Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science

Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology

Works Count: 58635

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the genetic diversity, breeding, and genomics of wheat, with an emphasis on disease resistance, yield potential, polyploid wheat, QTL mapping, and genome sequencing. It covers topics such as the impact of environmental factors on wheat grain development, the role of genes in conferring resistance to fungal pathogens, and the use of advanced breeding technologies to improve crop productivity.

Keywords

Wheat; Genetics; Breeding; Disease Resistance; Genomic Diversity; Yield Potential; Polyploid Wheat; QTL Mapping; Genome Sequencing; Crop Improvement

Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east

2002-06-01

Francesco Salamini , Hakan Özkan , Andrea Brandolini +2 more

Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of gene-derived SSR-markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2003-02-01

Thomas Thiel , W. Michalek , Rajeev K. Varshney +1 more

Rust diseases of wheat: Concepts and methods of disease management

1992-01-01

A. P. Roelfs , Ravi P. Singh , E.E. Saari

Las royas del trigo se incluyen entre las enfermedades mas estudiadas de las plantas. A partir de las obras de Tozzeni y Fontana en 1767, existe una lista muy extensa … Las royas del trigo se incluyen entre las enfermedades mas estudiadas de las plantas. A partir de las obras de Tozzeni y Fontana en 1767, existe una lista muy extensa de publicaciones cientificas sobre los agentes patogenos de las royas, las enfermedades que provocan y la resistencia a ellas. Con el proposito de proporcionar una sola fuente de informacion para el cientifico o estudiante, resenamos literatura cientifica reciente sobre los patogenos Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici P. graminis f.sp. tritici y P.striiformis f.sp. tritici, las royas de la hoja del tallo y lineal y la resistencia a esos patogenos. Despues de una breve historia y la descripcion general de las royas del trigo, se presenta una sintesis detallada de cada una de las royas, su epidemiologia, sus hospedantes (y la resistencia de estos) y sus agentes patogenos (incluida su virulencia). Se analizan los metodos para combatir esas enfermedades mediante la resistencia, los productos quimicos y las practicas de cultivo. Se describen tambien las tecnicas empleadas en la produccion, recoleccion y almacenamiento del inoculo; los metodos de inoculacion, la evaluacion de la enfermedad, la determinacion de la resistencia; la epidemiologia, las perdidas de rendimiento y los estudios de razas fisiologicas; el aislamiento de los genes de la resistencia y la utilizacion de la misma

Genetic Control of the Cytologically Diploid Behaviour of Hexaploid Wheat

1958-09-01

Ralph Riley , Victor Chapman

Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1

2003-05-01

Liuling Yan , Artem Loukoianov , G. Tranquilli +3 more

Winter wheats require several weeks at low temperature to flower. This process, vernalization, is controlled mainly by the VRN1 gene. Using 6,190 gametes, we found VRN1 to be completely linked … Winter wheats require several weeks at low temperature to flower. This process, vernalization, is controlled mainly by the VRN1 gene. Using 6,190 gametes, we found VRN1 to be completely linked to MADS-box genes AP1 and AGLG1 in a 0.03-centimorgan interval flanked by genes Cysteine and Cytochrome B5 . No additional genes were found between the last two genes in the 324-kb Triticum monococcum sequence or in the colinear regions in rice and sorghum. Wheat AP1 and AGLG1 genes were similar to Arabidopsis meristem identity genes AP1 and AGL2 , respectively. AP1 transcription was regulated by vernalization in both apices and leaves, and the progressive increase of AP1 transcription was consistent with the progressive effect of vernalization on flowering time. Vernalization was required for AP1 transcription in apices and leaves in winter wheat but not in spring wheat. AGLG1 transcripts were detected during spike differentiation but not in vernalized apices or leaves, suggesting that AP1 acts upstream of AGLG1 . No differences were detected between genotypes with different VRN1 alleles in the AP1 and AGLG1 coding regions, but three independent deletions were found in the promoter region of AP1 . These results suggest that AP1 is a better candidate for VRN1 than AGLG1 . The epistatic interactions between vernalization genes VRN1 and VRN2 suggested a model in which VRN2 would repress directly or indirectly the expression of AP1 . A mutation in the promoter region of AP1 would result in the lack of recognition of the repressor and in a dominant spring growth habit.

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A molecular, isozyme and morphological map of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome

1993-07-01

A. Kleinhofs , Andrzej Kilian , M. A. Saghai Maroof +7 more

A Pseudo-Response Regulator is misexpressed in the photoperiod insensitive Ppd-D1a mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2007-07-18

James Beales , Adrian Turner , Simon Griffiths +2 more

Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses

1978-01-01

RA Fischer , R. E. Maurer

With a view to understanding the basis of cultivar differences in yield under drought, a wide range of cereal cultivars representing durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L.), triticales (X Tritosecale Wittmack), … With a view to understanding the basis of cultivar differences in yield under drought, a wide range of cereal cultivars representing durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L.), triticales (X Tritosecale Wittmack), barleys (Hordeum vulgare), and especially tall and dwarf bread wheats (T. aestivum L.) were studied in field experiments in north-western Mexico over three seasons. Drought was created in this rain-free environment by permanently terminating irrigation at various stages before anthesis. Control treatments were well watered throughout the growing period. Detailed measurements of plant water status, leaf area and dry matter production, anthesis date, yield components and grain yield were made. This paper presents primarily the grain yield data. Drought levels were such that the mean yield of all cultivars under drought ranged from 37 to 86% of control yield, corresponding to irrigation cut-offs varying from 69 days before mean anthesis date to only 10 days before. In each experiment the grain yield under drought showed highly significant cultivar differences, which appeared consistent between years. Yields were adjusted for drought escape by using a correction factor which ranged from 2.9 to 8.5 g/m2 per day advance in flowering, being greater in experiments with less severe drought. The demonstration of linear relationships between cultivar yield and drought intensity, as indicated by the mean yield of some or all cultivars, prompted the consideration of cultivar yield under drought as the function of yield potential (Yp, yield without drought), drought susceptibility index (S), and intensity of drought. The cultivar groups showing lowest S values (most droughtresistant) were tall bread wheats and barleys; dwarf bread wheats were intermediate, and durum wheats and triticales were the most susceptible. However, because dwarf wheats have a higher yield potential (Yp) than tall bread wheats, it is suggested that, as a group, tall bread wheats would outyield dwarf wheats only under very severe drought. Also there was considerable within-group variability of S and Yp. Cultivar S values were consistent across experiments. Yield responses of tall and dwarf bread wheat groups obtained in these experiments agreed with those seen in extensive international trials under dryland conditions.

A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genome

2014-07-17

Klaus Mayer , Jane Rogers , Jaroslav Doležel +7 more

An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly … An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide.

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Abundance, variability and chromosomal location of microsatellites in wheat

1995-05-01

Marion S. Röder , Jens Plaschke , Susanne König +4 more

Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP): overview of the technology and its application in crop improvement

2013-07-09

Kassa Semagn , Raman Babu , Sarah Hearne +1 more

Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation

2013-03-22

Jizeng Jia , Shancen Zhao , Xiuying Kong +7 more

Sequencing and analysing the diploid genome and transcriptome of Aegilops tauschii provide new insights into the role of this genome in enabling the adaptation of bread wheat and are a … Sequencing and analysing the diploid genome and transcriptome of Aegilops tauschii provide new insights into the role of this genome in enabling the adaptation of bread wheat and are a step towards understanding the very large and complicated hexaploid genomes of wheat species. The hexaploid genome of bread wheat Triticum aestivum, designated AABBDD, evolved as a result of hybridization between three ancestral grasses. Two papers published in the issue of Nature present genome sequences and analysis of two of these wheat progenitors. First, the genome sequence of the diploid wild wheat T. urartu (ancestor of the A genome), which resembles cultivated wheat more strongly than either Aegilops speltoides (the B ancestor) or Ae. tauschii (the D donor). And second, the Ae. tauschii genome, together with an analysis of its transcriptome. These genomes and their analyses will be powerful tools for the study of complex, polyploid wheat genomes and a valuable resource for genetic improvement of wheat. About 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, a spontaneous hybridization of the wild diploid grass Aegilops tauschii (2n = 14; DD) with the cultivated tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28; AABB) resulted in hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum; 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD)1,2. Wheat has since become a primary staple crop worldwide as a result of its enhanced adaptability to a wide range of climates and improved grain quality for the production of baker's flour2. Here we describe sequencing the Ae. tauschii genome and obtaining a roughly 90-fold depth of short reads from libraries with various insert sizes, to gain a better understanding of this genetically complex plant. The assembled scaffolds represented 83.4% of the genome, of which 65.9% comprised transposable elements. We generated comprehensive RNA-Seq data and used it to identify 43,150 protein-coding genes, of which 30,697 (71.1%) were uniquely anchored to chromosomes with an integrated high-density genetic map. Whole-genome analysis revealed gene family expansion in Ae. tauschii of agronomically relevant gene families that were associated with disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and grain quality. This draft genome sequence provides insight into the environmental adaptation of bread wheat and can aid in defining the large and complicated genomes of wheat species.

