Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology

Radioactivity and Radon Measurements

Works Count: 46796

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This cluster of papers explores the sources, effects, and health implications of ionizing radiation, with a focus on radon, depleted uranium, and natural radioactivity. It covers topics such as lung cancer risk, environmental impact, toxicity, exposure pathways, and the assessment of radiation hazards in various geological and industrial settings.

Keywords

Ionizing Radiation; Radon; Lung Cancer; Depleted Uranium; Radioactivity; Health Effects; Environmental Impact; Radionuclides; Toxicity; Exposure Pathways

The heavy elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects.

1991-01-01

J. E. Fergusson

Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection

1959-04-01

Rolf M. Sievert , G. Failla

Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed … Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login Articles & Issues Current IssuePrevious Issues Published Ahead-of-PrintORSCollections Environmental and RadonExternal DosimetryHighly Cited ContentHomeland Security and Emergency ResponseInternal DosimetryMedical Countermeasures Against Radiological ThreatsMedical Health PhysicsNonionizing RadiationOperational Health PhysicsPress ReleasesRadiation Biology/Epidemiology VideosFor Authors Submit a ManuscriptInformation for AuthorsLanguage Editing ServicesAuthor Permissions Journal Info About the JournalEditorial BoardAffiliated SocietyAdvertisingOpen AccessSubscription ServicesReprintsRights and Permissions All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search

Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Principles & Applications)

1981-07-01

Robert L. Fleisher , P. Buford Price , R. M. Walker

An extensive discussion of particle tracks in solids, quantitative methods for particle identification from them, and applications of the techniques in a number of fields are presented. Applications in geochronology, … An extensive discussion of particle tracks in solids, quantitative methods for particle identification from them, and applications of the techniques in a number of fields are presented. Applications in geochronology, cosmic ray physics, meteoritic and lunar science, nuclear physics, chemical analysis, micro-chemical mapping, and radiation dosimetry are included. Each chapter contains numerous photographs and a substantial bibliography.

Analysis for naturally occuring radionuclides at environmental concentrations by gamma spectrometry

1987-10-01

Andrew Murray , R. Marten , A. Johnston +1 more

Radon transport from soil to air

1992-05-01

William W. Nazaroff

Radon generated within the upper few meters of the Earth's crust by the radioactive decay of radium can migrate during its brief lifetime from soil into the atmosphere. This phenomenon … Radon generated within the upper few meters of the Earth's crust by the radioactive decay of radium can migrate during its brief lifetime from soil into the atmosphere. This phenomenon leads to a human health concern as inhalation of the short‐lived decay products of radon causes irradiation of cells lining the respiratory tract. This paper reviews the factors that control the rate at which two radon isotopes, 222 Rn and 220 Rn, enter outdoor and indoor air from soil. The radium content of surface soils in the United States is usually in the range 10–100 Bq kg −1 . The emanation coefficient, which refers to the fraction of radon generated in a material that enters the pore fluids, varies over a wide range with a typical value being 0.2. Radon in soil pores may be partitioned among three states: in the pore air, dissolved in the pore water, and sorbed to the soil grains. Except in the immediate vicinity of buildings, radon migrates through soil pores principally by molecular diffusion. Average reported flux densities from undisturbed soil into the atmosphere are 0.015–0.048 Bq m −2 s −1 for 222 Rn and 1.6–1.7 Bq m −2 s −1 for 220 Rn. Soil is the dominant source of radon in most buildings. Advective flow of soil gas across substructure penetrations is a key element in the transport process. The advective flow is driven by the weather (wind and indoor‐outdoor temperature differences) and by the operation of building systems, such as heating and air conditioning equipment. A typical radon entry rate into a single‐family dwelling of 10–15 kBq h −1 can be accounted for by weather‐induced pressure‐driven flow through moderately to highly permeable soils. The extent to which diffusion through soil pores contributes to radon entry into buildings is not known, but in buildings with elevated concentrations, diffusion is believed to be less important than advection.

Properties and behaviour of radon and thoron and their decay products in the air

1994-03-01

J. Porstendörfer

210Pb dating by low background gamma counting

1987-01-01

P. G. Appleby , P. J. Nolan , D. W. Gifford +4 more

Residential Radon and Risk of Lung Cancer

2005-02-09

Daniel Krewski , Jay H. Lubin , Jan M. Zielinski +7 more

Underground miners exposed to high levels of radon have an excess risk of lung cancer. Residential exposure to radon is at much lower levels, and the risk of lung cancer … Underground miners exposed to high levels of radon have an excess risk of lung cancer. Residential exposure to radon is at much lower levels, and the risk of lung cancer with residential exposure is less clear. We conducted a systematic analysis of pooled data from all North American residential radon studies.The pooling project included original data from 7 North American case-control studies, all of which used long-term alpha-track detectors to assess residential radon concentrations. A total of 3662 cases and 4966 controls were retained for the analysis. We used conditional likelihood regression to estimate the excess risk of lung cancer.Odds ratios (ORs) for lung cancer increased with residential radon concentration. The estimated OR after exposure to radon at a concentration of 100 Bq/m3 in the exposure time window 5 to 30 years before the index date was 1.11 (95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.28). This estimate is compatible with the estimate of 1.12 (1.02-1.25) predicted by downward extrapolation of the miner data. There was no evidence of heterogeneity of radon effects across studies. There was no apparent heterogeneity in the association by sex, educational level, type of respondent (proxy or self), or cigarette smoking, although there was some evidence of a decreasing radon-associated lung cancer risk with age. Analyses restricted to subsets of the data with presumed more accurate radon dosimetry resulted in increased estimates of risk.These results provide direct evidence of an association between residential radon and lung cancer risk, a finding predicted using miner data and consistent with results from animal and in vitro studies.

Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata

1969-10-01

Masayo MUROZUMI , Tsaihwa J. Chow , Clair C. Patterson

DEPLETED AND NATURAL URANIUM: CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS

2004-05-05

Elena Craft , Aquel W. Abu-Qare , Meghan M. Flaherty +3 more

Depleted uranium (DU) is a by-product from the chemical enrichment of naturally occurring uranium. Natural uranium is comprised of three radioactive isotopes: 238U, 235U, and 234U. This enrichment process reduces … Depleted uranium (DU) is a by-product from the chemical enrichment of naturally occurring uranium. Natural uranium is comprised of three radioactive isotopes: 238U, 235U, and 234U. This enrichment process reduces the radioactivity of DU to roughly 30% of that of natural uranium. Nonmilitary uses of DU include counterweights in airplanes, shields against radiation in medical radiotherapy units and transport of radioactive isotopes. DU has also been used during wartime in heavy tank armor, armor-piercing bullets, and missiles, due to its desirable chemical properties coupled with its decreased radioactivity. DU weapons are used unreservedly by the armed forces. Chemically and toxicologically, DU behaves similarly to natural uranium metal. Although the effects of DU on human health are not easily discerned, they may be produced by both its chemical and radiological properties. DU can be toxic to many bodily systems, as presented in this review. Most importantly, normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, and heart can be affected by DU exposure. Numerous other systems can also be affected by DU exposure, and these are also reviewed. Despite the prevalence of DU usage in many applications, limited data exist regarding the toxicological consequences on human health. This review focuses on the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological effects of depleted and natural uranium on several systems in the mammalian body. A section on risk assessment concludes the review.

