Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

Works Count: 51420

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This cluster of papers explores the impact of metal-induced oxidative stress on human health, with a focus on lead and cadmium exposure, neurodevelopmental effects, carcinogenic potential, chelation therapy, and biomonitoring. It delves into the mechanisms of toxicity, oxidative damage, and the potential role of antioxidants in mitigating the adverse effects of metal exposure.

Keywords

Metal Toxicity; Oxidative Stress; Lead Exposure; Cadmium Carcinogenesis; Neurodevelopmental Effects; Environmental Health; Manganese Neurotoxicity; Heavy Metal Poisoning; Chelation Therapy; Biomonitoring

The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health

2006-09-10

Johannes Godt , Franziska Scheidig , Christian Große‐Siestrup +4 more

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) has been in industrial use for a long period of time. Its serious toxicity moved into scientific focus during the middle of the last century. In this … Abstract Cadmium (Cd) has been in industrial use for a long period of time. Its serious toxicity moved into scientific focus during the middle of the last century. In this review, we discuss historic and recent developments of toxicological and epidemiological questions, including exposition sources, resorption pathways and organ damage processes.

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Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease

2011-03-16

Klaudia Jomová , Marián Valko

Water Manganese Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function in Araihazar, Bangladesh

2005-08-09

Gail A. Wasserman , Xinhua Liu , Faruque Parvez +7 more

Exposure to manganese via inhalation has long been known to elicit neurotoxicity in adults, but little is known about possible consequences of exposure via drinking water. In this study, we … Exposure to manganese via inhalation has long been known to elicit neurotoxicity in adults, but little is known about possible consequences of exposure via drinking water. In this study, we report results of a cross-sectional investigation of intellectual function in 142 10-year-old children in Araihazar, Bangladesh, who had been consuming tube-well water with an average concentration of 793 μg Mn/L and 3 μg arsenic/L. Children and mothers came to our field clinic, where children received a medical examination in which weight, height, and head circumference were measured. Children's intellectual function was assessed on tests drawn from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, version III, by summing weighted items across domains to create Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale raw scores. Children provided urine specimens for measuring urinary As and creatinine and were asked to provide blood samples for measuring blood lead, As, Mn, and hemoglobin concentrations. After adjustment for sociodemographic covariates, water Mn was associated with reduced Full-Scale, Performance, and Verbal raw scores, in a dose–response fashion; the low level of As in water had no effect. In the United States, roughly 6% of domestic household wells have Mn concentrations that exceed 300 μg Mn/L, the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory level. We conclude that in both Bangladesh and the United States, some children are at risk for Mn-induced neurotoxicity.

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Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels

1979-03-29

Herbert L. Needleman , Charles Gunnoe , Alan Leviton +4 more

To measure the neuropsychologic effects of unidentified childhood exposure to lead, the performance of 58 children with high and 100 with low dentine lead levels was compared. Children with high … To measure the neuropsychologic effects of unidentified childhood exposure to lead, the performance of 58 children with high and 100 with low dentine lead levels was compared. Children with high lead levels scored significantly less well on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Revised) than those with low lead levels. This difference was also apparent on verbal subtests, on three other measures of auditory or speech processing and on a measure of attention. Analysis of variance showed that none of these differences could be explained by any of the 39 other variables studied. Also evaluated by a teachers' questionnaire was the classroom behavior of all children (2146 in number) whose teeth were analyzed. The frequency of non-adaptive classroom behavior increased in a dose-related fashion to dentine lead level. Lead exposure, at doses below those producing symptoms severe enough to be diagnosed clinically, appears to be associated with neuropsychologic deficits that may interfere with classroom performance. (N Engl J Med 300:689–695, 1979)

Estimation of Lead and Arsenic Bioavailability Using a Physiologically Based Extraction Test

1996-01-01

Michael V. Ruby , Andy Davis , Rosalind A. Schoof +2 more

The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) is an in vitro test system for predicting the bioavailability of metals from a solid matrix and incorporates gastrointestinal tract parameters representative of a … The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) is an in vitro test system for predicting the bioavailability of metals from a solid matrix and incorporates gastrointestinal tract parameters representative of a human (including stomach and small intestinal pH and chemistry, soil-to-solution ratio, stomach mixing, and stomach emptying rates). For lead (Pb), the results of the PBET are linearly correlated with results from a Sprague-Dawley rat model (r2 = 0.93 between in vitro and in vivo results, n = 7). For arsenic (As), the results of the PBET are overpredicting bioavailability study results in rabbit and primate models (2−11% difference between in vitro and in vivo results, depending on the animal model). The PBET was not designed to supplant bioavailability studies using animal models, but rather to estimate Pb and As bioavailability when animal study results are not available. Dissolution of Pb in the acidic stomach environment was strongly pH dependent; the extent of dissolution decreased by 65% when stomach pH was increased from 1.3 to 2.5. Arsenic solubility decreased by only 16% over the same pH range. Lead was removed from solution to a greater extent than As by neutralization during the small intestinal simulation, consistent with adsorption and precipitation reactions occurring for Pbbut not Asat neutral pH values. In addition to providing mechanistic explanations for controls on Pb and As bioavailability, the PBET allows estimates of site-specific Pb and As bioavailability from soil for the purpose of exposure assessment.

The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: A review

1987-01-01

Anton M. Scheuhammer

Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Level Cadmium in Foodstuffs and Cigarette Smoke

2004-03-25

Soisungwan Satarug , Michael R. Moore

Cadmium is a cumulative nephrotoxicant that is absorbed into the body from dietary sources and cigarette smoking. The levels of Cd in organs such as liver and kidney cortex increase … Cadmium is a cumulative nephrotoxicant that is absorbed into the body from dietary sources and cigarette smoking. The levels of Cd in organs such as liver and kidney cortex increase with age because of the lack of an active biochemical process for its elimination coupled with renal reabsorption. Recent research has provided evidence linking Cd-related kidney dysfunction and decreases in bone mineral density in nonoccupationally exposed populations who showed no signs of nutritional deficiency. This challenges the previous view that the concurrent kidney and bone damage seen in Japanese itai-itai disease patients was the result of Cd toxicity in combination with nutritional deficiencies, notably, of zinc and calcium. Further, such Cd-linked bone and kidney toxicities were observed in people whose dietary Cd intakes were well within the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives of 1 microg/kg body weight/day or 70 microg/day. This evidence points to the much-needed revision of the current PTWI for Cd. Also, evidence for the carcinogenic risk of chronic Cd exposure is accumulating and Cd effects on reproductive outcomes have begun to emerge.

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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis

2003-09-12

Michael Waisberg , Pius Joseph , Beverley Hale +1 more

Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem

2009-05-05

Lars Järup , Agneta Åkesson

Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Manganese Oxide Particles to the CentralNervous System

2006-04-20

Alison Elder , Robert Gelein , Vanessa Silva +7 more

BackgroundStudies in monkeys with intranasally instilled gold ultrafine particles (UFPs; < 100 nm) and in rats with inhaled carbon UFPs suggested that solid UFPs deposited in the nose travel along … BackgroundStudies in monkeys with intranasally instilled gold ultrafine particles (UFPs; < 100 nm) and in rats with inhaled carbon UFPs suggested that solid UFPs deposited in the nose travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.MethodsTo determine if olfactory translocation occurs for other solid metal UFPs and assess potential health effects, we exposed groups of rats to manganese (Mn) oxide UFPs (30 nm; ~ 500 μg/m3) with either both nostrils patent or the right nostril occluded. We analyzed Mn in lung, liver, olfactory bulb, and other brain regions, and we performed gene and protein analyses.ResultsAfter 12 days of exposure with both nostrils patent, Mn concentrations in the olfactory bulb increased 3.5-fold, whereas lung Mn concentrations doubled; there were also increases in striatum, frontal cortex, and cerebellum. Lung lavage analysis showed no indications of lung inflammation, whereas increases in olfactory bulb tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA (~ 8-fold) and protein (~ 30-fold) were found after 11 days of exposure and, to a lesser degree, in other brain regions with increased Mn levels. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule mRNA were also increased in olfactory bulb. With the right nostril occluded for a 2-day exposure, Mn accumulated only in the left olfactory bulb. Solubilization of the Mn oxide UFPs was < 1.5% per day.ConclusionsWe conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating inhaled Mn oxide as solid UFPs to the central nervous system and that this can result in inflammatory changes. We suggest that despite differences between human and rodent olfactory systems, this pathway is relevant in humans.

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Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review)

2006-10-18

G. Bertin , D. Averbeck

A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population

2002-12-30

Soisungwan Satarug , Jason Baker , S. Urbenjapol +4 more

Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review

2009-01-01

T. A. B. Sanders , Ying Liu , Virginia Buchner +1 more

Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering … Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.

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Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo

2005-11-15

Zhen Chen , Huan Meng , Gengmei Xing +7 more

Cognitive Deficits Associated with Blood Lead Concentrations <10 microg/dL in US Children and Adolescents

2000-12-01

Bruce P. Lanphear , Kim N. Dietrich , Peggy Auinger +1 more

Lead is a confirmed neurotoxicant, but the lowest blood lead concentration associated with deficits in cognitive functioning and academic achievement is poorly defined. The purpose of the present study was … Lead is a confirmed neurotoxicant, but the lowest blood lead concentration associated with deficits in cognitive functioning and academic achievement is poorly defined. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of relatively low blood lead concentrations-especially concentrations <10 micrograms per deciliter (microg/dL)--with performance on tests of cognitive functioning in a representative sample of US children and adolescents.The authors used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994, to assess the relationship between blood lead concentration and performance on tests of arithmetic skills, reading skills, nonverbal reasoning, and short-term memory among 4,853 children ages 6-16 years.The geometric mean blood lead concentration for children n the study sample was 1.9 microg/dL; 172 (2.1%) had blood lead concentrations > or =10 microg/dL. After adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, poverty, region of the country, parent or caregiver's educational level, parent or caregiver's marital status parent, serum ferritin level, and serum cotinine level, the data showed an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and scores on four measures of cognitive functioning. For every 1 microg/dL increase in blood lead concentration, there was a 0.7-point decrement in mean arithmetic scores, an approximately 1-point decrement in mean reading scores, a 0.1-point decrement in mean scores on a measure of nonverbal reasoning, and a 0.5-point decrement in mean scores on a measure of short-term memory. An inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and arithmetic and reading scores was observed for children with blood lead concentrations lower than 5.0 microg/dL.Deficits in cognitive and academic skills associated with lead exposure occur at blood lead concentrations lower than 5 microg/dL.

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Cadmium carcinogenesis in review

2000-04-01

Michael P. Waalkes

Longitudinal Analyses of Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure and Early Cognitive Development

1987-04-23

David Bellinger , Alan Leviton , Christine Waternaux +2 more

In a prospective cohort study of 249 children from birth to two years of age, we assessed the relation between prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. On … In a prospective cohort study of 249 children from birth to two years of age, we assessed the relation between prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. On the basis of lead levels in umbilical-cord blood, children were assigned to one of three prenatal-exposure groups: low (<3 μg per deciliter), medium (6 to 7 μg per deciliter), or high (≥10 μg per deciliter). Development was assessed semiannually, beginning at the age of six months, with use of the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (mean ±SD, 100±16). Capillary-blood samples obtained at the same times provided measures of postnatal lead exposure. Regression methods for longitudinal data were used to evaluate the association between infants' lead levels and their development scores after adjustment for potential confounders. At all ages, infants in the high-prenatal-exposure group scored lower than infants in the other two groups. The estimated difference between the overall performance of the low-exposure and high-exposure groups was 4.8 points (95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 7.3). Between the medium- and high-exposure groups, the estimated difference was 3.8 points (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 6.3). Scores were not related to infants' postnatal blood lead levels. It appears that the fetus may be adversely affected at blood lead concentrations well below 25 μg per deciliter, the level currently defined by the Centers for Disease Control as the highest acceptable level for young children. (N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1037–43.)

Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge

2010-04-01

Ann Cuypers , Michelle Plusquin , Tony Remans +7 more

Plant science: the key to preventing slow cadmium poisoning

2012-09-12

Stephan Clemens , Mark G. M. Aarts , Sébastien Thomine +1 more

Hazards of heavy metal contamination

2003-12-01

Lars Järup

The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human … The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular in less developed countries, though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. Cadmium compounds are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium emissions have increased dramatically during the 20th century, one reason being that cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with household waste. Cigarette smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure. In non-smokers, food is the most important source of cadmium exposure. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects and fractures. Many individuals in Europe already exceed these exposure levels and the margin is very narrow for large groups. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, and dental amalgam. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. However, there are no studies so far that have been able to show any associations between amalgam fillings and ill health. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air have caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood-brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may be neurotoxic effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, phasing out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels should be encouraged. The use of lead-based paints should be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should be aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food. Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water, food being the most important source in most populations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking-water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer, but also some other cancers, as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Occupational exposure to arsenic, primarily by inhalation, is causally associated with lung cancer. Clear exposure-response relationships and high risks have been observed.

Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review

2006-12-20

Ana Navas‐Acién , Eliseo Güallar , Ellen K. Silbergeld +1 more

This systematic review evaluates the evidence on the association between lead exposure and cardiovascular end points in human populations. This systematic review evaluates the evidence on the association between lead exposure and cardiovascular end points in human populations.

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Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis

2005-03-19

Bruce P. Lanphear , Richard Hornung , Jane Khoury +7 more

Lead is a confirmed neurotoxin, but questions remain about lead-associated intellectual deficits at blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL and whether lower exposures are, for a given change in exposure, … Lead is a confirmed neurotoxin, but questions remain about lead-associated intellectual deficits at blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL and whether lower exposures are, for a given change in exposure, associated with greater deficits. The objective of this study was to examine the association of intelligence test scores and blood lead concentration, especially for children who had maximal measured blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL. We examined data collected from 1,333 children who participated in seven international population-based longitudinal cohort studies, followed from birth or infancy until 5-10 years of age. The full-scale IQ score was the primary outcome measure. The geometric mean blood lead concentration of the children peaked at 17.8 microg/dL and declined to 9.4 microg/dL by 5-7 years of age; 244 (18%) children had a maximal blood lead concentration < 10 microg/dL, and 103 (8%) had a maximal blood lead concentration < 7.5 microg/dL. After adjustment for covariates, we found an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and IQ score. Using a log-linear model, we found a 6.9 IQ point decrement [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.2-9.4] associated with an increase in concurrent blood lead levels from 2.4 to 30 microg/dL. The estimated IQ point decrements associated with an increase in blood lead from 2.4 to 10 microg/dL, 10 to 20 microg/dL, and 20 to 30 microg/dL were 3.9 (95% CI, 2.4-5.3), 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-2.6), and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7-1.5), respectively. For a given increase in blood lead, the lead-associated intellectual decrement for children with a maximal blood lead level < 7.5 microg/dL was significantly greater than that observed for those with a maximal blood lead level > or = 7.5 microg/dL (p = 0.015). We conclude that environmental lead exposure in children who have maximal blood lead levels < 7.5 microg/dL is associated with intellectual deficits.

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Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy.

2008-10-01

S.J.S. Flora , Megha Mittal , Ashish Mehta

Exposure to heavy metals is a common phenomenon due to their environmental pervasiveness. Metal intoxication particularly neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity is widely known. This review summarizes our current understanding about … Exposure to heavy metals is a common phenomenon due to their environmental pervasiveness. Metal intoxication particularly neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity is widely known. This review summarizes our current understanding about the mechanism by which metalloids or heavy metals (particularly arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury) induce their toxic effects. The unifying factor in determining toxicity and carcinogenicity for all these metals is the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The toxic manifestations of these metals are caused primarily due to imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis which is termed as oxidative stress. Besides these metals have high affinity for thiol groups containing enzymes and proteins, which are responsible for normal cellular defense mechanism. Long term exposure to these metals could lead to apoptosis. Signaling components affected by metals include growth factor receptors, G-proteins, MAP kinases and transcription factors. Chelation therapy with chelating agents like calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (CaNa(2)EDTA), British Anti Lewisite (BAL), sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) etc., is considered to be the best known treatment against metal poisoning. Despite many years of research we are still far away from effective treatment against toxicity caused due to exposure to heavy metals/metalloids. The treatment with these chelating agents is compromised with number of serious side-effects. Studies show that supplementation of antioxidants along-with a chelating agent prove to be a better treatment regimen than monotherapy with chelating agents. This review attempts a comprehensive account of recent developments in the research on heavy metal poisoning particularly the role of oxidative stress/free radicals in the toxic manifestation, an update about the recent strategies for the treatment with chelating agents and a possible beneficial role of antioxidants supplementation to achieve the optimum effects. We have selected only arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium for this article keeping in view current concerns and literature available.

Environmental Mercury and Its Toxic Effects

2014-03-31

Kevin M. Rice , Ernest M. Walker , Miaozong Wu +2 more

Mercury exists naturally and as a man-made contaminant. The release of processed mercury can lead to a progressive increase in the amount of atmospheric mercury, which enters the atmospheric-soil-water distribution … Mercury exists naturally and as a man-made contaminant. The release of processed mercury can lead to a progressive increase in the amount of atmospheric mercury, which enters the atmospheric-soil-water distribution cycles where it can remain in circulation for years. Mercury poisoning is the result of exposure to mercury or mercury compounds resulting in various toxic effects depend on its chemical form and route of exposure. The major route of human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) is largely through eating contaminated fish, seafood, and wildlife which have been exposed to mercury through ingestion of contaminated lower organisms. MeHg toxicity is associated with nervous system damage in adults and impaired neurological development in infants and children. Ingested mercury may undergo bioaccumulation leading to progressive increases in body burdens. This review addresses the systemic pathophysiology of individual organ systems associated with mercury poisoning. Mercury has profound cellular, cardiovascular, hematological, pulmonary, renal, immunological, neurological, endocrine, reproductive, and embryonic toxicological effects.

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Toxic Metals and Oxidative Stress Part I: Mechanisms Involved in Me-tal induced Oxidative Damage

2001-12-01

Bentham Science Publisher Nuran Ercal , Hande Gürer-Orhan , Bentham Science Publisher Nukhet Aykin-Burns

Toxic metals (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) are widely found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metals from numerous sources, including contaminated air, water, soil and food. Recent … Toxic metals (lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic) are widely found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metals from numerous sources, including contaminated air, water, soil and food. Recent studies indicate that transition metals act as catalysts in the oxidative reactions of biological macromolecules therefore the toxicities associated with these metals might be due to oxidative tissue damage. Redox-active metals, such as iron, copper and chromium, undergo redox cycling whereas redox-inactive metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury and others deplete cells major antioxidants, particularly thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Either redox-active or redox-inactive metals may cause an increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical (HO.), superoxide radical (O2.-) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Enhanced generation of ROS can overwhelm cells intrinsic antioxidant defenses, and result in a condition known as “oxidative stress”. Cells under oxidative stress display various dysfunctions due to lesions caused by ROS to lipids, proteins and DNA. Consequently, it is suggested that metal-induced oxidative stress in cells can be partially responsible for the toxic effects of heavy metals. Several studies are underway to determine the effect of antioxidant supplementation following heavy metal exposure. Data suggest that antioxidants may play an important role in abating some hazards of heavy metals. In order to prove the importance of using antioxidants in heavy metal poisoning, pertinent biochemical mechanisms for metal-induced oxidative stress should be reviewed.

Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals

2006-11-14

Philippe Grandjean , PJ Landrigan

Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter

2003-04-16

Richard L. Canfield , Charles Henderson , Deborah A. Cory‐Slechta +3 more

Despite dramatic declines in children's blood lead concentrations and a lowering of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's level of concern to 10 microg per deciliter (0.483 micromol per … Despite dramatic declines in children's blood lead concentrations and a lowering of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's level of concern to 10 microg per deciliter (0.483 micromol per liter), little is known about children's neurobehavioral functioning at lead concentrations below this level.We measured blood lead concentrations in 172 children at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of age and administered the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale at the ages of 3 and 5 years. The relation between IQ and blood lead concentration was estimated with the use of linear and nonlinear mixed models, with adjustment for maternal IQ, quality of the home environment, and other potential confounders.The blood lead concentration was inversely and significantly associated with IQ. In the linear model, each increase of 10 microg per deciliter in the lifetime average blood lead concentration was associated with a 4.6-point decrease in IQ (P=0.004), whereas for the subsample of 101 children whose maximal lead concentrations remained below 10 microg per deciliter, the change in IQ associated with a given change in lead concentration was greater. When estimated in a nonlinear model with the full sample, IQ declined by 7.4 points as lifetime average blood lead concentrations increased from 1 to 10 microg per deciliter.Blood lead concentrations, even those below 10 microg per deciliter, are inversely associated with children's IQ scores at three and five years of age, and associated declines in IQ are greater at these concentrations than at higher concentrations. These findings suggest that more U.S. children may be adversely affected by environmental lead than previously estimated.

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Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates

2012-11-09

Gagan D. Flora , Deepesh Gupta , Archana Tiwari

Abstract Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control … Abstract Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a therapeutic strategy against lead poisoning. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin and a few herbal extracts show prophylaxis against the majority of lead mediated injury in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. It also updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations.

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Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates

2002-12-11

T.I. Lidsky , Jay S. Schneider

Lead has been recognized as a poison for millennia and has been the focus of public health regulation in much of the developed world for the better part of the … Lead has been recognized as a poison for millennia and has been the focus of public health regulation in much of the developed world for the better part of the past century. The nature of regulation has evolved in response to increasing information provided by vigorous scientific investigation of lead’s effects. In recognition of the particular sensitivity of the developing brain to lead’s pernicious effects, much of this legislation has been addressed to the prevention of childhood lead poisoning. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of lead on the cognitive development of children. Addressed are the reasons for the child’s exquisite sensitivity, the behavioural effects of lead, how these effects are best measured, and the long‐term outlook for the poisoned child. Of particular importance are the accumulating data suggesting that there are toxicological effects with behavioural concomitants at exceedingly low levels of exposure. In addition, there is also evidence that certain genetic and environmental factors can increase the detrimental effects of lead on neural development, thereby rendering certain children more vulnerable to lead neurotoxicity. The public health implications of these findings are discussed.

