Environmental Science › Ecology

Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics

Works Count: 42775

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This cluster of papers explores the importance of mangrove ecosystems in providing coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and various ecosystem services. It discusses the impact of sea-level rise, climate change, and human activities on mangrove forests, as well as the potential for wetland restoration. The research emphasizes the role of mangroves, tidal wetlands, and salt marshes in mitigating global carbon emissions and enhancing resilience to environmental changes.

Keywords

Mangrove Forests; Coastal Protection; Carbon Sequestration; Sea-Level Rise; Ecosystem Services; Wetland Restoration; Climate Change; Tidal Wetlands; Salt Marshes; Global Carbon Budget

Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems

1992-01-01

A. I. Robertson , Daniel M. Alongi

Ecological role and services of tropical mangrove ecosystems: a reassessment

2014-03-06

Shing Yip Lee , J.H. Primavera , Farid Dahdouh‐Guebas +7 more

Abstract Aim To reassess the capacity of mangroves for ecosystem services in the light of recent data. Location Global mangrove ecosystems. Methods We review four long‐standing roles of mangroves: (1) … Abstract Aim To reassess the capacity of mangroves for ecosystem services in the light of recent data. Location Global mangrove ecosystems. Methods We review four long‐standing roles of mangroves: (1) carbon dynamics – export or sink; (2) nursery role; (3) shoreline protection; (4) land‐building capacity. The origins of pertinent hypotheses, current understanding and gaps in our knowledge are highlighted with reference to biogeographic, geographic and socio‐economic influences. Results The role of mangroves as C sinks needs to be evaluated for a wide range of biogeographic regions and forest conditions. Mangrove C assimilation may be under‐estimated because of flawed methodology and scanty data on key components of C dynamics. Peri‐urban mangroves may be manipulated to provide local offsets for C emission. The nursery function of mangroves is not ubiquitous but varies with spatio‐temporal accessibility. Connectivity and complementarity of mangroves and adjacent habitats enhance their nursery function through trophic relay and ontogenetic migrations. The effectiveness of mangroves for coastal protection depends on factors at landscape/geomorphic to community scales and local/species scales. Shifts in species due to climate change, forest degradation and loss of habitat connectivity may reduce the protective capacity of mangroves. Early views of mangroves as land builders (especially lateral expansion) were questionable. Evidence now indicates that mangroves, once established, directly influence vertical land development by enhancing sedimentation and/or by direct organic contributions to soil volume (peat formation) in some settings. Main conclusions Knowledge of thresholds, spatio‐temporal scaling and variability due to geographic, biogeographic and socio‐economic settings will improve the management of mangrove ecosystem services. Many drivers respond to global trends in climate change and local changes such as urbanization. While mangroves have traditionally been managed for subsistence, future governance models must involve partnerships between local custodians of mangroves and offsite beneficiaries of the services.

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The Ecology of Mangroves

1974-11-01

Ariel E. Lugo , Samuel C. Snedaker

▪ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a consequence, … ▪ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in different ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the ...Read More

Carbon sequestration in mangrove forests

2012-06-01

Daniel M. Alongi

Mangrove forests are highly productive, with carbon production rates equivalent to tropical humid forests. Mangroves allocate proportionally more carbon belowground, and have higher below- to above-ground carbon mass ratios than … Mangrove forests are highly productive, with carbon production rates equivalent to tropical humid forests. Mangroves allocate proportionally more carbon belowground, and have higher below- to above-ground carbon mass ratios than terrestrial trees. Most mangrove carbon is stored as large pools in soil and dead roots. Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich biomes, containing an average of 937 tC ha-1, facilitating the accumulation of fine particles, and fostering rapid rates of sediment accretion (∼5 mm year -1) and carbon burial (174 gC m-2 year -1). Mangroves account for only approximately 1% (13.5 Gt year -1) of carbon sequestration by the world’s forests, but as coastal habitats they account for 14% of carbon sequestration by the global ocean. If mangrove carbon stocks are disturbed, resultant gas emissions may be very high. Irrespective of uncertainties and the unique nature of implementing REDD+ and Blue Carbon projects, mangroves are prime ecosystems for reforestation and restoration.

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Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review

2008-01-07

Eric Gilman , JC Ellison , Norman C. Duke +1 more

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A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2

2011-01-20

Elizabeth Mcleod , Gail L. Chmura , Steven Bouillon +6 more

Recent research has highlighted the valuable role that coastal and marine ecosystems play in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbon (C) sequestered in vegetated coastal ecosystems, specifically mangrove forests, seagrass … Recent research has highlighted the valuable role that coastal and marine ecosystems play in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbon (C) sequestered in vegetated coastal ecosystems, specifically mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes, has been termed "blue carbon". Although their global area is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than that of terrestrial forests, the contribution of vegetated coastal habitats per unit area to long-term C sequestration is much greater, in part because of their efficiency in trapping suspended matter and associated organic C during tidal inundation. Despite the value of mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes in sequestering C, and the other goods and services they provide, these systems are being lost at critical rates and action is urgently needed to prevent further degradation and loss. Recognition of the C sequestration value of vegetated coastal ecosystems provides a strong argument for their protection and restoration; however, it is necessary to improve scientific understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control C sequestration in these ecosystems. Here, we identify key areas of uncertainty and specific actions needed to address them.

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Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: A review

2008-01-16

Erik Kristensen , Steven Bouillon , Thorsten Dittmar +1 more

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Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions

2014-09-29

Iris Möller , Matthias Kudella , Franziska Rupprecht +7 more

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Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise

2013-12-03

Matthew L. Kirwan , J. Patrick Megonigal

Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss

2012-10-01

Linda A. Deegan , David Samuel Johnson , Robert Warren +4 more

Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Forces in Food Webs: Do Plants Have Primacy

1992-06-01

Mary E. Power

Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and Southern North Sea coasts of Europe

2000-07-01

John Allen

A World Without Mangroves?

2007-07-06

Norman C. Duke , Jan‐Olaf Meynecke , Sabine Dittmann +7 more

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Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review

2008-01-23

Akira Komiyama , Jin Eong Ong , Sasitorn Poungparn

Structural and Functional Loss in Restored Wetland Ecosystems

2012-01-24

David Moreno‐Mateos , Mary E. Power , Francisco A. Comı́n +1 more

Wetlands are among the most productive and economically valuable ecosystems in the world. However, because of human activities, over half of the wetland ecosystems existing in North America, Europe, Australia, … Wetlands are among the most productive and economically valuable ecosystems in the world. However, because of human activities, over half of the wetland ecosystems existing in North America, Europe, Australia, and China in the early 20th century have been lost. Ecological restoration to recover critical ecosystem services has been widely attempted, but the degree of actual recovery of ecosystem functioning and structure from these efforts remains uncertain. Our results from a meta-analysis of 621 wetland sites from throughout the world show that even a century after restoration efforts, biological structure (driven mostly by plant assemblages), and biogeochemical functioning (driven primarily by the storage of carbon in wetland soils), remained on average 26% and 23% lower, respectively, than in reference sites. Either recovery has been very slow, or postdisturbance systems have moved towards alternative states that differ from reference conditions. We also found significant effects of environmental settings on the rate and degree of recovery. Large wetland areas (>100 ha) and wetlands restored in warm (temperate and tropical) climates recovered more rapidly than smaller wetlands and wetlands restored in cold climates. Also, wetlands experiencing more (riverine and tidal) hydrologic exchange recovered more rapidly than depressional wetlands. Restoration performance is limited: current restoration practice fails to recover original levels of wetland ecosystem functions, even after many decades. If restoration as currently practiced is used to justify further degradation, global loss of wetland ecosystem function and structure will spread.

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Biodiversity Hotspots in the Mediterranean Basin: Setting Global Conservation Priorities

1999-12-01

Frédéric Mèdail , Pierre Quézel

Metacommunities: Spatial Dynamics and Ecological Communities

2006-10-12

Don A. Driscoll

Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed,Phragmites australis, into North America

2002-02-19

Kristin Saltonstall

Cryptic invasions are a largely unrecognized type of biological invasion that lead to underestimation of the total numbers and impacts of invaders because of the difficulty in detecting them. The … Cryptic invasions are a largely unrecognized type of biological invasion that lead to underestimation of the total numbers and impacts of invaders because of the difficulty in detecting them. The distribution and abundance of Phragmites australis in North America has increased dramatically over the past 150 years. This research tests the hypothesis that a non-native strain of Phragmites is responsible for the observed spread. Two noncoding chloroplast DNA regions were sequenced for samples collected worldwide, throughout the range of Phragmites . Modern North American populations were compared with historical ones from herbarium collections. Results indicate that an introduction has occurred, and the introduced type has displaced native types as well as expanded to regions previously not known to have Phragmites . Native types apparently have disappeared from New England and, while still present, may be threatened in other parts of North America.

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Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change

2013-12-03

Stijn Temmerman , Patrick Meire , Tjeerd J. Bouma +3 more

Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management with Nonlinear Ecological Functions and Values

2008-01-18

Edward B. Barbier , Evamaria W. Koch , Brian R. Silliman +7 more

A common assumption is that ecosystem services respond linearly to changes in habitat size. This assumption leads frequently to an “all or none” choice of either preserving coastal habitats or … A common assumption is that ecosystem services respond linearly to changes in habitat size. This assumption leads frequently to an “all or none” choice of either preserving coastal habitats or converting them to human use. However, our survey of wave attenuation data from field studies of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass beds, nearshore coral reefs, and sand dunes reveals that these relationships are rarely linear. By incorporating nonlinear wave attenuation in estimating coastal protection values of mangroves in Thailand, we show that the optimal land use option may instead be the integration of development and conservation consistent with ecosystem-based management goals. This result suggests that reconciling competing demands on coastal habitats should not always result in stark preservation-versus-conversion choices.

