Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics

Child Nutrition and Water Access

Works Count: 120770

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on maternal and child nutrition in low-income and middle-income countries, addressing issues such as undernutrition, stunting, diarrheal disease, water sanitation, hygiene interventions, early childhood development, and the long-term consequences of malnutrition. It also explores the impact of various interventions and programs on improving maternal and child nutrition.

Keywords

Maternal and Child Undernutrition; Child Development; Water Sanitation Hygiene; Early Childhood Stimulation; Dietary Diversity; Global Burden of Disease; Environmental Enteropathy; Household Water Treatment; Malnutrition Impacts; Nutrition-sensitive Interventions

Long‐term consequences of stunting in early life

2011-09-19

Kathryn G. Dewey , Khadija Begum

Abstract This review summarizes the impact of stunting, highlights recent research findings, discusses policy and programme implications and identifies research priorities. There is growing evidence of the connections between slow … Abstract This review summarizes the impact of stunting, highlights recent research findings, discusses policy and programme implications and identifies research priorities. There is growing evidence of the connections between slow growth in height early in life and impaired health and educational and economic performance later in life. Recent research findings, including follow‐up of an intervention trial in Guatemala, indicate that stunting can have long‐term effects on cognitive development, school achievement, economic productivity in adulthood and maternal reproductive outcomes. This evidence has contributed to the growing scientific consensus that tackling childhood stunting is a high priority for reducing the global burden of disease and for fostering economic development. Follow‐up of randomized intervention trials is needed in other regions to add to the findings of the Guatemala trial. Further research is also needed to: understand the pathways by which prevention of stunting can have long‐term effects; identify the pathways through which the non‐genetic transmission of nutritional effects is mediated in future generations; and determine the impact of interventions focused on linear growth in early life on chronic disease risk in adulthood.

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Human development report, 2006: beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis

2007-08-01

Kevin Watkins

Throughout history water has confronted humanity with some of its greatest challenges. Water is a source of life and a natural resource that sustains our environments and supports livelihoods – … Throughout history water has confronted humanity with some of its greatest challenges. Water is a source of life and a natural resource that sustains our environments and supports livelihoods – but it is also a source of risk and vulnerability. In the early 21st Century, prospects for human development are threatened by a deepening global water crisis. Debunking the myth that the crisis is the result of scarcity, this report argues poverty, power and inequality are at the heart of the problem.In a world of unprecedented wealth, almost 2 million children die each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. Millions of women and young girls are forced to spend hours collecting and carrying water, restricting their opportunities and their choices. And water-borne infectious diseases are holding back poverty reduction and economic growth in some of the world’s poorest countries.Beyond the household, competition for water as a productive resource is intensifying. Symptoms of that competition include the collapse of water-based ecological systems, declining river flows and large-scale groundwater depletion. Conflicts over water are intensifying within countries, with the rural poor losing out. The potential for tensions between countries is also growing, though there are large potential human development gains from increased cooperation.

An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption

2014-09-01

Sumithra Muthayya , Jonathan D. Sugimoto , Scott Montgomery +1 more

Rice is the staple food for over half the world's population. Approximately 480 million metric tons of milled rice is produced annually. China and India alone account for ∼50% of … Rice is the staple food for over half the world's population. Approximately 480 million metric tons of milled rice is produced annually. China and India alone account for ∼50% of the rice grown and consumed. Rice provides up to 50% of the dietary caloric supply for millions living in poverty in Asia and is, therefore, critical for food security. It is becoming an important food staple in both Latin America and Africa. Record increases in rice production have been observed since the start of the Green Revolution. However, rice remains one of the most protected food commodities in world trade. Rice is a poor source of vitamins and minerals, and losses occur during the milling process. Populations that subsist on rice are at high risk of vitamin and mineral deficiency. Improved technologies to fortify rice have the potential to address these deficiencies and their associated adverse health effects. With the rice industry consolidating in many countries, there are opportunities to fortify a significant share of rice for distribution or for use in government safety net programs that target those most in need, especially women and children. Multisectoral approaches are needed for the promotion and implementation of rice fortification in countries.

The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies

2015-01-01

Regan L Bailey , Keith P. West , Robert E. Black

Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years at the highest risk. … Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years at the highest risk. Iron, iodine, folate, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are the most widespread MNDs, and all these MNDs are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common MND worldwide and leads to microcytic anemia, decreased capacity for work, as well as impaired immune and endocrine function. Iodine deficiency disorder is also widespread and results in goiter, mental retardation, or reduced cognitive function. Adequate zinc is necessary for optimal immune function, and deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, major causes of death in those <5 years of age. Folic acid taken in early pregnancy can prevent neural tube defects. Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and repair, and deficiency results in macrocytic anemia. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and also impairs immune function and cell differentiation. Single MNDs rarely occur alone; often, multiple MNDs coexist. The long-term consequences of MNDs are not only seen at the individual level but also have deleterious impacts on the economic development and human capital at the country level. Perhaps of greatest concern is the cycle of MNDs that persists over generations and the intergenerational consequences of MNDs that we are only beginning to understand. Prevention of MNDs is critical and traditionally has been accomplished through supplementation, fortification, and food-based approaches including diversification. It is widely accepted that intervention in the first 1,000 days is critical to break the cycle of malnutrition; however, a coordinated, sustainable commitment to scaling up nutrition at the global level is still needed. Understanding the epidemiology of MNDs is critical to understand what intervention strategies will work best under different conditions.

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Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.