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Emergence of a new disease as a result of interspecific virulence gene transfer

2006-07-09

Timothy L. Friesen , Eva H. Stukenbrock , Zhaohui Liu +7 more

Genome Plasticity a Key Factor in the Success of Polyploid Wheat Under Domestication

2007-06-29

Jorge Dubcovsky , Jan Dvořák

Wheat was domesticated about 10,000 years ago and has since spread worldwide to become one of the major crops. Its adaptability to diverse environments and end uses is surprising given … Wheat was domesticated about 10,000 years ago and has since spread worldwide to become one of the major crops. Its adaptability to diverse environments and end uses is surprising given the diversity bottlenecks expected from recent domestication and polyploid speciation events. Wheat compensates for these bottlenecks by capturing part of the genetic diversity of its progenitors and by generating new diversity at a relatively fast pace. Frequent gene deletions and disruptions generated by a fast replacement rate of repetitive sequences are buffered by the polyploid nature of wheat, resulting in subtle dosage effects on which selection can operate.

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A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2004-07-28

Daryl J. Somers , Peter G. Isaac , Keith J. Edwards

Scab of Wheat and Barley: A Re-emerging Disease of Devastating Impact

1997-12-01

Marcia McMullen , R. K. Jones , Dale J. Gallenberg

Global status of stripe rust: a review of historical and current threats

2011-02-03

C. Wellings

A Kinase-START Gene Confers Temperature-Dependent Resistance to Wheat Stripe Rust

2009-02-20

Daolin Fu , Cristóbal Uauy , Assaf Distelfeld +6 more

Stripe rust is a devastating fungal disease that afflicts wheat in many regions of the world. New races of Puccinia striiformis , the pathogen responsible for this disease, have overcome … Stripe rust is a devastating fungal disease that afflicts wheat in many regions of the world. New races of Puccinia striiformis , the pathogen responsible for this disease, have overcome most of the known race-specific resistance genes. We report the map-based cloning of the gene Yr36 ( WKS1 ), which confers resistance to a broad spectrum of stripe rust races at relatively high temperatures (25° to 35°C). This gene includes a kinase and a putative START lipid-binding domain. Five independent mutations and transgenic complementation confirmed that both domains are necessary to confer resistance. Yr36 is present in wild wheat but is absent in modern pasta and bread wheat varieties, and therefore it can now be used to improve resistance to stripe rust in a broad set of varieties.

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Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security

2012-07-14

Serge Savary , Andrea Ficke , Jean‐Noël Aubertot +1 more

Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers

1997-04-01

T. Nagaoka , Yasunari Ogihara

Detection of genetic diversity in closely related bread wheat using microsatellite markers

1995-11-01

Jens Plaschke , Martin W. Ganal , Marion S. Röder

The Genomic System of Classification as a Guide to Intergeneric Hybridization with the Perennial Triticeae

1984-01-01

Douglas R. Dewey

Association Mapping of Kernel Size and Milling Quality in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

2005-08-04

F. Breseghello , Mark E. Sorrells

Association mapping is a method for detection of gene effects based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) that complements QTL analysis in the development of tools for molecular plant breeding. In this … Association mapping is a method for detection of gene effects based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) that complements QTL analysis in the development of tools for molecular plant breeding. In this study, association mapping was performed on a selected sample of 95 cultivars of soft winter wheat. Population structure was estimated on the basis of 36 unlinked simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The extent of LD was estimated on chromosomes 2D and part of 5A, relative to the LD observed among unlinked markers. Consistent LD on chromosome 2D was <1 cM, whereas in the centromeric region of 5A, LD extended for approximately 5 cM. Association of 62 SSR loci on chromosomes 2D, 5A, and 5B with kernel morphology and milling quality was analyzed through a mixed-effects model, where subpopulation was considered as a random factor and the marker tested was considered as a fixed factor. Permutations were used to adjust the threshold of significance for multiple testing within chromosomes. In agreement with previous QTL analysis, significant markers for kernel size were detected on the three chromosomes tested, and alleles potentially useful for selection were identified. Our results demonstrated that association mapping could complement and enhance previous QTL information for marker-assisted selection.

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High molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin

1992-03-01

Peter R. Shewry , Nigel G. Halford , Arthur S. Tatham

Draft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu

2013-03-22

Hong‐Qing Ling , Shancen Zhao , Dongcheng Liu +7 more

The genome sequence and its analysis of the diploid wild wheat Triticum urartu (progenitor of the wheat A genome) represent a tool for studying the complex, polyploid wheat genomes and … The genome sequence and its analysis of the diploid wild wheat Triticum urartu (progenitor of the wheat A genome) represent a tool for studying the complex, polyploid wheat genomes and should be a valuable resource for the genetic improvement of wheat. The hexaploid genome of bread wheat Triticum aestivum, designated AABBDD, evolved as a result of hybridization between three ancestral grasses. Two papers published in the issue of Nature present genome sequences and analysis of two of these wheat progenitors. First, the genome sequence of the diploid wild wheat T. urartu (ancestor of the A genome), which resembles cultivated wheat more strongly than either Aegilops speltoides (the B ancestor) or Ae. tauschii (the D donor). And second, the Ae. tauschii genome, together with an analysis of its transcriptome. These genomes and their analyses will be powerful tools for the study of complex, polyploid wheat genomes and a valuable resource for genetic improvement of wheat. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD) is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed food crops in the world. However, the complex polyploid nature of its genome makes genetic and functional analyses extremely challenging. The A genome, as a basic genome of bread wheat and other polyploid wheats, for example, T. turgidum (AABB), T. timopheevii (AAGG) and T. zhukovskyi (AAGGAmAm), is central to wheat evolution, domestication and genetic improvement1. The progenitor species of the A genome is the diploid wild einkorn wheat T. urartu2, which resembles cultivated wheat more extensively than do Aegilops speltoides (the ancestor of the B genome3) and Ae. tauschii (the donor of the D genome4), especially in the morphology and development of spike and seed. Here we present the generation, assembly and analysis of a whole-genome shotgun draft sequence of the T. urartu genome. We identified protein-coding gene models, performed genome structure analyses and assessed its utility for analysing agronomically important genes and for developing molecular markers. Our T. urartu genome assembly provides a diploid reference for analysis of polyploid wheat genomes and is a valuable resource for the genetic improvement of wheat.

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A Microsatellite Map of Wheat

1998-08-01

Marion S. Röder , Viktor Korzun , K. Wendehake +4 more

Abstract Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is one of the world's most important crop plants and displays a very low level of intraspecific polymorphism. We report the … Abstract Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is one of the world's most important crop plants and displays a very low level of intraspecific polymorphism. We report the development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers using procedures optimized for the large wheat genome. The isolation of microsatellite-containing clones from hypomethylated regions of the wheat genome increased the proportion of useful markers almost twofold. The majority (80%) of primer sets developed are genome-specific and detect only a single locus in one of the three genomes of bread wheat (A, B, or D). Only 20% of the markers detect more than one locus. A total of 279 loci amplified by 230 primer sets were placed onto a genetic framework map composed of RFLPs previously mapped in the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) Opata 85 × W7984. Sixty-five microsatellites were mapped at a LOD &gt;2.5, and 214 microsatellites were assigned to the most likely intervals. Ninety-three loci were mapped to the A genome, 115 to the B genome, and 71 to the D genome. The markers are randomly distributed along the linkage map, with clustering in several centromeric regions.

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Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps

1993-02-01

James A. Anderson , G. A. Churchill , J. E. Autrique +2 more

Genetic linkage maps based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms are useful for many purposes; however, different populations are required to fulfill different objectives. Clones from the linkage map(s) are subsequently … Genetic linkage maps based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms are useful for many purposes; however, different populations are required to fulfill different objectives. Clones from the linkage map(s) are subsequently probed onto populations developed for special purposes such as gene tagging. Therefore, clones contained on the initial map(s) must be polymorphic on a wide range of genotypes to have maximum utility. The objectives of this research were to (i) calculate polymorphism information content values of 51 low-copy DNA clones and (ii) use the resulting values to choose potential mapping parents. Polymorphism information content was calculated using gene diversity by classifying restriction fragment patterns on a diverse set of 18 wheat genotypes. Combinations of potential parents were then compared by examining both the proportion of polymorphic clones and the likelihood that those mapped clones would give a polymorphism when used on other populations. Genotype pairs were identified that would map more highly informative DNA clones compared with a population derived from the most polymorphic potential parents. The methodologies used to characterize clones and rank potential parents should be applicable to other species and types of markers as well.