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Food Webs: Linkage, Interaction Strength and Community Infrastructure

1980-10-01

Robert T. Paine

The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: answering recent challenges to the paradigm

2010-12-14

Keryn B. Gedan , Matthew L. Kirwan , Eric Wolanski +2 more

Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils

2003-12-01

Gail L. Chmura , Shimon C. Anisfeld , Donald R. Cahoon +1 more

Wetlands represent the largest component of the terrestrial biological carbon pool and thus play an important role in global carbon cycles. Most global carbon budgets, however, have focused on dry … Wetlands represent the largest component of the terrestrial biological carbon pool and thus play an important role in global carbon cycles. Most global carbon budgets, however, have focused on dry land ecosystems that extend over large areas and have not accounted for the many small, scattered carbon‐storing ecosystems such as tidal saline wetlands. We compiled data for 154 sites in mangroves and salt marshes from the western and eastern Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. The set of sites spans a latitudinal range from 22.4°S in the Indian Ocean to 55.5°N in the northeastern Atlantic. The average soil carbon density of mangrove swamps (0.055 ± 0.004 g cm −3 ) is significantly higher than the salt marsh average (0.039 ± 0.003 g cm −3 ). Soil carbon density in mangrove swamps and Spartina patens marshes declines with increasing average annual temperature, probably due to increased decay rates at higher temperatures. In contrast, carbon sequestration rates were not significantly different between mangrove swamps and salt marshes. Variability in sediment accumulation rates within marshes is a major control of carbon sequestration rates masking any relationship with climatic parameters. Globally, these combined wetlands store at least 44.6 Tg C yr −1 and probably more, as detailed areal inventories are not available for salt marshes in China and South America. Much attention has been given to the role of freshwater wetlands, particularly northern peatlands, as carbon sinks. In contrast to peatlands, salt marshes and mangroves release negligible amounts of greenhouse gases and store more carbon per unit area.

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Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems

2008-08-28

Keryn B. Gedan , Brian R. Silliman , Mark D. Bertness

Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, and they provide more ecosystem services to coastal populations than any other environment. Since the Middle … Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, and they provide more ecosystem services to coastal populations than any other environment. Since the Middle Ages, humans have manipulated salt marshes at a grand scale, altering species composition, distribution, and ecosystem function. Here, we review historic and contemporary human activities in marsh ecosystems--exploitation of plant products; conversion to farmland, salt works, and urban land; introduction of non-native species; alteration of coastal hydrology; and metal and nutrient pollution. Unexpectedly, diverse types of impacts can have a similar consequence, turning salt marsh food webs upside down, dramatically increasing top down control. Of the various impacts, invasive species, runaway consumer effects, and sea level rise represent the greatest threats to salt marsh ecosystems. We conclude that the best way to protect salt marshes and the services they provide is through the integrated approach of ecosystem-based management.

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Mangrove production and carbon sinks: A revision of global budget estimates

2008-05-08

Steven Bouillon , Alberto Borges , Edward Castañeda‐Moya +7 more

Mangrove forests are highly productive but globally threatened coastal ecosystems, whose role in the carbon budget of the coastal zone has long been debated. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis … Mangrove forests are highly productive but globally threatened coastal ecosystems, whose role in the carbon budget of the coastal zone has long been debated. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the available data on carbon fluxes in mangrove ecosystems. A reassessment of global mangrove primary production from the literature results in a conservative estimate of ∼218 ± 72 Tg C a −1 . When using the best available estimates of various carbon sinks (organic carbon export, sediment burial, and mineralization), it appears that >50% of the carbon fixed by mangrove vegetation is unaccounted for. This unaccounted carbon sink is conservatively estimated at ∼112 ± 85 Tg C a −1 , equivalent in magnitude to ∼30–40% of the global riverine organic carbon input to the coastal zone. Our analysis suggests that mineralization is severely underestimated, and that the majority of carbon export from mangroves to adjacent waters occurs as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). CO 2 efflux from sediments and creek waters and tidal export of DIC appear to be the major sinks. These processes are quantitatively comparable in magnitude to the unaccounted carbon sink in current budgets, but are not yet adequately constrained with the limited published data available so far.

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WETLAND RESOURCES: Status, Trends, Ecosystem Services, and Restorability

2005-07-06

Joy B. Zedler , Suzanne Kercher

▪ Abstract Estimates of global wetland area range from 5.3 to 12.8 million km2. About half the global wetland area has been lost, but an international treaty (the 1971 Ramsar … ▪ Abstract Estimates of global wetland area range from 5.3 to 12.8 million km2. About half the global wetland area has been lost, but an international treaty (the 1971 Ramsar Convention) has helped 144 nations protect the most significant remaining wetlands. Because most nations lack wetland inventories, changes in the quantity and quality of the world's wetlands cannot be tracked adequately. Despite the likelihood that remaining wetlands occupy less than 9% of the earth's land area, they contribute more to annually renewable ecosystem services than their small area implies. Biodiversity support, water quality improvement, flood abatement, and carbon sequestration are key functions that are impaired when wetlands are lost or degraded. Restoration techniques are improving, although the recovery of lost biodiversity is challenged by invasive species, which thrive under disturbance and displace natives. Not all damages to wetlands are reversible, but it is not always clear how much can be retained through restoration. Hence, we recommend adaptive approaches in which alternative techniques are tested at large scales in actual restoration sites.

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The Asian Tsunami: A Protective Role for Coastal Vegetation

2005-10-27

Finn Danielsen , Mikael Sørensen , Mette Fog Olwig +7 more

The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had major effects on coastal communities and ecosystems. An assessment of coastlines after the tsunami indicates that coastal vegetation such as mangroves and … The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had major effects on coastal communities and ecosystems. An assessment of coastlines after the tsunami indicates that coastal vegetation such as mangroves and beach forests helped to provide protection and reduce effects on adjacent communities. In recent years, mangroves and other coastal vegetation have been cleared or degraded along many coastlines, increasing their vulnerability to storm and tsunami damage. Establishing or strengthening greenbelts of mangroves and other coastal forests may play a key role in reducing the effect of future extreme events.

RESPONSES OF COASTAL WETLANDS TO RISING SEA LEVEL

2002-10-01

James T. Morris , P. V. Sundareshwar , Christopher T. Nietch +2 more

Salt marsh ecosystems are maintained by the dominant macrophytes that regulate the elevation of their habitat within a narrow portion of the intertidal zone by accumulating organic matter and trapping … Salt marsh ecosystems are maintained by the dominant macrophytes that regulate the elevation of their habitat within a narrow portion of the intertidal zone by accumulating organic matter and trapping inorganic sediment. The long-term stability of these ecosystems is explained by interactions among sea level, land elevation, primary production, and sediment accretion that regulate the elevation of the sediment surface toward an equilibrium with mean sea level. We show here in a salt marsh that this equilibrium is adjusted upward by increased production of the salt marsh macrophyte Spartina alterniflora and downward by an increasing rate of relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Adjustments in marsh surface elevation are slow in comparison to interannual anomalies and long-period cycles of sea level, and this lag in sediment elevation results in significant variation in annual primary productivity. We describe a theoretical model that predicts that the system will be stable against changes in relative mean sea level when surface elevation is greater than what is optimal for primary production. When surface elevation is less than optimal, the system will be unstable. The model predicts that there is an optimal rate of RSLR at which the equilibrium elevation and depth of tidal flooding will be optimal for plant growth. However, the optimal rate of RSLR also represents an upper limit because at higher rates of RSLR the plant community cannot sustain an elevation that is within its range of tolerance. For estuaries with high sediment loading, such as those on the southeast coast of the United States, the limiting rate of RSLR was predicted to be at most 1.2 cm/yr, which is 3.5 times greater than the current, long-term rate of RSLR.

The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review

2008-02-21

Ivan Nagelkerken , S. J. M. Blaber , Steven Bouillon +7 more

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Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean

2013-06-07

Pierre Regnier , Pierre Friedlingstein , Philippe Ciais +7 more

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Development of a New England Salt Marsh

1972-03-01

Alfred C. Redfield

The salt marsh at Barnstable, Massachusetts, occupies an embayment into which it has spread during the past 4,000 years. It exhibits all stages of development from the seeding of bare … The salt marsh at Barnstable, Massachusetts, occupies an embayment into which it has spread during the past 4,000 years. It exhibits all stages of development from the seeding of bare sand flats through the development of intertidal marsh to the formation of mature high marsh underlain by peat deposits more than 20 ft deep. Observations and measurements of the stages of its formation are presented. The geomorphology of the marsh is considered in relation to the factors which have influenced its development, i.e., the ability of halophytes to grow at limited tide levels, the tidal regime, the processes of sedimentation, and the contemporary rise in sea level. The rates at which the early stage of development takes place have been determined by observations during a period of 12 years and the time sequence of later stages by radiocarbon analyses.

Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests

2002-09-01

Daniel M. Alongi

Mangroves, the only woody halophytes living at the confluence of land and sea, have been heavily used traditionally for food, timber, fuel and medicine, and presently occupy about 181 000 … Mangroves, the only woody halophytes living at the confluence of land and sea, have been heavily used traditionally for food, timber, fuel and medicine, and presently occupy about 181 000 km 2 of tropical and subtropical coastline. Over the past 50 years, approximately one-third of the world's mangrove forests have been lost, but most data show very variable loss rates and there is considerable margin of error in most estimates. Mangroves are a valuable ecological and economic resource, being important nursery grounds and breeding sites for birds, fish, crustaceans, shellfish, reptiles and mammals; a renewable source of wood; accumulation sites for sediment, contaminants, carbon and nutrients; and offer protection against coastal erosion. The destruction of mangroves is usually positively related to human population density. Major reasons for destruction are urban development, aquaculture, mining and overexploitation for timber, fish, crustaceans and shellfish. Over the next 25 years, unrestricted clear felling, aquaculture, and overexploitation of fisheries will be the greatest threats, with lesser problems being alteration of hydrology, pollution and global warming. Loss of biodiversity is, and will continue to be, a severe problem as even pristine mangroves are species-poor compared with other tropical ecosystems. The future is not entirely bleak. The number of rehabilitation and restoration projects is increasing worldwide with some countries showing increases in mangrove area. The intensity of coastal aquaculture appears to have levelled off in some parts of the world. Some commercial projects and economic models indicate that mangroves can be used as a sustainable resource, especially for wood. The brightest note is that the rate of population growth is projected to slow during the next 50 years, with a gradual decline thereafter to the end of the century. Mangrove forests will continue to be exploited at current rates to 2025, unless they are seen as a valuable resource to be managed on a sustainable basis. After 2025, the future of mangroves will depend on technological and ecological advances in multi-species silviculture, genetics, and forestry modelling, but the greatest hope for their future is for a reduction in human population growth.

Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics

2011-04-03

Daniel C. Donato , J. Boone Kauffman , Daniel Murdiyarso +3 more

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The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services

2010-10-14

Edward B. Barbier , Sally D. Hacker , Chris Kennedy +3 more

The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a variety of ECEs, … The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a variety of ECEs, including marshes, mangroves, nearshore coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sand beaches and dunes. Where possible, we indicate estimates of the key economic values arising from these services, and discuss how the natural variability of ECEs impacts their benefits, the synergistic relationships of ECEs across seascapes, and management implications. Although reliable valuation estimates are beginning to emerge for the key services of some ECEs, such as coral reefs, salt marshes, and mangroves, many of the important benefits of seagrass beds and sand dunes and beaches have not been assessed properly. Even for coral reefs, marshes, and mangroves, important ecological services have yet to be valued reliably, such as cross-ecosystem nutrient transfer (coral reefs), erosion control (marshes), and pollution control (mangroves). An important issue for valuing certain ECE services, such as coastal protection and habitat–fishery linkages, is that the ecological functions underlying these services vary spatially and temporally. Allowing for the connectivity between ECE habitats also may have important implications for assessing the ecological functions underlying key ecosystems services, such coastal protection, control of erosion, and habitat–fishery linkages. Finally, we conclude by suggesting an action plan for protecting and/or enhancing the immediate and longer-term values of ECE services. Because the connectivity of ECEs across land–sea gradients also influences the provision of certain ecosystem services, management of the entire seascape will be necessary to preserve such synergistic effects. Other key elements of an action plan include further ecological and economic collaborative research on valuing ECE services, improving institutional and legal frameworks for management, controlling and regulating destructive economic activities, and developing ecological restoration options.

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Carbon Cycling and Storage in Mangrove Forests

2014-01-03

Daniel M. Alongi

Mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests of the tropics. They are highly productive ecosystems with rates of primary production equal to those of tropical humid evergreen forests and coral … Mangroves are ecologically and economically important forests of the tropics. They are highly productive ecosystems with rates of primary production equal to those of tropical humid evergreen forests and coral reefs. Although mangroves occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they contribute 10–15% (24 Tg C y −1 ) to coastal sediment carbon storage and export 10–11% of the particulate terrestrial carbon to the ocean. Their disproportionate contribution to carbon sequestration is now perceived as a means for conservation and restoration and a way to help ameliorate greenhouse gas emissions. Of immediate concern are potential carbon losses to deforestation (90–970 Tg C y −1 ) that are greater than these ecosystems' rates of carbon storage. Large reservoirs of dissolved inorganic carbon in deep soils, pumped via subsurface pathways to adjacent waterways, are a large loss of carbon, at a potential rate up to 40% of annual primary production. Patterns of carbon allocation and rates of carbon flux in mangrove forests are nearly identical to those of other tropical forests.

The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global Concern

2010-04-08

Beth Polidoro , Kent E. Carpenter , Lorna Collins +7 more

Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem … Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel production. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. To address this gap, species-specific information on global distribution, population status, life history traits, and major threats were compiled for each of the 70 known species of mangroves. Each species' probability of extinction was assessed under the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Eleven of the 70 mangrove species (16%) are at elevated threat of extinction. Particular areas of geographical concern include the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America, where as many as 40% of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction. Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones, which often have specific freshwater requirements and patchy distributions, are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture. The loss of mangrove species will have devastating economic and environmental consequences for coastal communities, especially in those areas with low mangrove diversity and high mangrove area or species loss. Several species at high risk of extinction may disappear well before the next decade if existing protective measures are not enforced.

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Estimating Global “Blue Carbon” Emissions from Conversion and Degradation of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems

2012-09-04

Linwood H. Pendleton , Daniel C. Donato , Brian C. Murray +7 more

Recent attention has focused on the high rates of annual carbon sequestration in vegetated coastal ecosystems—marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses—that may be lost with habitat destruction ('conversion'). Relatively unappreciated, however, is … Recent attention has focused on the high rates of annual carbon sequestration in vegetated coastal ecosystems—marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses—that may be lost with habitat destruction ('conversion'). Relatively unappreciated, however, is that conversion of these coastal ecosystems also impacts very large pools of previously-sequestered carbon. Residing mostly in sediments, this 'blue carbon' can be released to the atmosphere when these ecosystems are converted or degraded. Here we provide the first global estimates of this impact and evaluate its economic implications. Combining the best available data on global area, land-use conversion rates, and near-surface carbon stocks in each of the three ecosystems, using an uncertainty-propagation approach, we estimate that 0.15–1.02 Pg (billion tons) of carbon dioxide are being released annually, several times higher than previous estimates that account only for lost sequestration. These emissions are equivalent to 3–19% of those from deforestation globally, and result in economic damages of $US 6–42 billion annually. The largest sources of uncertainty in these estimates stems from limited certitude in global area and rates of land-use conversion, but research is also needed on the fates of ecosystem carbon upon conversion. Currently, carbon emissions from the conversion of vegetated coastal ecosystems are not included in emissions accounting or carbon market protocols, but this analysis suggests they may be disproportionally important to both. Although the relevant science supporting these initial estimates will need to be refined in coming years, it is clear that policies encouraging the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems could significantly reduce carbon emissions from the land-use sector, in addition to sustaining the well-recognized ecosystem services of coastal habitats.

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Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change

2007-10-04

Daniel M. Alongi

Factors Influencing Biodiversity and Distributional Gradients in Mangroves

1998-01-01

Norman C. Duke , Marilyn C. Ball , JC Ellison

Numerous factors affect the distribution of mangrove plants.Most mangrove species are typically dispersed by.water-buoyant propagules, allowing them to take advantage of estuarine, coastal and ocean currents both to replenish existing … Numerous factors affect the distribution of mangrove plants.Most mangrove species are typically dispersed by.water-buoyant propagules, allowing them to take advantage of estuarine, coastal and ocean currents both to replenish existing stands and to establish new ones.The direction they travel depends on sea currents and land barriers, but the dispersal distance depends on the time that propagules remain buoyant and viable.This is expected to differ for each species.Similarly, each species will also differ in establishment success and growth development rate, and each has tolerance limits and growth responses which are apparently unique.Such attributes are presumably responsible for the characteristic

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Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data

2010-08-17

Chandra Giri , Enock Odera Ochieng , Larry L. Tieszen +5 more

ABSTRACT Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and … ABSTRACT Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved. Here, we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive. Methods We interpreted approximately 1000 Landsat scenes using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques. Each image was normalized for variation in solar angle and earth–sun distance by converting the digital number values to the top‐of‐the‐atmosphere reflectance. Ground truth data and existing maps and databases were used to select training samples and also for iterative labelling. Results were validated using existing GIS data and the published literature to map ‘true mangroves’. Results The total area of mangroves in the year 2000 was 137,760 km 2 in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Approximately 75% of world's mangroves are found in just 15 countries, and only 6.9% are protected under the existing protected areas network (IUCN I‐IV). Our study confirms earlier findings that the biogeographic distribution of mangroves is generally confined to the tropical and subtropical regions and the largest percentage of mangroves is found between 5° N and 5° S latitude. Main conclusions We report that the remaining area of mangrove forest in the world is less than previously thought. Our estimate is 12.3% smaller than the most recent estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. We present the most comprehensive, globally consistent and highest resolution (30 m) global mangrove database ever created. We developed and used better mapping techniques and data sources and mapped mangroves with better spatial and thematic details than previous studies.

Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level

2010-11-30

Matthew L. Kirwan , Glenn R. Guntenspergen , Andrea D’Alpaos +3 more

Assumptions of a static landscape inspire predictions that about half of the world's coastal wetlands will submerge during this century in response to sea‐level acceleration. In contrast, we use simulations … Assumptions of a static landscape inspire predictions that about half of the world's coastal wetlands will submerge during this century in response to sea‐level acceleration. In contrast, we use simulations from five numerical models to quantify the conditions under which ecogeomorphic feedbacks allow coastal wetlands to adapt to projected changes in sea level. In contrast to previous sea‐level assessments, we find that non‐linear feedbacks among inundation, plant growth, organic matter accretion, and sediment deposition, allow marshes to survive conservative projections of sea‐level rise where suspended sediment concentrations are greater than ∼20 mg/L. Under scenarios of more rapid sea‐level rise (e.g., those that include ice sheet melting), marshes will likely submerge near the end of the 21st century. Our results emphasize that in areas of rapid geomorphic change, predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change requires consideration of the ability of biological processes to modify their physical environment.

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Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012

2015-12-28

Daniel R. Richards , Daniel A. Friess

The mangrove forests of Southeast Asia are highly biodiverse and provide multiple ecosystem services upon which millions of people depend. Mangroves enhance fisheries and coastal protection, and store among the … The mangrove forests of Southeast Asia are highly biodiverse and provide multiple ecosystem services upon which millions of people depend. Mangroves enhance fisheries and coastal protection, and store among the highest densities of carbon of any ecosystem globally. Mangrove forests have experienced extensive deforestation owing to global demand for commodities, and previous studies have identified the expansion of aquaculture as largely responsible. The proportional conversion of mangroves to different land use types has not been systematically quantified across Southeast Asia, however, particularly in recent years. In this study we apply a combined geographic information system and remote sensing method to quantify the key proximate drivers (i.e., replacement land uses) of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2012. Mangrove forests were lost at an average rate of 0.18% per year, which is lower than previously published estimates. In total, more than 100,000 ha of mangroves were removed during the study period, with aquaculture accounting for 30% of this total forest change. The rapid expansion of rice agriculture in Myanmar, and the sustained conversion of mangroves to oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia, are identified as additional increasing and under-recognized threats to mangrove ecosystems. Our study highlights frontiers of mangrove deforestation in the border states of Myanmar, on Borneo, and in Indonesian Papua. To implement policies that conserve mangrove forests across Southeast Asia, it is essential to consider the national and subnational variation in the land uses that follow deforestation.

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Mangrove Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments

2001-01-01

Iván Valiela , Jennifer L. Bowen , Joanna K. York

T he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as felling of rain forests and bleaching of coral reefs.This well-merited attention has created a … T he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as felling of rain forests and bleaching of coral reefs.This well-merited attention has created a worldwide constituency that supports conservation and restoration efforts in both of these threatened ecosystems.The remarkable degree of public awareness and support has been manifested in benefit rock concerts at Carnegie Hall and in the designation of ice cream flavors after rain forest products.Mangrove forests are another important tropical environment, but these have received much less publicity.Concern about the magnitude of losses of mangrove forests has been voiced mainly in the specialized literature (Saenger et al. 1983, Spalding et al. 1997).Mangrove trees grow ubiquitously as a relatively narrow fringe between land and sea, between latitudes 25°N and 30°S.They form forests of salt-tolerant species, with complex food webs and ecosystem dynamics (Macnae 1968, Lugo and Snedaker 1974, Tomlinson 1986).Destruction of mangrove forests is occurring globally.Global changes such as an increased sea level may affect mangroves (Ellison 1993, Field 1995), although accretion rates in mangrove forests may be large enough to compensate for the present-day rise in sea level (Field 1995).More important, it is human alterations created by conversion of mangroves to mariculture, agriculture, and urbanization, as well as forestry uses and the effects of warfare, that have led to the remarkable recent losses of mangrove habitats (Saenger et al. 1983, Fortes 1988, Marshall 1994, Primavera 1995, Twilley 1998).New data on the magnitude of mangrove area and changes in it have become more readily available, especially with the advent of satellite imagery and the Internet.Moreover, information about the function of mangrove swamps, their importance in the sustainability of the coastal zone, and the effects of human uses of mangrove forests is growing.Some published regional assessments have viewed anthropogenic threats to mangrove forests with alarm (Ong 1982, Fortes 1988, Ellison and Farnsworth 1996), but reviews at the global scale are dated (Linden and Jernelov 1980, Saenger et al. 1983).We collated and revised published information to review the status of mangrove swamps worldwide.To assess the status of this major coastal environment, we compiled and examined available data to quantify the extent of mangrove forest areas in different parts of the world, the losses of mangrove forest area recorded during recent decades, and the relative contributions by various human activities to these losses.We first assessed current mangrove forest area in tropical countries of the world.It is difficult to judge the quality of these data in the published literature, because in many cases the methods used to obtain them were insufficiently described and the associated uncertainty was not indicated.Much information based on satellite imagery is summarized in the World Mangrove Atlas (Spalding et al.

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Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration

2016-09-12

Dorte Krause‐Jensen , Carlos M. Duarte

The Value of Wetlands in Protecting Southeast Louisiana from Hurricane Storm Surges

2011-05-01

Edward B. Barbier , Ioannis Y. Georgiou , Brian Enchelmeyer +1 more

The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 have spurred global interest in the role of coastal wetlands and vegetation in reducing storm surge and … The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 have spurred global interest in the role of coastal wetlands and vegetation in reducing storm surge and flood damages. Evidence that coastal wetlands reduce storm surge and attenuate waves is often cited in support of restoring Gulf Coast wetlands to protect coastal communities and property from hurricane damage. Yet interdisciplinary studies combining hydrodynamic and economic analysis to explore this relationship for temperate marshes in the Gulf are lacking. By combining hydrodynamic analysis of simulated hurricane storm surges and economic valuation of expected property damages, we show that the presence of coastal marshes and their vegetation has a demonstrable effect on reducing storm surge levels, thus generating significant values in terms of protecting property in southeast Louisiana. Simulations for four storms along a sea to land transect show that surge levels decline with wetland continuity and vegetation roughness. Regressions confirm that wetland continuity and vegetation along the transect are effective in reducing storm surge levels. A 0.1 increase in wetland continuity per meter reduces property damages for the average affected area analyzed in southeast Louisiana, which includes New Orleans, by $99-$133, and a 0.001 increase in vegetation roughness decreases damages by $24-$43. These reduced damages are equivalent to saving 3 to 5 and 1 to 2 properties per storm for the average area, respectively.

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Future response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level rise

2018-09-01

Mark Schuerch , Thomas Spencer , Stijn Temmerman +7 more

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The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats

2018-12-19

Nicholas Murray , Stuart Phinn , Michael DeWitt +6 more

Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation

2019-10-02

Óscar Serrano , Catherine E. Lovelock , Trisha B. Atwood +7 more

Abstract Policies aiming to preserve vegetated coastal ecosystems (VCE; tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions require national assessments of blue carbon resources. Here, we present organic … Abstract Policies aiming to preserve vegetated coastal ecosystems (VCE; tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions require national assessments of blue carbon resources. Here, we present organic carbon (C) storage in VCE across Australian climate regions and estimate potential annual CO 2 emission benefits of VCE conservation and restoration. Australia contributes 5–11% of the C stored in VCE globally (70–185 Tg C in aboveground biomass, and 1,055–1,540 Tg C in the upper 1 m of soils). Potential CO 2 emissions from current VCE losses are estimated at 2.1–3.1 Tg CO 2 -e yr -1 , increasing annual CO 2 emissions from land use change in Australia by 12–21%. This assessment, the most comprehensive for any nation to-date, demonstrates the potential of conservation and restoration of VCE to underpin national policy development for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Creation of a high spatio‐temporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest cover for the 21st century (CGMFC‐21)

2016-03-21

Stuart Hamilton , Daniel Casey

Abstract Aim To provide high‐resolution local, regional, national and global estimates of annual mangrove forest area from 2000 through to 2012 with the goal of driving mangrove research questions pertaining … Abstract Aim To provide high‐resolution local, regional, national and global estimates of annual mangrove forest area from 2000 through to 2012 with the goal of driving mangrove research questions pertaining to biodiversity, carbon stocks, climate change, functionality, food security, livelihoods, fisheries support and conservation that have been impeded until now by a lack of suitable data. Location Global, covering 99% of all mangrove forests. Methods We synthesized the Global Forest Change database, the Terrestrial Ecosystems of the World database and the Mangrove Forests of the World database to extract mangrove forest cover at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We then used the new database to monitor mangrove cover at the global, national and protected area scales. Results Countries showing relatively high amounts of mangrove loss include Myanmar, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia and Guatemala. Indonesia remains by far the largest mangrove‐holding nation, containing between 26% and 29% of the global mangrove inventory with a deforestation rate of between 0.26% and 0.66% per year. We have made our new database, CGMFC‐21, freely available. Main conclusions Global mangrove deforestation continues but at a much reduced rate of between 0.16% and 0.39% per year. Southeast Asia is a region of concern with mangrove deforestation rates between 3.58% and 8.08%, this in a region containing half of the entire global mangrove forest inventory. The global mangrove deforestation pattern from 2000 to 2012 is one of decreasing rates of deforestation, with many nations essentially stable, with the exception of the largest mangrove‐holding region of Southeast Asia. We provide a standardized spatial dataset that monitors mangrove deforestation globally at high spatio‐temporal resolutions. These data can be used to drive the mangrove research agenda, particularly as it pertains to monitoring of mangrove carbon stocks and the establishment of baseline local mangrove forest inventories required for payment for ecosystem service initiatives.

