dormitory, classroom, computer room) at the Shunyi Campus of Capital Medical University. The average concentration of airborne microorganisms was 553.38 ± 277.06 CFU/m³. Concentrations varied by location, ranking from highest to lowest as: male dormitory (598.18 ± 314.59 CFU/m³) > computer room (566.55 ± 248.40 CFU/m³) > classroom (555.80 ± 246.19 CFU/m³) > female dormitory (495.09 ± 258.27 CFU/m³). Microbial concentration in winter (696.55 ± 306.36 CFU/m³) was significantly higher than in autumn (410.20 ± 138.94 CFU/m³, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001), with particle sizes predominantly concentrated between 0.65–2.1 µm (Stages VI and V). Metagenomic analysis revealed Bacillota (52%) and Pseudomonadota (19%) as the dominant phyla. Species diversity was significantly higher in winter than in autumn (Shannon index, <italic>P</italic> = 0.02), with the classroom exhibiting the highest number of species (2155). Opportunistic pathogens, such as <italic>Stutzerimonas stutzeri</italic>, were detected. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA indicated that seasonal variation was the primary driver of community structure (R²=0.152, <italic>P</italic> = 0.003), with location having a lesser impact. These findings demonstrate that both seasonal shifts and human activity shape the airborne microbiome in university indoor environments and provide a scientific basis for indoor air quality management and microbial risk prevention strategies in campus settings.

A drone‐based system for sampling airborne bacteria near intensive farms

2025-06-19

Marta Nerini , Marco Merlini , Sonia Renzi +5 more | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Abstract BACKGROUND Bioaerosols, which include airborne bacteria, are a growing concern for public health, especially near intensive farming operations that generate high concentrations of microorganisms. Intensive farms, such as those … Abstract BACKGROUND Bioaerosols, which include airborne bacteria, are a growing concern for public health, especially near intensive farming operations that generate high concentrations of microorganisms. Intensive farms, such as those for cattle, can release potentially pathogenic bacteria into the air, posing risks to nearby communities and farmworkers. Traditional sampling methods are often limited, as they require stationary collection points and can miss key information about how these bioaerosols disperse. To address this issue, this study introduces a proof‐of‐concept drone‐based system designed to monitor and sample airborne bacteria near intensive farms. RESULTS The drone, equipped with a sampling device, was used to sample three different points near a livestock production farm. DNA extraction, which was also traditionally a limitation in microbial airborne molecular biology, was achieved after only 10 min of flying by employing an ad hoc developed DNA extraction protocol coupled with a petroleum trap and virus DNA extraction kit. The results showed that DNA was successfully extracted, and reads were checked for quality. The primary bacterial genera found across all sites are Acinetobacter and Bacillus . While Acinetobacter includes both commensal and mastitis‐causing strains, Bacillus species such as Bacillus subtilis serve as probiotics in animal feed. Probiotic genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were also detected, alongside potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus , highlighting hygiene concerns. Unexpected genera, including cyanobacteria from nearby water bodies, and Microvirga , typically found in arid, metal‐rich soils, suggest environmental influences or contaminants. CONCLUSION Further development of this system can provide an early warning mechanism by tracking the presence and movement of harmful microorganisms in a 3D space surrounding the farms, allowing for safety and public health applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber

2025-06-16

Kenji Fujisawa , Yoshihiro Enomoto , Ryosuke Imai +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Understanding factors influencing indoor air quality (IAQ) can help create a more pleasant environment for bystanders. Previous studies have utilized environmentally-controlled chambers to examine the effects of cigarette smoking … <title>Abstract</title> Understanding factors influencing indoor air quality (IAQ) can help create a more pleasant environment for bystanders. Previous studies have utilized environmentally-controlled chambers to examine the effects of cigarette smoking on IAQ. Recently, heated tobacco products (HTPs), that heat rather than combust tobacco during use, have become available. In this study, the indoor air concentrations of the following 56 constituents, as markers of IAQ, were measured during HTP use in an environmentally-controlled chamber; tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen cyanide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenolics, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, pyridine, quinoline, styrene, polycyclic aromatic amines, mercury, metals, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke markers, propylene glycol, glycerol, suspended particle matters, and total volatile organic compounds. IAQ measurements were taken under two environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces. Compared to the control condition (no product use), the air concentration of 6 (of 56) constituents were increased with HTP use in the restaurant condition and 9 (of 56) were increased in the residential condition. With the exception of glycerol, a humectant used in HTPs, these indoor air concentrations were much lower than those when smoking cigarette under both environmental conditions. Although higher than in cigarette smoking condition, the concentration of glycerol was still below the exposure limit set by the USA Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). These finding indicate that, for the constituents measured, HTP use has less impact on IAQ compared to cigarette smoking.