A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome

2012-10-16

Klaus Mayer , Robbie Waugh , Peter Langridge +7 more

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is among the world's earliest domesticated and most important crop plants. It is diploid with a large haploid genome of 5.1 gigabases (Gb). Here we present … Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is among the world's earliest domesticated and most important crop plants. It is diploid with a large haploid genome of 5.1 gigabases (Gb). Here we present an integrated and ordered physical, genetic and functional sequence resource that describes the barley gene-space in a structured whole-genome context. We developed a physical map of 4.98 Gb, with more than 3.90 Gb anchored to a high-resolution genetic map. Projecting a deep whole-genome shotgun assembly, complementary DNA and deep RNA sequence data onto this framework supports 79,379 transcript clusters, including 26,159 'high-confidence' genes with homology support from other plant genomes. Abundant alternative splicing, premature termination codons and novel transcriptionally active regions suggest that post-transcriptional processing forms an important regulatory layer. Survey sequences from diverse accessions reveal a landscape of extensive single-nucleotide variation. Our data provide a platform for both genome-assisted research and enabling contemporary crop improvement. An integrated high-resolution genetic, physical and shotgun sequence assembly of the barley genome, one of the earliest domesticated and most important crops, is described; it will provide a platform for genome-assisted research and future crop improvement. Two groups in this issue report the compilation and analysis of the genome sequences of major cereal crops — bread wheat and barley — providing important resources for future crop improvement. Bread wheat accounts for one-fifth of the calories consumed by humankind. It has a very large and complex hexaploid genome of 17 Gigabases. Michael Bevan and colleagues have analysed the genome using 454 pyrosequencing and compared it with diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes. The authors discovered significant loss of gene family members upon polyploidization and domestication, and expansion of gene classes that may be associated with crop productivity. Barley is one of the earliest domesticated plant crops. Although diploid, it has a very large genome of 5.1 Gigabases. Nils Stein and colleagues describe a physical map anchored to a high-resolution genetic map, on top of which they have overlaid a deep whole-genome shotgun assembly, cDNA and RNA-seq data to provide the first in-depth genome-wide survey of the barley genome.

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Extraordinarily polymorphic microsatellite DNA in barley: species diversity, chromosomal locations, and population dynamics.

1994-06-07

M. A. Saghai Maroof , R. M. Biyashev , Guliang Yang +2 more

This study was undertaken to assess the extent of genetic variation in barley simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and to study the evolutionary dynamics of SSR alleles. SSR polymorphisms were resolved … This study was undertaken to assess the extent of genetic variation in barley simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and to study the evolutionary dynamics of SSR alleles. SSR polymorphisms were resolved by the polymerase chain reaction with four pairs of primers. In total, 71 variants were observed in a sample of 207 accessions of wild and cultivated barley. Analyses of wheat-barley addition lines and barley doubled haploids identified these variants (alleles) with four loci, each located on a different chromosome. The numbers of alleles detected at a locus corresponded to the number of nucleotide repeats in the microsatellite sequences. The numbers of alleles at two loci were 28 and 37; to our knowledge these are the largest numbers of alleles for single Mendelian loci reported in plants. Three alleles were resolved by each of the other two loci. Allelic diversity was greater in wild than in cultivated barley and surveys of two generations (F8 and F53) of Composite Cross II, an experimental population of cultivated barley, showed that few of the alleles present in the 28 parents survived into generation F53, whereas some infrequent alleles reached high frequencies. Such changes in frequency indicate that the chromosomal segments marked by the SSR alleles are under the influence of natural selection. The SSR variants allow specific DNA sequences to be followed through generations. Thus, the great resolving power of SSR assays may provide clues regarding the precise targets of natural and man-directed selection.

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Genetics of Wheat Storage Proteins and the Effect of Allelic Variation on Bread-Making Quality

1987-06-01

P. I. Payne

Introduction.... .... . ... ..... 141 Gliadin and Glutenin 142 HMW Subunit Genes (Glu-l} 143 Genes for LMW Subunits. wand y-Gliadins (Gli-l) . ......... 146 Genes for aand f3-Gliadins (GIi-2) … Introduction.... .... . ... ..... 141 Gliadin and Glutenin 142 HMW Subunit Genes (Glu-l} 143 Genes for LMW Subunits. wand y-Gliadins (Gli-l) . ......... 146 Genes for aand f3-Gliadins (GIi-2) ........ 148 Minor Gene Loci... . 149 Allelic Variation 150 Exploitation of Variation in Plant Breeding ......... . ...... . 150

Development of High-Density Genetic Maps for Barley and Wheat Using a Novel Two-Enzyme Genotyping-by-Sequencing Approach

2012-02-28

Jesse Poland , Patrick J. Brown , Mark E. Sorrells +1 more

Advancements in next-generation sequencing technology have enabled whole genome re-sequencing in many species providing unprecedented discovery and characterization of molecular polymorphisms. There are limitations, however, to next-generation sequencing approaches for … Advancements in next-generation sequencing technology have enabled whole genome re-sequencing in many species providing unprecedented discovery and characterization of molecular polymorphisms. There are limitations, however, to next-generation sequencing approaches for species with large complex genomes such as barley and wheat. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has been developed as a tool for association studies and genomics-assisted breeding in a range of species including those with complex genomes. GBS uses restriction enzymes for targeted complexity reduction followed by multiplex sequencing to produce high-quality polymorphism data at a relatively low per sample cost. Here we present a GBS approach for species that currently lack a reference genome sequence. We developed a novel two-enzyme GBS protocol and genotyped bi-parental barley and wheat populations to develop a genetically anchored reference map of identified SNPs and tags. We were able to map over 34,000 SNPs and 240,000 tags onto the Oregon Wolfe Barley reference map, and 20,000 SNPs and 367,000 tags on the Synthetic W9784 × Opata85 (SynOpDH) wheat reference map. To further evaluate GBS in wheat, we also constructed a de novo genetic map using only SNP markers from the GBS data. The GBS approach presented here provides a powerful method of developing high-density markers in species without a sequenced genome while providing valuable tools for anchoring and ordering physical maps and whole-genome shotgun sequence. Development of the sequenced reference genome(s) will in turn increase the utility of GBS data enabling physical mapping of genes and haplotype imputation of missing data. Finally, as a result of low per-sample costs, GBS will have broad application in genomics-assisted plant breeding programs.

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Genome-wide comparative diversity uncovers multiple targets of selection for improvement in hexaploid wheat landraces and cultivars

2013-04-29

Colin Cavanagh , Shiaoman Chao , Shichen Wang +7 more

Domesticated crops experience strong human-mediated selection aimed at developing high-yielding varieties adapted to local conditions. To detect regions of the wheat genome subject to selection during improvement, we developed a … Domesticated crops experience strong human-mediated selection aimed at developing high-yielding varieties adapted to local conditions. To detect regions of the wheat genome subject to selection during improvement, we developed a high-throughput array to interrogate 9,000 gene-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a worldwide sample of 2,994 accessions of hexaploid wheat including landraces and modern cultivars. Using a SNP-based diversity map we characterized the impact of crop improvement on genomic and geographic patterns of genetic diversity. We found evidence of a small population bottleneck and extensive use of ancestral variation often traceable to founders of cultivars from diverse geographic regions. Analyzing genetic differentiation among populations and the extent of haplotype sharing, we identified allelic variants subjected to selection during improvement. Selective sweeps were found around genes involved in the regulation of flowering time and phenology. An introgression of a wild relative-derived gene conferring resistance to a fungal pathogen was detected by haplotype-based analysis. Comparing selective sweeps identified in different populations, we show that selection likely acts on distinct targets or multiple functionally equivalent alleles in different portions of the geographic range of wheat. The majority of the selected alleles were present at low frequency in local populations, suggesting either weak selection pressure or temporal variation in the targets of directional selection during breeding probably associated with changing agricultural practices or environmental conditions. The developed SNP chip and map of genetic variation provide a resource for advancing wheat breeding and supporting future population genomic and genome-wide association studies in wheat.

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Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat

2014-07-17

Thomas Marcussen , Simen R. Sandve , Lise Heier +7 more

The allohexaploid bread wheat genome consists of three closely related subgenomes (A, B, and D), but a clear understanding of their phylogenetic history has been lacking. We used genome assemblies … The allohexaploid bread wheat genome consists of three closely related subgenomes (A, B, and D), but a clear understanding of their phylogenetic history has been lacking. We used genome assemblies of bread wheat and five diploid relatives to analyze genome-wide samples of gene trees, as well as to estimate evolutionary relatedness and divergence times. We show that the A and B genomes diverged from a common ancestor ~7 million years ago and that these genomes gave rise to the D genome through homoploid hybrid speciation 1 to 2 million years later. Our findings imply that the present-day bread wheat genome is a product of multiple rounds of hybrid speciation (homoploid and polyploid) and lay the foundation for a new framework for understanding the wheat genome as a multilevel phylogenetic mosaic.

Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici] on wheat

2005-09-01

Xianming Chen

Abstract Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. xtritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. This review presents basic and recent information on … Abstract Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. xtritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. This review presents basic and recent information on the epidemiology of stripe rust, changes in pathogen virulence and population structure, and movement of the pathogen in the United States and around the world. The impact and causes of recent epidemics in the United States and other countries are discussed. Research on plant resistance to disease, including types of resistance, genes, and molecular markers, and on the use of fungicides are summarized, and strategies for more effective control of the disease are discussed. Keywords: disease controlepidemiologyformae specialesracesPuccinia striiformisresistancestripe rustwheatyellow rust

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Characterization of polyploid wheat genomic diversity using a high‐density 90 000 single nucleotide polymorphism array

2014-03-20

Shichen Wang , Debbie Wong , Kerrie Forrest +7 more

Summary High‐density single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) genotyping arrays are a powerful tool for studying genomic patterns of diversity, inferring ancestral relationships between individuals in populations and studying marker–trait … Summary High‐density single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) genotyping arrays are a powerful tool for studying genomic patterns of diversity, inferring ancestral relationships between individuals in populations and studying marker–trait associations in mapping experiments. We developed a genotyping array including about 90 000 gene‐associated SNP s and used it to characterize genetic variation in allohexaploid and allotetraploid wheat populations. The array includes a significant fraction of common genome‐wide distributed SNP s that are represented in populations of diverse geographical origin. We used density‐based spatial clustering algorithms to enable high‐throughput genotype calling in complex data sets obtained for polyploid wheat. We show that these model‐free clustering algorithms provide accurate genotype calling in the presence of multiple clusters including clusters with low signal intensity resulting from significant sequence divergence at the target SNP site or gene deletions. Assays that detect low‐intensity clusters can provide insight into the distribution of presence–absence variation ( PAV ) in wheat populations. A total of 46 977 SNP s from the wheat 90K array were genetically mapped using a combination of eight mapping populations. The developed array and cluster identification algorithms provide an opportunity to infer detailed haplotype structure in polyploid wheat and will serve as an invaluable resource for diversity studies and investigating the genetic basis of trait variation in wheat.

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The relationship between HMW glutenin subunit composition and the bread‐making quality of British‐grown wheat varieties

1987-01-01

P. I. Payne , Mark A. Nightingale , A. Krattiger +1 more

Abstract Based on previous work, which related individual HMW glutenin subunits to bread‐making quality by genetical analysis, quality scores were assigned to each of the commonly occurring subunits. The grain … Abstract Based on previous work, which related individual HMW glutenin subunits to bread‐making quality by genetical analysis, quality scores were assigned to each of the commonly occurring subunits. The grain proteins of 84 home‐grown wheat varieties were fractionated by SDS—PAGE to determine their HMW glutenin subunit composition. The quality scores of each of the subunits were summed to create a Glu‐1 quality score for each variety. The results indicated that 47‐60% of the variation in the independently established bread‐making qualities of this set of varieties could be accounted for by variation in HMW subunits of glutenin. The presence or absence in the varieties of a translocated chromosome, which consisted of the long arm of 1B and the short arm of 1R from rye, was also established because of its known association with poor bread‐making quality. A correction factor was applied to the Glu‐1 quality score of those varieties that contained the 1 BLURS chromosome. The variations in the rye‐adjusted Glu‐1 quality scores were compared with those of the bread‐making qualities of the varieties, and the proportion of variation in quality accounted for was raised to 55‐67%. The Glu‐1 quality score and the biscuit‐making qualities of the same set of varieties were negatively related. The results are discussed in relation to future strategies recommended to wheat breeders for developing new varieties with improved bread‐making quality.

The Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production

2011-03-03

Ravi P. Singh , David Hodson , Julio Huerta‐Espino +7 more

Race Ug99 of the fungus Puccinia graminis tritici that causes stem or black rust disease on wheat was first detected in Uganda in 1998. Seven races belonging to the Ug99 … Race Ug99 of the fungus Puccinia graminis tritici that causes stem or black rust disease on wheat was first detected in Uganda in 1998. Seven races belonging to the Ug99 lineage are now known and have spread to various wheat-growing countries in the eastern African highlands, as well as Zimbabwe, South Africa, Sudan, Yemen, and Iran. Because of the susceptibility of 90% of the wheat varieties grown worldwide, the Ug99 group of races was recognized as a major threat to wheat production and food security. Its spread, either wind-mediated or human-aided, to other countries in Africa, Asia, and beyond is evident. Screening in Kenya and Ethiopia has identified a low frequency of resistant wheat varieties and breeding materials. Identification and transfer of new sources of race-specific resistance from various wheat relatives is underway to enhance the diversity of resistance. Although new Ug99-resistant varieties that yield more than current popular varieties are being released and promoted, major efforts are required to displace current Ug99 susceptible varieties with varieties that have diverse race-specific or durable resistance and mitigate the Ug99 threat.

The Barley Mlo Gene: A Novel Control Element of Plant Pathogen Resistance

1997-03-01

Rainer Büschges , Karin Hollricher , Ralph Panstruga +7 more

The aneuploids of common wheat

1954-01-01

E. R. Sears

Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication

2017-07-07

Raz Avni , Moran Nave , Omer Barad +7 more

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the founder crops that likely drove the Neolithic transition to sedentary agrarian societies in the Fertile Crescent more than 10,000 years ago. Identifying genetic … Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the founder crops that likely drove the Neolithic transition to sedentary agrarian societies in the Fertile Crescent more than 10,000 years ago. Identifying genetic modifications underlying wheat's domestication requires knowledge about the genome of its allo-tetraploid progenitor, wild emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides). We report a 10.1-gigabase assembly of the 14 chromosomes of wild tetraploid wheat, as well as analyses of gene content, genome architecture, and genetic diversity. With this fully assembled polyploid wheat genome, we identified the causal mutations in Brittle Rachis 1 (TtBtr1) genes controlling shattering, a key domestication trait. A study of genomic diversity among wild and domesticated accessions revealed genomic regions bearing the signature of selection under domestication. This reference assembly will serve as a resource for accelerating the genome-assisted improvement of modern wheat varieties.

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Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding

2017-12-21

Amy Watson , Sreya Ghosh , Matthew Williams +7 more

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Catalogue of alleles for the complex gene loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 which code for high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat

1983-09-11

P. I. Payne , Gregory J. Lawrence

Some Examples of Statistical Methods of Research in Agriculture and Applied Biology

1937-07-01

M. S. Bartlett

The transcriptional landscape of polyploid wheat

2018-08-17

R. H. Ramírez-González , Philippa Borrill , Daniel Lang +7 more

The coordinated expression of highly related homoeologous genes in polyploid species underlies the phenotypes of many of the world's major crops. Here we combine extensive gene expression datasets to produce … The coordinated expression of highly related homoeologous genes in polyploid species underlies the phenotypes of many of the world's major crops. Here we combine extensive gene expression datasets to produce a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of homoeolog expression patterns in hexaploid bread wheat. Bias in homoeolog expression varies between tissues, with ~30% of wheat homoeologs showing nonbalanced expression. We found expression asymmetries along wheat chromosomes, with homoeologs showing the largest inter-tissue, inter-cultivar, and coding sequence variation, most often located in high-recombination distal ends of chromosomes. These transcriptionally dynamic genes potentially represent the first steps toward neo- or subfunctionalization of wheat homoeologs. Coexpression networks reveal extensive coordination of homoeologs throughout development and, alongside a detailed expression atlas, provide a framework to target candidate genes underpinning agronomic traits in wheat.

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Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

2018-08-17

R. Appels , Kellye Eversole , Nils Stein +7 more

Insights from the annotated wheat genome Wheat is one of the major sources of food for much of the world. However, because bread wheat's genome is a large hybrid mix … Insights from the annotated wheat genome Wheat is one of the major sources of food for much of the world. However, because bread wheat's genome is a large hybrid mix of three separate subgenomes, it has been difficult to produce a high-quality reference sequence. Using recent advances in sequencing, the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium presents an annotated reference genome with a detailed analysis of gene content among subgenomes and the structural organization for all the chromosomes. Examples of quantitative trait mapping and CRISPR-based genome modification show the potential for using this genome in agricultural research and breeding. Ramírez-González et al. exploited the fruits of this endeavor to identify tissue-specific biased gene expression and coexpression networks during development and exposure to stress. These resources will accelerate our understanding of the genetic basis of bread wheat. Science , this issue p. eaar7191 ; see also p. eaar6089

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Durum wheat genome highlights past domestication signatures and future improvement targets

2019-04-08

Marco Maccaferri , Neil S. Harris , Sven Twardziok +7 more

The domestication of wild emmer wheat led to the selection of modern durum wheat, grown mainly for pasta production. We describe the 10.45 gigabase (Gb) assembly of the genome of … The domestication of wild emmer wheat led to the selection of modern durum wheat, grown mainly for pasta production. We describe the 10.45 gigabase (Gb) assembly of the genome of durum wheat cultivar Svevo. The assembly enabled genome-wide genetic diversity analyses revealing the changes imposed by thousands of years of empirical selection and breeding. Regions exhibiting strong signatures of genetic divergence associated with domestication and breeding were widespread in the genome with several major diversity losses in the pericentromeric regions. A locus on chromosome 5B carries a gene encoding a metal transporter (TdHMA3-B1) with a non-functional variant causing high accumulation of cadmium in grain. The high-cadmium allele, widespread among durum cultivars but undetected in wild emmer accessions, increased in frequency from domesticated emmer to modern durum wheat. The rapid cloning of TdHMA3-B1 rescues a wild beneficial allele and demonstrates the practical use of the Svevo genome for wheat improvement. Genome assembly of durum wheat cultivar Svevo enables genome-wide genetic diversity analyses highlighting modifications imposed by thousands of years of empirical selection and breeding.