1991-01-01

S. A. Esrey , J B Potash , L Roberts +1 more

A total of 144 studies were analysed to examine the impact of improved water supply and sanitation facilities on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. These diseases were … A total of 144 studies were analysed to examine the impact of improved water supply and sanitation facilities on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. These diseases were selected because they are widespread and illustrate the variety of mechanisms through which improved water and sanitation can protect people. Disease-specific median reduction levels were calculated for all studies, and separately for the more methodologically rigorous ones. For the latter studies, the median reduction in morbidity for diarrhoea, trachoma, and ascariasis induced by water supplies and/or sanitation was 26%, 27%, and 29%, respectively; the median reduction for schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis was higher, at 77% and 78%, respectively. All studies of hookworm infection were flawed apart from one, which reported a 4% reduction in incidence. For hookworm infection, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis, the reduction in disease severity, as measured in egg counts, was greater than that in incidence or prevalence. Child mortality fell by 55%, which suggests that water and sanitation have a substantial impact on child survival. Water for personal and domestic hygiene was important in reducing the rates of ascariasis, diarrhoea, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Sanitation facilities decreased diarrhoea morbidity and mortality and the severity of hookworm infection. Better water quality reduced the incidence of dracunculiasis, but its role in diarrhoeal disease control was less important than that of sanitation and hygiene.Researchers reviewed 144 water and sanitation interventions conducted in various developing countries and in the US to look at the effect improved water supply and sanitation facilities had on ascariasis, diarrhea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. This review showed that improved water supply and sanitation facilities resulted in substantial reductions in morbidity of diarrhea (26%), ascariasis (29%), guinea worm infection (78%), schistosomiasis (77%), and trachoma (27%). Only 1 study of hookworm infection was not flawed and it demonstrated only a 4% reduction in incidence. Moreover accurate studies demonstrated a median reduction in diarrhea specific mortality of 65% and 55% in general child mortality. The researchers supposed that those studies that demonstrated reductions in morbidity for at least 1 disease did not give water and sanitation their complete due in improving health, especially those where 1 disease was prevalent in the intervention area. Some studies revealed that chemotherapy combined with improvement in water and sanitation prevented infection rates of some parasitic diseases from returning to pretreatment levels. Further the duration of infection fell 50% of the incidence or prevalence, e.g., ascariasis, schistosomiasis, and hookworm infection. Moreover, studies revealed reductions in childhood diarrhea and overall mortality were greater than diarrhea incidence or prevalence. Interventions which included improved excreta disposal and water quantity resulted in greater impacts than improvements in water quality. The review concluded with recommendations which included providing water as close to the home as possible to encourage use of large amounts of water for hygienic practices and hygiene education being integrated into water supply and health programs.

What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival

2008-02-01

Zulfiqar A Bhutta , Tahmeed Ahmed , Robert E. Black +7 more

Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world

2007-01-01

Patrice L. Engle , Maureen M. Black , Jere R. Behrman +5 more

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Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition.

1972-09-02

J. C. Waterlow

The Eighth Joint Expert Committee on Nutrition of FAO and WHO1 emphasized the need for an accepted classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition. There are two pressing reasons for this. … The Eighth Joint Expert Committee on Nutrition of FAO and WHO1 emphasized the need for an accepted classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition. There are two pressing reasons for this. Bengoa* summarized the available information about the frequency of protein-calorie malnutrition in different countries. There are many gaps, partly because for some countries there are no data, and partly because data which do exist are not always comparable. It is important that studies of prevalence should be extended and that the same criteria should be used everywhere. Secondly, the prevailing pattern of malnutrition in any region may give some information about the nature of the dietary deficiency and so will have a bearing on the preventive measures which are most appropriate. There are two schools of thought about this. According to what might now be called the classical theory, kwashiorkor results from a deficiency of protein with a relatively adequate energy supply, whereas marasmus is caused by an overall deficiency of energy and protein. From this it follows that where the kwashiorkor syndrome prevails, protein rich supplements would be an appropriate method of prevention. On the other hand, Gopalan and his co-workers* produced evidence that there are no quantitative or qualitative differences in the diets of children who subsequendy develop kwashiorkor or marasmus. They therefore proposed that the difference in the clinical picture reflects not a difference in diet but a difference in the capacity of the child to adapt. Whichever of these theories is correct the fact remains that according to reports in the literature the prevailing pattern does differ from one country to another.4 If the differences are real there must be some reason for them, and the first step in finding the reason is to put the observations on a firm foundation with an agreed system of classification. The need for this is urgent because an alteration in the pattern of protein-calorie malnutrition and in its age of onset has important implications for the planning of preventive policies.

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The stunting syndrome in developing countries

2014-10-13

Andrew J. Prendergast , Jean H. Humphrey

Linear growth failure is the most common form of undernutrition globally. With an estimated 165 million children below 5 years of age affected, stunting has been identified as a major … Linear growth failure is the most common form of undernutrition globally. With an estimated 165 million children below 5 years of age affected, stunting has been identified as a major public health priority, and there are ambitious targets to reduce the prevalence of stunting by 40% between 2010 and 2025. We view this condition as a ‘stunting syndrome’ in which multiple pathological changes marked by linear growth retardation in early life are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, reduced physical, neurodevelopmental and economic capacity and an elevated risk of metabolic disease into adulthood. Stunting is a cyclical process because women who were themselves stunted in childhood tend to have stunted offspring, creating an intergenerational cycle of poverty and reduced human capital that is difficult to break. In this review, the mechanisms underlying linear growth failure at different ages are described, the short-, medium- and long-term consequences of stunting are discussed, and the evidence for windows of opportunity during the life cycle to target interventions at the stunting syndrome are evaluated.

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Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done

2009-10-15

Tessa Wardlaw , Peter Salama , Clarissa Brocklehurst +2 more

Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences

2008-01-01

Robert E. Black , Lindsay H. Allen , Zulfiqar A Bhutta +5 more

Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South

2007-02-01

Hoyt Bleakley

This study evaluates the economic consequences of the successful eradication of hookworm disease from the American South, which started circa 1910. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC) surveyed infection rates and … This study evaluates the economic consequences of the successful eradication of hookworm disease from the American South, which started circa 1910. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC) surveyed infection rates and found that 40 percent of school-aged children in the South were infected with hookworm. The RSC then sponsored treatment and education campaigns across the region. Follow-up studies indicate that this campaign substantially reduced hookworm disease almost immediately. Areas with higher levels of hookworm infection prior to the RSC experienced greater increases in school enrollment, attendance, and literacy after the intervention. No significant contemporaneous results are found for literacy or occupational shifts among adults, who had negligible prior infection rates. A long-term follow-up indicates a substantial gain in income that coincided with exposure to hookworm eradication. I also find evidence that the return to schooling increased with eradication.