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Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European community I. A study of 46 elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects

1990-06-01

Carla Minoia , E. Sabbioni , P Apostoli +6 more

Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ -produced cosmogenic nuclides

1992-09-01

C. P. Kohl , K. Nishiizumi

Test of the Linear-No Threshold Theory of Radiation Carcinogenesis for Inhaled Radon Decay Products

1995-02-01

Bernard L. Cohen

Data on lung cancer mortality rates vs. average radon concentration in homes for 1,601 U.S. counties are used to test the linear-no threshold theory. The widely recognized problems with ecological … Data on lung cancer mortality rates vs. average radon concentration in homes for 1,601 U.S. counties are used to test the linear-no threshold theory. The widely recognized problems with ecological studies, as applied to this work, are addressed extensively. With or without corrections for variations in smoking prevalence, there is a strong tendency for lung cancer rates to decrease with increasing radon exposure, in sharp contrast to the increase expected from the theory. The discrepancy in slope is about 20 standard deviations. It is shown that uncertainties in lung cancer rates, radon exposures, and smoking prevalence are not important and that confounding by 54 socioeconomic factors, by geography, and by altitude and climate can explain only a small fraction of the discrepancy. Effects of known radon-smoking prevalence correlations: rural people have higher radon levels and smoke less than urban people, and smokers are exposed to less radon than non-smokers-are calculated and found to be trivial. In spite of extensive efforts, no potential explanation for the discrepancy other than failure of the linear-no threshold theory for carcinogenesis from inhaled radon decay products could be found.

Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models

1991-06-01

D. Lal

A Combined Analysis of North American Case-Control Studies of Residential Radon and Lung Cancer

2006-04-10

Daniel Krewski , Jay H. Lubin , Jan M. Zielinski +7 more

Cohort studies have consistently shown underground miners exposed to high levels of radon to be at excess risk of lung cancer, and extrapolations based on those results indicate that residential … Cohort studies have consistently shown underground miners exposed to high levels of radon to be at excess risk of lung cancer, and extrapolations based on those results indicate that residential radon may be responsible for nearly 10-15% of all lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. However, case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer have provided ambiguous evidence of radon lung cancer risks. Regardless, alpha-particle emissions from the short-lived radioactive radon decay products can damage cellular DNA. The possibility that a demonstrated lung carcinogen may be present in large numbers of homes raises a serious public health concern. Thus, a systematic analysis of pooled data from all North American residential radon studies was undertaken to provide a more direct characterization of the public health risk posed by prolonged radon exposure. To evaluate the risk associated with prolonged residential radon exposure, a combined analysis of the primary data from seven large scale case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer risk was conducted. The combined data set included a total of 4081 cases and 5281 controls, representing the largest aggregation of data on residential radon and lung cancer conducted to date. Residential radon concentrations were determined primarily by a-track detectors placed in the living areas of homes of the study subjects in order to obtain an integrated 1-yr average radon concentration in indoor air. Conditional likelihood regression was used to estimate the excess risk of lung cancer due to residential radon exposure, with adjustment for attained age, sex, study, smoking factors, residential mobility, and completeness of radon measurements. Although the main analyses were based on the combined data set as a whole, we also considered subsets of the data considered to have more accurate radon dosimetry. This included a subset of the data involving 3662 cases and 4966 controls with a-track radon measurements within the exposure time window (ETW) 5-30 yr prior to the index date considered previously by Krewski et al. (2005). Additional restrictions focused on subjects for which a greater proportion of the ETW was covered by measured rather than imputed radon concentrations, and on subjects who occupied at most two residences. The estimated odds ratio (OR) of lung cancer generally increased with radon concentration. The OR trend was consistent with linearity (p = .10), and the excess OR (EOR) was 0.10 per Bq/m3 with 95% confidence limits (-0.01, 0.26). For the subset of the data considered previously by Krewski et al. (2005), the EOR was 0.11 (0.00, 0.28). Further limiting subjects based on our criteria (residential stability and completeness of radon monitoring) expected to improve radon dosimetry led to increased estimates of the EOR. For example, for subjects who had resided in only one or two houses in the 5-30 ETW and who had a-track radon measurements for at least 20 yr of this 25-yr period, the EOR was 0.18 (0.02, 0.43) per 100 Bq/m3. Both estimates are compatible with the EOR of 0.12 (0.02, 0.25) per 100 Bq/m3 predicted by downward extrapolation of the miner data. Collectively, these results provide direct evidence of an association between residential radon and lung cancer risk, a finding predicted by extrapolation of results from occupational studies of radon-exposed underground miners.

WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective

2010-02-01

David S.‐K. Ting

by World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2009, xiii + 94 pp., $30 Swiss Francs, sbk (ISBN 978 92 4 154767 3). It is trite to read that smoking can cause lung … by World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2009, xiii + 94 pp., $30 Swiss Francs, sbk (ISBN 978 92 4 154767 3). It is trite to read that smoking can cause lung cancer. In contrast, ‘radon can cause lung...

Measurement of Bone Mineral in vivo: An Improved Method

1963-10-11

John Cameron , James A. Sorenson

The mineral content of bone can be determined by measuring the absorption by bone of a monochromatic, low-energy photon beam which originates in a radioactive source (iodine-125 at 27.3 kev … The mineral content of bone can be determined by measuring the absorption by bone of a monochromatic, low-energy photon beam which originates in a radioactive source (iodine-125 at 27.3 kev or americium-241 at 59.6 kev). The intensity of the beam transmitted by the bone is measured by counting with a scintillation detector. Since the photon source and detector are well collimated, errors resulting from scattered radiation are reduced. From measurements of the intensity of the transmitted beam, made at intervals across the bone, the total mineral content of the bone can be determined. The results are accurate and reproducible to within about 3 percent.

Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment

2005-06-25

L. Ferreira-Baptista , Eduardo de Miguel

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Lung Cancer Risk from Radon and Progeny and Statement on Radon

2010-02-01

C. H. Clement , M. Tirmarche , John Harrison +4 more

Recent epidemiological studies of the association between lung cancer and exposure to radon and its decay products are reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to pooled case-control studies of residential exposures, … Recent epidemiological studies of the association between lung cancer and exposure to radon and its decay products are reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to pooled case-control studies of residential exposures, and to cohorts of underground miners exposed to relatively low levels of radon. The residential and miner epidemiological studies provide consistent estimates of the risk of lung cancer, with significant associations observed at average annual concentrations of approximately 200 Bq/m³ and cumulative occupational levels of approximately 50 working level months (WLM), respectively. Based on recent results from combined analyses of epidemiological studies of miners, a lifetime excess absolute risk of 5 × 10⁻⁴ per WLM [14 × 10⁻⁵ per (mJh/m³)] should now be used as the nominal probability coefficient for radon- and radon-progeny-induced lung cancer, replacing the previous Publication 65 (ICRP, 1993) value of 2.8 × 10⁻⁴ per WLM [8 × 10⁻⁵ per (mJh/m³)]. Current knowledge of radon-associated risks for organs other than the lungs does not justify the selection of a detriment coefficient different from the fatality coefficient for radon-induced lung cancer. Publication 65 (ICRP, 2003) recommended that doses from radon and its progeny should be calculated using a dose conversion convention based on epidemiological data. It is now concluded that radon and its progeny should be treated in the same way as other radionuclides within the ICRP system of protection; that is, doses from radon and its progeny should be calculated using ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models. ICRP will provide dose coefficients per unit exposure to radon and its progeny for different reference conditions of domestic and occupational exposure, with specified equilibrium factors and aerosol characteristics.