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Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity

2014-02-17

Philippe Grandjean , Philip J. Landrigan

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Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals

2014-06-01

Monisha Jaishankar , Tenzin Tseten , Naresh Anbalagan +2 more

Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not … Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Few metals, such as aluminium, can be removed through elimination activities, while some metals get accumulated in the body and food chain, exhibiting a chronic nature. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents and environmental factors. Metal toxicity depends upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure and duration of exposure, i.e. acute or chronic. This can lead to various disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation. This review gives details about some heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms, along with their health effects.

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Chelation in Metal Intoxication

2010-06-28

S.J.S. Flora , Vidhu Pachauri

Chelation therapy is the preferred medical treatment for reducing the toxic effects of metals. Chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are … Chelation therapy is the preferred medical treatment for reducing the toxic effects of metals. Chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are easily excreted from the body removing them from intracellular or extracellular spaces. 2,3-Dimercaprol has long been the mainstay of chelation therapy for lead or arsenic poisoning, however its serious side effects have led researchers to develop less toxic analogues. Hydrophilic chelators like meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid effectively promote renal metal excretion, but their ability to access intracellular metals is weak. Newer strategies to address these drawbacks like combination therapy (use of structurally different chelating agents) or co-administration of antioxidants have been reported recently. In this review we provide an update of the existing chelating agents and the various strategies available for the treatment of heavy metals and metalloid intoxications.

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Cadmium, Environmental Exposure, and Health Outcomes

2009-10-05

Soisungwan Satarug , Scott H. Garrett , Mary Ann Sens +1 more

We provide an update of the issues surrounding health risk assessment of exposure to cadmium in food. We provide an update of the issues surrounding health risk assessment of exposure to cadmium in food.

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Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants

2015-12-10

Arif Tasleem Jan , Mudsser Azam , Kehkashan Siddiqui +3 more

Heavy metals, which have widespread environmental distribution and originate from natural and anthropogenic sources, are common environmental pollutants. In recent decades, their contamination has increased dramatically because of continuous discharge … Heavy metals, which have widespread environmental distribution and originate from natural and anthropogenic sources, are common environmental pollutants. In recent decades, their contamination has increased dramatically because of continuous discharge in sewage and untreated industrial effluents. Because they are non-degradable, they persist in the environment; accordingly, they have received a great deal of attention owing to their potential health and environmental risks. Although the toxic effects of metals depend on the forms and routes of exposure, interruptions of intracellular homeostasis include damage to lipids, proteins, enzymes and DNA via the production of free radicals. Following exposure to heavy metals, their metabolism and subsequent excretion from the body depends on the presence of antioxidants (glutathione, α-tocopherol, ascorbate, etc.) associated with the quenching of free radicals by suspending the activity of enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Therefore, this review was written to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms involved in eliciting their toxicity in order to highlight the necessity for development of strategies to decrease exposure to these metals, as well as to identify substances that contribute significantly to overcome their hazardous effects within the body of living organisms.

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Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response

2015-12-21

Mona Hanna‐Attisha , Jenny LaChance , Richard C. Sadler +1 more

Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water system without adequate corrosion … Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water system without adequate corrosion control. Methods. We reviewed blood lead levels for children younger than 5 years before (2013) and after (2015) water source change in Greater Flint, Michigan. We assessed the percentage of elevated blood lead levels in both time periods, and identified geographical locations through spatial analysis. Results. Incidence of elevated blood lead levels increased from 2.4% to 4.9% (P < .05) after water source change, and neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced a 6.6% increase. No significant change was seen outside the city. Geospatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest elevated blood lead level increases and informed response prioritization during the now-declared public health emergency. Conclusions. The percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels increased after water source change, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Water is a growing source of childhood lead exposure because of aging infrastructure.

Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment

2012-01-01

Paul B. Tchounwou , Clément G. Yedjou , Anita K. Patlolla +1 more

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Lead toxicity: a review

2015-06-01

Ab Latif Wani , Anjum Ara , Jawed Ahmad Usmani

Abstract Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected … Abstract Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.

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Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences

2017-06-23

Kanwal Rehman , Fiza Fatima , Iqra Waheed +1 more

Abstract Even in the current era of growing technology, the concentration of heavy metals present in drinking water is still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory … Abstract Even in the current era of growing technology, the concentration of heavy metals present in drinking water is still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in different countries of the world. Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals namely; arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, and lead is becoming a major health concern for public and health care professionals. Occupational exposure to heavy metals is known to occur by the utilization of these metals in various industrial processes and/or contents including color pigments and alloys. However, the predominant source resulting in measurable human exposure to heavy metals is the consumption of contaminated drinking water and the resulting health issues may include cardiovascular disorders, neuronal damage, renal injuries, and risk of cancer and diabetes. The general mechanism involved in heavy metal‐induced toxicity is recognized to be the production of reactive oxygen species resulting oxidative damage and health related adverse effects. Thus utilization of heavy metal‐contaminated water is resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. Thereby, feeling the need to raise the concerns about contribution of different heavy metals in various health related issues, this article has discussed the global contamination of drinking water with heavy metals to assess the health hazards associated with consumption of heavy metal‐contaminated water. A relationship between exposure limits and ultimate responses produced as well as the major organs affected have been reviewed. Acute and chronic poisoning symptoms and mechanisms responsible for such toxicities have also been discussed.

The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood

1990-01-11

Herbert L. Needleman , Alan Schell , David Bellinger +2 more

To determine whether the effects of low-level lead exposure persist, we reexamined 132 of 270 young adults who had initially been studied as primary schoolchildren in 1975 through 1978. In … To determine whether the effects of low-level lead exposure persist, we reexamined 132 of 270 young adults who had initially been studied as primary schoolchildren in 1975 through 1978. In the earlier study, neurobehavioral functioning was found to be inversely related to dentin lead levels. As compared with those we restudied, the other 138 subjects had had somewhat higher lead levels on earlier analysis, as well as significantly lower IQ scores and poorer teachers' ratings of classroom behavior.

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Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

2020-01-21

Giuseppe Genchi , Alessia Carocci , Graziantonio Lauria +2 more

Nickel is a transition element extensively distributed in the environment, air, water, and soil. It may derive from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. Although nickel is ubiquitous in the environment, … Nickel is a transition element extensively distributed in the environment, air, water, and soil. It may derive from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. Although nickel is ubiquitous in the environment, its functional role as a trace element for animals and human beings has not been yet recognized. Environmental pollution from nickel may be due to industry, the use of liquid and solid fuels, as well as municipal and industrial waste. Nickel contact can cause a variety of side effects on human health, such as allergy, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, lung fibrosis, lung and nasal cancer. Although the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced toxicity are not yet clear, mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress are thought to have a primary and crucial role in the toxicity of this metal. Recently, researchers, trying to characterize the capability of nickel to induce cancer, have found out that epigenetic alterations induced by nickel exposure can perturb the genome. The purpose of this review is to describe the chemical features of nickel in human beings and the mechanisms of its toxicity. Furthermore, the attention is focused on strategies to remove nickel from the environment, such as phytoremediation and phytomining.

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The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

2020-05-26

Giuseppe Genchi , Maria Stefania Sinicropi , Graziantonio Lauria +2 more

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is … Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a long half-life of about 25–30 years. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational and environmental cadmium exposure may be related to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. It has been also demonstrated that environmental cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to cadmium’s toxic effects. This may be due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect the cell by tightly binding the toxic cadmium ions. The oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic may be one of the mechanisms responsible for several liver and kidney diseases. Mitochondria damage is highly plausible given that these organelles play a crucial role in the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are known to be among the key intracellular targets for cadmium. When mitochondria become dysfunctional after exposure to Cd, they produce less energy (ATP) and more ROS. Recent studies show that cadmium induces various epigenetic changes in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, causing pathogenic risks and the development of various types of cancers. The epigenetics present themselves as chemical modifications of DNA and histones that alter the chromatin without changing the sequence of the DNA nucleotide. DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase and histone methyltransferase, and micro RNA are involved in the epigenetic changes. Recently, investigations of the capability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to remove cadmium from polluted soil and water have been carried out. Moreover, nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 have been used to efficiently remove cadmium from wastewater and soil. Finally, microbial fermentation has been studied as a promising method for removing cadmium from food. This review provides an update on the effects of Cd exposure on human health, focusing on the cellular and molecular alterations involved.

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Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic

2021-04-13

Mahdi Balali‐Mood , Kobra Naseri , Zoya Tahergorabi +2 more

The industrial activities of the last century have caused massive increases in human exposure to heavy metals. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals … The industrial activities of the last century have caused massive increases in human exposure to heavy metals. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Here, we reviewed the mechanistic action of these heavy metals according to the available animal and human studies. Acute or chronic poisonings may occur following exposure through water, air, and food. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals leads to a diversity of toxic effects on a variety of body tissues and organs. Heavy metals disrupt cellular events including growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage repairing processes, and apoptosis. Comparison of the mechanisms of action reveals similar pathways for these metals to induce toxicity including ROS generation, weakening of the antioxidant defense, enzymes inactivation, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, some of them have selective binding to specific macromolecules. The interaction of lead with aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase is within this context. Reactions of other heavy metals with certain proteins were discussed as well. Some toxic metals including chromium, cadmium, and arsenic cause genomic instability. Defects in DNA repair following the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage by the three metals have been considered as the cause of their carcinogenicity. Even with the current knowledge of hazards of heavy metals, the incidence of poisoning remains considerable and requires preventive and effective treatment. The application of chelation therapy for the management of metals poisoning could be another aspect of heavy metals to be reviewed in the future.

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Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity

2022-01-29

Saikat Mitra , Arka Chakraborty , Abu Montakim Tareq +7 more

Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants owing to their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate in the human body via bioaccumulation. The pollution of terrestrial and aquatic … Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants owing to their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate in the human body via bioaccumulation. The pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is a major environmental concern that has consequences for public health. Most heavy metals occur naturally, but a few are derived from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metals are characterized by their high atomic mass and toxicity to living organisms. Most heavy metals cause environmental and atmospheric pollution, and may be lethal to humans. Heavy metals can become strongly toxic by mixing with different environmental elements, such as water, soil, and air, and humans and other living organisms can be exposed to them through the food chain. Plenty of experimental studies were performed to appraise the promising treatment options from natural products. Additionally, nanotechnology based treatment options are being constantly developed. As an emerging field, nanotechnology is making substantial advances in the analysis and removal of heavy metals from complicated matrices. Removal of heavy metal has been accomplished by the use of a variety of nanomaterials, including graphene and its derivatives, magnetic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, to name a few. Using nanotechnology for heavy metal analysis and removal from food and water resources provides many benefits over traditional methods. These advantages include a broad linear range, low detection and quantification limits, a high sensitivity, and high selectivity. Therefore this review aimed to explore the environmental consequences of the heavy metals, toxicity to the human health, as well as novel therapeutics development from the natural resources. Additionally, nanotechnological and nanomedicinal applications to treat heavy metal toxicity are also highlighted in this review.

Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food

2010-04-01

Lead occurs primarily in the inorganic form in the environment. Human exposure is mainly via food and water, with some via air, dust and soil. In average adult consumers, lead … Lead occurs primarily in the inorganic form in the environment. Human exposure is mainly via food and water, with some via air, dust and soil. In average adult consumers, lead dietary exposure ranges from 0.36 to 1.24, up to 2.43 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day in high consumers in Europe. Exposure of infants ranges from 0.21 to 0.94 µg/kg b.w. per day and in children from 0.80 to 3.10 (average consumers), up to 5.51 (high consumers) µg/kg b.w. per day. Cereal products contribute most to dietary lead exposure, while dust and soil can be important non-dietary sources in children. Lead is absorbed more in children than in adults and accumulates in soft tissues and, over time, in bones. Half-lives of lead in blood and bone are approximately 30 days and 10 30 years, respectively, and excretion is primarily in urine and faeces. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified developmental neurotoxicity in young children and cardiovascular effects and nephrotoxicity in adults as the critical effects for the risk assessment. The respective BMDLs derived from blood lead levels in µg/L (corresponding dietary intake values in µg/kg b.w. per day) were: developmental neurotoxicity BMDL01, 12 (0.50); effects on systolic blood pressure BMDL01, 36 (1.50); effects on prevalence of chronic kidney disease BMDL10, 15 (0.63). The CONTAM Panel concluded that the current PTWI of 25 μg/kg b.w. is no longer appropriate as there is no evidence for a threshold for critical lead-induced effects. In adults, children and infants the margins of exposures were such that the possibility of an effect from lead in some consumers, particularly in children from 1–7 years of age, cannot be excluded. Protection of children against the potential risk of neurodevelopmental effects would be protective for all other adverse effects of lead, in all populations.

Cadmium carcinogenesis

2003-11-06

Michael P. Waalkes

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Lead Poisoning

2004-01-27

Herbert L. Needleman

Understanding of lead toxicity has advanced substantially over the past three decades, and focus has shifted from high-dose effects in clinically symptomatic individuals to the consequences of exposure at lower … Understanding of lead toxicity has advanced substantially over the past three decades, and focus has shifted from high-dose effects in clinically symptomatic individuals to the consequences of exposure at lower doses that cause no symptoms, particularly in children and fetuses. The availability of more sensitive analytic methods has made it possible to measure lead at much lower concentrations. This advance, along with more refined epidemiological techniques and better outcome measures, has lowered the least observable effect level until it approaches zero. As a consequence, the segment of the population who are diagnosed with exposure to toxic levels has expanded. At the same time, environmental efforts, most importantly the removal of lead from gasoline, have dramatically reduced the amount of lead in the biosphere. The remaining major source of lead is older housing stock. Although the cost of lead paint abatement is measured in billions of dollars, the monetized benefits of such a Herculean task have been shown to far outweigh the costs.

Xenium and Methoxy-X04 stain data from six human AD donors

2025-12-31

Alon Millet

This dataset encompasses Xenium data from cortical tissue of six human AD donors, three homozygous for APOE3 and three homozygous for APOE4. After Xenium, the same sections were stained for … This dataset encompasses Xenium data from cortical tissue of six human AD donors, three homozygous for APOE3 and three homozygous for APOE4. After Xenium, the same sections were stained for amyloid beta plaques with methoxy-X04. The raw and processed data from Xenium as well as the full-slide scans from methoxy-X04 and SYTOX Green staining are shared here. This data is associated with "An Exhausted-Like Microglial Population that Accumulates in Aged and APOE4 Genotype Alzheimer’s Brains", from Millet, Ledo et al..

Xenium and Methoxy-X04 stain data from six human AD donors

2025-12-31

Alon Millet

Effects of Prenatal Arsenic, Cadmium, and Manganese Exposure on Neurodevelopment in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2025-06-25

Rui Su , Yi Jiang , Weikun Li +2 more | Medicina

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal heavy metal (arsenic, cadmium, manganese) exposure on infant neurodevelopment through a systematic review and meta-analysis, elucidating the … Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal heavy metal (arsenic, cadmium, manganese) exposure on infant neurodevelopment through a systematic review and meta-analysis, elucidating the toxicological mechanisms and dose–response relationships for consideration in environmental risk assessment. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and other databases, ultimately resulting in 17 observational studies involving 6907 participants. Results: Arsenic (As): A 50% increase in arsenic exposure was associated with a reduction of 0.51 points in the Mental Development Index (MDI; 95% CI: −1.43 to 0.4) and 0.15 points in the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI; 95% CI: −0.96 to 0.65). However, these results did not achieve statistical significance (p > 0.05). Cadmium (Cd): Prenatal cadmium exposure significantly decreased the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) in children aged 5–9 years. A 50% increase in cadmium exposure resulted in a 0.44-point drop in the FSIQ (95% CI: −0.67 to −0.21, p < 0.05), with stable effects (I2 = 0%). Manganese (Mn): Manganese exposure showed a negative association with the MDI (β = −0.11) and PDI (β = −0.18). However, a high degree of heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 20.89–73.35%), and some studies suggested potential risks even at low exposure levels. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the heterogeneity in the arsenic and manganese results mainly stemmed from individual study differences (e.g., sample characteristics), whereas the cadmium effects were consistent. Conclusions: Prenatal heavy metal exposure (notably cadmium) adversely impacts neurodevelopment, even at low doses. Future research should prioritize critical exposure windows, mixed effects, and sex-specific vulnerabilities. Strengthening environmental monitoring and prenatal guidelines is crucial to mitigate developmental risks.

Protective Effect of Syringic Acid Against Cadmium-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice

2025-06-25

Yaşar Şahin , Mehmet Eray Alçığır , Ebru Yıldırım +5 more | Biological Trace Element Research

Abstract This study examined the effects of syringic acid (SA) against testicular toxicity induced by cadmium (CAD). In the study, once daily for 7 days, the control and CAD groups … Abstract This study examined the effects of syringic acid (SA) against testicular toxicity induced by cadmium (CAD). In the study, once daily for 7 days, the control and CAD groups were administered sterile distilled water, while the CAD + SA and SA groups were administered 25 mg/kg SA. Additionally, on the first day of the study, saline solution was administered intraperitoneally to the control and SA groups, and 1.5 mg/kg CdCl 2 was administered intraperitoneally to the CAD and CAD + SA groups. In blood, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity, testosterone, creatine, and urea levels were evaluated. Spermatological parameters, including sperm motility, sperm viability, sperm concentration, and abnormal sperm, were evaluated. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclin D1, cannabinoid receptor1 (CB1)) were performed on testicular tissue. The testosterone value of the CAD group was significantly lower compared to the control and SA groups ( p < 0.0083). In the CAD + SA group, sperm motility, sperm vitality, and sperm concentration were significantly increased compared to the CAD group. In contrast, the percentages of abnormal sperm (head and tail) were significantly decreased in the CAD + SA group compared to the CAD group ( p < 0.0083). The rate of iNOS positivity in the SA and CAD + SA groups was similar to those in the control group. However, iNOS positivity was significantly higher in the testicles of the CAD group compared to the remaining groups ( p < 0.0083). In conclusion, SA can be used as a preventative agent against testicular toxicity caused by CAD.

Toxicological Implications and Therapeutic Approaches in Heavy Metal Exposure: Focus on Lead and Mercury

2025-06-25

Francis Echu Obun , Tawakalitu Bidemi Aliu , Deborah Arewa Popoola +1 more | AROC in Natural Products Research

Background: Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), represent some of the most toxic environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to human health due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and capacity … Background: Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), represent some of the most toxic environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to human health due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and capacity to induce damage at very low concentrations. These metals are extensively used in numerous industrial, agricultural, and domestic applications, resulting in widespread environmental contamination and human exposure. Lead exposure is linked to neurodevelopmental impairment, renal dysfunction, cardiovascular complications, and hematological abnormalities, particularly affecting children due to their higher absorption and vulnerability. Mercury toxicity, especially in its organic and inorganic forms, manifests in severe neurological, renal, cardiovascular, and immunological dysfunctions. The underlying pathophysiology often involves oxidative stress, disruption of enzymatic systems, interference with calcium signaling, and damage to mitochondrial function. Diagnostic assessments include blood, urine, and hair analysis, while chelation therapy using agents such as EDTA and DMSA remains the cornerstone of treatment. This review explores the occurrence, sources, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies for lead and mercury intoxication, while highlighting the potential role of natural antioxidants in mitigating oxidative damage. It underscores the urgent need for environmental regulation, occupational safety, and therapeutic innovation to address the global burden of heavy metal toxicity.

The Role of Lead and Molybdenum and Their Effects on Oxidative Stress in Ruminant Animals: Subject Review

2025-06-25

Zirak M R Palani , Gulala W Ameen , Dawod Noori M Shekhani | Nabatia

Ruminant animals have significantly improved global food security, particularly in rural and semi-arid lands, where milk, meat, and wool are food producers, among other items. Their production and health may … Ruminant animals have significantly improved global food security, particularly in rural and semi-arid lands, where milk, meat, and wool are food producers, among other items. Their production and health may be altered by several environmental conditions. There is also critical exposure to heavy metals and trace elements. Oxidative stress is an important biological process that links environmental pollution to reduced physiological actions. The imbalance between reactive complimentary radicals and antioxidants causes cellular damage to essential tissues lowering growth and condition, affecting immune functions, and reducing ruminant reproductive efficiency. Lead increases reactive oxygen species production while reducing antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalyze effectiveness, increasing the formation of several oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde. Molybdenum, however, is a trace element that helps activate several important enzymes in this study, including sulfur and purine metabolism aggravation. With a protective potential, it can have a dual role in oxidative stress: a beneficial for ruminant animals when applied the recommended doses and degradation: it can help and compromise other minerals while provided unreasonably. It analysis recent original research on the performance of ruminants based on current high-level research evidence concerning lead and molybdenum. Further, I will explain a physiological concept, groundbreaking research, and expert views to offer an explanation of how these two elements work and influence their oxidative balance in ruminants.

Combination and Interaction of Seven Trace Elements and the Risk of Protein-Energy Malnutrition in School-Aged Children in Shenzhen, China

2025-06-24

Mingtao Yu , Lei Tan , Yuhui Chen +6 more | Biological Trace Element Research

On the specificities of biogenic metals and selenium metabolism in the hippocampus under chronic manganese poisoning

2025-06-24

Dmitry I. Klimenko , Ekaterina O. Demidova , Pavel N. Varioshkin +5 more | Psychopharmacology & biological narcology

Background: The consistency of the trace element composition in the body is extremely important for maintaining the biochemical and biophysical processes of vital activity. The severity of diseases associated with … Background: The consistency of the trace element composition in the body is extremely important for maintaining the biochemical and biophysical processes of vital activity. The severity of diseases associated with the accumulation of heavy metals in the body is due to the irreversibility of this process and the persistence of disorders of the metabolic systems. Thus, it seems relevant to study changes in the balance of biogenic elements in chronic heavy metal poisoning. Aim: To determine the changes in the contents of biogenic metals and selenium under chronic poisoning with manganese chloride. Materials and methods: The experiments were carried out on 12 white outbred male rats weighing 180-220 g. The rats of the experimental group (n=6) received 0.2% manganese chloride solution in automatic drinkers for 3 months, the control rats (n=6) received tap water. The contents of manganese, copper, zinc, selenium, calcium, iron, and magnesium in the left and right hippocampi were analysed with atomic emission spectroscopy using an Optima 7000 DV ICP-OES analyzer (PerkinElmer, USA). Results: According to the contents in the hippocampus, the studied biogenic elements were arranged in the following order (in ascending concentrations): [Mn] [Cu] [Zn] = [Se] [Mg] [Fe] [Ca]. There was no asymmetry in the levels of metals and selenium studied in any of the animal groups. In rats that consumed a solution of manganese, its content in the hippocampus was more than twice as high as in control animals (p0.01). At the same time, in the rats of the experimental group, compared with the control, the concentration of copper was significantly higher (p0.01), and selenium was lower (p0.01). These effects were manifested bilaterally in both the left and right hippocampus. The contents of iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium did not change. Conclusion: It can be assumed that the changes in biogenic elements we have discovered may be the cause of disruption of enzymatic systems, which, in addition to manganese, include copper and selenium.