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Multiple wheat genomes reveal global variation in modern breeding

2020-11-25

Sean Walkowiak , Liangliang Gao , Cécile Monat +7 more

Abstract Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat ( Triticum spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to … Abstract Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat ( Triticum spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome 1 , and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines 2,3 . Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses 4,5 . We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of Sm1 6 , a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars.

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Wheat

2009-04-01

Peter R. Shewry

Wheat is the dominant crop in temperate countries being used for human food and livestock feed. Its success depends partly on its adaptability and high yield potential but also on … Wheat is the dominant crop in temperate countries being used for human food and livestock feed. Its success depends partly on its adaptability and high yield potential but also on the gluten protein fraction which confers the viscoelastic properties that allow dough to be processed into bread, pasta, noodles, and other food products. Wheat also contributes essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, and beneficial phytochemicals and dietary fibre components to the human diet, and these are particularly enriched in whole-grain products. However, wheat products are also known or suggested to be responsible for a number of adverse reactions in humans, including intolerances (notably coeliac disease) and allergies (respiratory and food). Current and future concerns include sustaining wheat production and quality with reduced inputs of agrochemicals and developing lines with enhanced quality for specific end-uses, notably for biofuels and human nutrition.

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Molecular Techniques for Host Plant Tolerance to Aphid Infestation in Wheat and Barley

2025-06-24

Poonam Jasrotia , Pritam Kumari , Mohini Nagpal +3 more | CRC Press eBooks

Quantitative trait loci mapping of resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in the Norwegian spring wheat breeding line T7347

2025-06-24

Anja Karine Ruud , Most Champa Begum , Anne Kjersti Uhlen +5 more | Theoretical and Applied Genetics

QTL mapping of the Saar x T7347 RIL population identified five stable pre-harvest sprouting QTL. Effects of four of the QTL were validated in modern breeding line populations. Pre-harvest sprouting … QTL mapping of the Saar x T7347 RIL population identified five stable pre-harvest sprouting QTL. Effects of four of the QTL were validated in modern breeding line populations. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) can result in downgrading of food quality wheat to feed in seasons with high humidity and precipitation before harvest. Higher temperatures during the grain filling phase further reduce the dormancy level and increase the risk of PHS. However, some genotypes, including the Norwegian breeding line T7347, show a high level of dormancy even under elevated temperatures. In this study, the main objective was to investigate the genetic mechanisms behind the high dormancy in T7347. A population of 233 recombinant inbred lines was developed by crossing T7347 with Saar, a CIMMYT line with moderate to low level of dormancy. The population was grown in a total of 13 field trials at three different locations in Norway and Chengdu, China, and screened for germination index (GI) and falling number (FN). The population was genotyped with the TraitGenetics 25 K SNP chip, and QTL interval mapping revealed five stable PHS QTL on chromosomes 1A, 3A, 3B, 7A and 7B. Among these, the largest proportion of phenotypic variation of GI and FN was explained by QTL overlapping with the known red color loci on chromosomes 3AL and 3BL, with the alleles conferring dormancy contributed by T7347 and Saar, respectively. Additionally, two unique FN QTL were identified, on 4B overlapping with semi-dwarfing gene Rht-B1, and on 5AL co-located with the Tipped 1 awn locus. The effect of four of the PHS QTL and the two FN QTL could be validated in independent panels of advanced breeding lines.

Real-time quantitative PCR method for assessing wheat cultivars for resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici

2025-06-24

Tika B. Adhikari , Boovaraghan Balaji , Stephen B. Goodwin | Frontiers in Plant Science

Introduction Septoria tritici blotch, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici (formerly Mycosphaerella graminicola), is an economically significant disease of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) worldwide. However, there is little understanding of the … Introduction Septoria tritici blotch, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici (formerly Mycosphaerella graminicola), is an economically significant disease of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) worldwide. However, there is little understanding of the growth dynamics of the causal fungus during the 14- to 18-day latent period between penetration and symptom expression, making it challenging to develop wheat cultivars resistant to Z. tritici . Furthermore, environmental factors and variations in disease-scoring systems among evaluators add to the complexity. To address these issues and quantify fungal growth during the initial stages of infection, we developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to monitor the T. aestivum - Z. tritici pathosystem. Methods The assay used specific primers designed from ß-tubulin gene sequences of Z. tritici to quantify fungal DNA in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars and segregating recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) that were inoculated at seedling and adult-plant stages with low or high concentrations of inoculum. The real-time PCR method was compared with visual disease assessment for 0 to 27 days after inoculation (DAI). Results The results showed that fungal DNA increased more quickly in two susceptible cultivars than in resistant cultivars with the Stb4 or Stb8 genes for resistance. In the susceptible cultivars, the amount of fungal DNA remained low until symptoms became visible at around 18 DAI. Disease severity and fungal DNA in the two resistant cultivars were less than in either susceptible cultivar, starting at 12 DAI. The differences in fungal DNA between resistant and susceptible cultivars were more significant in adult plant tests that used a higher concentration of inoculum. Discussion The data analyses showed that the fungus was not eliminated during resistant interactions but could persist throughout the 27 days. Our results suggest that the real-time PCR method can distinguish between resistant and susceptible cultivars starting at 12 DAI and can be used to evaluate early-stage breeding materials for both quantitative and qualitative resistance to Z. tritici .

Epidemiology, genetic diversity and management approaches of wheat blast from South America to South Asia

2025-06-23

Fatema Tuz Zohura , Md Atikur Rahman , Mushfique Arefin Mobin +2 more | Discover Plants.

Development and accuracy assessment of molecular markers associated with crown rust resistance genes in oat

2025-06-23

Rawnaq N. Chowdhury , Raja Sekhar Nandety , Belayneh Admassu-Yimer +3 more | PLoS ONE

Crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae P. Syd. (Pca) is considered the most destructive disease of oat, causing yield and grain quality losses. Over a hundred … Crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae P. Syd. (Pca) is considered the most destructive disease of oat, causing yield and grain quality losses. Over a hundred crown rust race-specific resistance genes have been identified, but the history of cultivar development has left the identity of Pc resistance genes elusive. Closely linked molecular markers may be used to identify the carrier status of a particular Pc resistance allele in any given oat line. However, elevated false positive rates could lead to misidentifying carriers, potentially excluding valuable genetic material from breeding programs. There are very few studies that examine the reliability of gene molecular markers in a diverse genetic background. In this study, molecular markers with genotype data from the T3/Oat database and map data from GrainGenes, which indicated linkage to Pc genes, were evaluated for their predictive potential. A panel of non-carrier lines for Pc genes was identified using phenotype data downloaded from T3/Oat database and pedigree records from Pedigrees of Oat Lines database. The false positive rate of the markers was calculated as the percentage of non-carriers possessing the allele associated with the Pc gene. Using the available map information, thirty SNPs associated with 15 Pc genes were selected and assessed for their predictive capabilities. Eight out of the thirty markers, linked to seven Pc genes, showed potential in predicting carrier status with a false positive rate of ≤25% in non-carrier lines. Particularly, markers for Pc38 and Pc68 perfectly corresponded to carrier status across all lines. Furthermore, validation of published predictive markers for four Pc genes in this non-carrier panel demonstrated consistency with published data, with only a 6-17% genotyping error observed for three markers. Such markers have potential to identify Pc genes present in germplasm with resistance of unknown derivation, thereby enhancing the marker assisted selection process for oat breeding.

TaPGS1 Driven Flavonol Accumulation Delays Endosperm Cellularization and Enlarges Wheat Grains

2025-06-23

Jirui Wang , Xiaojiang Guo , Xin Liu +7 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Flavonols play a crucial role in seed development by regulating multiple physiological processes, including seed coat pigmentation, dormancy, fertilization, and endosperm formation. Notably, flavonols influence the polar transport of auxin, … Flavonols play a crucial role in seed development by regulating multiple physiological processes, including seed coat pigmentation, dormancy, fertilization, and endosperm formation. Notably, flavonols influence the polar transport of auxin, thereby affecting seed growth dynamics. In our previous work, we found that overexpression of the wheat bHLH transcription factor TaPGS1 results in increased grain size; however, the underlying mechanism remained unclear. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of TaPGS1 overexpressing wheat lines revealed enhanced flavonol accumulation and upregulation of key flavonol biosynthetic genes. Further investigations suggested that flavonol accumulation in the seed coat may disrupt auxin transport, leading to localized auxin buildup, delayed endosperm cellularization, and an increase in endosperm cell number. These changes collectively contribute to grain enlargement. Our findings uncover a TaPGS1 flavonol regulatory module that links auxin distribution to endosperm development and seed size control in wheat.