Environmental impacts of phosphogypsum

1994-06-01

P. Michael Rutherford , M. J. Dudas , Roswitha Samek

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIATION UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

2004-12-01

A. Wambersie

Lung Cancer in Radon-Exposed Miners and Estimation of Risk From Indoor Exposure

1995-06-07

Jay H. Lubin , J. D. Boice , Christer Edling +7 more

Journal Article Lung Cancer in Radon-Exposed Miners and Estimation of Risk From Indoor Exposure Get access Jay H. Lubin, Jay H. Lubin *Epidemiology and Biostatistics ProgramDivision of Cancer Etiology, National … Journal Article Lung Cancer in Radon-Exposed Miners and Estimation of Risk From Indoor Exposure Get access Jay H. Lubin, Jay H. Lubin *Epidemiology and Biostatistics ProgramDivision of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Jay H. Lubin, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, 6130 Executive Blvd., EPN/403, Bethesda, MD 20892-7368 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John D. Boice, Jr., John D. Boice, Jr. *Epidemiology and Biostatistics ProgramDivision of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christer Edling, Christer Edling Department of Occupational Medicine, Uppsala UniversitySweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard W. Hornung, Richard W. Hornung National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnati, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Geoffrey R. Howe, Geoffrey R. Howe National Cancer Institute of Canada, Epidemiology Unit, University of TorontoOntario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Emil Kunz, Emil Kunz Center of Radiation Hygiene, National Institute of Public HealthŠrobárova, Prague, Czech Republic Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert A. Kusiak, Robert A. Kusiak Health and Safety Unit, Research and Regulation BranchOntario Ministry of Labour, Toronto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Howard I. Morrison, Howard I. Morrison Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Department of National Health and WelfareOttawa, Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edward P. Radford, Edward P. Radford Woking Surrey, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jonathan M. Samet, Jonathan M. Samet Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ... Show more Margot Tirmarche, Margot Tirmarche Laboratory of Epidemiology and Health Detriment Analysis, Institute of Protection and Nuclear SafetyFontenay aux Roses, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alistair Woodward, Alistair Woodward Department of Community Medicine, University of AdelaideSouth Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shu Xiang Yao, Shu Xiang Yao Institute of Labor ProtectionYunnan Tin Corporation, China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation, Gejiu City, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donald A. Pierce Donald A. Pierce Department of Statistics, University of OregonCorvallis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 11, 7 June 1995, Pages 817–827, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.11.817 Published: 07 June 1995 Article history Received: 11 November 1994 Revision received: 20 March 1995 Accepted: 20 March 1995 Published: 07 June 1995

Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey

2008-11-29

Halim Taşkın , Melda Karavuş , Pınar Ay +3 more

Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: the Southern Hemisphere

2000-10-01

Andreas Bollhöfer , K.J.R. Rosman

Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting

2009-09-24

Jérôme Chmeleff , Friedhelm von Blanckenburg , Karsten Kossert +1 more

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Assessment of natural radiation exposure and radon exhalation from building materials in Greece

2003-01-01

S. Stoulos , M. Manolopoulou , C. Papastefanou

Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 2. Capture of negative muons

2002-06-01

B. Heisinger , D. Lal , A. J. T. Jull +4 more

Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI Report), National Research Council, National Academic Press, Washington DC, ISBN 0-309-05645-4

2000-09-01

H. Friedmann

Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation in building materials used in Italian dwellings

2006-01-01

Serena Righi , Luigi Bruzzi

Direct analysis of 210Pb in sediment samples: Self-absorption corrections

1983-02-01

N.H. Cutshall , Ingvar L. Larsen , Curtis R. Olsen

Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies

2004-12-21

Sarah C. Darby , David Hill , Anssi Auvinen +7 more

<h3>Abstract</h3> Objective To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas Design Collaborative analysis of individual data … <h3>Abstract</h3> Objective To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas Design Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. Setting Nine European countries. Subjects 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14 208 controls. Main outcome measures Relative risks of lung cancer and radon gas concentrations in homes inhabited during the previous 5-34 years measured in becquerels (radon disintegrations per second) per cubic metre (Bq/m3) of household air. Results The mean measured radon concentration in homes of people in the control group was 97 Bq/m3, with 11% measuring > 200 and 4% measuring > 400 Bq/m3. For cases of lung cancer the mean concentration was 104 Bq/m3. The risk of lung cancer increased by 8.4% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.8%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in measured radon (P = 0.0007). This corresponds to an increase of 16% (5% to 31%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in usual radon—that is, after correction for the dilution caused by random uncertainties in measuring radon concentrations. The dose-response relation seemed to be linear with no threshold and remained significant (P = 0.04) in analyses limited to individuals from homes with measured radon < 200 Bq/m3. The proportionate excess risk did not differ significantly with study, age, sex, or smoking. In the absence of other causes of death, the absolute risks of lung cancer by age 75 years at usual radon concentrations of 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m3 would be about 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.7%, respectively, for lifelong non-smokers, and about 25 times greater (10%, 12%, and 16%) for cigarette smokers. Conclusions Collectively, though not separately, these studies show appreciable hazards from residential radon, particularly for smokers and recent ex-smokers, and indicate that it is responsible for about 2% of all deaths from cancer in Europe.

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A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health

2009-04-29

Lorenzo Giusti

Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Rays

1983-12-01

J. A. Simpson

Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) … Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More

Environmental impact and management of phosphogypsum

2009-04-30

Hanan Tayibi , Mohamed Choura , Félix A. López +2 more

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Lung Cancer Risk From Residential Radon: Meta-analysis of Eight Epidemiologic Studies

1997-01-01

J. H. Lubin , J. D. Boice

Studies of underground miners exposed to radioactive radon and its decay products have found that exposure increases risk of lung cancer. Consequently, when radon was found to accumulate in houses, … Studies of underground miners exposed to radioactive radon and its decay products have found that exposure increases risk of lung cancer. Consequently, when radon was found to accumulate in houses, there was concern about the public health impact from exposure to a known carcinogen. Estimates on the basis of studies of underground miners suggest that indoor radon may account for 6000-36,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the United States. Because of differences between working in underground mines and living in houses, estimates are subject to major uncertainties. Numerous case-control studies were launched to assess directly the lung cancer risk from indoor radon. Some studies report positive or weakly positive findings, while others report no increased risk. Thus, the potential hazard from indoor radon remains answered only indirectly through miner studies, experimental animal studies, and cellular studies.To provide more information on the risk of lung cancer from indoor radon, we conducted a meta-analysis of all case-control studies that included at least 200 case subjects each and that used long-term indoor radon measurements.Eight studies were available and included a total of 4263 lung cancer case subjects and 6612 control subjects. From the published results of each study, confounder-adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categories of radon concentration were obtained, and weighted linear regression analyses were performed.The combined trend in the RR was significantly different from zero (two-sided P = .03), and an estimated RR of 1.14 (95% CI = 1.0-1.3) at 150 Bq/m3 was found. An influence analysis indicated that no single study dominated the combined results. The exposure-response trend was similar to model-based extrapolations from miners and to RRs computed directly from miners with low cumulative exposures. However, there were significant differences in the study-specific estimates of the exposure response (two-sided P < .001), which were not explained by study differences in percent of the defined exposure interval covered by radon measurements, mean number of residences per subject, and other factors.Meta-analyses are valuable for identifying differences among studies and for summarizing results, but they should be interpreted cautiously when expected RRs are low as with indoor radon exposure, when there is study heterogeneity and where there is the potential for confounding and exposure misclassification. Nonetheless, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that the risk from indoor radon is not likely to be markedly greater than that predicted from miners and indicate that the negative exposure response reported in some ecologic studies is likely due to model misspecification or uncontrolled confounding and can be rejected.Until ongoing case-control studies of indoor radon are completed and the data are pooled and analyzed, the studies of underground miners remain the best source of data to use to assess risk from indoor radon. This meta-analysis provides support for their general validity.

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

2015-01-13

Jan Zalasiewicz , Colin N. Waters , Mark Williams +7 more

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A review of human carcinogens—Part D: radiation

2009-07-30

Fatiha El Ghissassi , Robert A. Baan , Kurt Straíf +7 more

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Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview

2002-12-02

A. Bleise , P.R. Danesi , W. Burkart

Carbon Balance in Terrestrial Detritus

1977-11-01

William H. Schlesinger

Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors

2009-09-14

Jonathan M. Samet , Érika Ávila-Tang , Paolo Boffetta +4 more

Abstract More than 161,000 lung cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Of these, an estimated 10 to 15% will be caused by factors other … Abstract More than 161,000 lung cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Of these, an estimated 10 to 15% will be caused by factors other than active smoking, corresponding to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Thus lung cancer in never smokers would rank among the most common causes of cancer mortality in the United States if considered as a separate category. Slightly more than half of the lung cancers caused by factors other than active smoking occur in never smokers. As summarized in the accompanying article, lung cancers that occur in never smokers differ from those that occur in smokers in their molecular profile and response to targeted therapy. These recent laboratory and clinical observations highlight the importance of defining the genetic and environmental factors responsible for the development of lung cancer in never smokers. This article summarizes available data on the clinical epidemiology of lung cancer in never smokers, and several environmental risk factors that population-based research has implicated in the etiology of these cancers. Primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in never smokers include exposure to known and suspected carcinogens including radon, second-hand tobacco smoke, and other indoor air pollutants. Several other exposures have been implicated. However, a large fraction of lung cancers occurring in never smokers cannot be definitively associated with established environmental risk factors, highlighting the need for additional epidemiologic research in this area. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5626–45)

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Formation and growth of tracks in nuclear track materials

2004-09-21

D. Nikezić , K.N. Yu

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Geochemistry of Atmospheric Radon and Radon Products

1977-05-01

Karl K. Turekian , Yoshiyuki Nozaki , Larry K. Benninger

The following topics are discussed: measurement of the radon-222 flux to the atmosphere; measurement of the lead-210 atmospheric flux; and the mean residence time of aerosols. A total global model … The following topics are discussed: measurement of the radon-222 flux to the atmosphere; measurement of the lead-210 atmospheric flux; and the mean residence time of aerosols. A total global model is proposed for radon-222 and its daughters.

