Engineering Mechanical Engineering

High Temperature Alloys and Creep

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the development, properties, and behavior of nickel-based superalloys and high-temperature steels. It covers topics such as microstructure, phase stability, creep resistance, materials design, physical metallurgy, and ratcheting simulation.

Keywords

Superalloys; High-Temperature Alloys; Creep Resistance; Microstructure; Phase Stability; Materials Design; Creep Deformation; Physical Metallurgy; Ratcheting Simulation; CALPHAD Modeling

Abstract Die Theorie der Alterung eines schwerlöslichen Niederschlags wie AgBr durch Umlösen entsprechend der höheren Löslichkeit von kleinen Teilchen gegenüber derjenigen von großen Teilchen wird quantitativ entwickelt. Es werden Gleichungen … Abstract Die Theorie der Alterung eines schwerlöslichen Niederschlags wie AgBr durch Umlösen entsprechend der höheren Löslichkeit von kleinen Teilchen gegenüber derjenigen von großen Teilchen wird quantitativ entwickelt. Es werden Gleichungen für die zeitliche Änderung der Größen‐Verteilungsfunktion, der mittleren Teilchengröße und der Teilchenzahl bei diffusionsbestimmtem und bei reaktionsbestimmtem Stoffübergang mitgeteilt.
Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components deals with the underlying causes of high-temperature failures and their effect on component life and reliability. The first few chapters develop the … Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components deals with the underlying causes of high-temperature failures and their effect on component life and reliability. The first few chapters develop the theory necessary to understand and analyze high-temperature damage phenomena, including fracture, creep, and fatigue. Various forms of embrittlement and corrosion are also addressed as are creep-fatigue, thermal fatigue, and welding defects. The chapters that follow discuss the practical implications of these phenomena, explaining how to assess damage and estimate the remaining service life of boiler tubes, turbine blades, reactor vessels, nozzles, and other components. Life-assessment procedures draw on a knowledge of design, material behavior, and nondestructive inspection techniques, which are covered as well. The book makes extensive use of data plots, diagrams, and images and includes many worked-out examples and case histories. It also serves as a ready source of material property data. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-358-3, follow this link.
We have identified cobalt-base superalloys showing a high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional nickel-base superalloys. The cobalt-base alloys are strengthened by a ternary compound with the L1(2) structure, gamma' … We have identified cobalt-base superalloys showing a high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional nickel-base superalloys. The cobalt-base alloys are strengthened by a ternary compound with the L1(2) structure, gamma' Co3(Al,W), which precipitates in the disordered gamma face-centered cubic cobalt matrix with high coherency and with high melting points. We also identified a ternary compound, gamma' Ir3(Al,W), with the L1(2) structure, which suggests that the Co-Ir-Al-W-base systems with gamma+gamma' (Co,Ir)3(Al,W) structures offer great promise as candidates for next-generation high-temperature materials.
The creep rate (ė) predicted by the boundary diffusion (Db) model is ė≃150σDbWΩ/(GS)3kT, where σ is the stress, W is the boundary width, (GS) is the average grain size, and … The creep rate (ė) predicted by the boundary diffusion (Db) model is ė≃150σDbWΩ/(GS)3kT, where σ is the stress, W is the boundary width, (GS) is the average grain size, and Ω is vacancy volume. The stress dependence is the same as the lattice diffusion model, given by C. Herring, while the grain size dependence and the numerical constant are greater for boundary diffusion. Discussion of the mechanism of creep in polycrystalline alumina is based on the differences between the lattice and boundary diffusion models.
The true stress-strain curves of polycrystalline aluminum, copper, and stainless steel are shown to be adequately represented by an exponential approach to a saturation stress over a significant range. This … The true stress-strain curves of polycrystalline aluminum, copper, and stainless steel are shown to be adequately represented by an exponential approach to a saturation stress over a significant range. This empirical law, which was first proposed by Voce, is expanded to describe the temperature and strain-rate dependence, and is put on a physical foundation in the framework of dislocation storage and dynamic recovery rates. The formalism can be applied to the steady-state limit of creep in the same range of temperatures and strain rates; the stress exponent of the creep rate must, as a consequence, be strongly temperature dependent, the activation energy weakly stress dependent. Near half the melting temperature, where available work-hardening data and available creep data overlap, they match. Extrapolation of the proposed law to higher temperatures suggests that no new mechanisms may be necessary to describe high-temperature creep. A new differential equation for transient creep also follows from the empirical work-hardening law.