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Multi-decadal dynamics of the Changjiang estuarine tidal flat resource: Causes and threats

2025-06-25

Gang Liu , Yaying Lou , Jie Wang +3 more | Ocean & Coastal Management

Climate related coastal disparity in mangrove resilience in India: ensemble species distribution modelling calls for adaptive conservation

2025-06-25

Pujarini Samal , Dibyendu Adhikari , Mohd Munazir Chauhan | The Science of The Total Environment

Impacts of sediment deposition on landscape pattern in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake wetlands, China

2025-06-25

Haipeng Wu , Kai Huang , Jinhua Mei +7 more | Ecological Indicators

Sources and distribution of soil organic matter in mangrove wetland of Qi’ao Island: Insights from stable isotope composition and fluorescence spectroscopy

2025-06-25

Haixiao Zhao , Sibo Zhang , Wei Yang +3 more | Ecological Indicators

Community-Based Mangrove Management in Sucre, Colombia: Stakeholder Perceptions, Land Cover Trends, and Challenges

2025-06-25

Ángela M. Barrera-Bello , Jenny Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodríguez , Ana Maria Valencia Palacios +5 more | Economic Botany

Shallow Coastal Bays as Sediment Carbon and Nutrient Reservoirs in the Baltic Sea

2025-06-24

Betty Gubri , Joakim P. Hansen , Sofia A. Wikström +7 more | Estuaries and Coasts

Revegetation decisions have genetic consequences: actively and passively restored salt marshes display different genetic diversity and composition

2025-06-24

Katie P. Sperry , Sarah C. Crosby , Anna Bartholet +1 more | Restoration Ecology

Genetic diversity facilitates common restoration goals like creating resilient and adaptable populations. Yet, the genetic consequences of restoration are rarely considered. To inform and motivate the inclusion of genetic diversity … Genetic diversity facilitates common restoration goals like creating resilient and adaptable populations. Yet, the genetic consequences of restoration are rarely considered. To inform and motivate the inclusion of genetic diversity into restoration decision‐making, we assessed the genetic diversity of the salt marsh foundation species Spartina alterniflora in three types of salt marshes: actively planted restored sites, passively colonized restored sites, and natural marshes. We found that active restoration was associated with higher genetic diversity, whereas passive restoration and natural marshes were equivalently associated with lower genetic diversity. All three marsh types had disparate genetic composition, but only actively restored sites contained seemingly non‐local genotypes. These distinct genetic outcomes likely have proportionally distinct implications for eco‐evolutionary processes. Our work adds to growing evidence that genetic diversity can be influenced by restoration decisions and should therefore be considered during restoration planning and in restoration policy.

Life-history plasticity of intertidal salt marsh in response to sea level rise: Salinity and inundation modulate size-dependent flowering of Spartina alterniflora

2025-06-24

Jiayu Wang , Xincong Chen , Yue‐Yue Wang +7 more | Ecological Indicators

Multi-scenario simulations of future land use and ecosystem services in wetland ecosystems of Binhai, Tianjin

2025-06-23

Aobo Yue , Xianghui Guo , Haiying Gong +2 more | Frontiers in Environmental Science

This study used remote sensing images from 2000 to 2020 to explore changes in the ecological value of the four wetland nature reserves in Binhai, Tianjin. By integrating the PLUS … This study used remote sensing images from 2000 to 2020 to explore changes in the ecological value of the four wetland nature reserves in Binhai, Tianjin. By integrating the PLUS model and ecosystem service value (ESV) assessment methods, this study explored the spatiotemporal evolution of the Binhai wetland ecosystem from 2000 to 2020 and systematically simulated land use changes and their impacts on ESVs under three scenarios: natural development, economic development, and ecological conservation. The results showed that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the overall ecological value of the four reserves showed a growth trend, with the added value of aquatic ecosystems making the most significant contribution. Among ecosystem services, hydrological regulation played a crucial role in supporting the total ESV and significantly surpassed the other service categories. (2) The spatial aggregation and total ESV exhibited distinct variations under different development scenarios. Changes in cultivated land, water bodies, and impervious surfaces were particularly significant. While human interventions under different development objectives strongly influenced land use structures, the dominant roles of cultivated land and water bodies remained largely unchanged. (3) The various ESV components and individual ESV values in the four reserves showed notable differences under the different development scenarios. Under the ecological conservation scenario, both the overall and individual ESVs increased, whereas under the economic development scenario, they declined.

Empowering conservation: the transformative role of mangrove education in Indonesia’s climate strategies

2025-06-23

Hendra Gunawan , Mohammad Basyuni , Subarudi Subarudi +7 more | Forest Science and Technology

Early warning signs of salt marsh drowning indicated by widespread vulnerability from declining belowground plant biomass

2025-06-23

Kyle D. Runion , Merryl Alber , Deepak R. Mishra +3 more | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Salt marshes provide valuable ecosystem services but are vulnerable to drowning with accelerated sea-level rise (SLR). Marsh belowground biomass (BGB) production helps avoid drowning by building marsh surface elevation. Reductions … Salt marshes provide valuable ecosystem services but are vulnerable to drowning with accelerated sea-level rise (SLR). Marsh belowground biomass (BGB) production helps avoid drowning by building marsh surface elevation. Reductions in BGB can serve as an early warning sign of marsh deterioration, as they often precede decreases in aboveground biomass (AGB). However, landscape-scale BGB assessments to predict broad trends in marsh deterioration have not been previously available. We applied the Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model (BERM) to assess standing stocks and trends in both BGB and AGB over the past decade (2014-2023) across US Georgia coast Spartina alterniflora marshes (691 km2). Over this time period, BGB and AGB averaged 841 ± 323 and 221 ± 14 g m-2, respectively, but showed opposite trends. BGB decreased on average by 0.94% per year and over most of the marsh area (72%), while AGB increased on average by 0.66% per year and showed a net increase across most of the marsh area (88%). This disconnect suggests that AGB is not a good indicator of marsh resilience, and we highlight two areas with similar AGB but different BGB. Inundation intensity, an important predictor of BGB, rose through time and was negatively related to BGB. SLR trends suggest continuing increases in inundation, which will result in further declines in BGB followed by widespread marsh drowning. Landscape BGB assessments are a valuable tool to identify ecosystem vulnerability and proactively manage salt marshes and the services they provide under rising sea levels.

The influence of household socio-economic profiles on the use of mangrove resources along the Benin coastline

2025-06-23

Tété Pérugine Akoton , Yvon Carmen Hountondji , Bienvenue Nawan Kuiga Sourou +6 more | Frontiers in Ocean Sustainability

Introduction The mangrove ecosystems are crucial marine ecosystems, providing various ecological and economic benefits to local communities. This study aims to analyze the influence of household socio-economic profiles on mangrove … Introduction The mangrove ecosystems are crucial marine ecosystems, providing various ecological and economic benefits to local communities. This study aims to analyze the influence of household socio-economic profiles on mangrove ecosystems resources in Benin. Methods Based on semi-structured interviews, 464 households were surveyed in 73 localities. The Specific Multiple Correspondence Analysis (spMCA) combined with Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) was used to analyze the socio-economics, demographics, and environmental data collected. The priority scores of the surveyed households were used to perform the influence of households to mangrove resources by coupling HAC to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results Five household categories (labeled CM1–CM5) were identified. They represent varying levels of vulnerability, access to resources, and modes of mangrove resource use. The household of CM1 are highly dependent on mangrove resources and distributed proportionally across the study sub-sectors whereas the CM5 household are the most vulnerable, located around the biosphere reserve, and facing land tenure insecurity, extreme poverty, and significant pressure on mangrove ecosystems. The household categories are strongly influenced by the dependency on biosphere reserve resources and sociolinguistic affiliation. The gender and education level play a secondary role on household categories structuring. Five groups of pressure factors on the mangroves were associated with the different household categories. Salt farming, wood cutting, and backfilling of waterways are predominant for CM1, CM2, CM3, and CM5. Land overexploitation, depletion of fishery resources, and climatic factors are the mainly determinants for CM4 and CM5. Land conflicts and declining agricultural yields are also mentioned by CM5. Conclusion These results highlight the need for differentiated mangrove management strategies, tailored to the specific socio-economic characteristics of the households. Co-management, reforestation, and awareness-raising activities, represent strategic targets for sustainable conservation policies. Also, specific support measures, including the development of sustainable economic alternatives and improved access to basic services are needed. Taking this typology into account would improve the effectiveness and equity of environmental policies related to mangrove management.