Radon and its decay products in indoor air

1989-02-01

Michel Benarie

The heavy elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects

1991-01-01

James P. Lodge

Discussion Reporting of 14C Data

1977-01-01

Minze Stuiver , Henry Polach

Count rates, representing the rate of 14 C decay, are the basic data obtained in a 14 C laboratory. The conversion of this information into an age or geochemical parameters … Count rates, representing the rate of 14 C decay, are the basic data obtained in a 14 C laboratory. The conversion of this information into an age or geochemical parameters appears a simple matter at first. However, the path between counting and suitable 14 C data reporting (table 1) causes headaches to many. Minor deflections in pathway, depending on personal interpretations, are possible and give end results that are not always useful for inter-laboratory comparisons. This discussion is an attempt to identify some of these problems and to recommend certain procedures by which reporting ambiguities can be avoided.

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Nuclear Data Tables

1961-01-01

F. Everling , L.A. Koenig , J. Mattauch +2 more

226 Ra and 222 Rn activity concentrations and associated effective doses for different age groups in spring water of Harnai, Balochistan

2025-06-25

Nisar Ahmad , Muhammad Bakhsh | Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

In Harnai, Balochistan, Pakistan, the levels of 226Ra and 222Rn were measured with a high purity germenium (HPGe) detector and a RAD7 detector, respectively, in drinking water. The concentration of … In Harnai, Balochistan, Pakistan, the levels of 226Ra and 222Rn were measured with a high purity germenium (HPGe) detector and a RAD7 detector, respectively, in drinking water. The concentration of 222Rn in the spring water under investigation ranged from 2.8 ± 0.59-8.5 ± 0.80 Bq L-1 with an average of 4.96 ± 0.7 Bq L-1, while the concentration of 226Ra varied from 1.36 ± 0.55-6.8 ± 0.99 mBq L-1 with an average of 3.54 ± 0.74 mBq L-1. All concentrations of 222Rn and 226Ra were found to be below the global averages of 11.1 Bq L-1 and 555 mBq L-1, respectively. There was a positive connection (R2 = 0.9398) between the concentrations of 222Rn and 226Ra. There are very weak associations between phyco-chemical characteristics and 222Rn and 226Ra. For various age groups, the estimated annual effective dosages from ingesting of 226Ra and 222Rn were determined to be below the advised threshold of 0.1 mSv y-1. Based on the results, it has been concluded that the population in the research region is not significantly affected by 226Ra and 222Rn in spring water.

Antropojenik Jeomorfoloji Yaklaşımı İle Topografyadaki İnsan Etkisinin Modellenmesi: Muğla İlinin Kuzeybatı Sahası Örneği

2025-06-25

Murat UZUN , Kadir Tatlıdil , Selin Apatarkan | Dünya Coğrafyası ve Kalkınma Perspektifi Dergisi

İnsan faaliyetlerinin doğal koşullardaki baskı ve etki boyutlarının artması, jeomorfolojik unsurlarda da değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Muğla ilinin kuzey ve batısındaki 6 ilçe kapsamında zamansal ve mekânsal açıdan farklı … İnsan faaliyetlerinin doğal koşullardaki baskı ve etki boyutlarının artması, jeomorfolojik unsurlarda da değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Muğla ilinin kuzey ve batısındaki 6 ilçe kapsamında zamansal ve mekânsal açıdan farklı kriterler kullanılarak antropo-jeomorfolojik etki yoğunluğunun modellenmesi ve ilişkisel bağlantılarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Antropo-jeomorfolojik ayak izi modeli 5 temel etki alanı ve 10 ana parametreden oluşmaktadır. Bu parametreleri; eğim, topografik rölyef, yol ağı, arazi kullanımı, maden sahalarının dağılışı, antropojenik baskı yoğunluğu, 40 yıllık NDVI ve NDBI analizleri, rölyef değişim yoğunluğu ve M-SLLAAC verileri oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, antropo-jeomorfolojik yaklaşım kapsamında korelasyona tabi tutulmuş, elde edilen kantitatif bulgularla, jeomorfolojik unsurlardaki baskı, değişim ve stresi ifade eden ayak izi yoğunluğunun dağılışı ortaya konmuştur. Model bulgularına göre araştırma sahası toplam alanının %4,7’si (270,3 km2) yüksek düzeyde antropo-jeomorfolojik ayak izi yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Bu sahalar, Batı Menteşe Dağları ve plato sahasındaki (Muğla-Yatağan arası ve Milas kuzeyi) maden alanları ile Bodrum yarımadası ve Güllük kıyılarında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Yüksek düzeyde antropo-jeomorfolojik ayak izinin olduğu sahalarda diğer alanlara göre rölyef değişimi ve arazi yüzey sıcaklığının (AYS) 4 kat artış gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

Uranium and Radon Concentration in Soil Samples for the Gas-Fired Power Plant in Babil Governorate - Iraq

2025-06-24

| Deleted Journal

RADIOACTIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF SR-90 AND CS-137 IN THE DIET OF POLISH RESIDENTS OVER FIVE YEARS: 2020–2024

2025-06-24

Małgorzata Kazimierowicz , Małgorzata Dziubałtowska , Małgorzata Kardaś | Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP

<ns3:p>The nuclides examined in this study, Sr-90 and Cs-137, are artificial radioactive isotopes, and theirpresence in the European environment is primarily associated with radioactive fallout from the 1986Chernobyl disaster. Since … <ns3:p>The nuclides examined in this study, Sr-90 and Cs-137, are artificial radioactive isotopes, and theirpresence in the European environment is primarily associated with radioactive fallout from the 1986Chernobyl disaster. Since ingestion is one of the main pathways for the intake of radioisotopes intoorganisms, the radioactive concentrations of Sr-90 and Cs-137 in the diet of Polish residents werestudied. To estimate the intake of Sr-90 and Cs-137 through food, their levels in daily meals weremeasured annually in Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. The radioactive concentrations measuredranged from 0.03 to 0.07 Bq/day for Sr-90 and from 0.06 to 0.23 Bq/day for Cs-137. The combinedeffective doses from Sr-90 and Cs-137 varied between 0.69 and 1.60 μSv/year.</ns3:p>

Natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in ultrapotassic rocks from the Central Pontides, Türkiye

2025-06-24

A. Yıldırım , Fatma Gülmez | Annals of Nuclear Energy

Immunological and Respiratory Effects in a Healthy Rodent Model after Inhalation of Low and Regulated Levels of Radon

2025-06-24

Dylan De Bellis , James McEvoy , Christopher A. G. Kalnins +4 more | Radiation Research

Radon gas is a naturally occurring substance and contributes significantly to the public background radiation dose. It is widely accepted that radon has harmful effects, being considered the second leading … Radon gas is a naturally occurring substance and contributes significantly to the public background radiation dose. It is widely accepted that radon has harmful effects, being considered the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking; however, studies also indicate that exposure to low doses may have beneficial effects. As the debate continues, robust animal models are essential to investigate the effects of low-dose radon exposure on biological systems. In this study, we examined the temporal effects of low and regulated levels of radon (400 Bq/m3 and 1,000 Bq/m3) on the lungs of a healthy in vivo rat model using our specially designed radon chamber. Rats were housed with or without radon gas in the chamber for durations of 18 h, 90 h, 2 × 90 h, or 4 × 90 h. After exposure, a tracheotomy under anesthesia was performed, and respiratory function was assessed using a small animal ventilator. Rats were humanely euthanized, tissues were removed, and immunological and biological outcomes were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the inhalation of radon and its decay products results in subsequent molecular activation in this system, establishing a model for low-level radon exposure in a healthy animal, and suggest that low and regulated levels of radon exposure for up to 4 weeks do not lead to biologically significant negative health outcomes. This model will facilitate further investigation into the role of radon in cancer development and its potential therapeutic applications in alleviating symptoms of inflammatory conditions.