Fungal Diversity Assessment: Aeromycoflora of Indoor And Outdoor Environments at Central University of Kashmir Life Sciences Campus

2025-06-14

S. Z. Shah , Ayman Altaf | Asian Journal of Biological Sciences

Decision tools for schools using continuous indoor air quality monitors: a case study of CO2 in Boston Public Schools

2025-06-14

Beverly Ge , Koen F. Tieskens , Priam Vyas +7 more | The Lancet Regional Health - Americas

DESENVOLVIMENTO E VALIDAÇÃO DE UM APARELHO ALTERNATIVO DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA MONITORAMENTO MICROBIOLÓGICO DO AR EM AMBIENTES CLIMATIZADOS

2025-06-13

Paulo Henrique Bucar Veras , Geovany Braga Soares , Denise Carvalho De Sousa +3 more | Revista Multidisciplinar do Nordeste Mineiro

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de um aparelho alternativo de baixo custo para monitoramento microbiológico do ar em ambientes climatizados. O equipamento foi construído utilizando materiais acessíveis e … Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de um aparelho alternativo de baixo custo para monitoramento microbiológico do ar em ambientes climatizados. O equipamento foi construído utilizando materiais acessíveis e baseado no princípio de impactação de Andersen, sendo posteriormente validado através de comparação com a técnica de sedimentação espontânea em uma biblioteca de instituição federal de ensino. Os resultados demonstraram eficácia semelhante entre os dois métodos na detecção de bactérias e fungos, com contagens microbianas dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. O aparelho desenvolvido apresenta-se como uma alternativa economicamente viável aos equipamentos comerciais disponíveis no mercado, possibilitando a ampliação do monitoramento da qualidade do ar em instituições com recursos limitados. A pesquisa contribui para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias acessíveis na área de saúde ambiental, promovendo a democratização do acesso a ferramentas de monitoramento microbiológico do ar.

Health effects of low-dose formaldehyde exposure: a cross-sectional study in occupational settings

2025-06-13

Hao-Yi Fan , Jhe-Ping Lin , Ting-An Yang +1 more | International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

To evaluate the health effects of low-dose formaldehyde exposure in occupational settings, focusing on dermatological and respiratory symptoms and the influence of work tenure. A cross-sectional study was conducted on … To evaluate the health effects of low-dose formaldehyde exposure in occupational settings, focusing on dermatological and respiratory symptoms and the influence of work tenure. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 414 workers undergoing annual health check-ups at a medical center in Taiwan with 242 individuals categorized as exposed (high exposure [N = 57], low exposure [N = 185]) and 172 as controls. Formaldehyde exposure was assessed through environmental monitoring, with all exposure levels <10% of the permissible exposure limits. Self-reported clinical symptoms, complete blood count (CBC) parameters, and pulmonary function were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess exposure-related health effects, adjusting for potential confounders. Tenure was analyzed as both a continuous and categorical variable to assess its impact on health outcomes. The exposure group reported significantly higher rates of irritationrelated symptoms (9.5% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.009) and skin symptoms (1.7% vs. 0%, p < 0.001) compared to controls. After adjusting for confounders, allergic rhinitis (OR = 16.78, 95% CI: 4.00-70.55, p < 0.001) and allergic dermatitis (OR = 18.83, 95% CI: 2.52-140.56, p = 0.004) remained significantly associated with formaldehyde exposure. No significant differences were found in CBC parameters or pulmonary function between groups. Even at low exposure levels, formaldehyde was associated with an increased risk of allergic conditions and irritation-related symptoms. While pulmonary function remained unchanged, the higher prevalence of allergic rhinitis and dermatitis suggests potential immune sensitization. These findings emphasize the importance of workplace exposure monitoring and preventive measures. Future longitudinal studies incorporating biomarkers are needed to clarify causal relationships and refine occupational health policies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2025;38(3).