New loci and candidate genes in spring two-rowed barley detected through meta-analysis of a field trial European network

2025-06-23

Francesc Montardit-Tardà , Ana M. Casas , William T. B. Thomas +7 more | Theoretical and Applied Genetics

A dense genome-wide meta-analysis provides new QTLs, reveals breeding history trends and identifies new candidate genes for yield, plant height, grain weight, and heading time of spring barley. This study … A dense genome-wide meta-analysis provides new QTLs, reveals breeding history trends and identifies new candidate genes for yield, plant height, grain weight, and heading time of spring barley. This study contributes new knowledge on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes for adaptive traits and yield in two-rowed spring barley. A meta-analysis of a network of field trials, varying in latitude and sowing date, with 151 cultivars across several European countries, increased QTL detection power compared to single-trial analyses. The traits analysed were heading date (HD), plant height (PH), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and grain yield (GY). Breaking down the analysis by the main genotype-by-environment trends revealed QTLs and candidate genes specific to conditions like sowing date and latitude. A historical look on the evolution of QTL frequencies revealed that early selection focused on PH and TGW, likely due to their high heritability. GY selection occurred later, facilitated by reduced variance in other traits. The study observed that favourable alleles for plant height were often fixed before those for grain yield and TGW. Some regions showed linkage in repulsion, suggesting targets for future breeding. Several candidate genes were identified, including known genes and new candidates based on orthology with rice. Remarkably, the deficiens allele of gene Vrs1 appears associated with higher GY. These findings provide valuable insights for barley breeders aiming to improve yield and other agronomic traits.

Breeding value of new genetic sources of bread wheat resistance to fungal and viral diseases

2025-06-23

И. И. Моцный , S. Ph. Lyfenko , О. О. Молодченкова +5 more | Karantin i zahist roslin

Goal. Evaluation of the best advanced introgression wheat lines with different levels of resistance to fungal and viral diseases by yield performance and quality parameters. Methods. The field research was … Goal. Evaluation of the best advanced introgression wheat lines with different levels of resistance to fungal and viral diseases by yield performance and quality parameters. Methods. The field research was conducted on the experimental fields of the PBGI-NCSCI in 2020—2024. The study involved 18 introgression lines of different origin. The lines were studied for yield, protein content, sedimentation values and resistance to rust diseases, powdery mildew and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) using conventional methods; the data were processed by analysis of variance. Cultivars that are most common in southern Ukraine and are zonal standards of yield and adaptability were used as controls. Results. The studied introgression lines have showed different responses to disease infection. Most of the lines were resistant to rust species, but affected by BYDV and Septoria leaf blotch. In some lines, high group resistance to diseases, conferred by a combination of wheat and alien genes for resistance, was observed. The studied lines were predominantly inferior to the most yielding standard cultivars Kuyalnyk and Shchedristʹ by 3.6—28.5% in terms of yield, but prevailed or had the same yield compared to the other two standards (Hoduvalʹnytsya and Koloniya). Some lines have been identified to have yield results at the level of the most productive standard cultivars across the years. Almost half of the studied lines accumulated more protein content than the standards regardless on the year, but were inferior to the standards in terms of protein yield due to lower grain yield. Conclusions. A significant positive effect of alien disease resistance genes on protein content, weight of 1000 grains and sedimentation value was found according to the results of the study. The studied introgression lines can be considered as donors of economically valuable traits and be involved in breeding programs for wheat improvement.

The Effect of the Inoculum Density of Alternaria alternata on the Incidence of Black Point Disease at Different Ripening Stages of Bread Wheat

2025-06-23

Ali Endes , Bekir Aktaş , Khalid Mahmood Khawar | Deleted Journal

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate gene for flowering time QTL HvHeading in barley

2025-06-20

Nazanin P. Afsharyan , Jens Léon , Ali Ahmad Naz +1 more | BMC Plant Biology

Abstract Background Identifying genes regulating flowering time enhances understanding mechanisms that improve crop adaptation and productivity. This study aims to identify gene(s) underlying barley flowering time quantitative trait locus (QTL) … Abstract Background Identifying genes regulating flowering time enhances understanding mechanisms that improve crop adaptation and productivity. This study aims to identify gene(s) underlying barley flowering time quantitative trait locus (QTL) “ HvHeading ”. Results To investigate the reported delayed-flowering effect of QTL, we selected spring barley MAGIC DH lines with different alleles in HvHeading locus which carry the same alleles in epistatic loci. Phenotyping apex development revealed contrasting effects of two alleles of HvHeading locus. Combining recombination and differential gene expression analyses using RNA-sequencing for apex and leaf tissue pinpointed a 3.94 Mbs interval which carried 22 differently expressed genes. Initial analysis using Morex IBSC v2 reference genome suggested a transcription elongation factor HvSpt6 , encoded by HORVU1Hr1G067820 , as a possible candidate gene potentially involved in flowering time regulation. Full-length HvSpt6 sequencing found two promoter mutations in the allele from delayed-flowering genotype, creating a binding site for TEM1 , a transcription factor known for involvement in suppressing flowering time in Arabidopsis. Conclusions The findings provided the first insights for flowering time regulation by HvHeading underlying gene. Though further functional studies are needed to conclusively identify the causal gene. This study showed that leveraging knowledge of epistatic loci to address phenotypic background effects, followed by RNA sequencing can be an effective approach for identifying genes in large regions of suppressed recombination in crops with complex genomes.

Emergence and Management of Southern Rust (Puccinia polysora) in Maize: An Epidemiological and Fungicide Efficacy Study in Manipur, India

2025-06-19

Sandra Pati , P. S. Devi , Nabakishor Nongmaithem +1 more | Journal of Mycopathological research

Evaluation of fungicides for the management of Leaf Blight Disease in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2025-06-19

B. C. Game , P.P. Khandagale , N. M. Magar +1 more | Journal of Mycopathological research

Quantification of inoculum load of uredospore for inducing black rust of wheat

2025-06-19

K. N. Chaudhari , RAKESHKUMAR JAIMANI , Dharam Paul Chaudhary | Journal of Mycopathological research

Identification of new resistant sources in bread wheat against Karnal bunt incited by Tilletia indica

2025-06-19

S. Bahadur , Malkhan Singh Gurjar , Jitender Kumar +4 more | Journal of Mycopathological research

Comprehensive Genome-Wide Characterization of L-Type Lectin Receptor-like Kinase (L-LecRLK) Genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Their Response to Abiotic Stress

2025-06-19

Wan Zhao , Fuyan Zhang , Jiahuan Wang +6 more | Plants

L-type lectin receptor-like kinases (L-LecRLKs) play key roles in plant responses to environmental stresses and the regulation of growth and development. However, comprehensive studies of the L-LecRLK gene family in … L-type lectin receptor-like kinases (L-LecRLKs) play key roles in plant responses to environmental stresses and the regulation of growth and development. However, comprehensive studies of the L-LecRLK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are still limited. In this study, 248 L-LecRLK candidate genes were identified in wheat, which is the largest number reported in any species to date. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into four clades (I-IV), with Group IV exhibiting significant monocot-specific expansion. Gene duplication analysis revealed that both whole-genome/segmental and tandem duplications contributed to family expansion, while Ka/Ks ratio analysis suggested that the genes have undergone strong purifying selection. The TaL-LecRLK genes displayed diverse exon-intron structures and conserved motif compositions. Promoter analysis revealed a cis-element associated with hormone signaling and abiotic stress responses. Transcriptome profiling showed that TaL-LecRLKs exhibit tissue- and stage-specific expression patterns. RNA-Seq data revealed that, under drought and heat stress conditions, TaL-LecRLK35-3D and TaL-LecRLK67-6B exhibited synergistic expression patterns, whereas TaL-LecRLK67-6A demonstrated antagonistic expression. A qRT-PCR further demonstrated that six TaL-LecRLKs may function through ABA-independent regulatory mechanisms. These findings provide valuable gene candidates for stress-resistant wheat breeding and shed light on the evolution and functional diversity of L-LecRLKs in plants.

Genome-Wide Identification of Wheat Gene Resources Conferring Resistance to Stripe Rust

2025-06-19

Qiaoyun Ma , Yan Dong , Bin-Shuang Pang +7 more | Plants

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threatens global wheat production. Breeding resistant varieties is a key to disease control. In this study, 198 modern wheat varieties … Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threatens global wheat production. Breeding resistant varieties is a key to disease control. In this study, 198 modern wheat varieties were phenotyped with the prevalent Pst races CYR33 and CYR34 at the seedling stage and with mixed Pst races at the adult-plant stage. Seven stable resistance varieties with infection type (IT) ≤ 2 and disease severity (DS) ≤ 20% were found, including five Chinese accessions (Zhengpinmai8, Zhengmai1860, Zhoumai36, Lantian36, and Chuanmai32), one USA accession (GA081628-13E16), and one Pakistani accession (Pa12). The genotyping applied a 55K wheat single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 14 QTL using a significance threshold of p ≤ 0.001, which distributed on chromosomes 1B (4), 1D (2), 2B (4), 6B, 6D, 7B, and 7D (4 for CYR33, 7 for CYR34, 3 for mixed Pst races), explaining 6.04% to 18.32% of the phenotypic variance. Nine of these QTL were potentially novel, as they did not overlap with the previously reported Yr or QTL loci within a ±5.0 Mb interval (consistent with genome-wide LD decay). The haplotypes and resistance effects were evaluated to identify the favorable haplotype for each QTL. Candidate genes within the QTL regions were inferred based on their transcription levels following the stripe rust inoculation. These resistant varieties, QTL haplotypes, and favorable alleles will aid in wheat breeding for stripe rust resistance.