Measurement of Radon Concentration in Water Samples from the Kelbajar District of Azerbaijan and Risk Assessment of its Radiation Dose

2025-06-24

| Deleted Journal

Assessment of radiological risks in using coastal sediments as building materials in Lagos, Nigeria

2025-06-23

Margaret B. Adedokun , A. Z. Ibitoye , Victor Saghana +1 more | Discover Environment

Study of Radon Radiation in the Area of the Akchatau Polymetallic Mine, Republic of Kazakhstan

2025-06-23

Yuriy Pak , D. Yu. Pak , Vladimir Matonin +5 more | Atmosphere

The data on the volumetric radon activity of the Akchatau territory were systematized in the context of radioecological safety. Radon (Rn222 and Rn220) and indoor radon (isotopes Po, Pb, and … The data on the volumetric radon activity of the Akchatau territory were systematized in the context of radioecological safety. Radon (Rn222 and Rn220) and indoor radon (isotopes Po, Pb, and Bi) make a significant contribution to radon radiation in residential and industrial premises. Increased radon concentration in a number of areas is associated with the Akchatau tungsten–molybdenum mine. The source of radon in geological terms is acid leucocratic granites in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the studied territory. Seasonal assessment of radon radiation was carried out using modern devices “Alfarad Plus” and “Ramon-Radon”. Frequency analysis of the average annual equivalent equilibrium concentration (EEC) in 181 premises showed that only in 47.5% of the premises does the volumetric radon activity not exceed the current standards (200 Bq/m3). Differentiated values of radon concentration were obtained in cases where daily and seasonal observations were carried out. In 43.1% of premises, the effective dose varies from 6.6 mSv/year to 33 mSv/year, and for 9.4% of premises, from 33 mSv/year to 680 mSv/year. The increased radon concentration is caused by high exhalation from the soil surface, the radioactivity of building materials, and low air exchange in the surveyed premises. In the northwestern part of Akchatau, anomalous zones were found where the exposure dose rate of gamma radiation exceeds 0.6 mkSv/hour. An objective assessment of radon largely depends on a number of factors that take into account the geological, technical, atmospheric, and climatic conditions of the region. Therefore, when planning an optimal radon rehabilitation strategy, it is necessary to take the following factors into account: the design features of residential premises and socio-economic conditions. Practical recommendations are given for radiation-ecological and hygienic monitoring of radon safety levels in the environment to reduce effective doses on the population.

Estimation of Radon and Thoron Concentrations with Associated Radiological Hazard Parameters in the Soil of Halabja City Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2025-06-23

Hiwa Mohammad Qadr , Kamal O. Abdullah , Adil Hussein +1 more | Eurasian Soil Science

Exploring the long-term balance between radon mitigation systems and human behaviour in Romanian houses

2025-06-23

Ştefan Florică , Alexandru Lupulescu , Tiberius Dicu +7 more | The Science of The Total Environment

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that has high carcinogenic potential and may constitute a significant public health problem. The long-term effectiveness of radon mitigation systems is often assumed, … Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that has high carcinogenic potential and may constitute a significant public health problem. The long-term effectiveness of radon mitigation systems is often assumed, yet rarely questioned beyond initial implementation. This study investigates the long-term performance of mitigation systems after installation, based on continuous monitoring conducted over several years. Ten Romanian dwellings served as case studies illustrating the interaction between technical remediation measures and various patterns of occupant behaviour. The remediation methods included sub-slab depressurization (SSD), heat recovery ventilation, both centralized (CHRV) and decentralized (DHRV), and the use of radon barriers. The results showed a variable efficiency of the remediation methods, with average radon concentration reduction values ranging from -8 % to 91 %, and an overall median of 59 %. The SSD-based remediation methods demonstrated superior performance and better stability over time, recording an average efficiency of 86 %, while the CHRV and DHRV systems showed much higher variability and a decline in efficiency over time. One of the most critical factors contributing to the success of the remediation was user behaviour, with intermittent use, disconnecting of systems, or lack of maintenance leading to increases in post-remediation radon concentration, in some cases even above pre-remediation levels. In contrast, the active involvement of the occupants, including constant monitoring and prompt reaction to malfunctions, ensured that low radon levels (below 50 Bq/m3) were maintained. The findings suggest that maintaining low radon levels over time requires more than just technical interventions, highlighting the importance of a balanced interaction between automated systems and occupant engagement. These results highlight the need for public policies that combine engineering solutions with behavioural, educational, and ongoing support strategies to maintain the effectiveness of residential radon safeguards.

A map of radon priority areas of the campania region in Italy

2025-06-23

Fabrizio Ambrosino , Giuseppe La Verde , C. Sabbarese +7 more | The European Physical Journal Plus

First assessment of radiological impacts near the Rampal 1320 MW thermal power plant adjacent to the UNESCO world heritage site of Sundarbans, Bangladesh

2025-06-22

M. M. Mahfuz Siraz , S. Nafis Haider , Araf Mahmud +5 more | Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies

Environmental radioactivity is significantly elevated by coal combustion, posing risks to communities living near coal-fired thermal power plants (CFTPPs). This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of radiological impacts around … Environmental radioactivity is significantly elevated by coal combustion, posing risks to communities living near coal-fired thermal power plants (CFTPPs). This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of radiological impacts around the Rampal Thermal Power Plant, a 1320 MW facility located in Rampal Upazila, near the UNESCO World Heritage site of Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Thirty soil samples were systematically collected from distances of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 m from the power plant. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil ranged from 17-31, 29-51, and 350-670 Bq kg-1, respectively, with a few samples exceeding the population-weighted global averages for 226Ra (32 Bq kg-1) and 232Th (45 Bq kg-1), and almost all the samples exceeding the average for 40K (420 Bq kg-1). The elevated levels of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples can be attributed to several interconnected factors, including the presence of thorium-rich minerals such as monazite and zircon, granitic geological formations, and anthropogenic inputs like bottom ash discharge from the plant and coal combustion byproducts. While the radium equivalent activity and hazard indices generally fell within safety limits, the higher outdoor and indoor absorbed dose rates, effective doses, and increased lifetime cancer risk raised alarms about potential health threats for nearby residents over time. Moreover, the long-term radiological effects on the Sundarbans ecosystem could disturb its fragile balance, impacting both biodiversity and the local communities that rely on its resources. These results highlight the necessity for further evaluations and remediation efforts to ensure the safe use of these soils in agricultural and construction activities. This research also seeks to develop a radiological distribution map, which will provide crucial baseline data for the forthcoming Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant.