It is crucial for the carbon concentration of 9% Cr steel to be reduced to a very low level, so as to promote the formation of MX nitrides rich in … It is crucial for the carbon concentration of 9% Cr steel to be reduced to a very low level, so as to promote the formation of MX nitrides rich in vanadium as very fine and thermally stable particles to enable prolonged periods of exposure at elevated temperatures and also to eliminate Cr-rich carbides M23C6. Sub-boundary hardening, which is inversely proportional to the width of laths and blocks, is shown to be the most important strengthening mechanism for creep and is enhanced by the fine dispersion of precipitates along boundaries. The suppression of particle coarsening during creep and the maintenance of a homogeneous distribution of M23C6 carbides near prior austenite grain boundaries, which precipitate during tempering and are less fine, are effective for preventing the long-term degradation of creep strength and for improving long-term creep strength. This can be achieved by the addition of boron. The steels considered in this paper exhibit higher creep strength at 650 °C than existing high-strength steels used for thick section boiler components.
(2007). A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect. Materials at High Temperatures: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-26. (2007). A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect. Materials at High Temperatures: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-26.
Austenitic stainless steels have for some time been used as superheater tubes in the electricity generation industries in harsh environments with temperatures as high as 650°C at pressures of some … Austenitic stainless steels have for some time been used as superheater tubes in the electricity generation industries in harsh environments with temperatures as high as 650°C at pressures of some 200 atm; they are expected to provide reliable service for 30 years or more. Their detailed mechanical properties are dependent on the stability of the microstructure, particularly the formation, dissolution, and coarsening of precipitates. Although the precipitation processes have been studied extensively, there remain important discrepancies. It is known that small changes in the chemical composition or thermomechanical processing can profoundly influence the evolution of the microstructure. This review focuses on precipitation in creep resistant austenitic stainless steels, in particular wrought heat resistant grades containing niobium and titanium additions. Conventional alloys such as 18–8 and 16–10 are included together with the new NF709 (20–25) and other recent variants. Precipitates forming in age hardening austenitic stainless steels are only briefly presented. Many studies have shown that MX is not a stoichiometric phase, and that chromium can be incorporated in the metal sublattice. Furthermore, the reported compositions show considerable variation. These studies are assessed and an explanation is offered, in terms of the Gibbs–Thompson effect, for the variation. A rational consideration of all the results suggests a size dependence in line with capillarity considerations. The MX phase does not form in isolation; its stability also depends on the formation of M23C6. The literature reveals that NbC is more stable than M23C6 but the case for TiC is less certain. The formation of Z phase in nitrogen bearing steels is a further complicating factor, and it is concluded that its formation is not adequately understood. This is unlike the case for M23C6, where there is consistent reporting in the literature. Finally, work on the M6C carbide in austenitic stainless steels is critically assessed. It is found that its detailed composition is not well characterised and that there are no general rules apparent about its formation. The review also covers intermetallic compounds such as σ phase. It is clear that chromium concentrations in excess of 18 wt-%, combined with a low carbon concentration, promote the formation of σ phase. This has implications particularly for steels containing niobium and titanium, both of which getter carbon. Other compounds reviewed include χ and G phases, which form at high temperatures and during very long aging such as that encountered in service.
The chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of nickel-based superalloys are reviewed with emphasis on the use of this class of materials within turbine engines.The role of major and minor alloying … The chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of nickel-based superalloys are reviewed with emphasis on the use of this class of materials within turbine engines.The role of major and minor alloying additions in multicomponent commercial cast and wrought superalloys is discussed.Microstructural stability and phases observed during processing and in subsequent elevated-temperature service are summarized.Processing paths and recent advances in processing are addressed.Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms are reviewed, including tensile properties, creep, fatigue, and cyclic crack growth. I. IntroductionN ICKEL-BASED superalloys are an unusual class of metal- lic materials with an exceptional combination of hightemperature strength, toughness, and resistance to degradation in corrosive or oxidizing environments.These materials are widely used in aircraft and power-generation turbines, rocket engines, and other challenging environments, including nuclear power and chemical processing plants.Intensive alloy and process development activities during the past few decades have resulted in alloys that can tolerate average temperatures of 1050 • C with occasional excursions (or local hot spots near airfoil tips) to temperatures as high as 1200 • C, 1 which is approximately 90% of the melting point of the material.The underlying aspects of microstructure and composition that result in these exceptional properties are briefly reviewed here.Major classes of superalloys that are utilized in gas-turbine engines and the corresponding processes for their production are outlined along with characteristic mechanical and physical properties. II. Superalloys in Gas-Turbine EnginesNickel-based superalloys typically constitute 40-50% of the total weight of an aircraft engine and are used most extensively in the combustor and turbine sections of the engine where elevated temperatures are maintained during operation. 1Creep-resistant turbine blades and vanes are typically fabricated by complex investment casting procedures that are essential for introduction of elaborate cooling schemes and for control of grain structure.Such components may contain equiaxed grains or columnar grains, or may be