First evidence of lead-induced impairment of intestinal digestive enzyme activity in birds

2025-06-24

Ana Carla Castro-Guijarro , Rodolfo Arias , Noelia C. Fernández +2 more | Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Sources, Distribution, and Health Risks of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Tongren Mercury Mining Area: A Case Study on Mercury and Cadmium

2025-06-23

Shuo Wang , Yubiao Guo , Huimin Hu +7 more | Toxics

This study assessed heavy metal contamination and associated health risks in soils and crops in the vicinity of a mercury mine located in Tongren, Guizhou Province, China, focusing on mercury … This study assessed heavy metal contamination and associated health risks in soils and crops in the vicinity of a mercury mine located in Tongren, Guizhou Province, China, focusing on mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr). The study used the Index of Geological Accumulation (Igeo) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA) to quantify the level of contamination and assess the potential risks. The results showed that Area I was the most severely contaminated, with 94.24% of the sample sites being heavily contaminated with mercury, followed by Area II and Area III with severe cadmium contamination. The health risk assessment showed that children were exposed to non-carcinogenic risks of mercury and cadmium that exceeded the safety thresholds, with mercury being the major non-carcinogenic factor, especially through oral intake. The study also assessed the contribution of each heavy metal to pollution, with mercury contributing the most to ecological and health risks, especially in Areas I and III. The study highlights the urgent need to strengthen pollution control strategies, focusing on mining activities and agricultural inputs, to reduce risks and protect public health.

Childhood Lead Exposure and the Risk of Dental Caries in Permanent Teeth: The Cincinnati Lead Study

2025-06-23

M. R. Amin , Bruce P. Lanphear , R W Hornung +6 more | JDR Clinical & Translational Research

Dental caries is a significant public health problem in the United States. The evidence on the association between lead exposure and dental caries is conflicting because the impact of childhood … Dental caries is a significant public health problem in the United States. The evidence on the association between lead exposure and dental caries is conflicting because the impact of childhood lead exposure on the prevalence of caries in young adults has not been evaluated in prospective cohort studies. To assess the association of prenatal and postnatal childhood lead exposure with dental caries in young adults living in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. We examined 206 predominately African American participants aged 16 to 22 y in the Cincinnati Lead Study, a prospective cohort study measuring prenatal and postnatal blood lead levels from the maternal, neonatal, and postnatal periods (from 3-78 mo of age) for dental caries. Caries experience was quantified as the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and surfaces (DMFS) in permanent teeth. The impact of average childhood blood lead levels on stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate was also assessed. A significant positive association between average childhood blood lead levels and DMFS and DMFT was observed in young adults. A 2-fold increase in DMFS between 6 and 15 µg/dL, followed by a downturn at the highest blood lead quintile (P < 0.05), was observed. Statistically significant covariates were the number of sealants present, lactobacilli count in saliva, and maternal high school education. When adjusted for mutans streptococci, ever smoking, flossing, and the number of adults and children living in the household, the average childhood blood lead levels were associated with reduced salivary flow rate. Childhood blood lead levels were associated with an increased DMFS/DMFT in young adulthood.Knowledge Transfer Statement:The results of this study support the need for continued reduction in lead exposure-especially in low- and middle-income countries-to further reduce the risk of dental caries in permanent teeth.

Association Between Blood Cadmium Levels and Stroke Risk: A Cross-sectional Analysis of NHANES 1999-2018

2025-06-23

Bo Zhu , Dong Han Yu , Peng Chen +5 more

Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with traditional risk factors explaining only 60-70% of stroke pathogenesis. The association between cadmium exposure, an emerging environmental … Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with traditional risk factors explaining only 60-70% of stroke pathogenesis. The association between cadmium exposure, an emerging environmental toxin, and stroke risk remains unclear, particularly regarding the potential mediating role of inflammatory responses. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the association between blood cadmium concentrations and stroke prevalence using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 10,434 participants aged ≥20 years from NHANES 1999-2018. Blood cadmium levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Stroke prevalence was assessed through structured interviews. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and mediation analysis were employed to evaluate associations and potential biological pathways. Results Among 10,434 participants, 404 (3.9%) had a history of stroke. Blood cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in stroke patients compared to non-stroke individuals (0.66±0.68 μg/L vs 0.52±0.61 μg/L, P<0.001). After adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities, each 1 μg/L increase in blood cadmium was associated with a 48.8% increased stroke risk (OR=1.488, 95% CI: 1.292-1.713, P<0.001). The highest cadmium quartile showed a 118.7% increased stroke risk compared to the lowest quartile (OR=2.187, 95% CI: 1.413-3.384, P<0.001). Mediation analysis revealed that white blood cell count mediated 11.0% of the association (95% CI: 2.1%, 19.9%), suggesting inflammatory pathways as potential mechanisms. Conclusions Blood cadmium exposure is significantly associated with increased stroke risk, with evidence of a clear dose-response relationship. Inflammatory mechanisms may partially mediate this association. These findings highlight the importance of environmental cadmium exposure as a modifiable risk factor for stroke prevention.

Concentration Levels of Selected Elements in Over-The-Counter Painkiller Medications: A Comparative Study on Different Sources Using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry

2025-06-21

Adnan M. Massadeh , Alaa H Abu Hatab | Biological Trace Element Research

Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on Blood Parameters, Egg Quality, and Histopathology of Layer Chickens influenced by Crude Oil Exploration

2025-06-21

Jerome Unuavwogbikuomawho Unukevwere , U. D. Osayande , O. Odu | Journal of World’s Poultry Science

Introduction: Petrochemical pollution from oil spills, gas flaring, and effluents containing heavy metals is prevalent in the oil-producing regions of Delta State, Nigeria, posing systemic health risks to humans and … Introduction: Petrochemical pollution from oil spills, gas flaring, and effluents containing heavy metals is prevalent in the oil-producing regions of Delta State, Nigeria, posing systemic health risks to humans and animals. The present study assessed the effects of crude oil exploration on laying chickens across 21 poultry farms in seven zones of Delta State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Blood, egg, and tissue samples (liver and kidney) from 105 layer chickens, comprising 15 chickens from each zone (Aniocha, Ijaw, Ika, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ukwani, and Urhobo), were analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters. Results: The current findings revealed that packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly higher in Urhobo (45.56%) and Ijaw (39.22%) compared to the normal range of PCV. Hemoglobin levels ranged from 12.77 g/dL (Aniocha) to 15.46 g/dL (Ijaw), while white blood cell counts varied from 6.37 µL (Aniocha) to 8.40 µL (Urhobo). Red blood cell counts were significantly lower than the normal range from 4.01 µL (Isoko) to 5.10 µL (Urhobo). Serum albumin levels peaked in Urhobo (5.27 g/dL), whereas lower values were observed in Isoko and Ijaw farms. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was elevated in Urhobo (43.83 IU/L), Itsekiri (38.72 IU/L), and Ukwani (44.51 IU/L), exceeding physiological norms. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations exceeded permissible limits across all zones, with the highest level in Urhobo (21.032 ppm). The current findings highlighted the presence of environmental toxicity associated with oil-related pollution, signifying disruptions in blood chemistry, egg quality, and organ function in poultry. Conclusion: Elevated levels beyond physiological norms endanger animal health, compromise food safety, and threaten public health, highlighting the critical need for environmental monitoring and remediation in Delta State, Nigeria.

Trace Metal and Metalloid Profiles in Hair Samples from Children in the Oil-Producing Region of Kazakhstan

2025-06-21

Gulnara Batyrova , Victoria Kononets , Gulmira Umarova +5 more | Toxics

Toxic elements are considered a significant threat to public health in oil-producing countries. Western Kazakhstan is experiencing serious environmental problems due to the development of the oil and gas industry. … Toxic elements are considered a significant threat to public health in oil-producing countries. Western Kazakhstan is experiencing serious environmental problems due to the development of the oil and gas industry. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of toxic trace elements—aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)—in the hair of children residing in Kazakhstan’s oil and gas-producing region, and to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of toxic elements and the remoteness of their residence from oil and gas fields. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving 1595 school-aged children. Element levels in hair samples were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The association between trace element concentrations and residential distance from oil and gas fields was examined across three distance-based groups and further analyzed through multiple linear regression. The highest concentration of Al = 4.824 μg/g and Hg = 0.096 μg/g was found in the hair of children living close to oil and gas fields (0–16 km). A decrease in levels of Al (−0.072 (CI: −0.109; −0.036)) and Hg (−0.293 (CI: −0.343; −0.243)) is associated with increasing distance from oil and gas fields. As, Cd, and Pb had the lowest median concentrations in the hair of children living near oil and gas fields (0.030, 0.010, and 0.122 µg/g, respectively). There is a tendency for levels of As, Cd, and Pb to increase with distance from the fields (0.064 (CI: 0.039; 0.089), 0.093 (CI: 0.045; 0.141), and 0.244 (CI: 0.202; 0.287), respectively). Our findings indicate the need for biomonitoring of toxic elements to determine long-term temporal trends in the influence of toxic trace elements on the health of the child population of Western Kazakhstan.

Bioaccumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Commercially Available Fish in Kaduna North, Nigeria

2025-06-20

Musa Alhaji Musa , Abdulwakil Olawale Saba , Dahiru Sani | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> This study investigated the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in commercially available frozen, smoked, and canned fish in Kaduna North, Nigeria, and explored the relationship between heavy … <title>Abstract</title> This study investigated the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in commercially available frozen, smoked, and canned fish in Kaduna North, Nigeria, and explored the relationship between heavy metal contamination and the presence of <italic>Listeria</italic> species. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine Cd and Pb concentrations. Results showed that mean Cd levels in all fish types exceeded the European Union's maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.05 µg/g, with smoked fish exhibiting the highest concentrations. Similarly, a significant Proportion of fish samples surpassed the EU's MRL for Pb (0.02 µg/g), particularly smoked and canned fish. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between <italic>Listeria</italic> occurrence and Cd levels, as well as notable correlations between <italic>Listeria</italic> and Pb, and between Cd and Pb. These findings highlight significant heavy metal contamination in fish, posing a substantial public health risk. The correlations suggest a potential link between heavy metal presence and <italic>Listeria</italic> proliferation, emphasizing the need for stringent monitoring and regulatory measures to ensure seafood safety.