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Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries

2007-01-01

Sally Grantham‐McGregor , Yin Bun Cheung , Santiago Cueto +3 more

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Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005

2008-05-23

Erin McLean , Mary E. Cogswell , Ines Egli +2 more

ObjectiveTo provide current global and regional estimates of anaemia prevalence and number of persons affected in the total population and by population subgroup.Setting and designWe used anaemia prevalence data from … ObjectiveTo provide current global and regional estimates of anaemia prevalence and number of persons affected in the total population and by population subgroup.Setting and designWe used anaemia prevalence data from the WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System for 1993–2005 to generate anaemia prevalence estimates for countries with data representative at the national level or at the first administrative level that is below the national level. For countries without eligible data, we employed regression-based estimates, which used the UN Human Development Index (HDI) and other health indicators. We combined country estimates, weighted by their population, to estimate anaemia prevalence at the global level, by UN Regions and by category of human development.ResultsSurvey data covered 48·8 % of the global population, 76·1 % of preschool-aged children, 69·0 % of pregnant women and 73·5 % of non-pregnant women. The estimated global anaemia prevalence is 24·8 % (95 % CI 22·9, 26·7 %), affecting 1·62 billion people (95 % CI 1·50, 1·74 billion). Estimated anaemia prevalence is 47·4 % (95 % CI 45·7, 49·1 %) in preschool-aged children, 41·8 % (95 % CI 39·9, 43·8 %) in pregnant women and 30·2 % (95 % CI 28·7, 31·6 %) in non-pregnant women. In numbers, 293 million (95 % CI 282, 303 million) preschool-aged children, 56 million (95 % CI 54, 59 million) pregnant women and 468 million (95 % CI 446, 491 million) non-pregnant women are affected.ConclusionAnaemia affects one-quarter of the world's population and is concentrated in preschool-aged children and women, making it a global public health problem. Data on relative contributions of causal factors are lacking, however, which makes it difficult to effectively address the problem.

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Worldwide Timing of Growth Faltering: Revisiting Implications for Interventions

2010-02-16

César G. Victora , Mercedes de Onís , Pedro Curi Hallal +2 more

Our goal was to describe worldwide growth-faltering patterns by using the new World Health Organization (WHO) standards.We analyzed information available from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, … Our goal was to describe worldwide growth-faltering patterns by using the new World Health Organization (WHO) standards.We analyzed information available from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, comprising data from national anthropometric surveys from 54 countries. Anthropometric data comprise weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height z scores. The WHO regions were used to aggregate countries: Europe and Central Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; North Africa and Middle East; South Asia; and sub-Saharan Africa.Sample sizes ranged from 1000 to 47 000 children. Weight for length/height starts slightly above the standard in children aged 1 to 2 months and falters slightly until 9 months of age, picking up after that age and remaining close to the standard thereafter. Weight for age starts close to the standard and falters moderately until reaching approximately -1 z at 24 months and remaining reasonably stable after that. Length/height for age also starts close to the standard and falters dramatically until 24 months, showing noticeable bumps just after 24, 36, and 48 months but otherwise increasing slightly after 24 months.Comparison of child growth patterns in 54 countries with WHO standards shows that growth faltering in early childhood is even more pronounced than suggested by previous analyses based on the National Center for Health Statistics reference. These findings confirm the need to scale up interventions during the window of opportunity defined by pregnancy and the first 2 years of life, including prevention of low birth weight and appropriate infant feeding practices.

Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development

2011-09-23

Susan Walker , Theodore D. Wachs , Sally Grantham‐McGregor +7 more

Malnutrition and health in developing countries

2005-08-02

Olaf Müller

MALNUTRITION, WITH ITS 2 CONSTITUENTS of protein–energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. It is globally the most important risk factor for … MALNUTRITION, WITH ITS 2 CONSTITUENTS of protein–energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. It is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, with hundreds of millions of pregnant women and young children particularly affected. Apart from marasmus and kwashiorkor (the 2 forms of protein– energy malnutrition), deficiencies in iron, iodine, vitamin A and zinc are the main manifestations of malnutrition in developing countries. In these communities, a high prevalence of poor diet and infectious disease regularly unites into a vicious circle. Although treatment protocols for severe malnutrition have in recent years become more efficient, most patients (especially in rural areas) have little or no access to formal health services and are never seen in such settings. Interventions to prevent protein– energy malnutrition range from promoting breast-feeding to food supplementation schemes, whereas micronutrient deficiencies would best be addressed through food-based strategies such as dietary diversification through home gardens and small livestock. The fortification of salt with iodine has been a global success story, but other micronutrient supplementation schemes have yet to reach vulnerable populations sufficiently. To be effective, all such interventions require accompanying nutrition-education campaigns and health interventions. To achieve the hunger- and malnutrition-related Millennium Development Goals, we need to address poverty, which is clearly associated with the insecure supply of food and nutrition.

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Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor

2013-01-31

Michelle I. Smith , Tanya Yatsunenko , Mark Manary +7 more

Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 … Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 Malawian twin pairs during the first 3 years of life. During this time, half of the twin pairs remained well nourished, whereas 43% became discordant, and 7% manifested concordance for acute malnutrition. Both children in twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor were treated with a peanut-based, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Time-series metagenomic studies revealed that RUTF produced a transient maturation of metabolic functions in kwashiorkor gut microbiomes that regressed when administration of RUTF was stopped. Previously frozen fecal communities from several discordant pairs were each transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. The combination of Malawian diet and kwashiorkor microbiome produced marked weight loss in recipient mice, accompanied by perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, and intermediary metabolism that were only transiently ameliorated with RUTF. These findings implicate the gut microbiome as a causal factor in kwashiorkor.

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Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children

2010-09-23

Mercedes de Onís , Monika Blössner , Elaine Borghi

WHO estimates of the causes of death in children

2005-03-01

Jennifer Bryce , Cynthia Boschi-Pinto , Kenji Shibuya +1 more

Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles

2004-07-01

Laura E. Caulfield , Mercedes de Onís , Monika Blössner +1 more

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Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns

2009-07-01

Michael Gracey , Malcolm King

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Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low‐ and middle‐income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries

2014-04-30

Annette Prüss‐Üstün , Jamie Bartram , Thomas Clasen +7 more

To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other … To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other diseases.

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The economic and social burden of malaria

2002-02-01

Jeffrey D. Sachs , Pia N. Malaney

The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000.