Identification of the Q-type ZFP gene family in Triticeaes and drought stress expression analysis in common wheat

2025-06-19

Pengyan Guo , Changyan Cui , Bao-Quan QUAN +7 more | Genetica

Comparative Genetic Analysis of Triticum aestivum Varieties Under Salt Stress: Integrating Morphological and Biochemical Traits

2025-06-19

Shareef Gul , Hameed Gul , M.Eng. Mudasir +3 more | Deleted Journal

Exploring the Strategies of Male Sterility for Hybrid Development in Hexaploid Wheat: Prevailing Methods and Potential Approaches

2025-06-18

Muhammad Abdullah , Usama Sheraz , Arisha Tul Ain +3 more | Rice

Hybrid breeding has emerged as a pivotal strategy to enhance wheat crop yield, a critical step to meet the escalating food demand for the growing global population. Heterosis in wheat … Hybrid breeding has emerged as a pivotal strategy to enhance wheat crop yield, a critical step to meet the escalating food demand for the growing global population. Heterosis in wheat can boost crop yield; however, harnessing heterosis in bread wheat is complex and hindered by the species' inherent tendency for self-pollination, high genome ploidy, and limitation of male sterile lines. In contrast, the availability of genetic male sterility, and altering reproductive biology such as anther extrusion and floret opening, is challenging but could facilitate outcrossing. Despite the advancements in sterility systems and molecular tools, an efficient and environmentally stable wheat hybrid production system is still lacking. In this review, we examine the advantages and limitations of different male sterility sources utilized to date including, chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear genic male sterility (NGMS), and environmental-sensitive male sterility (ESMS). Furthermore, we explore the potential of molecular tools such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), genome editing, and other genetic engineering approaches to accelerate hybrid wheat breeding efforts. Future research directions are proposed to develop robust, cost-effective systems by integrating conventional and molecular approaches with advanced screening methods including cytogenomics and next generation sequencing (NGS), which can reliably help to produce stable, high-yielding, and resilient hybrid wheat cultivars compared to current open-pollinated varieties. Collectively, these efforts are vital to achieve the food demands for escalating population under climate change scenario.

Identification of novel candidate gene associated with early heading on chromosome 5B in wheat mutant jg1489

2025-06-18

Qinqin Chang , Hongchun Xiong , Huijun Guo +7 more | Molecular Breeding

k-mer-based GWAS in a wheat collection reveals novel and diverse sources of powdery mildew resistance

2025-06-18

Benjamin Jaegle , Yoav Voichek , Max Haupt +7 more | Genome biology

Abstract Wheat genetic resources hold the diversity required to mitigate agricultural challenges from climate change and reduced inputs. Using DArTseq, we genotype 461 wheat landraces and cultivars and evaluate them … Abstract Wheat genetic resources hold the diversity required to mitigate agricultural challenges from climate change and reduced inputs. Using DArTseq, we genotype 461 wheat landraces and cultivars and evaluate them for powdery mildew resistance. By developing a k -mer-based GWAS approach with fully assembled genomes of Triticum aestivum and its progenitors, we uncover 25% more resistance-associated k -mers than single-reference methods, outperforming SNP-based GWAS in both loci detection and mapping precision. In total, we detect 34 powdery mildew resistance loci, including 27 potentially novel regions. Our approach underscores the importance of integrating multiple reference genomes to unlock the potential of wheat germplasm.

Prion-Inhibition-Like Protein (PiP) Governs Aspergillus flavus Spore Dormancy Under Postharvest Drying Stress: A Novel Target for Aflatoxin Mitigation in Grain Storage Systems

2025-06-17

Xuan Chen , Feng Chengyuan , Liu Mengdan +7 more | Food Microbiology

Fungicide Application on Alternate Host Barberry has Significant Roles in Declining Population Genetic Diversity and the Risk of Emerging New Races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2025-06-17

Zejian Li , Xu Chen , Jing Xu +7 more | Plant Disease

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a destructive pathogen renowned for its dual reproductive modes, asexual stage on wheat and sexual stage on barberry (Berberis) that makes wheat cultivars … Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a destructive pathogen renowned for its dual reproductive modes, asexual stage on wheat and sexual stage on barberry (Berberis) that makes wheat cultivars vulnerable to newly emerging races. However, little has been known impact of treatment on barberry plants on declining population genetic diversity and race composition. In this study, we selected six barberry-wheat coexisting sites in which Pst occurs sexually, as treatment and control group for experimental purpose. The treatment group were treated with triadimefon fungicides on barberry at early pycnial stage to suppress the sexual reproduction. Conversely, the control group represented sexual reproduction without fungicide application. Pst populations from wheat fields closed to barberry with/without fungicide treatment were phenotype on Chinese differentials and genotype using a DNA microarray. The results showed treatment population displayed a lower heterozygosity level (F hom = -0.36945, Tajima’s D = 0.285033), and a lower genetic diversity (π = 0.000156053) compared to control population (F hom = -0.41745, Tajima’s D = 0.955451, π = 0.000184483), and a significant difference was observed between both populations (P < 0.001; P < 0.05). Treatment population was identified 17 new races and 3 known races, and control population was identified 46 new races and 8 known races. Treatment population (α = 4.644) showed the standard races diversity lower than control population (α = 5.194) based on a set of 25 Yr-single gene lines. Our results showed a significant impact of fungicide application on barberry to minimize emergence of new races and the level of genetic diversity. It provided guidance to growers, emphasizing the importance of timely fungicide application on barberry to ensure the long-term resistance durability of wheat cultivars against stripe rust.

Pyricularia oryzae lineage Triticum causing wheat blast disease: An emerging threat to the <scp>EPPO</scp> region

2025-06-17

Renaud Ioos , Didier Tharreau | EPPO Bulletin

Abstract Pyricularia oryzae encompasses several different genetic lineages which are generally host‐specific. The Triticum lineage of P. oryzae is responsible for wheat blast disease. This disease, which originally emerged in … Abstract Pyricularia oryzae encompasses several different genetic lineages which are generally host‐specific. The Triticum lineage of P. oryzae is responsible for wheat blast disease. This disease, which originally emerged in South America in the 1980s, is currently responsible for considerable damage to wheat crops, and no effective control methods are available. This disease now represents a danger for all wheat‐producing countries, such as those in the EPPO region. Wheat blast in the EPPO region could emerge either via a host jump from the Lolium genetic lineage from ryegrass to wheat grown nearby or from the introduction of P. oryzae Triticum lineage—infected wheat grains from regions of the world where the disease is prevalent. The recent example of the introduction of the disease in Bangladesh, via infected wheat grains, shows that it is necessary to prevent the long‐distance movement of the pathogen by importing only healthy seeds. It appears essential to monitor wheat crops in the EPPO region in order to detect the disease early by identifying potential symptoms and laboratory testing, and to test wheat seeds when imported from countries in which the pest is present. To do this, different detection tools are available, which should ideally be combined to obtain a reliable analysis result.

Improving Breadmaking Quality of Winter Wheat Using Single Kernel NIR Protein Sorting

2025-06-17

Pierre-Yves Werrie , Amaury Beaugendre , Dominique Mingeot +5 more | Journal of Cereal Science

Differentiation of wheat high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits by targeted LC–MS/MS

2025-06-17

Sabrina Geißlitz , Antoine H. P. America | Cereal Research Communications

A natural variation in the promoter of TaGDSL‐7D contributes to grain weight and yield in wheat

2025-06-16

Fei He , Dejie Du , Zhaoyan Chen +7 more | Plant Biotechnology Journal

Summary Grain weight (GW) is a critical agronomic trait that greatly impacts wheat yield, yet the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. Here, we identify and characterize a candidate gene … Summary Grain weight (GW) is a critical agronomic trait that greatly impacts wheat yield, yet the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. Here, we identify and characterize a candidate gene TaGDSL‐7D controlling GW in wheat through map‐based cloning, which encodes an ER‐located GDSL‐family protein. Natural variations within the promoter of the GW‐enhancing TaGDSL‐7D HS2 allele result in a differential transcriptional response by promoting the binding of the TaGT1 transcription factor, a positive GW regulator. Additionally, TaGT1 directly interacts with TaBZR1 to enhance TaGDSL‐7D activation. Haplotype analysis revealed that TaGDSL‐7D HS2 is a superior haplotype, improving both GW and yield. Taken together, these findings highlight the pivotal role of TaGDSL‐7D in deciphering the genetic basis of GW in wheat and provide valuable natural allelic variation for GW improvement in high‐yield breeding programmes.