Multiple metal exposure and renal tubular damage of residents in a metal-polluted region in Korea

2025-06-20

Dahee Han , Hyuna Jang , Kyung‐Hwa Choi +6 more | Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology

This study investigates the correlations among urinary metals, the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals, and the relative importance of each metal in renal tubular damage (RTD) among residents of … This study investigates the correlations among urinary metals, the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals, and the relative importance of each metal in renal tubular damage (RTD) among residents of a metal-contaminated area. Urine sampling and health surveys were conducted for 120 participants living near a smelter for the Forensic Research via Omics Markers (FROM) study. Nine urinary metals (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Hg) and RTD markers such as beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were analyzed. The effects of multiple metals on RTD and the relative importance of each metal were investigated using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The nine metals were highly correlated with each other, suggesting co-exposure to multiple metals. In the results of BKMR, co-exposure to multiple metals significantly affected NAG levels across the entire urinary metal concentration range. Although β2-MG levels increased with rising urinary metal concentrations, the increase was not statistically significant. V and Cd were the highest contributors to β2-MG (posterior inclusion probability, PIP=0.853) and NAG (PIP=0.983), respectively. This study demonstrates co-exposure to metals among residents living in the metal-contaminated area and that co-exposure to multiple metals significantly increased NAG levels. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that V is the highest contributor to the increase inβ2-MG. This study extends previous research by evaluating co-exposure to a more comprehensive array of metals, there by offering a broader perspective on the potential health impacts of RTD among residents in metal-contaminated areas.

Side by side comparison of micro‐vacuum dust collection versus dust wipe for Pb determination in household dust samples

2025-06-20

Chandima Wekumbura , Ganga M. Hettiarachchi , Christina Sobin | Journal of Environmental Quality

Abstract Dust collection is essential for tracing lead sources and determining mitigation measures with accurate sampling and analysis. Two different simulated dust mixtures, Pb‐contaminated soil and paint of three different … Abstract Dust collection is essential for tracing lead sources and determining mitigation measures with accurate sampling and analysis. Two different simulated dust mixtures, Pb‐contaminated soil and paint of three different lead concentrations, were used to test the comparability of a modified micro‐vacuum sampling method to the currently recommended dust wipe method. The standard dust wipes and a modified micro‐vacuum method (20 Lpm flow rate, 2 cm length Nalgene Tygon tube inlet, 2 min per 30 cm × 30 cm area) were used to collect dust and subsequent analysis. Bland–Altman's plots indicated very good agreement between methods, with minimal bias and acceptable variability. For Pb‐containing soil dust at 1200 and paint dust at 1000 mg kg −1 concentration of Pb, methods did not differ significantly. For lower lead concentration samples, the dust extraction method from vacuum cassettes was negatively affected, resulting in significantly lower lead loadings than the dust wipe method; in follow‐up studies in selected samples, sonication facilitated more complete extraction (76%–91%) from vacuum cassettes. Overall, results suggested potential for developing a standardized micro‐vacuum method with additional benefits for house dust collection.

Lead Induced Intracellular Copper Redox Imbalance with Aggravated Cellular Dysfunction

2025-06-19

Jinlian Hu , Wen‐Xiong Wang | Environmental Pollution

Determination of Heavy Metals in the Liver of Dairy Cows and the Risk to their Health

2025-06-19

Kemal Aksoy , Nureddin ÖNER , Abdülkerim Deniz +3 more | Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

Heavy metals are characterized by their high atomic mass and toxicity to living organisms. This study aimed to investigate the presence of heavy metals in the livers of slaughtered dairy … Heavy metals are characterized by their high atomic mass and toxicity to living organisms. This study aimed to investigate the presence of heavy metals in the livers of slaughtered dairy cows and to discuss their possible effects on animal health. In the study, 50 Holstein dairy cows were used. After slaughtering, samples of 4 X 10 g were taken from the liver of the animals for heavy metal analysis. All samples were analyzed for the presence of arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni) using the ICP-OES device. Rumen acidosis and ovarian diseases were found to be the most common diseases in 20 and 13 animals, respectively. None of the samples contained Ni. On average, Al was detected at 4.60±8.71 ppm, as at 0.39±0.11 ppm, Hg at 0.41±0.29 ppm and Pb at 0.04±0.13 ppm. Based on the total number of animals, the following prevalence was calculated: 72% for Al, 100% for As, 88% for Hg, 0% for Ni, and 10% for Pb. The study showed that the average as content was in a toxic range. In 28% of the samples, the Al value was categorized as toxic to animal health. The average Hg values, on the other hand, were above the acceptable limits for human health. In summary, the prevalence of toxic heavy metals Al, As and Hg in Holstein livers was quite high.

Whether Arsenic Can Activate Neutrophil Degranulation and Induce Lung Cell Damage in Mice

2025-06-19

Mengbo Liu | Theoretical and Natural Science

In recent years, many studies have discovered the toxic effects of heavy metal substances on different organs. Among them, heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are substances … In recent years, many studies have discovered the toxic effects of heavy metal substances on different organs. Among them, heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are substances that can cause serious harm to human health. Lead exposure has been shown to induce early myocardial injury primarily by promoting neutrophil degranulation. This process triggers an inflammatory response in heart cells by promoting the release of elastase, which ultimately damages heart cells and tissues. Arsenic is a ubiquitous heavy metal substance that is usually found in inorganic forms such as arsenite and arsenate. Arsenic is mainly exposed to the human body through water, which also affects the health of more than 200 million people worldwide. Lung cells are particularly susceptible to arsenic toxicity. Since arsenic (>10 g/L) causes damage to the lungs, and lead (Pb) causes an inflammatory response by promoting neutrophil degranulation, which in turn leads to heart tissue damage, I wonder if the damage to the lungs caused by arsenic exposure is similar to the process of lead-induced heart tissue damage. The results will increase our understanding of the processes and mechanisms of arsenic-induced lung cell injury. It will increase our understanding of the effects of arsenic on the human lungs, leading to increased awareness and improved human health. It also provides possible directions for the treatment of patients with lung diseases caused by arsenic exposure.

Lead as pharmakon: IQ, violence, and the racialization of a toxic element.

2025-06-19

Stefanie Graeter | PubMed

By tracking lead toxicology and politics from the United States to Peru, this article shows how contemporary discourses of human lead exposure have become complexly racialized. Despite its nearly global … By tracking lead toxicology and politics from the United States to Peru, this article shows how contemporary discourses of human lead exposure have become complexly racialized. Despite its nearly global ban from gasoline and paint, lead poisoning remains a systemic health problem in marginalized communities throughout the world. Viewed as a "social pharmakon," lead's ongoing "cures" outweigh current social valuations of its systemic physiological harm in racially devalued communities. While scientific research linking lead to decreased IQ and increased violent behavior has attempted to animate broader public interest in the inequitable spread of lead exposure, it does so by reanimating racist tropes of biogeographic inferiority. Rather than dehumanizing lead-exposed individuals and communities, narratives of lead intoxication must integrate its immediate social and material harms in specific locales and as a symptom of systemic racial injustice at a global scale.

Combined Effects of Metals, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans on Cardiovascular Dysfunction

2025-06-19

Bolanle Akinyemi , Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi | Journal of Xenobiotics

Environmental exposures to heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans have been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, yet their combined effects remain underexplored. This study examined the joint influence … Environmental exposures to heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans have been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, yet their combined effects remain underexplored. This study examined the joint influence of these contaminants on cardiovascular risk indicators in a representative sample of U.S. adults from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Biomarkers of exposure included lead, cadmium, mercury, twelve PCB congeners, seven dioxins, and ten furans. Cardiovascular outcomes were assessed using blood pressure, Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and lipid profiles. Associations were analyzed using multivariable linear regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and income. The results demonstrated that metals, particularly mercury, were strongly associated with increased blood pressure and altered HDL cholesterol. PCBs were predominantly linked to elevated systolic blood pressure and FRS, with PCB156 and PCB126 identified as principal contributors. Furans exhibited the strongest associations with dyslipidemia, including elevated LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Combined exposure analysis revealed a complex pattern, with increasing pollutant burdens associated with rising blood pressure and risk scores but declining lipid levels. These findings underscore the outcome-specific effects of pollutant mixtures and suggest that chronic low-level exposure to multiple environmental contaminants may contribute to cardiovascular dysfunction in the general population. Further longitudinal research is needed to confirm these associations and guide risk reduction strategies.

Co-exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics and glyphosate exacerbates NETs-mediated pyroptosis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse liver

2025-06-19

Huan Zeng , Jingyi Qi , Qian Chen +7 more | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Manganese exposure and its U-shaped relationship with diabetic retinopathy: analysis of NHANES 2011–2020

2025-06-19

Xi Chen , Zhenzhen Gu , Yixin Qi +2 more | Frontiers in Nutrition

Background Although many studies have pointed to the role of manganese in various diseases. However, there are surprisingly few studies on the potential relationship between manganese and diabetic retinopathy (DR). … Background Although many studies have pointed to the role of manganese in various diseases. However, there are surprisingly few studies on the potential relationship between manganese and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The available literature fails to provide definitive conclusions regarding the directionality and strength of this particular association. Methods The analytical cohort comprised 2,558 adults from NHANES 2011–2020 cycles. We employed binary logistic regression to evaluate manganese-DR associations, supplemented by subgroup analyses, nonparametric smoothing techniques, and propensity score weighting to address potential confounding. Results Our multivariate model failed to find a significant linear relationship between manganese concentration and the likelihood of DR ( p &gt; 0.05). However, we found that manganese levels above 7.66 μg/L DR were less severe (adjusted OR = 0.84, p = 0.0007). This suggests a nonlinear dose–response relationship. Conclusion The manganese and DR relationship followed a U-shaped dose–response pattern. The least severe condition was observed at 7.66 μg/L, while the disease was aggravated at both insufficient and excessive concentrations.

Blood cadmium and lead levels in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A possible etiological correlation

2025-06-18

Feray AYDIN , Bengisu Aslan , Nahide Belgit Talay +4 more | Trace Elements and Electrolytes

Exploring the Association Between Heavy Metals, TNF-α Regulation, and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

2025-06-18

Arti Ray , Sojit Tomo , Dharamveer Yadav +7 more | Biological Trace Element Research

Manganese and iron in drinking water in three West-African countries: Implications for health, acceptability, and disinfection

2025-06-18

Emily G. Browning , Jamie Bartram , Amy Guo +4 more | PLOS Water

Manganese and iron decrease aesthetic acceptability and chlorine disinfection performance in drinking water, and can be toxic at high doses. We present the first characterization of manganese and iron occurrence … Manganese and iron decrease aesthetic acceptability and chlorine disinfection performance in drinking water, and can be toxic at high doses. We present the first characterization of manganese and iron occurrence in drinking water relative to concentration benchmarks for these three outcomes. Manganese and iron concentrations were evaluated in 261 drinking water samples obtained from boreholes and small groundwater-fed piped systems across large rural regions of Ghana, Mali and Niger. One or both metals exceeded aesthetic benchmark concentrations in 30% of samples and reached concentrations likely to interfere with chlorine disinfection in 5% of samples. Manganese exceeded 2011 WHO health-based benchmarks for drinking water (400 µg/L) in 2% of samples, and exceeded updated provisional health-based benchmark concentrations (80 µg/L) in 13% of samples. Iron occurred at levels exceeding health-based benchmarks in 5% of samples. These results suggest that manganese and iron contribute directly and indirectly to public health problems in a substantive proportion of drinking water sources in the study setting. Implementation of rural drinking water systems reliant on groundwater sources should account for the occurrence of these metals during siting, design, construction, operation, and monitoring/surveillance. Strengthening these capacities, particularly with respect to sampling and testing water sources for these metals, may support management and regulatory efforts to manage the occurrence of these metals in drinking water and their potential adverse effects. Finally, generating and synthesizing additional evidence on the occurrence and effects of iron and manganese in drinking water will support national efforts to manage both contaminants, inform discussions regarding the suitability of current health-based Mn guidelines for protecting sensitive life stages, and underscore the value of monitoring Mn as a priority chemical contaminant under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.1: “By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.”