2003-01-01

Margaret Kosek , Caryn Bern , Richard L. Guerrant

Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954-79 and 1980-89. A structured literature review was … Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954-79 and 1980-89. A structured literature review was used to identify studies that characterized morbidity rates by prospective surveillance of stable populations and studies that characterized mortality attributable to diarrhoea through active surveillance. For children under 5 years of age in developing areas and countries, there was a median of 3.2 episodes of diarrhoea per child-year. This indicated little change from previously described incidences. Estimates of mortality revealed that 4.9 children per 1000 per year in these areas and countries died as a result of diarrhoeal illness in the first 5 years of life, a decline from the previous estimates of 13.6 and 5.6 per 1000 per year. The decrease was most pronounced in children aged under 1 year. Despite improving trends in mortality rates, diarrhoea accounted for a median of 21% of all deaths of children aged under 5 years in these areas and countries, being responsible for 2.5 million deaths per year. There has not been a concurrent decrease in morbidity rates attributable to diarrhoea. As population growth is focused in the poorest areas, the total morbidity component of the disease burden is greater than previously.

Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data

2006-05-01

Alan D López , Colin Mathers , Majid Ezzati +2 more

Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis

2010-05-12

Robert E. Black , Simon Cousens , Hope L. Johnson +7 more

Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?

2013-06-06

Zulfiqar A Bhutta , Jai K Das , Arjumand Rizvi +6 more

Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition

2006-04-03

Harold Alderman , John Hoddinott , Bill Kinsey

This paper examines the impact of pre-school malnutrition on subsequent human capital formation in rural Zimbabwe using a maternal fixed effects—instrumental variables (MFE-IV) estimator with a long term panel data … This paper examines the impact of pre-school malnutrition on subsequent human capital formation in rural Zimbabwe using a maternal fixed effects—instrumental variables (MFE-IV) estimator with a long term panel data set. Representations of civil war and drought shocks are used to identify differences in pre-school nutritional status across siblings. Improvements in height-for-age in pre-schoolers are associated with increased height as a young adult and number of grades of schooling completed. Had the median pre-school child in this sample had the stature of a median child in a developed country, by adolescence, she would be 3.4 centimeters taller, had completed an additional 0.85 grades of schooling and would have commenced school six months earlier.

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Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children

2014-06-01

Sathish Subramanian , Sayeeda Huq , Tanya Yatsunenko +7 more

Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions

2004-04-13

Nicholas J. Ashbolt

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Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

2013-06-06

Robert E. Black , César G. Victora , Susan Walker +7 more

Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?

2003-06-01

Robert E. Black , Saul S. Morris , Jennifer Bryce

Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition?

2013-06-05

Marie T. Ruel , Harold Alderman

Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries

2007-01-01

Susan Walker , Theodore D. Wachs , Julie Meeks Gardner +4 more

Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2004-12-29

Lorna Fewtrell , Rachel Kaufmann , David Kay +3 more

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World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010

2015-12-03

Arie H. Havelaar , Martyn Kirk , Paul R. Torgerson +7 more

Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. To measure the global and regional … Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. To measure the global and regional burden of foodborne disease (FBD), the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG), which here reports their first estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disease burden due to 31 foodborne hazards. We find that the global burden of FBD is comparable to those of the major infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The most frequent causes of foodborne illness were diarrheal disease agents, particularly norovirus and Campylobacter spp. Diarrheal disease agents, especially non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, were also responsible for the majority of deaths due to FBD. Other major causes of FBD deaths were Salmonella Typhi, Taenia solium and hepatitis A virus. The global burden of FBD caused by the 31 hazards in 2010 was 33 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs); children under five years old bore 40% of this burden. The 14 subregions, defined on the basis of child and adult mortality, had considerably different burdens of FBD, with the greatest falling on the subregions in Africa, followed by the subregions in South-East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean D subregion. Some hazards, such as non-typhoidal S. enterica, were important causes of FBD in all regions of the world, whereas others, such as certain parasitic helminths, were highly localised. Thus, the burden of FBD is borne particularly by children under five years old–although they represent only 9% of the global population–and people living in low-income regions of the world. These estimates are conservative, i.e., underestimates rather than overestimates; further studies are needed to address the data gaps and limitations of the study. Nevertheless, all stakeholders can contribute to improvements in food safety throughout the food chain by incorporating these estimates into policy development at national and international levels.

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Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy.

2007-02-01

Meghna Desai , Feiko O. ter Kuile , François Nosten +2 more

Childhood stunting: a global perspective

2016-05-01

Mercedes de Onís , Francesco Branca

Abstract Childhood stunting is the best overall indicator of children's well‐being and an accurate reflection of social inequalities. Stunting is the most prevalent form of child malnutrition with an estimated … Abstract Childhood stunting is the best overall indicator of children's well‐being and an accurate reflection of social inequalities. Stunting is the most prevalent form of child malnutrition with an estimated 161 million children worldwide in 2013 falling below −2 SD from the length‐for‐age/height‐for‐age World Health Organization Child Growth Standards median. Many more millions suffer from some degree of growth faltering as the entire length‐for‐age/height‐for‐age z ‐score distribution is shifted to the left indicating that all children, and not only those falling below a specific cutoff, are affected. Despite global consensus on how to define and measure it, stunting often goes unrecognized in communities where short stature is the norm as linear growth is not routinely assessed in primary health care settings and it is difficult to visually recognize it. Growth faltering often begins in utero and continues for at least the first 2 years of post‐natal life. Linear growth failure serves as a marker of multiple pathological disorders associated with increased morbidity and mortality, loss of physical growth potential, reduced neurodevelopmental and cognitive function and an elevated risk of chronic disease in adulthood. The severe irreversible physical and neurocognitive damage that accompanies stunted growth poses a major threat to human development. Increased awareness of stunting's magnitude and devastating consequences has resulted in its being identified as a major global health priority and the focus of international attention at the highest levels with global targets set for 2025 and beyond. The challenge is to prevent linear growth failure while keeping child overweight and obesity at bay.

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Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition.