Evidence of Malodorous Chloroanisoles in “Mold Houses” Was Omitted When Indoor Air Research Evolved

2025-06-12

Johnny C. Lorentzen , Gunnar Johanson | Microorganisms

Herein, we address the peculiar lack of scientific reporting on odor potent chloroanisoles (CAs) in the built environment. We have searched and critically examined sources beyond peer-reviewed scientific journals, namely … Herein, we address the peculiar lack of scientific reporting on odor potent chloroanisoles (CAs) in the built environment. We have searched and critically examined sources beyond peer-reviewed scientific journals, namely research conferences, parliamentary records, newspaper articles, and cartoons. We provide evidence that CAs evolved on a large scale in Swedish buildings in the early 1970s and evoked a typical sticky malodor that was attributed to mold and gave rise to the term “mold houses”. The term first appeared in Swedish newspapers in 1978, and the media attention increased rapidly. The malodorous “mold houses” reached the Swedish parliament and led to economic compensation for afflicted homeowners. The “mold houses” became “sick houses” as researchers, predominantly from Sweden, introduced and became world leaders on the “sick buildings syndrome” (SBS). Researchers became aware of the CAs but did not mention them in peer-reviewed articles, just as they did not mention a well-known source of the sticky malodor, namely, legacy preserved wood where CAs were formed through microbial methylation of toxic chlorophenols (CPs). Thus, the mold story from the early 1970s was maintained and prevented the malodorous CAs from becoming recognized as indicators of the presence of hazardous CPs. Our study is the first to report the impact of an indoor malodor, not only on a few people, but on society.

Airborne Microorganisms at Hellenic Atmospheric Aerosol and Climate Change Station in Helmos Mountain (Greece)

2025-06-12

Eleftheria Katsivela , Sofia Eirini Chatoutsidou , Aggeliki Saridaki +7 more | ACS Earth and Space Chemistry

RESEARCH REVIEW ARTICLE: Independent Validation Demonstrates UV-C LED Disinfection Efficacy Equivalent to Hydrogen Peroxide Mist-Based Systems: Addressing Methodological Flaws in Recent Evaluations.

2025-06-12

Muhammad Yasir | medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Abstract Overview A recent study assessing the sporicidal efficacy of UV-C LED high-level disinfection (HLD) system for ultrasound probe reprocessing concluded that UV-C LED disinfection underperforms compared to hydrogen peroxide … Abstract Overview A recent study assessing the sporicidal efficacy of UV-C LED high-level disinfection (HLD) system for ultrasound probe reprocessing concluded that UV-C LED disinfection underperforms compared to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) mist-based devices (Nanosonics: TrophonEPR and Trophon2). However, our independent secondary testing of a UV-C LED disinfection system (Lumicare ONE ® ) under clinically relevant conditions yielded contrasting results, demonstrating equivalent efficacy to H2O2 mist-based devices. 1-7 Using the same biological indicators (BIs) (10 6 Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, Bionova ® BT93/6) on stainless steel coupons, we conducted three validation conditions BI in glassine packaging/Tyvek ® (non-clinical scenario) BI with packaging removed (bare metal coupon) BI with packaging removed and flame-sterilized metal coupon (This validation process has a potential to simulate heat-induced surface changes to the metal coupon) The Lumicare ONE ® UV-C LED HLD system achieved a 100% pass rate under both clinically relevant conditions (bare metal and flame-sterilized BIs), while under the non-clinical scenario BI in glassine packaging/Tyvek ® test type was removed since UV-C is unable to penetrate packaging materials. This paper also identifies methodological concerns in the referenced study, including The use of an inappropriate BI (Bionova ® BT93), explicitly validated for hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) based sterilization to demonstrate penetration of Tyvek ® peel packaging but not UV-C applications, as per the manufacturer’s guidelines. A misrepresentation of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) sporicidal efficacy requirements. The Lumicare ONE ® system goes beyond TGA mandatory requirements in completing a Carrier Test using Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. The Lumicare ONE ® system reduced the numbers of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATC 7953 by greater than a > 6 log 10 , thus meeting the pass criteria of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 966.04). The Lumicare ONE ® system has independently demonstrated a greater than > 6-log 10 reduction of TGA-mandated test organisms, including Clostridium sporogenes and Bacillus subtilis , and is registered on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as a hospital-grade disinfectant. Our findings highlight the importance of proper study design, appropriate BI selection, and regulatory alignment when evaluating emerging disinfection technologies. UV-C LED systems represent a validated, effective alternative to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) mist-based devices in clinical ultrasound probe reprocessing.