Contribution of e-cigarette use to renal cadmium burden

2025-06-18

Gary Diamond , Julie M Klotzbach | Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

Recent expansion of the use of electronic cigarettes (eCig) as a nicotine substitute for tobacco products has raised concerns regarding whether eCig vaping might adversely contribute to the body burden … Recent expansion of the use of electronic cigarettes (eCig) as a nicotine substitute for tobacco products has raised concerns regarding whether eCig vaping might adversely contribute to the body burden of heavy metals. Epidemiological studies found higher levels of cadmium (Cd) in blood and urine in association with eCig use, although this outcome is not consistent across all investigations. In this study, a biokinetic model was used to predict the relative contributions of diet and eCig vaping to renal and urinary Cd levels. The biokinetic model predicted that, for a median eCig exposure scenario, renal cortex Cd increased by 0.2 μg Cd/g and urine Cd rose by 0.004 μg Cd/g creatinine (Cr), a 5.6% elevation above the levels predicted for diet alone. For a 95th percentile eCig exposure, the rise was 2.2 μg Cd/g renal cortex and urine Cd increased by 0.04 μg Cd/g Cr, a 35% elevation above the level predicted for diet alone. The predicted increases in urine Cd attributed to eCig vaping were consistent with epidemiologic-based estimates of the impact of eCig use on urinary Cd levels, providing further support for eCig vaping constituting a potential contributor to the Cd body burden.

Status of Selenium and Other Essential and Toxic Elements in Oregon Grazing Sheep

2025-06-18

Daniella Hasan , Chris Russo , Katherine McLaughlin +2 more | Animals

Mineral imbalances in sheep can have significant health and economic consequences, yet regional assessments of trace mineral and toxic element status are limited. Oregon is an endemically selenium (Se)-deficient region, … Mineral imbalances in sheep can have significant health and economic consequences, yet regional assessments of trace mineral and toxic element status are limited. Oregon is an endemically selenium (Se)-deficient region, but a statewide evaluation has not been conducted. This study assessed whole blood concentrations of 18 elements in 370 clinically normal ewes from 56 farms across Oregon to determine the prevalence of deficiencies and potential toxic exposures. A deficiency threshold of <120 ng Se/mL whole blood was used. We found that 28% of animals were Se-deficient, and 27% of farms had an average whole blood Se below this threshold. No animals reportedly showed overt clinical signs of deficiency or toxicity, and no excessive exposure to toxic elements such as arsenic, lead, or cadmium was found. We also compared mineral concentrations in blood collected using standard EDTA tubes versus mineral-free EDTA tubes, and in whole blood versus plasma, to assess alternative sampling strategies. Strong correlations (r > 0.9) for Se, cobalt (Co), and molybdenum (Mo) between plasma and whole blood allowed for the derivation of conversion equations. These findings provide updated insights into the mineral status of Oregon sheep, contribute to whole blood reference data, and support practical alternatives to improve trace mineral testing in field conditions.

Systematic Review of Lead Exposure and Its Effects on Caries and Aesthetics in Children and Adolescents

2025-06-18

Gianina Tapalaga , Livia Claudia Stânga , Ioan Ovidiu Sîrbu | Healthcare

Background: Early childhood dental decay remains a pervasive chronic condition, and environmental toxicants-particularly lead-may exacerbate its development. This systematic review was designed to synthesize evidence on how lead exposure correlates … Background: Early childhood dental decay remains a pervasive chronic condition, and environmental toxicants-particularly lead-may exacerbate its development. This systematic review was designed to synthesize evidence on how lead exposure correlates with both the occurrence of carious lesions and aesthetic alterations in children's primary teeth. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through April 2025, selecting observational investigations that assessed the link between lead levels and primary-tooth decay in pediatric cohorts. Thirteen eligible studies, encompassing 44,846 participants aged 2-19 years, were included for qualitative synthesis. Aesthetics were screened using author-defined enamel-defect or discoloration endpoints; however, only three studies reported compatible metrics, precluding quantitative pooling. Heterogeneity in exposure matrices likewise ruled out meta-analysis. Results: Most studies reported a statistically significant association between higher lead burden and greater prevalence or severity of caries in primary teeth. Blood lead concentrations across studies ranged from means of 1.53 μg/dL to geometric means of 7.2 μg/dL. Notably, elevated lead was linked to increased decayed, missing, or filled surfaces-with an adjusted risk ratio of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.02-1.27) at levels below 5 μg/dL-and adjusted mean ratios of up to 2.14 for decayed or filled teeth when blood lead reached 5-10 μg/dL. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that children's exposure to lead may heighten the risk of caries and detract from the aesthetic quality of primary teeth. However, variability in study design, lead quantification methods, and confounder adjustment limit the consistency of findings. Mitigating lead exposure in early life could represent a valuable preventive strategy against dental decay in susceptible pediatric populations.

Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Inorganic Mercury Salts in Rodents and Humans and Its Application in the Derivation of Health-Based Toxicity Metrics

2025-06-17

Yu-Sheng Lin , Nan‐Hung Hsieh , Nagalakshmi Keshava +3 more | Environmental Science & Technology

Inorganic mercury salts (iHg) are mercury compounds that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exposure to iHg is associated with toxic effects, primarily shown in animal studies, yet the lack of cross-species toxicokinetic … Inorganic mercury salts (iHg) are mercury compounds that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exposure to iHg is associated with toxic effects, primarily shown in animal studies, yet the lack of cross-species toxicokinetic models has limited our ability to assess human health risks. This study aimed to develop and validate the first physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for iHg, incorporating species-specific physiological and chemical parameters to better characterize iHg kinetics in mice, rats, and humans. We included a hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to address the complex nature of iHg toxicokinetics. It facilitated parameter estimation while characterizing uncertainty and variability using an extensive species-specific iHg toxicokinetic database. Our results show narrower posterior distributions for most parameters across species, suggesting reduced uncertainty compared to prior distributions. Additionally, posterior estimates for absorption and excretion somewhat differ between humans and rodents, pointing to species-specific differences. The geometric standard deviations of the estimated residual errors typically remained below 3, indicating that the model fits the experimental data adequately. This model provides a reliable framework for translating animal toxicity data to assess potential human health risks from iHg exposure. Further empirical data, such as high-dose mercury accumulation in the kidneys, could enhance this model when available.

Exposure to Lead: Toxicity, Estimations and Prevention

2025-06-17

Nandyal Kavya , Nadaf Rubeen , P. T. Ramesh | Deleted Journal

Lead has been used by humans from time immemorial. The harmful effects of exposure to lead were recognized as early as second century BC. Exposure to lead has been frought … Lead has been used by humans from time immemorial. The harmful effects of exposure to lead were recognized as early as second century BC. Exposure to lead has been frought with health hazards such as blindness, brain damage, renal illness, convulsions, and cancer. Lead toxicity is mostly due to distortion of enzymes and structural proteins, but this versatile toxicant also affects a variety of additional targets. The exposure to lead can be estimated by measuring blood lead levels. Various sensitive techniques are available for estimation of lead in the body fluids. High levels of lead can be treated with Lead chelation using the chelating agent that has a higher affinity for lead than calcium. The exposure to lead can also be controlled through various measures. Creating awareness about exposure to lead and implementation of control measures, both at community levels as well as individual level will help in reducing the harmful effects of lead.

Dietary Iron Supplementation Protects Against Growth Restriction and Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Perinatal Cadmium‐Exposed Mice

2025-06-17

Rebecca Lichtler , Hannah Klossner , Nikia Smith +2 more | FASEB BioAdvances

ABSTRACT Iron (Fe)‐deficiency (ID) and Fe‐deficiency anemia (IDA) are highly prevalent conditions and are of particular concern to maternal–child health. ID and IDA are typically linked to nutritional deficiencies, but … ABSTRACT Iron (Fe)‐deficiency (ID) and Fe‐deficiency anemia (IDA) are highly prevalent conditions and are of particular concern to maternal–child health. ID and IDA are typically linked to nutritional deficiencies, but maternal exposure to heavy metals including cadmium (Cd) also leads to offspring with low levels of circulating Fe. Another comorbidity of ID and IDA is metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a liver condition characterized by lipid accumulation and fibrosis. We have previously shown that maternal Cd exposure also leads to the development of MASLD in offspring. We hypothesized that providing Fe fortification would prevent Cd‐induced ID, which would in turn rescue offspring from growth restriction and MASLD. To test this, virgin dams were exposed to 30 ppm of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ) in their drinking water during the preconception, gestation, and lactation periods. Fe fortification was supplied in the form of dietary ferric citrate, which amounted to two (2×) or five times (5×) the normal dietary Fe in standard chow. Our study provides evidence that perinatal Cd exposure does not prevent absorption of supplemental Fe, and that the chosen Fe supplementation dosages are sufficient to prevent Cd‐induced growth restriction, ID, IDA, and MASLD in offspring at postnatal day 21 (PND21). Our findings suggest that Fe supplementation may be a viable therapy to prevent these developmental effects of maternal Cd exposure.

A review of lead exposure source attributional studies

2025-06-17

Christopher Kinally , Richard Fuller , Bjørn Larsen +2 more | The Science of The Total Environment

IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BODY

2025-06-17

A. Ahmed , Ahmad Hassan , Safar Saeed Mohammed | İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi

In the past decades, now and in the future, the issue of food security and the harmful effects of volatile contaminants on food quality, agriculture, human health, the environment, food … In the past decades, now and in the future, the issue of food security and the harmful effects of volatile contaminants on food quality, agriculture, human health, the environment, food security, and spoilage are critical issues. As technology has evolved, heavy metals have found their way into drinking water. Heavy metals cause soil contamination problems in artificial areas used for agriculture. When it comes to environmental toxins, heavy metals top the list. Even at the lowest concentrations, several of them can cause cancer and other diseases as well as autoimmune disorders. One of the major sources of water pollution by heavy metals is the decomposition and combustion of fossil fuels, exhaust fumes from vehicles, mining, agriculture, decomposition, and incineration of solid and liquid wastes. Heavy metals also occur naturally from natural events due to the toxicity of the heaviest metals to both humans and aquatic life, this pollution of the water poses a threat to all living creatures. They have many negative effects on various organisms, including plants, animals, and humans themselves, many other variables may intervene, such as lifestyle and dietary habits, levels of exposure to metals and age, gender, smoking, and mutation of ancestry. In this review, we intend to introduce further heavy substances that affect the human body in many ways.