2007-01-01

Joint Who Fao Unu Expert Consultation

The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization have worked to quantify the energy and nutrient needs of populations since 1949. This is the latest in a series … The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization have worked to quantify the energy and nutrient needs of populations since 1949. This is the latest in a series of reports that aim to provide: updates on protein and amino acid requirements in health and disease for all age groups and pregnant and lactating mothers; recommendations on protein requirements in health and disease, including their implications for developing countries; recommendations on protein quality and labelling for worldwide use. This report provides the tools to address practical questions on the adequacy of food supplies, targets for food and nutrition policy, and labelling of protein quality. It contains specific recommendations for infant, child and adult nutrition. This report is an essential reference for those who need to determine the adequacy of population food intakes; set national food and nutrition guidelines and regulations on the protein and amino acid content of industrially processed foods; determine nutrient needs, and evaluate and ensure the adequacy of rations for vulnerable groups. The tools in this report can also be used to map and monitor global food shortages and under-nutrition through early warning systems.

FAO, IFAD, and WFP. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015: Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Rome: FAO, 2015

2015-09-01

Shelley McGuire

Genesis of Report The last 3 decades have ushered in considerable international humanitarian focus on reducing hunger for all people, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, age, income, and geographic location. Highlighting … Genesis of Report The last 3 decades have ushered in considerable international humanitarian focus on reducing hunger for all people, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, age, income, and geographic location. Highlighting this global initiative have been 2 major commitments put forth by the UN member states, one in 1996 and the other in 2000. The former was launched in Rome by 182 governments participating in the World Food Summit when they committed “...to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015.” To put this into perspective, in 1990, ;991 million people around the world were considered to be undernourished, generally defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasted), and/or deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition). In 2000, as part of the UN’s Millennium Development Goal, the following was put forth as an international aim: “cutting by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015.” Approximately 23% of the world’s population was considered to be hungry or (synonymously) undernourished in 1990. In a nutshell, the World Food Summit goal was to halve the number of malnourished people, whereas that of the Millennium Development Goals was to halve the proportion of people who are hungry. With the end date of 2015 upon us, the UN’s most recent annual State of Food Insecurity in the World report takes stock of the progress made toward achieving these slightly different yet equally ambitious and fundamental goals related to greatly reducing world hunger. Key findings and messages from this report jointly prepared by the FAO, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the World Food Program are summarized here.

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Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course

2016-10-08

Maureen M. Black , Susan Walker , Lia Fernald +7 more

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Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

2017-06-02

Christopher Troeger , Mohammad H Forouzanfar , Puja C Rao +7 more

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoeal diseases. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies … The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoeal diseases. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 25 years and informs the changing picture of diarrhoeal disease worldwide.We estimated diarrhoeal mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm), a modelling platform shared across most causes of death in the GBD 2015 study. We modelled diarrhoeal morbidity, including incidence and prevalence, using a meta-regression platform called DisMod-MR. We estimated aetiologies for diarrhoeal diseases using a counterfactual approach that incorporates the aetiology-specific risk of diarrhoeal disease and the prevalence of the aetiology in diarrhoea episodes. We used the Socio-demographic Index, a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility, to assess trends in diarrhoeal mortality. The two leading risk factors for diarrhoea-childhood malnutrition and unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene-were used in a decomposition analysis to establish the relative contribution of changes in diarrhoea disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).Globally, in 2015, we estimate that diarrhoea was a leading cause of death among all ages (1·31 million deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 1·23 million to 1·39 million), as well as a leading cause of DALYs because of its disproportionate impact on young children (71·59 million DALYs, 66·44 million to 77·21 million). Diarrhoea was a common cause of death among children under 5 years old (499 000 deaths, 95% UI 447 000-558 000). The number of deaths due to diarrhoea decreased by an estimated 20·8% (95% UI 15·4-26·1) from 2005 to 2015. Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea deaths (199 000, 95% UI 165 000-241 000), followed by Shigella spp (164 300, 85 000-278 700) and Salmonella spp (90 300, 95% UI 34 100-183 100). Among children under 5 years old, the three aetiologies responsible for the most deaths were rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp, and Shigella spp. Improvements in safe water and sanitation have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 13·4%, and reductions in childhood undernutrition have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 10·0% between 2005 and 2015.At the global level, deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases have decreased substantially in the past 25 years, although progress has been faster in some countries than others. Diarrhoea remains a largely preventable disease and cause of death, and continued efforts to improve access to safe water, sanitation, and childhood nutrition will be important in reducing the global burden of diarrhoea.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

2018-09-20

Christopher Troeger , Brigette F. Blacker , Fakher Rahim +7 more

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoea in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and … The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoea in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies in 1990-2016 and assesses how the burden of diarrhoea has changed in people of all ages.We modelled diarrhoea mortality with a Bayesian hierarchical modelling platform that evaluates a wide range of covariates and model types on the basis of vital registration and verbal autopsy data. We modelled diarrhoea incidence with a compartmental meta-regression tool that enforces an association between incidence and prevalence, and relies on scientific literature, population representative surveys, and health-care data. Diarrhoea deaths and episodes were attributed to 13 pathogens by use of a counterfactual population attributable fraction approach. Diarrhoea risk factors are also based on counterfactual estimates of risk exposure and the association between the risk and diarrhoea. Each modelled estimate accounted for uncertainty.In 2016, diarrhoea was the eighth leading cause of death among all ages (1 655 944 deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1 244 073-2 366 552) and the fifth leading cause of death among children younger than 5 years (446 000 deaths, 390 894-504 613). Rotavirus was the leading aetiology for diarrhoea mortality among children younger than 5 years (128 515 deaths, 105 138-155 133) and among all ages (228 047 deaths, 183 526-292 737). Childhood wasting (low weight-for-height score), unsafe water, and unsafe sanitation were the leading risk factors for diarrhoea, responsible for 80·4% (95% UI 68·2-85·0), 72·1% (34·0-91·4), and 56·4% (49·3-62·7) of diarrhoea deaths in children younger than 5 years, respectively. Prevention of wasting in 1762 children (95% UI 1521-2170) could avert one death from diarrhoea.Substantial progress has been made globally in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, driven by decreases in several primary risk factors. However, this reduction has not been equal across locations, and burden among adults older than 70 years requires attention.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries

2019-05-12

Annette Prüss‐Üstün , Jennyfer Wolf , Jamie Bartram +7 more

To develop updated estimates in response to new exposure and exposure-response data of the burden of diarrhoea, respiratory infections, malnutrition, schistosomiasis, malaria, soil-transmitted helminth infections and trachoma from exposure to … To develop updated estimates in response to new exposure and exposure-response data of the burden of diarrhoea, respiratory infections, malnutrition, schistosomiasis, malaria, soil-transmitted helminth infections and trachoma from exposure to inadequate drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene behaviours (WASH) with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.