Сarbon Dioxide Emission from Soils of Marsh Ecosystems in the Southeast of the Barents Sea

2025-06-23

A. A. Bobrik , Georgii Kazhukalo , I. E. Bagdasarov +3 more | Eurasian Soil Science

The centennial legacy of disturbances on sedimentation and carbon burial in an estuarine mangrove ecosystem, South China

2025-06-21

Juan Su , Yaobei Lin , Penghui Li +5 more | Journal of Oceanology and Limnology

Chemoautotrophic Carbon Fixation Favors Iron-Bound Organic Carbon Formation in Estuarine and Coastal Sediments

2025-06-20

Boshuang Wu , Xiufeng Tang , Zhenyang Song +4 more | Environmental Science & Technology

Chemoautotrophic carbon fixation (CCF) is crucial for carbon sequestration; however, how the CCF process mediates carbon preservation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the CCF process, iron-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC), … Chemoautotrophic carbon fixation (CCF) is crucial for carbon sequestration; however, how the CCF process mediates carbon preservation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the CCF process, iron-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC), and chemoautotrophs through FeS-amended and in situ field samples in estuarine and coastal sediments. The CCF rates and Fe-OC concentrations were substantially enhanced by FeS addition and were significantly higher under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. Sulfide rather than Fe2+ facilitated CCF rates, while more Fe-OC formation was caused by Fe2+. More humic substances, aromatic protein, and high diffraction intensity in the presence of FeS indicated that iron oxides protect organic carbon against microbial degradation. The enhanced abundance of functional genes in relation to nitrification, sulfide, and iron oxidation, as well as cbbL and cbbM genes synchronously, favored the CCF process and Fe-OC formation. The CCF rates and Fe-OC concentrations were also higher in Fe2+─and sulfide-enriched field sediments, and a positive feedback relationship was observed between Fe-OC formation and the CCF process. These results highlighted that the chemoautotrophic process favors Fe-OC formation, in which the enhanced Fe-OC may restrain microbial degradation of organic carbon, thereby facilitating carbon retention and preservation. This preservation mechanism provided a robust pathway for carbon sequestration in estuarine and coastal wetlands, representing a negative climate warming feedback loop.

Molecular and trace metal signatures of pristine and anthropogenically altered mangrove sediments

2025-06-20

Zhe‐Xuan Zhang , Julian P. Sachs , Yao-Ping Wang +3 more | Marine Pollution Bulletin

Multiple competitive superiority made a great successful invasion of Spartina alterniflora in Eastern China: hints for management

2025-06-20

Shi-Hua Li , Zhen‐Ming Ge , Lishan Tan +2 more | Journal of Environmental Management

Responses of Biomass and Allometric Growth Equations of Juvenile Mangrove Plants to Salinity, Flooding, and Aboveground Competition

2025-06-20

Kaijie Hu , Wei Wang , Wei Qian +3 more | Horticulturae

China has implemented large-scale mangrove restoration and afforestation initiatives in recent years. However, there has been a paucity of research on the growth of mangrove seedlings in a composite stress … China has implemented large-scale mangrove restoration and afforestation initiatives in recent years. However, there has been a paucity of research on the growth of mangrove seedlings in a composite stress environment and the allometric growth equation of mangrove seedlings. To enhance juvenile mangrove survival rates and develop precise carbon sequestration models, this study examines biomass accumulation patterns and allometric equation development under diverse environmental and biological conditions. A manipulative field experiment employed a three-factor full factorial design using seedlings from eight mangrove species. The experimental design incorporated three variables: salinity, flooding (environmental stressors), and aboveground interspecific competition (a biological factor). Following a two-year growth period, measurements of surviving seedlings’ basal diameter, plant height, and above- and belowground biomass were collected to assess growth responses and construct allometric models. Results indicated that high salinity reduced total mangrove biomass, whereas prolonged flooding increased tree height. Interspecific competition favored fast-growing species (e.g., Sonneratia caseolaris) while suppressing slow-growing counterparts (e.g., Avicennia marina). Synergistic effects between salinity and flooding influenced biomass and basal diameter, whereas salinity–flooding and salinity–competition interactions demonstrated antagonistic effects on tree height. High salinity, prolonged flooding, and competition elevated the proportion of aboveground biomass allocation. The results suggest that salinity stress and flooding stress were major growth-limiting factors for juvenile mangroves. Slow-growing species are not suitable to be mixed with fast-growing species in mangrove afforestation projects. Allometric models fitting for juvenile mangroves growing under different environmental factors were also developed. This study deepens our understanding of the growth of mangrove seedlings under composite stress conditions, provides effective tools for assessing the carbon sink potential of mangrove seedlings, and provides scientific guidance for future mangrove restoration projects.

VALIDATION OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN RIBOSOMAL DNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCES OF WOLFFIA MICROSCOPICA (GRIFF). KURZ

2025-06-19

Hoang Thi Nhu Phuong | Dalat University Journal of Science

Duckweeds are aquatic plants with 35 species and 2 hybrid species belonging to five genera (Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia) within the Lemnaceae family. The only surviving Wolffia microscopica … Duckweeds are aquatic plants with 35 species and 2 hybrid species belonging to five genera (Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia) within the Lemnaceae family. The only surviving Wolffia microscopica (Griff.) Kurz (accession number 9276) was lost from all collections in 2009. Fortunately, some accessions of this species were rediscovered in Sughad, India, and Bangladesh in 2014. The purpose of this study is to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) region of 10 Wolffia microscopica accessions. In all, 31 plasmids from 8 accessions were investigated, resulting in 15 plasmid variants and 24 SNPs. However, based on the outcome of the SNP evaluation techniques (restriction enzyme, polymerase chain reaction analysis using certain SNPs, and web-based allele specific primer design primers), these SNPs were not Wolffia microscopica subspecies-specific. Therefore, for the 10 investigated Wolffia microscopica accessions, the ITS region works well for species-level classification but is not appropriate for subspecies level classification.

Insular ecosystem services in peril: a systematic review on the impacts of climate change and other drivers

2025-06-19

George Zittis , Christos Zoumides , Shiri Zemah-Shamir +7 more | Climatic Change

Abstract Islands around the world are disproportionately affected by climate change, and their adaptive capacity is generally lower than that of mainland areas. Ecosystems play a vital role in supporting … Abstract Islands around the world are disproportionately affected by climate change, and their adaptive capacity is generally lower than that of mainland areas. Ecosystems play a vital role in supporting the well-being of island communities; however, their response to climate change has not been thoroughly assessed. Following the PRISMA methodology, this study presents a systematic literature review that examines studies on the impacts of climate change on island ecosystem services worldwide. Our findings highlight that island ecosystem services studies are increasing over time. About 60% of studies that explicitly focused on climate impacts report adverse effects on these services, predominantly impacting marine ecosystems (including fisheries and coral reefs), with significant but less frequently studied effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Climate factors such as rising temperatures, increased sea levels, and extreme weather events are commonly associated with negative impacts on island ecosystems. These effects are intensified by the combined influence of non-climatic factors, particularly land-use changes. Although island ecosystem services hold potential for nature-based solutions towards climate mitigation, their effectiveness is limited by knowledge gaps and insufficient policy-driven adaptation strategies. Addressing these gaps is essential to support sustainable adaptation and resilience in vulnerable island communities.

Comparative analysis of carbon sequestration potential in different wetland ecosystems: insights from phumdi-dominated wetlands of Northeast India

2025-06-19

S. Gojendro Singh , Sanjay Das , Vidya Shree Bharti +4 more | Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Understanding Wave Attenuation Across Marshes: Insights from Numerical Modeling

2025-06-18

Madeline Foster‐Martinez , Ioannis Y. Georgiou , Duncan M. FitzGerald +3 more | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Marsh vegetation dampens wave energy, providing protection to coastal communities from storms. A new modeling framework was applied to study wave height evolution over the saltmarsh bordering Newbury, MA. A … Marsh vegetation dampens wave energy, providing protection to coastal communities from storms. A new modeling framework was applied to study wave height evolution over the saltmarsh bordering Newbury, MA. A regional Delft3D hydrodynamic model generated wind driver waves in the open water portions of the study area, which were then one-way coupled with an analytical model, the Marsh Transect Wave Attenuation (MTWA) model, which tracked wave evolution along select transects throughout the marsh. Field observations of vegetation and wave height evolution were used to calibrate MTWA. Seven scenarios were run covering a range of possible future management and environmental conditions, in addition to projected sea level rise. Results underscore the importance of vegetation and elevation to wave attenuation.

Environmental influences on stomatal traits of mangrove Ceriops decandra (Griffith) Ding Hou in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh

2025-06-18

Md. Imam Hossain Imran , Md. Qumruzzaman Chowdhury , Swapan Kumar Sarker +5 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Quantifying how stomatal traits respond to multiple interacting environmental variables is crucial for understanding plant adaptations under changing environment. Based on trait and environmental data collected from the three … <title>Abstract</title> Quantifying how stomatal traits respond to multiple interacting environmental variables is crucial for understanding plant adaptations under changing environment. Based on trait and environmental data collected from the three salinity zones (less saline, medium saline and high saline zones), and using ANOVA and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), we aimed to understand the effects of environmental variables (i.e., salinity, siltation, pH, light and soil nutrients) on stomatal morphology in an important shrubby mangrove <italic>Ceriops decandra</italic> in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Specifically, we asked: (1) how do stomatal density (SD), stomatal pore length (SPL), stomatal pore width (SPW), guard cell length (GCL) and guard cell width (GCW) vary across the salinity zones? and (2) how do environmental variables influence stomatal traits in <italic>C. decandra</italic>? We found that the species forms stomata on the abaxial surface (hypostomaty) of leaves. Albeit SD, SPL and GCL did not vary significantly, SPW and GCW varied significantly across the salinity zones with wider SPW and narrower GCW in less saline areas. GAM models for SPW (49%) and GCW (44%) showed higher explanatory powers than other stomatal traits. Among the environmental traits salinity had the strongest effect on SPW (negative) and GCW (positive) and P and K had strong effects on SPW and GCW, respectively, although leaf area index (LAI) had less influence on the stomal traits. The trade-off between SPW and GCW in regulating stomatal pore areas in response to fluctuating habitat conditions suggests that <italic>C. decandra</italic> can efficiently maintain its gas exchange capacity under stress, thus offering us an example of how plants may acclimatize under changing environments.