Radon/Thoron and Progeny Concentrations in Dwellings: Influencing Factors and Lung Cancer Risk in the Rutile Bearing Area of Akonolinga, Cameroon

2025-06-22

Kitcha Sime Fayette , Gondji Dieu Souffit , Oumar Bobbo Modibo +5 more | Atmosphere

This paper reports the levels of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and their progeny (TnP) concentrations in dwellings; studies factors influencing these concentrations; and assesses the associated lung cancer risk in … This paper reports the levels of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and their progeny (TnP) concentrations in dwellings; studies factors influencing these concentrations; and assesses the associated lung cancer risk in Akonolinga’s area in Cameroon, where rutile deposits have been identified but are not yet industrially exploited. Indoor Rn and Tn were determined using CR39-based detectors. Additionally, Rn in soil gas, 226Ra, and 232Th concentrations in soil were measured using Markus 10, high purity germanium detector (HPGe), respectively. On average, indoor Rn, Tn concentration, and the equilibrium equivalent Thoron concentration (EETC) or TnP were 39.5, 68.1, and 5.0 Bq m−3, respectively. Average concentrations of Rn in soil gas, 226Ra, and 232Th in soil were 24.3 kBq m−3, 17 Bq kg−1, and 27 Bq kg−1, respectively. Correlation analysis indicates that indoor radon and thoron levels were tightly linked with factors such as their precursor concentrations in soil, the building materials, dwelling architecture, and inhabitant living habits. Furthermore, it was observed that Rn and TnP were the major contributors to the inhalation effective dose, accounting for 39.6% and 56.7% of the total, respectively. The estimated excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from the exposition to Rn and TnP was found to be 2.93 × 10−3 and 4.36 × 10−3, respectively, exceeding the global average, raising health concerns.

Detection of contamination with the element uranium U92 in some soils in the Samawah Desert (AL-Muthanna Governorate)

2025-06-22

Wissam J. Kazem , Muna Abdulrazzaq , Ali Kadom +1 more | International Journal for Scientific Research

The study was conducted on a part of the Samawah desert soil located in the southern part of AL-Muthanna Governorate, with the aim of studying the distribution status of contamination … The study was conducted on a part of the Samawah desert soil located in the southern part of AL-Muthanna Governorate, with the aim of studying the distribution status of contamination with uranium, focusing on its environmental and health impacts, and to analyze uranium concentrations in soil samples. It started reviews the methods of soil pollution in general, addressing how uranium enters the environment due to human activities such as mining and the use of depleted uranium, in addition to the geological factors that affect the concentration of uranium in the soil. Samples were collected from different locations in the region, and the results showed variations in uranium concentrations between samples. Uranium concentrations ranged between 0.00003% and 0.00279%, with some samples, such as the sample, exceedingS31 registered (27.9 ppm) parts per million), which far exceeds the expected natural limits for uranium concentrations in soil. And when comparing results with global environmental standards, such as those set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that many samples exceeded normal levels, indicating environmental contamination. In particular, samples containing elevated uranium concentrations are indicative of an unnatural source of contamination, such as industrial waste or military activities. That The potential environmental and health impacts of this contamination include contamination of groundwater and surface water, which can cause serious health problems such as kidney damage when contaminated water is consumed. Exposure to uranium in soil can also negatively impact plants and crops, potentially leading to reduced agricultural productivity.

Evaluation of natural radioactivity in powdered milk in the markets of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq

2025-06-20

Enas M. AL-Farha , Hala Ibrahim Jasim , Taha Yaseen Wais | The European Physical Journal Plus

Radiological and chemical hazards of persistent organic pollutants in the textile sector

2025-06-20

S A Fouda , E. S. Abd El-Halim , H. A. Abdel Ghany | Scientific Reports

Abstract The textile industry exposes people to various harmful and allergenic compounds, with dye wastewater being a significant source of persistent organic pollutants (chemical substances accumulate in living organisms and … Abstract The textile industry exposes people to various harmful and allergenic compounds, with dye wastewater being a significant source of persistent organic pollutants (chemical substances accumulate in living organisms and pose risks to human health and ecosystems) in the environment. This study aimed to measure the activity concentrations of radionuclides, specifically 238 U, 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K, in different types of textile dyes (disperse, direct, and reactive) and dye wastewater from the cities of Abour and Badr, using gamma spectrometry with a Hyper Pure Germanium detector. Additionally, heavy metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, Fe, Pb, Co, and K) were analyzed through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results indicated that the average specific activities of 238 U, 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K were higher in disperse dyes compared to direct and reactive dyes. Potential radiation hazards were evaluated, revealing detectable levels of radioactivity in some textile dyes. This underscores the need for safety protocols and preventive measures for workers in the textile industry and those handling these dyes.

Methods to Derive Uncertainty Intervals for Lifetime Risks for Lung Cancer Related to Occupational Radon Exposure

2025-06-20

Manfred Sommer , Nora Fenske , Christian Heumann +2 more | Health Physics

Abstract Lifetime risks are a useful tool in quantifying health risks related to radiation exposure and play an important role in the radiation detriment and, in the case of radon, … Abstract Lifetime risks are a useful tool in quantifying health risks related to radiation exposure and play an important role in the radiation detriment and, in the case of radon, for radon dose conversion. This study considers the lifetime risk of dying from lung cancer related to occupational radon exposure. For this purpose, in addition to other risk measures, the lifetime excess absolute risk (LEAR) is mainly examined. Uncertainty intervals for such lifetime risk estimates and corresponding statistical methods are rarely presented in the radon literature. Based on previous work on LEAR estimates, the objective of this article is to introduce and discuss novel methods to derive uncertainty intervals for lifetime risk estimates for lung cancer related to occupational radon exposure. Uncertainties of two main components of lifetime risk calculations are modeled: uncertainties of risk model parameter estimates describing the excess relative risk for lung cancer and of baseline mortality rates. Approximate normality assumption (ANA) methods derived from likelihood theory and Bayesian techniques are employed to quantify uncertainty in risk model parameters. The derived methods are applied to risk models from the German “Wismut” uranium miners cohort study (full Wismut cohort with follow-up up to 2018 and sub-cohort with miners first hired in 1960 or later, designated as “1960+ sub-cohort”). Mortality rate uncertainty is assessed based on information from the WHO mortality database. All uncertainty assessment methods are realized with Monte Carlo simulations. Resulting uncertainty intervals for different lifetime risk measures are compared. Uncertainty from risk model parameters imposes the largest uncertainty on lifetime risks but baseline lung cancer mortality rate uncertainty is also substantial. Using the ANA method accounting for uncertainty in risk model parameter estimates, the LEAR in % for the 1960+ sub-cohort risk model was 6.70 with a 95% uncertainty interval of [3.26; 12.28] for the exposure scenario of 2 Working Level Months from age 18–64 years, compared to the full cohort risk model with a LEAR in % of 3.43 and narrower 95% uncertainty interval [2.06; 4.84]. ANA methods and Bayesian techniques with a non-informative prior yield similar results, whenever comparable. There are only minor differences across different lifetime risk measures. Based on the present results, risk model parameter uncertainty accounts for a substantial share of lifetime risk uncertainty for radon protection. ANA methods are the most practicable and should be employed in the majority of cases. The explicit choice of lifetime risk measures is negligible. The derived uncertainty intervals are comparable to the range of lifetime risk estimates from uranium miners studies in the literature. These findings should be accounted for when developing radiation protection policies, which are based on lifetime risks.

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Rural Public Library Lending Programs Advance Population-Based Radon Testing

2025-06-19

Ellen J. Hahn , Stacy Stanifer , Kathy Rademacher +5 more | American Journal of Health Promotion

Purpose To evaluate change in home radon testing after initiation of a public library radon detector lending program (LLP) in four rural counties; and describe the impact of LLP promotions … Purpose To evaluate change in home radon testing after initiation of a public library radon detector lending program (LLP) in four rural counties; and describe the impact of LLP promotions on check-outs. Design Longitudinal tracking of radon testing and description of LLP promotions. Setting Four rural Kentucky counties. Sample 14,697 radon tests pre-LLP (charcoal-based test kits); 12,707 radon tests post-LLP (detector check-outs plus charcoal-based). Intervention LLP and promotional strategies including direct mail, radio, newsletters, social media, and in-library promotions and training. Measures Radon detector check-outs (03/2023-11/2024) comparing counties with and without LLP. Analysis Examined change in radon testing pre- and post-LLP implementation using incidence rate ratios. Evaluated number of check-outs following promotions. Results There was a 2.5-fold increase in the rate of radon testing in the four study counties (RR=2.5, 95% CI: 2.27-2.76; p<.001), while the testing rate fell in non-study counties. Two study counties exceeded their check-out goals multiple months in a row following direct mail campaigns. Social media, in-library signage, and billboards were reported most effective at promoting the program. The proportion of county-level renter-occupied housing fluctuated, potentially affecting differences in library check outs. Conclusion LLPs show promise in maximizing access to population-based radon testing. Mailing postcards to residents had a sustained impact on detector check-outs over 3-5 months in some counties.