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Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality

2019-12-15

Barry M. Popkin , Camila Corvalán , Laurence M. Grummer‐Strawn

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Effectiveness Assessment of Social Behavioral Change Activities in Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) of the Nutrition Program in the Rohingya Refugee Camps

2025-06-25

Taslima Arzu , Md. Ariful Kabir Sujan , S.M. Symon Bappy +2 more | International journal of clinical nutrition

Evaluating the impact of unadjusted confounding and study design on estimated pathogen-attributable incidence of diarrhoea among children in low and middle-income countries: a sensitivity analysis of an attribution algorithm in the MAL-ED cohort

2025-06-25

Charlotte Doran , Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade , Eric R. Houpt +2 more | medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Background Understanding diarrhoea aetiology is critical for understanding vaccine impact, but causal attribution is difficult. We evaluated the sensitivity of an existing attributable fraction-based method to unadjusted confounding and study … Background Understanding diarrhoea aetiology is critical for understanding vaccine impact, but causal attribution is difficult. We evaluated the sensitivity of an existing attributable fraction-based method to unadjusted confounding and study design. Methods We used MAL-ED data to estimate attributable incidence (IR attr ) using an algorithm regressing diarrhoea incidence on pathogen quantity. The reference model used mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for co-infection, sex, test batch, and age. We evaluated the magnitude of confounding by prior immunity, antibiotics, socioeconomic status, and breastfeeding in incrementally-adjusted models. To understand the impact of post-diarrheal shedding, we excluded stools collected ±7, 14, or 28 days from an episode. We conducted matched nested case-control and case-crossover studies and used Poisson regression to calculate risk-based estimates of the IR attr . Results 40 406 stools samples from 1715 children were included (6625 diarrhoeal, 33 781 control). Prior immunity had the greatest confounding impact, with adjusted models underestimating IR attr compared to the reference; overall, confidence intervals overlapped substantially. Excluding samples proximal episodes showed no consistent pattern of bias, and most estimates were ±10% of the reference except Cryptosporidium, tEPEC, and norovirus. Nested case-control and case-crossover study designs produced similar IR attr estimates, and risk-based estimates were lower than odds-based estimates, ranging from 33% (Shigella) to 49% (tEPEC) fewer episodes per 100 child-years compared to the reference. Conclusion This algorithm was robust to unadjusted confounding, but risk- and odds-based estimates differed. We recommend adjusting for breastfeeding, antibiotics use, and prior infection using risk-based model. If case-control design is necessary, matched incidence density sampling should be used.

A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Moderating Factors of Malnutrition Among People Living With HIV Across Countries

2025-06-25

| Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care

COMPARATIVE MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER AND WATER FILTRATION

2025-06-25

Memoona Siddiqua , Sabeen Sabri , Mukarram Sharif | Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences

Water is an essential element for survival on earth. Poor water quality is one of Pakistan's biggest health concerns and environmental issues. Drinking water quality has become worsedue to microbial … Water is an essential element for survival on earth. Poor water quality is one of Pakistan's biggest health concerns and environmental issues. Drinking water quality has become worsedue to microbial and chemical contamination in water supplies and groundwater. To evaluate contamination, the standard plate count method, spread plate method, most portable number (MPN), and kit method were used. In the spread plate method, a specific amount of sample was poured and spread by the sterilized spreader evenly on the agar medium. The petri plates were incubated at 37° Celsius for 24 hours. After 24 hours, colonies were enumerated with the help of the colony counter. In the kit method, the sample water inoculated in the reagent vile showed characteristics of color if it was contaminated with coliforms. 70.36% of the household samples and 28.35% of fifiltered water samples were found with total coliform bacterial contaminated ions when compared with National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. In contrast to the Nestle mineral water, boiling water did not uncover any coliform bacterial colonies or other microorganisms. Hard and cloudy drinking water was encountered. Regulatory agencies must carefully examine drinking water sources for microbial contamination to prevent dangers to the public's health.

Population attributable fraction of risk factors for anemia among children aged 6–59 months: A multilevel complex data analysis using modified poisson regression model in Sub-Saharan Africa

2025-06-25

Meklit Melaku Bezie , Beminate Lemma Seifu , Hiwot Altaye Asebe +5 more | PLoS ONE

Background Anemia among children under five remains a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While numerous studies have examined its associated factors, limited evidence exists on the public … Background Anemia among children under five remains a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While numerous studies have examined its associated factors, limited evidence exists on the public health impact of modifiable risk factors. This study assessed the population-attributable fraction (PAF) of risk factors for anemia among children aged 6–59 months across 27 SSA countries. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 27 SSA countries, including a weighted sample of 124,285 children. Data management and analysis were done using STATA-14 software. The presence of clustering was assessed using the Intra-cluster Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Median Odds Ratio (MOR), and Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT). A multilevel modified Poisson regression model was employed to estimate adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratios (aPOR) and the corresponding PAF with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), and the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) with the 95% CI was estimated using the aPOR and the prevalence of exposure. Results The overall prevalence of anemia among children in SSA was 61.99% (95% CI: 61.73, 62.27). Significant risk factors included maternal anemia (PAF = 7.37%), low maternal education (PAF = 5.86% for no formal education), poor household wealth status (PAF = 3.52% for the poorest), lack of media exposure (PAF = 0.76%), child undernutrition (stunting PAF = 1.31%, underweight PAF = 0.84%), diarrheal (PAF = 1.19%) and febrile illness (PAF = 2.26%), and unimproved toilet facilities (PAF = 1.02%). Conclusion Maternal anemia, low maternal educational status, poverty, poor sanitation, inadequate media access, unimproved toilet facilities, and childhood illness significantly contribute to anemia in SSA. Targeted interventions to improve maternal and child health, enhance education, and ensure better nutrition and sanitation could help reduce childhood anemia in the region.