Durum wheat mutants with enhanced disease resistance to stripe rust show differential responses to other fungal diseases

2025-06-16

China Lunde , Kyungyong Seong , Rakesh Kumar +7 more | Molecular Breeding

Abstract Introducing and characterizing variation through mutagenesis plus functional genomics can accelerate resistance breeding as well as our understanding of crop plant immunity. To reveal new germplasm resources for fungal … Abstract Introducing and characterizing variation through mutagenesis plus functional genomics can accelerate resistance breeding as well as our understanding of crop plant immunity. To reveal new germplasm resources for fungal disease resistance breeding in elite durum wheat, we challenged the diverse alleles in a sequenced and cataloged ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenized population of elite tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. durum cv ‘Kronos’ with stripe rust. We screened 2,000 mutant lines and identified sixteen enhanced disease resistance (EDR) lines with persistent resistance to stripe rust over four years of field testing. To find broad-spectrum resistance, we challenged these lines with other major biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, including those causing Septoria tritici blotch, tan spot, Fusarium head blight and leaf rust. Enhanced resistance to multiple fungi was found in 13 of 16 EDR lines. Five EDR lines showed spontaneous lesion formation in the absence of pathogens, providing new mutant resources to study plant stress response in the absence of the confounding effects of pathogen infection. We mapped exome capture sequencing data of the EDR lines to a recently released long-read Kronos genome to aid in the identification of causal mutations. We located an EDR resistance locus to an 175 Mb interval on chromosome 1B. Importantly, these phenotypically characterized EDR lines are newly described durum germplasm coupled with improved functional genomics resources that are readily available for both wheat fungal resistance breeding and basic plant immunity research.

The Spectrum of Diverse Disease-Resistance Genes Cloned and Characterized in the Triticeae Tribe

2025-06-16

Yinghui Li , Liubov Govta , Yi‐Chang Sung +2 more | Annual Review of Phytopathology

The Triticeae tribe comprises species representing some of the world's largest food and forage crops, including common wheat, durum, barley, rye, and oat. Crop yields are continuously threatened by various … The Triticeae tribe comprises species representing some of the world's largest food and forage crops, including common wheat, durum, barley, rye, and oat. Crop yields are continuously threatened by various plant diseases and deploying disease resistance (R) genes is a key strategy for protection. More than 70 different Triticeae R gene loci have been cloned, with approximately 60% derived from wild relatives. These R genes belong to diverse protein families, such as receptor kinases (RKs), nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, tandem kinase proteins, and kinase fusion proteins as well as noncanonical R genes related to membrane, transcription, and detoxification. RKs and NLRs often confer race-specific resistance by recognizing pathogen effectors, whereas noncanonical R genes can provide broad-spectrum resistance. This review provides an overview of the diverse R genes cloned from Triticeae and their evolutionary origins, modes of action, and application in resistance breeding.

A new hexaploid wheat species Triticum aminovii

2025-06-14

Н. П. Гончаров , И. Г. Адонина | Cereal Research Communications

Triazole sensitivity among South African Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici isolates

2025-06-13

Isabella du Toit , Botma Visser , Lisa Ann Rothmann +1 more | South African Journal of Plant and Soil

Genome-wide association studies of stripe rust resistance in spring wheat landraces from Northwest China

2025-06-12

Miaomiao Huang , Taiguo Liu , Youhua Yao +3 more | Plant Disease

Stripe rust is an important disease affecting wheat production around the world and poses a constant threat to yield. Discovery of new resistance genes is essential for long-term maintenance of … Stripe rust is an important disease affecting wheat production around the world and poses a constant threat to yield. Discovery of new resistance genes is essential for long-term maintenance of resistance. This study used a group of 273 spring wheat landraces collected in northwest China to identify better sources of resistance to stripe rust. The landrace population was planted in five environments to assess adult plant resistance. Both genetic and environmental factors were associated with resistance variation. Several varieties, including Banjiemang, Gezanmai, and Datangsanyuemai, were found to be highly resistant in all environments. Population structure analysis divided the population into six subgroups and there were significant differences in stripe rust resistance responses between these subgroups. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using two algorithms to balance the false negative and false positive rates. Eight reliable quantitative traits loci (QTL) and their candidate genes were detected on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3B, 5A, 6D and 7A. To determine the resistance of the identified QTL, we evaluated the seedling-stage infection responses of different genotypes to the stripe rust races CYR32 and CYR34. The pyramid effects of favorable alleles have been validated to improve resistance. The identified resistant varieties and QTL will be useful for further improving stripe rust resistance in wheat breeding.

Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Loci for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat

2025-06-12

Xiangdong Chen , Haobo Wang , Kexing Fang +6 more | Agronomy

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple crop of global significance, faces constant biotic stress threats, with powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) being particularly damaging. In … Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple crop of global significance, faces constant biotic stress threats, with powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) being particularly damaging. In this study, a multi-year single-site experiment was conducted to minimize the environmental impacts, and a five-level classification system was used to assess powdery mildew resistance. A 660K SNP array genotyped 204 wheat germplasms, followed by GWAS. SNP loci with a −log10(p) > 3.0 were screened and validated across repeats to identify those associated with powdery mildew (Pm) resistance. Twelve SNPs were consistently associated with Pm resistance across multiple years. Of these, three colocalized with previously reported Pm-resistance gene or QTL regions, and the remaining nine represented potentially novel loci. The candidate genes identified included leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and NB-ARC immune receptors, as well as pathogen-related, thioredoxin, and serine threonine-protein kinase genes. Overall, the SNP loci and candidate genes identified in this study provide a basis for further fine mapping and cloning of the genes involved in relation to Pm resistance.

Virulence Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China in 2020 Using Wheat Yr Single-Gene Lines

2025-06-12

Jie Huang , Xingzong Zhang , Wenjing Tan +7 more | Journal of Fungi

Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most threatening wheat diseases worldwide. Monitoring the virulence of Pst population is … Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most threatening wheat diseases worldwide. Monitoring the virulence of Pst population is essential for managing wheat stripe rust. In this study, 18 wheat Yr single-gene lines were used to identify the virulence patterns of 67 isolates collected from 13 provinces in China in 2020, from which 33 Pst races were identified. The frequency of virulence to different Yr genes varied from 1.49% to 97.01%, with 4.48% to Yr1, 26.87% to Yr6, 11.94% to Yr7, 95.52% to Yr8, 19.40% to Yr9, 11.94% to Yr17, 2.99% to Yr24, 35.82% to Yr27, 38.81% to Yr43, 97.01% to Yr44, 8.96% to YrSP, 1.49% to Yr85, 95.52% to YrExp2, and 7.46% to Yr76. None of the isolates were virulent to Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and Yr32. Among the 33 races, PstCN-062 (with virulence to Yr8, Yr44, and YrExp2) and PstCN-001 (with virulence to Yr8, Yr43, Yr44, and YrExp2) were the prevalent races, with frequencies of 28.36% and 11.94%, respectively. These results provide valuable information for breeding resistant wheat cultivars for controlling stripe rust.

Introgression of quantitative trait locus qSFWI6D from Aegilops tauschii improves salt tolerance in wheat at seedling stage

2025-06-12

Jinhao Han , Hongyu Ren , Mengjia Sun +6 more | Theoretical and Applied Genetics

Identification of a novel QTL associated with Fusarium head blight resistance on chromosome 3B in common wheat

2025-06-12

Wenjing Hu , Xiao Zhang , Zhu Dongmei +5 more | Theoretical and Applied Genetics

Mitigating Climate-induced Lodging While Sustaining Fodder Supply Through Cutting Management in Dual-purpose Barley (Hordeum distichon L.)

2025-06-11

Sonia Ahlawat , Barkha , Kangujam Bokado +1 more | Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal

Background: Recent climate change has adversely affected global food production. Dual-purpose barley offers green fodder for livestock during lean periods and grains afterward. It’s essential to identify management practices that … Background: Recent climate change has adversely affected global food production. Dual-purpose barley offers green fodder for livestock during lean periods and grains afterward. It’s essential to identify management practices that mitigate the impacts of climate, particularly lodging, on grain yield. This study investigates cutting management in dual-purpose barley to support sustainable winter fodder production while maintaining grain yields. Methods: The study used a randomized block design with four replications and ten treatments, including T1: No lopping, T2: Lopping@30 DAS + 1-inch stump height, T3: Lopping @ 30 DAS + 2 inches stump height, T4: Lopping @ 30 DAS + 3 inches stump height, T5: Lopping @ 45 DAS + 1-inch stump height, T6: Lopping@45 DAS + 2 inches stump height, T7: Lopping @ 45 DAS + 3 inches stump height, T8: Lopping @ 60 DAS + 1-inch stump height, T9: Lopping @ 60 DAS + 2 inches stump height, T10: Lopping @ 60 DAS + 3 inches stump height. Conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2022-24 at Lovely Professional University, Punjab, the study varied lopping time and stump heights, collecting data on phenology, yield, lodging and sustainability. Result: The results showed that lopping at 30 DAS with a 3-inch stump height achieved the highest grain yield (40.8 q ha-1), harvest index (36.38%), sustainable yield index (0.86) and shortest maturity time (114 days). Meanwhile, lopping at 60 DAS with a 1-inch stump height yielded the greenest fodder (109.7 q ha-1). No lopping resulted in the highest lodging severity (2.17), followed by lopping at 30 DAS (1.60). A strong correlation (r=0.99) was observed between 50% maturity and full maturity with grain yield. Lopping at 30 DAS was the most effective for fodder and grain production.