Ecology, Evolution, and North American Invasion of One of the World's Most Successful Plant Species

2025-06-18

Laura A. Meyerson , James T. Cronin , Jasmin G. Packer +2 more | Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

Phragmites australis is one of the most widely distributed macrophytes in the world and a compelling model system for biological invasions, as both native and introduced lineages grow sympatrically across … Phragmites australis is one of the most widely distributed macrophytes in the world and a compelling model system for biological invasions, as both native and introduced lineages grow sympatrically across North America. Decades of research on this tall grass and its biotic and abiotic interactions have advanced our understanding of plant ecology and plant invasions. These ecological, evolutionary, and invasion science studies have harnessed new omics methods and facilitated new research into the molecular and chemical mechanisms of plant responses to novel and changing environments. Here we review pivotal research on P. australis ecology, evolution, genetics, and management, highlighting differences between lineages and the impacts of the invasion of introduced P. australis on North American ecosystems.

Rapid retreat of marsh-edge cliffs, Jiangsu coast, China

2025-06-18

Yunwei Wang , Yali Qi , Qian Yu | Marine Geology

Switch from Source to Sink: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Razor Clam Aquaculture Ponds at Different Statuses of Mangrove Restoration

2025-06-18

Yiwen Chen , Jialin Zhang , Peiyang Qiao +3 more | Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Nitrate perturbation drives carbon cycling in a tropical mangrove estuary

2025-06-18

Claris Nyuysoni Sunjo , Eliot A. Atekwana , Henry Agbogun +2 more | Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies

Local-scale impacts of mangrove restoration and conservation on coastal communities in two Vietnamese deltas: Socio-economic and institutional dynamics

2025-06-18

Laura Ebeler , Thorsten Balke , Emma Laurie +3 more | Ocean & Coastal Management

Community-based mangrove restoration following a catastrophic hurricane in The Bahamas

2025-06-18

Justin P. Lewis , Sean T. Giery , Keith A. Rossin +6 more | Wetlands Ecology and Management

Mangrove disturbance analysis over 30 years in Myanmar based on continuous change detection and classification algorithm

2025-06-18

Yifei Xia , Kai Liu , Yuanhui Zhu +2 more | Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Surface elevation trends in natural and restored coastal forested wetlands reveal vulnerability to saltwater intrusion and sea level rise

2025-06-18

Marcelo Ardón , Peter R. Lazaro , R. E. Emanuel +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Accelerating sea level rise and increased frequency of storms are impacting coastal wetlands. Similar to salt marshes, coastal freshwater wetlands provide important flood protection and storm abatement services, but … <title>Abstract</title> Accelerating sea level rise and increased frequency of storms are impacting coastal wetlands. Similar to salt marshes, coastal freshwater wetlands provide important flood protection and storm abatement services, but their capacity to keep up with sea level rise and associated saltwater intrusion remains unclear. Long-term monitoring of wetland soil surface elevation using surface elevation table and marker horizons (SET-MH) has been conducted in salt marshes, while forested wetlands have not received as much attention. In 2015, we installed 18 SET-MHs in one restored and two mature forested wetlands on the coastal plain of North Carolina, all of which have experienced saltwater intrusion in recent years. We hypothesized that the restored wetland would have higher surface elevation gains, and areas protected from saltwater intrusion within all three sites would also have higher surface elevation gains. From 2016 to 2022 we measured surface elevation change and used marker horizons to measure vertical accretion. Rates of surface elevation change ranged from -4.41 to 4.81 mm/year, and vertical accretion rates ranged from -0.27 to 4.16 mm/year. All sites are vulnerable to future inundation, as even the highest rates of surface elevation gain were less than the observed 50-year rate of local sea level rise. Areas that experienced higher salinity exhibited higher rates of shallow subsidence. Our results support previous evidence that many coastal forested wetlands in the Southeastern US are lagging behind sea level rise and, if elevation change rates don’t accelerate substantially, they will experience ecological transformations in the coming decades.

Metabolomics of two ecologically important mangroves under salinity gradients identifies the role of key metabolites in their adaptive responses

2025-06-18

Ashifa Nizam , Khushbu Islam , Ilyas Ahmad +2 more | Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology

Status Review of the Mangroves Forest in India

2025-06-17

Jagdish Prasad | International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

Mangroves, are woody salt tolerant halophytes. They are highly productive economic bio-resources. The mangroves ecosystem currently represent less than 1% of the global tropical forest area. They supports a variety … Mangroves, are woody salt tolerant halophytes. They are highly productive economic bio-resources. The mangroves ecosystem currently represent less than 1% of the global tropical forest area. They supports a variety of organism both in coastal and marine ecosystems. They provide essential breeding grounds for many aquatic animal species, crustaceans, amphibian and mammals. They act as carbon sink that provide protection against more carbon, contamination and coastal erosion. Many genera depend on mangrove for their survival. Mangroves offers a wide range of ecosystem services and commercially valuable products. Over the past 50 years, this unique ecosystem has been threatened by a variety of natural causes and anthropogenic pressure. Natural causes of mangrove forest degradation are the changes in hydrology, natural disasters, global warming, climate change, and coral reef destruction. They face threats due to habitat loss, expansion of aquaculture, pollution, timber loss. The extinction and loss of biological diversity is another challenge in the mangrove forest. India continuously loosing mangrove area and about 40% mangrove area has disappear in the last century due to anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, it is essential to assess the status and trends of mangroves in India. The mangrove forest areas are promising, but using all these areas requires some challenges to answer.

Navigating Permits: A Review of Coastal Wetland Restoration Approvals in Victoria

2025-06-17

Phebe I. Rowland , Paul E. Carnell , Melissa Wartman | Ecological Management & Restoration

ABSTRACT The restoration of coastal wetlands or ‘blue carbon ecosystems’ will be an essential tool for achieving climate change mitigation and biodiversity targets entrenched in policies at all levels of … ABSTRACT The restoration of coastal wetlands or ‘blue carbon ecosystems’ will be an essential tool for achieving climate change mitigation and biodiversity targets entrenched in policies at all levels of government. Despite increasing demand for coastal wetland restoration projects across the public and private sectors, the implementation and scalability of blue carbon projects in Australia remain limited. This study aimed to characterise the permits and approvals for coastal wetland restoration projects in the Australian state of Victoria and to evaluate the effectiveness of existing legislative pathways for enabling restoration at scale. We found there were 22 separate permits and approvals across local, state and federal levels of government that may be required to carry out coastal wetland restoration projects in Victoria, excluding specific permissions associated with National Parks, marine reserves and state forests. These depend on restoration activities and land tenure as well as Planning Scheme zoning and overlays. The complexity of permitting and approval processes has been a key barrier to the widespread implementation of coastal wetland restoration projects in Victoria. We highlight the need to streamline existing legislation, advocating general permits for restoration activities in areas with high coastal wetland restoration potential. We suggest refinements to state government risk assessment methodologies and highlight the need for incentives and long‐term funding to reduce financial uncertainty and advance coastal wetland restoration projects.

Global patterns and driving factors of the carbon accumulation rate in coastal wetlands

2025-06-17

Sha Yan , Qian Hao , Zhifeng Yan +1 more | Earth-Science Reviews

Evaluation and Management of Coastal Erosion Using DSAs and Creation of a Spatial Data Infrastructure in Kribi, Cameroon

2025-06-17

Samy Borel Obah Mengue , Bikie Gerald Anicet , Dongmo Hile Bertrand +7 more | IGI Global eBooks

In recent years, the Kribi coast in Cameroon has experienced significant coastal erosion, resulting in the submersion of land parcels, including those with land titles. This study aims to create … In recent years, the Kribi coast in Cameroon has experienced significant coastal erosion, resulting in the submersion of land parcels, including those with land titles. This study aims to create a spatial data infrastructure (IDoGek) to monitor and manage coastal changes from 2015 to 2023, enabling better planning and sustainable growth in the region. Using DSAS (ArcGIS plug-in), historical data and remote sensing analyses revealed a loss of over 7 hectares of land, with erosion rates averaging 1.1 meters per year. By 2034, up to 11 hectares could be lost without intervention, as some areas may retreat by 10.97 meters. This approach maps land use changes, tracks coastline positions, and assesses the kinetics of coastal erosion. The results emphasize the need for high-resolution imagery, offshore tide gauges, and integration of remote sensing with in-situ data to enhance monitoring and develop effective solutions for the sustainable management of Kribi's vulnerable coastal zones.