A dislocation climb creep model is considered which does not require the production of immobile dislocations. The creep equation that results from the analysis is creep rate=Aσ3sinh(Bσ1.5/kT)exp(−Q/kT),where A and B … A dislocation climb creep model is considered which does not require the production of immobile dislocations. The creep equation that results from the analysis is creep rate=Aσ3sinh(Bσ1.5/kT)exp(−Q/kT),where A and B are constants, σ is the stress, Q is the activation energy of creep and kT has its usual meaning. This equation is quite similar to one previously proposed.
The creep deformation resistance and rupture life of high Cr ferritic steel with a tempered martensitic lath structure are critically reviewed on the basis of experimental data. Special attention is … The creep deformation resistance and rupture life of high Cr ferritic steel with a tempered martensitic lath structure are critically reviewed on the basis of experimental data. Special attention is directed to the following three subjects: creep mechanism of the ferritic steel, its alloy design for further strengthening, and loss of its creep rupture strength after long-term use.The high Cr ferritic steel is characterized by its fine subgrain structure with a high density of free dislocations within the subgrains. The dislocation substructure is the most densely distributed obstacle to dislocation motion in the steel. Its recovery controls creep rate and rupture life at elevated temperatures. Improvement of creep strength of the steel requires a fine subgrain structure with a high density of free dislocations. A sufficient number of pinning particles (MX particles in subgrain interior and M23C6 particles on sub-boundaries) are necessary to cancel a large driving force for recovery due to the high dislocation density. Coarsening and agglomeration of the pinning particles have to be delayed by an appropriate alloy design of the steel.Creep rupture strength of the high Cr ferritic steel decreases quickly after long-term use. A significant improvement of creep rupture strength can be achieved if we can prevent the loss of rupture strength. In the steel tempered at high temperature, enhanced recovery of the subgrain structure along grain boundaries is the cause of the premature failure and the consequent loss of rupture strength. However, the scenario is not always applicable. Further studies are needed to solve this important problem of high Cr ferritic steel. MX particles are necessary to retain a fine subgrain structure and to achieve the excellent creep strength of the high Cr ferritic steel. Strengthening mechanism of the MX particles is another important problem left unsolved.
In gas turbines, critical components such as turbine blades operate under prolonged high‐temperature conditions, which often result in the degradation of the microstructure in a nonuniform manner. In the article, … In gas turbines, critical components such as turbine blades operate under prolonged high‐temperature conditions, which often result in the degradation of the microstructure in a nonuniform manner. In the article, the relationship between the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a novel second‐generation nickel‐based single‐crystal superalloy subjected to extended thermal exposure at 900 °C is examined. The results demonstrate that, with increasing the duration of thermal exposure, the γ′ phase size increases from 0.35 μm (0 h, edge length) to 0.46 μm (1000 h, thickness), transitioning from a regular cubic shape to a rafting structure. The tensile properties of the alloy first increase and then decrease. The coarsening behavior of the γ′ phase in the tested alloy aligns with the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory (LSW), with a coarsening rate constant of 5.51 × 10 4 nm 3 h −1 . Additionally, the Kirkendall effect, driven by the uneven diffusion of alloying elements, results in a rise in both the quantity and size of micropores. Microcracks are more likely to start and spread from the pointed corners of micropores. The coarsening of the γ′ phase, combined with the growing presence of large, irregularly shaped micropores, ultimately contributes to the degradation of the alloy's tensile properties.
Abstract This paper aims to analyze the application potential of ultra-high-strength steel materials in the aviation field. By comparing the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, necking rate, and fracture toughness, … Abstract This paper aims to analyze the application potential of ultra-high-strength steel materials in the aviation field. By comparing the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, necking rate, and fracture toughness, the performance differences of these materials under different temperature conditions are systematically evaluated. The research results show that AerMet310 exhibits high tensile strength and yield strength at room temperature and high temperature. The tensile strength and yield strength of AerMet310 at room temperature reach 2200 MPa and 2000 MPa respectively. It has a good balance in toughness, which is suitable for use in the aviation field with high requirements for high strength and durability, especially in applications under high and low-temperature extreme environments. Although it is slightly inferior in terms of elongation, necking rate, fracture toughness, and other indicators, its comprehensive performance is still relatively outstanding. Especially in the structural design of aviation devices, it has high practical value.