Dwelling features and occupants’ behaviours as predictors of airborne fungi contamination levels in overcrowded dormitories: A case study in Shanghai, China

2025-06-12

Yuqian Gu , Wenfei Zhuang , Ke Zhong +1 more | Indoor and Built Environment

Airborne fungal pollution poses significant indoor health risks, particularly in overcrowded dwellings. However, its observable predictors remain unclear, hindering the development of cost-effective prevention measures. This study aimed to establish … Airborne fungal pollution poses significant indoor health risks, particularly in overcrowded dwellings. However, its observable predictors remain unclear, hindering the development of cost-effective prevention measures. This study aimed to establish relationships between indoor fungal aerosols and factors such as dwelling features and occupants’ behaviours. Air samples were collected from 45 university dormitories in Shanghai in July 2019 (used for model construction) and eight dormitories in July 2023 (used for model testing), alongside surveys of 132 occupants. Results showed that 82.2% of rooms exceeded the World Health Organization's acceptable fungal level of 500 CFU/m 3 , yet only 15% of occupants reported musty smells. Higher fungal levels were associated with lower floor levels, frequent takeout consumption, and infrequent room cleaning ( P < 0.05). Fungi that can deposit in the lower respiratory tract were more prevalent in low-floor and north-facing rooms ( P < 0.05). Allergenic fungi, for example, Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., were more common in low-floor rooms or those with occasional air-conditioner use ( P < 0.05). Ordinal regression analysis identified floor level, takeout eating, room cleaning and air-conditioner use as key predictors, achieving 94% accuracy in detecting highly contaminated rooms. These findings suggested that modifying living habits can help mitigate fungal exposure.

Antimycotic Susceptibility of Environmental Airborne Yeasts: Evidence from Diverse Work Environments

2025-06-11

Adeola Folayan , Stephen Ambu | medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

ABSTRACT Background This study compared the susceptibility of environmental yeast isolates from indoor and outdoor air collected at an electronics factory, an office, and a winery in Malaysia to various … ABSTRACT Background This study compared the susceptibility of environmental yeast isolates from indoor and outdoor air collected at an electronics factory, an office, and a winery in Malaysia to various antifungal agents Methods Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) (supplemented with 0.05g/L Chloramphenicol to inhibit bacterial growth) and Dichloran Glycerol Agar ( DG-18) (for xerophilic yeasts) were used for the isolation of yeasts. Air sample volumes ranging from 10 to 250 litres were drawn using the Ideal Air Sampler (Biomerieux BBL) and impacted onto DG-18 and SDA plates. SDA plates and DG-18 plates were subsequently incubated at 25 ° C and 21 ° C respectively for four days after sampling. Fourteen isolates were randomly selected from each sampling point at each sampling event. Yeast colonies were identified using the commercial biochemical panel Integral Systems Yeast Plus (Liofilchem) after the second subculture from the primary isolation plate. The system also characterises susceptibility to the following antimycotic agents: nystatin, amphotericin, flucytosine, econazole, ketoconazole, clotrimoxazole, miconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole . Results A total of 196 yeast isolates from ten species were tested. Cryptococcus laurentii was the predominant species across all sites. Most isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole, and nystatin. Lower susceptibility was observed for amphotericin and econazole. Overall, 61.7% of isolates were fully susceptible to all tested agents. Conclusions The majority of environmental airborne yeasts demonstrated susceptibility to common antimycotics. The dominance of Cryptococcus laurentii and the variable susceptibility patterns underscore the need for continued environmental surveillance

Health and social impacts of exposure to mould-affected housing in Australia: a qualitative study