Broadening the vaccine metaphor: The adequate balanced food (ABF) vaccine against tuberculosis (Acid-fast bacilli/AFB) and more

2025-06-24

Anurag Bhargava | PLOS Global Public Health

Nutrition is essential to survival, health, and protection from disease across the lifespan. In the 1970s, an adequate diet was described as the most effective vaccine available for respiratory, diarrheal, … Nutrition is essential to survival, health, and protection from disease across the lifespan. In the 1970s, an adequate diet was described as the most effective vaccine available for respiratory, diarrheal, and other common infections, as nutritional supplementation reduced these in the setting of undernutrition. Recently, the RATIONS (Reducing Activation of Tuberculosis through Improvement Of Nutritional Status) trial showed the efficacy of nutritional supplementation in reducing TB incidence in households by up to 50%, and an editorial used the metaphor of food as a vaccine for tuberculosis. This essay provides a historical overview of nutrition and TB prevention, with reports of reduced TB incidence from nutritional supplementation in World War II prisoner-of-war camps. This essay discusses additional evidence supporting McKeown’s proposition that the historical decline of TB in countries like the UK was related to improvements in nutrition. Undernutrition is the leading risk for tuberculosis incidence globally, the underlying cause of 45% of 4.9 million deaths in children under five years annually. Undernutrition in early life is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases, and its effect on cognition and growth perpetuates both undernutrition and poverty intergenerationally. The essay broadens the vaccine metaphor to describe adequate balanced food (ABF) as a vaccine for TB and many public health problems, with a unique product profile. It concludes with a reminder that nutrition acts by optimizing immune function - the most powerful system/vaccine we have for TB prevention; draws attention to emerging threats to food security like climate change and conflicts, and proposes that the answer to the prevention of TB may lie in better population health rather than only a war on the bacillus.

Pulling up from the depths of poverty: Do the Pantawid Pamilya cash transfers to the poor reduce their consumption expenditure shortfalls?

2025-06-24

Joseph J. Capuno | The Philippine Review of Economics

With its emphasis on incentivizing beneficiary households to invest in the health and education of their children, the Philippines’ Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is expected to reduce future poverty. … With its emphasis on incentivizing beneficiary households to invest in the health and education of their children, the Philippines’ Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is expected to reduce future poverty. Yet, the cash transfers provided under the program have impacts on the household’s current income and consumption, and therefore, on contemporaneous poverty status. While the transfers may be inadequate to lift the poor out of poverty, these could pull them up from the depths of poverty. Using a panel dataset, we estimated the elasticity of the region-level income gap and poverty gap, both based on per capita consumption expenditures, with respect to 4Ps indicators, controlling for other factors. In general, the poverty gap is not responsive to 4Ps indicators. In contrast, the income gap is sensitive to changes in the total 4Ps cash transfers, with the effect moderated by the poverty incidence in the region. The policy implication is that, among the 4Ps beneficiaries, the poor could be granted greater cash transfers to pull them up from the depths of destitution

A four-year, mixed-family and community-based growth monitoring and promotion program using multi-level modeling to address undernutrition in children in Cambodia

2025-06-24

Po‐Yen Liu , Ying-Cen Lin , Yee‐Hsuan Chiou +1 more | Frontiers in Public Health

Introduction Child undernutrition persists as a formidable public health issue in developing countries. Children afflicted by undernutrition are susceptibility to both physical and neurological repercussions. For several decades, initiatives focused … Introduction Child undernutrition persists as a formidable public health issue in developing countries. Children afflicted by undernutrition are susceptibility to both physical and neurological repercussions. For several decades, initiatives focused on growth monitoring and promotion have been instituted to mitigate this pressing issue. Nevertheless, the prevalence rates of undernutrition across developing nations continue to provoke concern. Methods Between the years 2016 and 2019, we executed a family- and community-oriented growth monitoring and promotion initiative within a rural Cambodian village, specifically aimed at children under the age of five. This initiative employed a hybrid workforce comprising both full-time health professionals and community volunteers. Leveraging this robust capacity, we delivered small-group nutrition education sessions, family-centered nutrition counseling, and regular anthropometric assessments. In contrast to a cross-sectional methodology, we used multi-level modeling to explore the growth trajectories of children utilizing longitudinal z scores for height-for-age and weight-for-age. A systematic taxonomy of models was developed in a sequential framework to ascertain the most appropriate final model. Results Out of 533 enrolled children, 358 completed the growth monitoring program (GMP). At baseline, children older than 12 months had significantly lower height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) scores, as well as higher rates of stunting and wasting, compared to younger children. These differences were no longer significant by the end of the program. Nonparametric trajectory analyses showed age-related differences in HAZ patterns, with initial declines followed by recovery in younger age groups, while WAZ trajectories remained relatively flat across all ages. Multilevel modeling indicated that both age at enrollment and time significantly influenced HAZ changes, while only age at enrollment affected WAZ. Older children exhibited steeper improvements over time, leading to convergence in growth outcomes with younger children. Conclusion An extended and efficacious growth monitoring and promotion program has the potential to ameliorate the issue of undernutrition in developing countries.

Burden of low birth weight and short gestation from 1990–2021 and projection to 2050: assessment against 2030 malnutrition reduction targets

2025-06-24

Bengui Jiang , Kelly Lin , Nicholas Buys +2 more | Frontiers in Pediatrics

Background Low birth weight (LBW) and short gestation (LBWSG) are defined as birth at a gestational age &lt;38 weeks and at a lower birth weight than the lowest risk weight … Background Low birth weight (LBW) and short gestation (LBWSG) are defined as birth at a gestational age &lt;38 weeks and at a lower birth weight than the lowest risk weight of 3,500 g. Prematurity and LBW are the leading causes of global under-5 mortalities. This study aims to provide a systematic analysis of the changes in morality and disease burden of LBW and short gestation in the past 30 years to help inform health policy formation and guide resource allocation. Methods This study utilized data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study. We measured LBWSG mortality, DALYs, and YLDs in children under 20 years of age. Data from children under 20 years of age were accessed. To assess the progress in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of a 30% reduction in LBWSG, average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated on a global, regional, and national level. A mixed-effects model with sodiodemographic index (SDI) and time as the main covariates was further used to forecast LBWSG mortality and DALYs from 2022 to 2050. Countries were further classified based on their SDI scores to compare AAPC and forecasted LBWSG mortality and disease burden results. Results Countries with high-middle SDI scores showed the most significant reduction in LBWSG under-5 mortalities (AAPC = −0.84, 95% CI = −0.86 to −0.82), followed by countries with middle, high, and low-middle SDI. However, no significant improvements were identified in low SDI countries. Furthermore, the LBWSG burden worsened among 73 countries of all SDI and income levels. Forecasting results indicated an increase in LBWSG DALYs rate in children aged 5–19 years of age across low, low-middle, and high SDI countries. Conclusion There are significant inequalities in the accessibility and quality of maternal and child healthcare between countries with high and low SDI scores. Temporal trends and forecasting results indicated increased disease burden for LBW and short gestation suggesting that 73 countries will not be able to achieve the 2030 nutritional target of a 30% reduction in preterm birth. Comprehensive policies to address maternal risk factors are required to reduce preterm birth, while upscaling of cost-effective life-saving interventions is needed to reduce the death of preterm infants.