Health Risks Assessment and DNA Damage in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems By Surface and Ground Waters in Ayetoro Coastal Community, Ondo, Nigeria

2025-06-19

Okunola A. Alabi , Funmilayo Esther Ayeni , Michael Olufemi Ashamo +3 more | Water Air & Soil Pollution

Preliminary Assessment of Indoor Radon Concentration and the Associated Health Risk to the Dwellers Surrounding Minjingu Phosphate Mine

2025-06-19

Mujuni Rweyemamu , Peter Pantaleo , Pius Shirima | Physical Science International Journal

Radon is a radioactive gas and a decay product of uranium. This gas poses a potential health risk to humans. This study aimed to assess preliminary indoor radon concentration at … Radon is a radioactive gas and a decay product of uranium. This gas poses a potential health risk to humans. This study aimed to assess preliminary indoor radon concentration at homes in Minjingu village and use the results of measurements to estimate the annual effective dose received by the dwellers and the associated excess lifetime cancer risk. The measurements were conducted in selected 22 houses using Professional Radon gas Monitor, AlphaGUARD from the Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission Laboratory. Results indicated that the radon concentration ranged from 33±4 Bq/m3 to 1080 ±57 Bq/m3 with the mean of 161±12 Bq/m3. The inhalation dose ranged from 0.8mSv.y-1 to 27.2 mSv.y-1 with the average of 4.1 mSv.y-1. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) ranged from 0.3 to 10.5%, with the average of 1.6%. Since some of the observed readings in this study are higher than the recommended levels of 300 Bq/m3, it is recommended to improve the ventilation system of the houses. Also, the long-term measurement of radon in this area is recommended in order to take into consideration the long-term variation of meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and pressure which are known to affect indoor radon levels. Regulatory measures for the areas with elevated levels of radon should be implemented, and a public health campaign to provide awareness about the effects of radon and its mitigation in homes should be given to the dwellers.

Space radiation

2025-06-18

B. Ishak | Contemporary Physics

Double-filter monitor for simultaneous measurement of radon and its progeny

2025-06-18

Rosaline Mishra , R. Prajith , R.P. Rout +3 more | Applied Radiation and Isotopes

Comprehensive radiological assessment and transfer factor analysis of soil to wheat samples

2025-06-17

Beant Kaur Guron , Sunil Kalkal , Rohit Mehra | Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

Construction of Radioactive Concrete Pads for Calibration of Ground and Airborne Gamma-Ray Spectrometers

2025-06-17

Dionı́sio Uendro Carlos , Fernando Brenha Ribeiro | Pure and Applied Geophysics

The study of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in sand samples using gamma spectrometric analysis

2025-06-17

A. Gayathri , S. Murugesan | Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy

Abstract Gamma ray spectrometry was used to analyze the radioactivity concentration of radioisotopes such as uranium, thorium, and potassium in the sand samples collected from River Cauvery. The particular range … Abstract Gamma ray spectrometry was used to analyze the radioactivity concentration of radioisotopes such as uranium, thorium, and potassium in the sand samples collected from River Cauvery. The particular range at the gravel, medium sand to fine sand with particle size greater than 125 microns was separated using the American Society for Testing Materials standard sieve. An electromagnet was used to part the amagnetic samples from the magnetic substances existing in the sand of the river. The radioactive isotopes and associated parameters such as the absorbed doses ( D in and D out ) and annual effective doses (AE in and AE out ) were evaluated. Internal ( H in ) and External ( H out ) Hazard Index, Radium Equivalent (Ra eq ), Internal (ELCR in ) and External (ELCR out ) Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks, Gamma ( I g ) and Alpha ( I α ) index, Activity Utilization Index (AUI), and Radioactive Heat Production (RHP) were also calculated and correlated. The average radioactivity of uranium, thorium, and potassium radioisotopes is 2.58, 8.06, and 248.26 Bq/kg, respectively, for greater than 125 microns and 2.71, 11.63, and 170.25 Bq/kg, respectively, for amagnetic grains. All these results were referred to the global standards, and it was found that all the parameters were within the limits. Howsoever, there was an exception in site 31; the rest of the sites were safe for use in the agriculture and construction industry and free from radiological risk.

Natural radiation background assessment and determination in Tirana District, Albania

2025-06-17

Dritan Prifti , Kozeta Tushe | The European Physical Journal Special Topics

Geochemical Controls on Radon Mobility in Soils: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessments

2025-06-17

Charlotte Annan , Asmita Naitam , Joan Nwakego | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Background: Radon-222 (²²²Rn) is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that poses a significant health hazard when it accumulates indoors. While traditional models emphasize uranium content, emerging evidence suggests that soil … Background: Radon-222 (²²²Rn) is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that poses a significant health hazard when it accumulates indoors. While traditional models emphasize uranium content, emerging evidence suggests that soil geochemistry plays a critical role in radon mobility. Objective: This review aims to clarify how specific geochemical properties influence radon behavior in soils and to highlight implications for risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Methods: Analysis of recent peer-reviewed studies was conducted, focusing on soils affected by contaminants such as arsenic, iron and lead. The review identifies dominant mechanistic pathways and synthesizes findings across diverse geographic and environmental contexts. Results: The findings indicate that soil radon flux is shaped by three principal mechanisms: (1) adsorption–desorption interactions involving iron oxides and organic matter; (2) changes in soil structure and permeability mediated by redox conditions; and (3) synergistic effects in multi-contaminant environments. Studies also highlight threshold responses to pH (particularly within the pH range of 4 to 8), organic matter content, and moisture saturation. In some cases, radon levels were elevated even when uranium concentrations were low, underscoring the influence of chemical modifiers. Conclusion: Radon risk assessment frameworks should move beyond uranium-focused models to incorporate geochemical complexity. Factoring in redox conditions, co-contaminants, and sorptive properties can improve hazard prediction and inform targeted remediation strategies.

Determination of natural radioactivity concentrations and risk assessment in soil from mining sites in Minna environs, Niger State, Nigeria

2025-06-16

Abdullahi Muhammad | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> This research investigated the concentrations of the well-known naturally occurring radionuclide materials (NORMs) 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in soil samples obtained from three mining areas (Shakwata, Eregi, and Pina) … <title>Abstract</title> This research investigated the concentrations of the well-known naturally occurring radionuclide materials (NORMs) 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in soil samples obtained from three mining areas (Shakwata, Eregi, and Pina) from Niger State, Nigeria. The results showed low activity concentrations of NORMs in soil with the exception of 40K, which is above the world average. From the perspective of safety and considering the low level of radiation hazard indices, these samples can be considered safe for use in building and construction without causing radiological risk to the people residing in these areas.

Natural Radioelements Concentration Analysis and Risk Assessment in Drinking Water of Mining Area Niger State, North Central Nigeria

2025-06-16

Abdullahi Muhammad , Akbar Abbasi | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> In this study, gamma spectrometry analysis was performed to determine the activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in four different water sources in three different communities (Shakwata, Eregi, … <title>Abstract</title> In this study, gamma spectrometry analysis was performed to determine the activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in four different water sources in three different communities (Shakwata, Eregi, and Pina) in Niger State, north-central Nigeria. Total 20 water samples were analyzed. The activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the water ranged from 0.35 ± 0.03 to 33.28 ± 2.97 Bq l⁻¹, 1.32 ± 0.07 l⁻¹ to 3.06 ± 0.18 Bq l⁻¹, and 0.85 ± 0.14 to 2.41 ± 0.15 Bq l⁻¹, respectively. For all five age groups, the annual effective dose from radionuclide intake in water sources across the three communities exceeded recommended limits, except in sample locations SW1, SW2, SW3, SW6, PWVI, and PWVII between the ages of 2-7 years and 7-12 years, where the 232Th level was found to be below the recommended limit of 1.0 mSv y⁻¹ set by ICRP. Therefore, considering that the annual effective dose exceeds the WHO and ICRP recommended guidelines, the water sources from the mining areas should be restricted to domestic use and not for public consumption except after treatment.