2025-06-05

Maria Rosa Gatto , Ang Li , Rebecca Bentley | Public Health Research & Practice

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the experiences of Australian residents living in mould-affected homes; the perceived physical and mental health effects of indoor mould exposure; and … Objective The objective of this study was to examine the experiences of Australian residents living in mould-affected homes; the perceived physical and mental health effects of indoor mould exposure; and personal, social, and institutional barriers to remediation of homes affected by mould. Methods Using a multi-method approach, this study combined analyses of data from semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in Melbourne (n = 11) with open-ended responses to a large national household survey on mould exposure in Australia (N = 598) to explore people’s direct experiences of living in mould-affected housing. Findings are presented as a narrative description. Results Participants reported mould exposure to be associated with poor physical health, including respiratory and allergic symptoms and exacerbation of chronic illness. Participants also reported detrimental effects on their mental wellbeing, reporting anxiety, stress, decreased self-esteem, and decreased feelings of safety. Numerous barriers to remediation were identified, including a lack of knowledge of appropriate actions, costs, and time needed to arrange and/or conduct remediation works. Residents of the rental sector faced additional challenges, including dependence on the quality of landlord–tenant relations and lack of effective policy enforcement. Conclusions These findings support a policy focus on initiatives to assist rental tenants who have mould in their homes and to provide more information to homeowners on strategies for mould removal. The study underscores the need for better regulatory mechanisms to enforce minimum standards for buildings and for health assessments and treatments to consider indoor mould exposure.

Potential respiratory hazards of fungal exposure in the residential indoor environment: a systematic review

2025-06-01

Haijun Xiao , Jianghong Yang , Hongwei Lou +2 more | Atmospheric Pollution Research

Insight into the differences in airborne bioaerosols dynamic assembly between hospital and school environments in summer

2025-06-01

Lili Wang , Yu‐Peng He , Xueying Li +4 more | Journal of Environmental Sciences

Indoor and Outdoor Fungal Allergens and Impacts on Respiratory Allergic Disease

2025-06-01

The microbiome and volatile organic compounds reflecting the state of decomposition in an indoor environment

2025-06-01

Veronica Cappas , Reena Roy , Emily Davenport +1 more | Science & Justice

Seasonal variation of microbial activity in atmospheric particulate matter and its lagging response to environmental factors

2025-06-01

Hua Zhao , Rui Du , Li Guo +3 more | Atmospheric Environment

Environmental investigation of the quantitative distribution of bioaerosols in public indoor spaces – A case study in Korea

2025-06-01

Ji-Yoo Kwoun , Seok Won Kang , Yanjun Wang +2 more | Indoor Environments

Emerging mechanisms underlying formaldehyde toxicity and response

2025-06-01

Marta Valverde-Santiago , Lucas B. Pontel | Molecular Cell

Size-selective particle separation combined with fluorescence excitation module for real-time detection of airborne microorganisms: a feasibility study

2025-05-29

L. Himics , Attila Nagy , A. Czitrovszky +1 more | Aerobiologia

Study on the fungicidal effect of Na2B8O13·4H2O combined with discontinuous vacuum treatment for mass sterilization on mold-infested paper

2025-05-28

Xinjun Liu , Jiayi Zhang , K. Han +4 more | Journal of Cultural Heritage

Quantifying indoor fungal aerosol levels in slums: implications for public health

2025-05-25

Rachna Jain , Subhendu Chakraborty

A Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of Essential Oils Against Trichoderma longibrachiatum Isolated from an Archival Document in Italy

2025-05-24

Benedetta Paolino , Maria Cristina Sorrentino , Severina Pacifico +5 more

In this study, a historically significant journal subject to fungal colonization was used as a case study for experimenting with a fumigation treatment using essential oils. The experiments were carried … In this study, a historically significant journal subject to fungal colonization was used as a case study for experimenting with a fumigation treatment using essential oils. The experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo directly on the artifact. Post-treatment monitoring showed that the succession of two fumigation treatments (alternately using rosemary and lavender oil) resulted in the complete disinfection of the first and second populations detected on the substrate. The latter was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum, a human pathogenic species, which was found to be sensitive to various concentrations of rosemary essential oil (1.2% v/v) and lavender essential oil (0.4% v/v), while it was not contained by the standard biocide based on benzalkonium chloride. The results obtained allowed the proposal of an application protocol for the fumigation of paper items that need to undergo biocidal treatment, which consists of alternating essential oils to increase the action spectrum of the natural substances and implementing a rotation principle to prevent the development of bio-resistances.