Quantifying mangrove export of dissolved organic carbon on large scales and at fine resolution: a review of current technologies and the path forward

2025-06-17

C. W. Sullivan , Neil D. Hartstein , Moritz Müller | Deleted Journal

Plot and landscape-level estimates of tree biomass and carbon stocks in Panama’s mangrove Important Bird Areas

2025-06-17

Jorge Hoyos‐Santillan , Alejandro Miranda , Juliana Chavarría +3 more | Scientific Data

Characterization of mangrove mudflat sediment contamination by fecal bacteria and trace metals: A multivariate assessment in equatorial marine protected areas in Gabon, Western Central Africa

2025-06-17

Johann Ludovic Martial Happi , Aimé Roger Nzigou , Gauthier Schaal +6 more | PLoS ONE

Among the most productive ecosystems worldwide, mangroves contribute to global carbon sequestration and play a pivotal role for many species, including supporting the sustainable provision of intertropical fisheries resources. Despite … Among the most productive ecosystems worldwide, mangroves contribute to global carbon sequestration and play a pivotal role for many species, including supporting the sustainable provision of intertropical fisheries resources. Despite the many essential ecosystem services they provide, mangrove ecosystems are facing increasing anthropogenic pressure, primarily because they develop in littoral areas where human activities are rapidly expanding, causing deforestation, urban extension and pollution. Mangroves cover over 1,700 km² of Gabon’s coastline, stretching within protected zones or located alongside populated areas, raising concerns about the potential impact of pollution. This study assessed pollution levels in mangrove surface sediments from 24 stations in the capital city of Libreville and the two adjacent Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Akanda and Pongara, where human impact has not been fully characterized. From 2021 to 2023, we measured chlorophyll a , fecal indicator bacteria (FIB: Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci) and six trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn). Our results show that while Pongara National Park remains relatively pristine, human influence has resulted in significant contamination of sediments by FIB and trace metals, with Cu, Pb and Zn being associated with boat traffic and fuel spills. Chlorophyll a at the surface of sediments, indicative of microphytobenthic biomass, reflect the eutrophication from urban discharge. Spatial differences in contamination patterns are significant between Libreville and Akanda, and between Akanda and Pongara parks (p < 0.05), but not significant between Libreville and Pongara National Park (p > 0.05), suggesting a possible rapid dispersion of urban pollution. Despite localized pollution, contamination levels remained generally low, suggesting that patterns are influenced more by the specific characteristics of each area than by MPA status. This study provides a first assessment of pollution pressure on mangrove tidal flats within protected areas in Gabon, emphasizing that the success of MPAs could be enhanced through contamination monitoring to achieve long-term conservation goals.

Mastering resilience: Avicennia marina’s survival in hypersaline arid zones

2025-06-17

Faten Dhawi | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems

Mangrove ecosystems, primarily Avicennia marina , are vital for sustainable development in hypersaline arid coastal regions such as the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Horn of Africa, and Indian Ocean coast, … Mangrove ecosystems, primarily Avicennia marina , are vital for sustainable development in hypersaline arid coastal regions such as the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Horn of Africa, and Indian Ocean coast, providing nature-based solutions for carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, and coastal resilience. This review synthesizes strategies to enhance A. marina ’s survival and productivity, aligning with UN SDGs 13 (Climate Action) and 15 (Life on Land). Evidence from 55+ studies shows blended seawater irrigation improves germination, balanced NPK fertilization boosts biomass by 35–60%, and elevation adjustments enhance hydrology, yielding 70–80% survival rates within 2–3 years. However, short-term studies limit insights into long-term sustainability, ecosystem stability, and adaptability. Soil amendments improve health but face scalability, cost, and ecological risks such as nutrient overload. A. marina tolerates 45 ppt salinity and benefits from tidal nutrients, yet waterlogging, nutrient imbalances, and heavy metal accumulation require precise management. Research gaps include field validation of amendments, heavy metal phytotoxicity data, and economic viability of carbon offset programs. Recommendations include tailored irrigation, optimized nutrient management, and hydrological engineering to maximize ecosystem services. Future research should focus on long-term trials, heavy metal assessments, cost–benefit analyses, and carbon offset economics to ensure resilient, sustainable mangrove restoration globally.

Bridging blue carbon and carbon markets: An interdisciplinary analysis of research and technology for climate mitigation

2025-06-17

Nihed Benani , Pingjian Yang , Nicholas Miwornunyuie +6 more | Ocean & Coastal Management

Effects of atypical water-level fluctuations on macrophyte species composition, ecological structure, and identification of water-level Indicator Species for coastal wetlands

2025-06-16

Danielle Sylvia Montocchio , Patricia Chow‐Fraser | Ecological Indicators

Integration of Earth Observation and Field-Based Monitoring for Morphodynamic Characterisation of Tropical Beach Ecosystems

2025-06-16

James R. Murphy , Jonathan Higham , Andy Plater +2 more | Environments

Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, … Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. We propose a novel approach that utilises low-cost smartphone and satellite imagery to characterise beach ecosystems, where typically expensive and technologically intensive monitoring strategies are impractical and background data are scarce. As a test of its performance under real conditions, we apply this approach to four contrasting beaches in the low-lying islands of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. We employ Earth Observation data and field-based monitoring to enhance understanding of beach erosion. Optical flow tracking velocimetry (OFTV) is applied to smartphone camera footage to provide a quantitative metric of wave characteristics during the high wave energy season. These data are combined with satellite-derived shoreline change data and additional field data on beach profiles and grain size. The results reveal distinct patterns of accretion and erosion across the study sites determined by wave climate, beach morphology, and grain size. Accreting beaches are generally characterised by longer wave periods, more consistent wave velocities, and finer, positively skewed sediments indicative of swell-dominated conditions and dissipative beach profiles. Conversely, more erosive sites are associated with shorter wave periods, more variable wave velocities, coarser and better-sorted sediments, and a shorter, steeper beach profile. Seasonal erosion during the high-energy wave season (January–April) and subsequent recovery were observed at most sites. This work demonstrates how foundational data for evidence-based coastal management can be generated in remote locations that lack essential baseline data.

Marsh Sediment in Translation: A Review of Sediment Transport Across a Natural Tidal Salt Marsh in Northern San Francisco Bay

2025-06-16

Madeline Foster‐Martinez , Matthew C. Ferner , John C. Callaway +2 more | San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science

Deposition of inorganic sediment is essential for the sustainability of tidal salt marshes. Understanding variability in sediment sources and the processes of sediment delivery to salt marshes are high priorities … Deposition of inorganic sediment is essential for the sustainability of tidal salt marshes. Understanding variability in sediment sources and the processes of sediment delivery to salt marshes are high priorities for decision-makers responsible for managing sediment and conserving and restoring marshes. Research on sediment transport to marshes is published in technical journals, but these scientific findings must be translated and communicated to inform critical decisions related to managing sediment in estuaries. We convened a diverse group of collaborators—including natural-resource managers, regulators, scientists, and restoration planners and practitioners—to review and interpret the results of previously published field investigations on and around the salt marsh at China Camp State Park in Marin County, California. We discussed and translated key results of those studies using new graphics and more accessible language. Here, we present a general introduction to the topic of sediment delivery to salt marshes, background descriptions of the China Camp marsh and the physical processes that we characterized there, key scientific conclusions, and proposed management implications. Key conclusions include (1) bay shallows are an important but variable source of marsh sediment, (2) flood tides and waves move sediment across the bay–marsh edge, (3) tidal creeks may not always import sediment to the marsh platform, and (4) protective effects of marsh vegetation depend on species and season. China Camp marsh is one of the last remaining pre-colonial salt marshes in the San Francisco Estuary and is unique in being relatively unmodified by humans and in retaining an unimpeded transition into natural uplands. Additional studies in a variety of marshes with different attributes and sediment regimes will broaden understanding of how best to conserve, manage, and restore tidal marshes that provide numerous ecosystem services to for humans and wildlife.

Synchronous responses to tidal restriction by seawall construction across fish and plankton communities in Yangtze River Estuary

2025-06-16

Jiayi Fan , Jianan Li , Yu Xie +2 more | Marine Environmental Research

Trends in the study and impacts of brine discharge on benthic communities

2025-06-16

Juan F Hernández-Bentancor , Rodrigo Riera | Marine Environmental Research

Assessment of Factors of Mangrove Extent Growth in Eastern Leyte, Philippines

2025-06-16

Sandro Cabral , Jayson Victoriano | International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science

Abstract: Recent satellite imagery analysis in the Eastern Leyte province indicates significant growth in mangrove forests following the destruction of approximately 86% of these forests during Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in … Abstract: Recent satellite imagery analysis in the Eastern Leyte province indicates significant growth in mangrove forests following the destruction of approximately 86% of these forests during Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013. However, there are no studies that explore the process of mangrove expansion in the region and the factors influencing its growth. This study aims to investigate and analyze the climatological and anthropogenic factors contributing to the expansion of mangrove forests in the area. Using the mangrove index derived from Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, a percentile-based threshold segmentation was applied to classify and identify mangrove extent. Annual mangrove area data from 2017 to 2023 were calculated and correlated with climatological variables and anthropogenic factors. The result of the analysis shows a strong positive correlation between mangrove coverage and sea level with a variance of r2=0.90 and α<0.001 which is statistically significant. The relationship of the population to the mangrove coverage shows the model has a variance of r2=0.64 and α=0.030. In contrast, the rainfall shows a very weak and has no significant relationship with the mangrove coverage with a variance of r2= 0.022 and α=0.05. The findings reveal the significant role of sea level and population in the mangrove expansion. This study provides significant insights into accurate rehabilitation plans and strategies for mangrove preservation and conservation in the province.