Effects of Maternal Trace Elements Exposure in Early Pregnancy on Maternal Thyroid Hormones and Birth Outcomes

2025-06-16

Ting Wu , Tao Li , Chen Zhang +6 more | Biological Trace Element Research

Associations between metal exposure and metabolic syndrome: exploring the mediating role of biological ageing among US adults

2025-06-16

Liuyan Zheng , Xinyue Lu , Suping Luo +7 more | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Protect Public Health With Certified Lead‐Reducing Water Filters

2025-06-16

Darren A. Lytle , Min Tang , Eric Yeggy +4 more | Opflow

Point‐of‐use and pitcher filters are essential tools for minimizing lead exposure in tap water, meeting regulatory standards, and fostering community trust. Point‐of‐use and pitcher filters are essential tools for minimizing lead exposure in tap water, meeting regulatory standards, and fostering community trust.

Health risks associated with occupational contaminants of heavy metals across different professions

2025-06-16

Sosan Andleeb Khan , Syed M. Nurulain , Bushra Khan +7 more | Environmental Geochemistry and Health

Health-related reference intervals for heavy metals in non-exposed young adults

2025-06-14

Chiara Di Resta , Francesco Paleari , Assunta Naclerio +7 more | Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

Abstract Objectives Heavy Metals (HMs) concentrations vary with living environments, diet, and personal habits. This study aims to establish health-related reference intervals (RIs) for selected HMs in healthy, non-occupationally exposed … Abstract Objectives Heavy Metals (HMs) concentrations vary with living environments, diet, and personal habits. This study aims to establish health-related reference intervals (RIs) for selected HMs in healthy, non-occupationally exposed young adults living in an urban environment. Methods The Uni4Me study enrolled 154 healthy university volunteers (median age: 23 years) to assess the concentrations of seven heavy metals (lead, nickel, cadmium, zinc, chromium, cobalt, and mercury) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-EOS). CLSI guidelines were followed to estimate the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles as RIs. Results Most metals were detected at low concentrations. Zinc showed consistent physiological levels in all participants. Mercury and chromium were the most frequently detected, indicating potential environmental or dietary exposure. Conclusions This study defines baseline values for HMs in an urban, healthy, young adult population. These results may support future biomonitoring efforts and public health initiatives targeting subclinical exposure in non-occupationally exposed populations.

Interdisciplinary Assessment of Children’s Lead Exposure in Residential Areas Degraded by Mining (Upper Meža Valley, Slovenia)

2025-06-14

Špela Bavec , Teja Čeru , Stanislava Kirinčič +5 more | Exposure and Health

Abstract Children’s lead exposure in three mining-impacted residential areas (Črna, Mežica and Žerjav) was modelled using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK). Site-specific environmental and … Abstract Children’s lead exposure in three mining-impacted residential areas (Črna, Mežica and Žerjav) was modelled using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK). Site-specific environmental and dietary Pb source values were determined for modelling. For the first time, dietary exposure from both market and local foods was studied in detail. Children (Group 1: 24–36 and Group 2: 36–48 months) geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) were predicted and lead uptake from multiple sources was quantified according to the different dietary exposure scenarios. Biomonitoring data were used for validation. Site-specific soil, house dust and local food Pb contents are higher than legislative and background levels, remaining a cause for concern. Drinking tap water concentrations and outdoor air contents were found in acceptable levels. The determined dietary exposures, ranging from 0.7 to 3.3 µg/kg bw/day, were above the benchmark dose level of 0.5 µg/kg bw/day for developmental neurotoxicity set for Pb in children, indicating a health concern. In general, the estimated BLLs matched reasonably well with the observed BLLs in the Črna and Mežica area for both age groups and in the Žerjav area for Group 2. For Group 1, in the Žerjav area, the output of the IEUBK model overestimated the actual BLLs of the children. For both groups, the primary exposure pathway in Žerjav is from soil/dust, ranging from 55.3 to 84.8%. In Črna and Mežica, soil/dust exposure ranged between 24.2 and 57.8% and between 26.4 and 61.7%, respectively, indicating that dietary exposure predominates when local foods are included. The results of our study also suggest that using the IEUBK default diet value would reduce the dietary exposure up to 25.2% in Črna, 24.2% in Mežica and 8.6% in Žerjav. One of the main findings is that a diet containing local foods can be an important source of lead in mining-contaminated areas.

Effects of combined exposure to heavy metals on lower respiratory flora and its role of lung injury in rats

2025-06-13

Ping Ding , Xiaoxia Wang , Nan Li +7 more | Frontiers in Microbiology

Introduction Exposure to heavy metals is a growing environmental concern. Although exposure to individual metals is associated with pulmonary damage, real-world exposure typically involves multiple metals simultaneously. This study hypothesizes … Introduction Exposure to heavy metals is a growing environmental concern. Although exposure to individual metals is associated with pulmonary damage, real-world exposure typically involves multiple metals simultaneously. This study hypothesizes that combined exposure to nickel, copper, and arsenic induces lung injury through disruption of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) microbial ecosystem in rats. The primary objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to four groups: one control group and three exposure groups (low, medium, and high doses). The exposed groups received mixed heavy metal aerosols containing nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) at low (Ni: 210.9 ng/m 3 , Cu: 108.4 ng/m 3 , As: 104.6 ng/m 3 ), medium (5 × low), and high (10 × low) concentrations. Exposure occurred via inhalation twice daily for 1 h over 90 days. Lung function was assessed non-invasively, and histological examinations, 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing, and microbial functional predictions were performed to evaluate exposure effects. We measured heavy metal concentrations in lung tissues and assessed the associations with microbial changes. Microbial community structure and function were further analyzed using LEfSe, PICRUSt2, and ecological network analysis. Results Compared exposure to Ni, Cu, and As induced dose-dependent lung damage, including inflammation, alveolar deformation, and bronchial thickening, accompanied by significant declines in lung function, including a 21.2% reduction in tidal volume and a 34.5% increase in airway resistance in the high-dose group ( P &lt; 0.05). Microbial diversity and phylogenetic richness were significantly reduced (Chao1, Richness, ACE, P &lt; 0.05), with taxonomic shifts characterized by the enrichment of metal-resistant genera ( Pseudomonas, Burkholderia ) and depletion of sensitive taxa ( Ralstonia, Achromobacter ). Functional prediction suggested impairments in xenobiotic metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. Ecological network complexity declined with increasing exposure dose. Microbiota dysbiosis is strongly associated with lung function impairments. Conclusions Combined exposure to Ni, Cu, and As disrupts respiratory microbiota and impairs lung function in rats. These findings highlight a critical link between environmental heavy metal exposure and respiratory health, underscoring the need for stricter regulation of metal pollutants and further research into microbiota-related lung injury mechanisms.

Low-Level Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Its Effects on Renal and Bone Health in Brazilian Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-06-13

Carlos Tadashi Kunioka , Jonas Carneiro Cruz , Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira Souza +5 more | Exposure and Health

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of low-level, chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) on renal and bone health. A cross-sectional study was conducted on postmenopausal women ( … Abstract This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of low-level, chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) on renal and bone health. A cross-sectional study was conducted on postmenopausal women ( n = 380) from Cascavel, Brazil, an agricultural region where the use of Cd-containing fertilizers may exacerbate environmental contamination. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and cumulative Cd exposure was assessed through urinary Cd (UCd) concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Renal tubular function was evaluated by measuring urinary β2-microglobulin, and bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Median UCd concentrations confirmed low exposure (0.30 µg/g creatinine; interquartile range: 0.15–0.55). Univariate analysis revealed a borderline association between higher UCd concentrations and lower BMD at the femoral neck across normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups ( p = 0.067). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that UCd was not independently associated with reduced BMD but was a significant predictor of renal tubular damage ( p < 0.001). These findings underscore a pressing environmental and public health issue: even low levels of Cd exposure correlate with subclinical renal tubular dysfunction. Enhanced monitoring and stricter environmental regulations are critical to prevent long-term kidney damage and related health risks, especially in vulnerable populations. Graphical Abstract

Lead-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Its Therapeutic Interventions: An Updated Review

2025-06-13

Ankit Kumar Bharti S , Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan | Biological Trace Element Research

Impact of Lead (Pb) Exposure on Hematological Parameters, hs-CRP, Ferritin, and Oxidative Stress (MDA) in Battery Factory Workers

2025-06-13

Nemati Shafaee Maryam , Indah Tri Susilowati , K Rahayu +1 more | Medical Laboratory Technology Journal

Exposure to lead in the workplace is common, with most employers and workers unaware of its adverse health effects. This study examines the relationship between blood lead levels in battery … Exposure to lead in the workplace is common, with most employers and workers unaware of its adverse health effects. This study examines the relationship between blood lead levels in battery factory workers and health examination results such as Hematology profile (Hemoglobin level, Leukocyte count, Hematocrit Level, Platelet count, Erythrocyte Count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and hs-CRP. The samples of this study were 25 blood samples of battery factory employees in Jakarta who were older than 40 years and had worked for more than 1 year. Workers' blood samples were collected using vacuum tubes and placed in ice boxes to be sent to PT Petrolab Service Laboratory for blood lead level examination, Citama Hospital Laboratory Unit for blood profile examination, ferritin level, and hs-CRP value, and Prodia Jakarta Clinical Laboratory for MDA level examination. Bivariate analysis examined the relationship between lead levels, blood profile, ferritin levels, MDA levels, and hs-CRP values. Using the entered formula, multivariate analysis was used to test the relationship between lead levels and blood profile, ferritin levels, MDA levels, and hs-CRP values. The significance level used to test the significance of the relationship was <0.05. The bivariate test results showed there was a correlation between blood lead levels and hs-CRP levels (P=0.000), MDA levels (P=0.000), ferritin levels (P=0.000), Hb levels (P=0.000), hematocrit levels (P=0.006), MCV value (P=0.000), and MCH value (P=0.004). In contrast, Multivariate analysis showed lead levels significantly correlated with MDA level (P=0.014), ferritin level (P=0.005), and MCV value (P=0.013). Blood lead levels should be controlled to reduce the risk of oxidative stress and its impact on health, and it is hoped that workers in contact with lead will place more emphasis on occupational safety and health.

Manganese Neurotoxicity and Familial Disorders of Manganese Transport

2025-06-12

Sídney M. Gospe | Annals of the Child Neurology Society

ABSTRACT Manganese is the 12th most common element in the Earth's crust and is an essential industrial component. Biologically, this metal plays an important role as a constituent of numerous … ABSTRACT Manganese is the 12th most common element in the Earth's crust and is an essential industrial component. Biologically, this metal plays an important role as a constituent of numerous enzymes. While manganese is required for normal biochemical and physiological processes, manganese excess can lead to significant toxicity, particularly to the central nervous system. Over the past 25 years, three inherited disorders of manganese transport have been described, leading to a model of how this essential metal is absorbed, distributed to tissues, and eliminated. The first part of this review describes the clinical features and cellular mechanisms of manganese toxicity due to occupational and environmental exposure. The remainder of the review discusses the familial disorder associated with hypomagnesemia, SLC39A8 deficiency, and the two genetic diseases resulting in hypermanganesemia, SLC30A10 deficiency and SLC39A14 deficiency. These latter two disorders are treatable, and the early recognition and institution of chelation therapy and iron supplementation can improve neurological disability. Ongoing research regarding the tissue‐specific role of each transporter and their regulatory interplay, the varied mechanisms of manganese toxicity, and its treatment are also described.