The hazardous radioactive elemental concentration and risk assessment in Cornu aspersum of the eastern Mediterranean Sea coast

2025-06-16

Akbar Abbasi , Mayeen Uddin Khandaker , Fatemeh Mirekhtiary | Marine Pollution Bulletin

Geochemical Fingerprinting of a Radon Anomaly: High-Resolution PCA–ANOVA Case Study, Castleisland (SW Ireland)

2025-06-16

Méabh H. Banríon , Quentin Crowley | Geochemistry Exploration Environment Analysis

Radon represents a global health risk, and so accurate delineation of radon-prone areas is a prerequisite for evidence-based radon mitigation and public health protection. National probabilistic radon models of Ireland, … Radon represents a global health risk, and so accurate delineation of radon-prone areas is a prerequisite for evidence-based radon mitigation and public health protection. National probabilistic radon models of Ireland, based on 1:1 M bedrock geological maps that group the Clare Shales with limestones achieve ∼74 % accuracy. Despite the high accuracy of Ireland's national radon map, some discrepancies still exist. Using geochemical and geostatistical methods, we investigated a significant and persistent radon anomaly over the Clare Shale Formation at Castleisland, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Fifty-six topsoil samples collected from the A-horizon within a 6 km² grid, with samples spaced every 250–500 m apart were included in the analysis and compared to co-located soil-gas radon measurements. Following centred and isometric log-ratio transformations of ICP-MS/OES data for 37 elements, soils above the Clare Shales exhibited a median U concentration of 4 mg kg⁻¹ (range 1.4–37 mg kg⁻¹). Pearson correlations between log₁₀ soil-gas radon and individual elements peaked at r = 0.57 for Sr (R² = 0.32), with similarly strong associations for V (r = 0.54), Ag (r = 0.52), P (r = 0.47), Au (r = 0.46), U (r = 0.45) and Tl (r = 0.43) (all p < 0.001). One-way ANOVA indicates radon-class categories explain a median 43.8 % of variance in 14 trace elements, while bedrock geology explains 27.8 %. Shared tracers (U, V, P, Ag, Sb) underscore overlapping lithological and radiogenic controls. Principal Components 1–3 capture 62.9 % of total variance (PC1 = 31.8 %, PC2 = 17.2 %, PC3 = 13.9 %). PC1 is defined by strong positive loadings on Sc, Mg, Fe, Al, Th, Ni and Co and negative loadings on Sr, Ag, U, P and V, neatly contrasting shale-derived, high-radon soils from carbonate terrains. This study demonstrates that local-scale litho-geochemical proxies, resolved at 250 m and calibrated against a 1:100 k geological framework, can effectively delineate elevated radon sources. This approach offers a systematic means to investigate map anomalies, refine national radon models, enhance spatial accuracy, and support evidence-based radon risk assessment and public health protection initiatives.

Machine learning-based mapping of indoor radon potential using geogenic factors

2025-06-14

Mehrdad Daviran , Iman Masoumi , Reza Ghezelbash +2 more | Environmental and Ecological Statistics

Investigation of environmental effects from the operation of a nuclear power plant

2025-06-14

Izabella Souza , Simone Pennafirme , Nélio Santos +3 more | Annals of Nuclear Energy

Examination of factors influencing the radon levels in kindergartens in the mining area of Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan municipalities, North Kosovo region

2025-06-13

Ljiljana Gulan , Dušica Spasić , Sofija Forkapić | Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

Assessment of environmental health risks from mylonite-derived gamma radiation: a petrographic and dosimetric study

2025-06-13

Mohamed Y. Hanfi , Hassan A. A. Shahin , Masoud S. Masoud +2 more | Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

Radiological quality of packaged natural spring waters sold in Türkiye and radiological health risk assessment

2025-06-13

Şeref Turhan , Aslı Kurnaz , Ergin Murat Altuner +1 more | Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

Analysis of radionuclide concentrations in fish and radioactivity levels in water from Lake Edward, Rukungiri District, Uganda

2025-06-12

Afam Uzorka , Ivan Tukahirwa , Living Ouyesiga +1 more | Discover Environment

An Assessment of the Impact of Gypsum Deposit Development on Changes in the Radiation Environment

2025-06-12

Alexander I. Malov , V.A. Nakhod , S.V. Druzhinin +1 more | Applied Sciences

The aim of the conducted research was to assess the impact of gypsum deposit development on changes in the radiation levels of the abiotic components of the environment. For this … The aim of the conducted research was to assess the impact of gypsum deposit development on changes in the radiation levels of the abiotic components of the environment. For this purpose, a study of the radioactivity of water, bottom sediment, soil, gypsum and loam samples was performed. Ground-based studies of the distribution of the values of the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation and radon flux density were also carried out. It was shown that due to the high solubility of gypsum, the degree of karstification of the territory increases under the influence of meteoric waters, and as a result of the intensification of anthropogenic impact, the degree of chemical weathering of rocks increases. This leads to a coordinated change in not only the chemical but also the radiation conditions. In particular, radioactive contamination of quarry waters and areas of increased radon flux density in soil air were established. In bottom sediments, the significant correlations of 137Cs, 238U and 234U activity concentrations with carbonates, organic matter and soluble salts contents, as well as Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Mo, Cd, Co, Ti and V, indicate a significant role of the anthropogenic factor in the accumulation in bottom sediments. This factor is associated with both regional atmospheric transport (137Cs) and the activity of the mining enterprise in the study area (238U and 234U).

Substantiation of the values of the field of view angles of mobile-type collimator detectors on aircraft carriers to improve the efficiency of detecting discrete sources of gamma radiation of natural and technogenic origin

2025-06-12

Сергій Крячок , Vadym Belenok , D. Liashenko +3 more | International Journal of Remote Sensing

Radon assessment of drinking water sources from Jibia town, Katsina State, Nigeria

2025-06-11

J. Gaddafi , Rabiu Nasiru , Nuraddeen Nasiru Garba +1 more | Deleted Journal

Radon gas, the predominant source of natural occurring radioactive substances is released by natural decay of uranium in the ground. Its half-life is 3.823 days and it can penetrate soils … Radon gas, the predominant source of natural occurring radioactive substances is released by natural decay of uranium in the ground. Its half-life is 3.823 days and it can penetrate soils and rocks, contaminating surface and ground water sources. Ingestion (oral) and inhalation leads to a build-up of its daughters 218Po and 214Po in the lungs, whose high-energy alpha and gamma radiation damage cells. This research work aimed to evaluate the health hazards associated with 222Rn in some selected drinking water sources from Jibia Town, Katsina State, Nigeria. Twenty water samples from three different water sources were analyzed using liquid scintillation counter (Model Tri-Carb-LSA1000) situated at the Centre for Energy Research and Training of ABU Zaria. The corresponding annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation of 222Rn were also estimated. The mean activities concentrations of radon for surface, well and borehole water sources were 1.80±0.01BqL-1, 5.99±0.02 BqL-1 and 7.97±0.04 BqL-1 respectively, with overall mean value of 5.21±0.03 Bq/L. Similarly, the estimated mean annual effective dose due to inhalation and ingestion of radon were13.14±0.9 µSv/y (for all ages) and 37.95±2.5 µSv/y, 57.08±3.8 µSv/y and 66.59±4.4 µSv/y for adults, children and infants, respectively. Based on the achieved results, the specific activity concentrations of the radon and the estimated annual effective doses due to ingestion and inhalation of 222Rn were all found to be below the World average value of 10Bq/L set by WHO (2011) and recommended limit of 100µSv/y set by WHO (2011), respectively. Hence the radon concentrations were found to pose non-significant hazard to the populace from the drinking water sources.