Challenges and strategies for maintaining nutrition services in the Democratic Republic of Congo during COVID-19: a qualitative study

2025-06-24

Marc Bosonkie , Benito Kazenza , Rawlance Ndejjo +7 more | Frontiers in Health Services

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 forced governments to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical measures to stop the surge. These restrictions disrupted the provision of nutrition services. This study identified challenges faced … Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 forced governments to urgently implement non-pharmaceutical measures to stop the surge. These restrictions disrupted the provision of nutrition services. This study identified challenges faced by nutrition services using the six components of the health system and preventive strategies that can strengthen nutrition interventions during future outbreaks. Methods A multiple-case qualitative study was carried out. Purposive sampling was used for recruitment of participants. 57 key informants were selected based on their role in the Nutrition sector at different levels of the health pyramid. The interview guide incorporated nutrition leadership, financing, workforce, infrastructure and commodities, service delivery and information system. Each topic had subtopics on challenges and adaptations. All transcripts were exported to Atlas Ti v22, and thematic analysis was conducted. Results Initially excluded from the national COVID-19 response, nutrition services were later integrated through advocacy by the National Nutrition Program. Despite limited funding, the government maintained support, and health workers adapted with flexible staffing approaches. Commodity shortages, including Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food, led to the use of locally produced substitutes. Movement restrictions and fear of infection disrupted essential services such as growth monitoring and immunization. To sustain access, mitigation strategies were implemented, including tailored education, modified weighing methods, and decentralized care. Key innovations included rapid registration with anthropometric protocols, additional service points for child health activities, double-weighing scales to reduce contact, crowd control during Growth Monitoring Promotion, community-based service delivery, and improved digital integration. Conclusions COVID-19 disrupted all pillars of nutrition services in the DRC but also spurred innovation. Institutionalizing adaptive strategies, securing sustainable funding, and supporting local Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food production are essential to strengthen resilience and ensure continuity of nutrition services in future health emergencies.

Dietary Supplementation with Green Fruits of <i>Musa</i> spp. AAA Ameliorates Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Intestinal Inflammation with Relapse Induced by Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid in Rats

2025-06-24

G.S. Batista , Ana Elisa Valencise Quaglio , Luiz Domingues de Almeida +2 more | ACS Food Science & Technology

Biotechnology Innovations and Sustainability for Zero Hunger

2025-06-24

Ranbir Chander Sobti | CRC Press eBooks

Maternal dietary iron intake during pregnancy has a potential effect on the neonate gut microbiota profile

2025-06-24

Qi Qi , Danmeng Liu , Liang Wang +4 more | Frontiers in Nutrition

Introduction Iron is an essential nutrient during pregnancy and may influence the early development of the neonatal gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal dietary iron … Introduction Iron is an essential nutrient during pregnancy and may influence the early development of the neonatal gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal dietary iron intake during pregnancy and the gut microbiota (GM) characteristics of both the mother and neonate in a well-characterized cohort. Methods Ninety-five mother-neonate dyads were included in this study. Mothers completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) providing estimates of dietary iron intake during pregnancy, and participants were categorized into higher (≥ median) or lower (&lt; median) groups of maternal dietary iron intake. Fecal samples were collected from mothers (third trimester) and from neonates, and assessed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Differences in diversity and abundance of GM were compared between groups. Results There was no difference in profile or diversity in maternal samples however, neonatal samples indicated greater diversity of GM in infants of mothers with higher intakes of iron (Shannon p = 0.04; Simpson p = 0.01). After stratification by delivery mode, in the stratum of normal vaginal delivery (NVD), Simpson diversity remained higher in the infants’ GM of mothers with higher intakes of iron ( p = 0.04). The relative abundance of the core genus Bifidobacterium in NVD and cesarean section (CS) neonates showed higher in the higher group than that in the lower group, as the difference was not statistically significant. Maternal dietary iron intake was significantly associated with the neonate GM composition with variation explained 10.24% ( p = 0.007). Conclusion Adequate dietary iron intake during pregnancy may promote beneficial bacterial colonization and increase the biodiversity of the neonate GM.

Zero Hunger

2025-06-24

Harleen Kaur , A S Chandel , Ashish Sharma | CRC Press eBooks

The importance of lipids for neurodevelopment in low and middle income countries

2025-06-24

Pervy Okai-Mensah , Diandra Brkić , Jonas Hauser | Frontiers in Nutrition

This review focuses on the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first year of life in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Lipids are an … This review focuses on the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first year of life in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Lipids are an essential part of early life diet; they provide crucial FAs for brain development and healthy growth. The high cost of relevant food sources providing specific FAs restricts their use and consumption in LMIC where more than 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge extracted from 24 studies on the impact of specific FAs on neurodevelopment from birth to 12 years of age, with a particular focus on LMICs. We illustrate that most studies focus on effects of polyunsaturated FAs supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first year of life. The strongest evidence in the literature is on supplementation during pregnancy with omega-3 fatty acids, in particular alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and omega-6 fatty acids, in particular linoleic acid (LA), which show promising effects on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes in LMIC. These two essential fatty acids (EFAs) are key substrates necessary to synthesize the long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), which have been reported to be important for neurodevelopment. For the postnatal supplementation we did not observe a clear consensus across studies, either due to mixed finding before 2 years of life or due to the low number of studies beyond 2 years of life. Differences across studies in the choice of FAs, dosage, treatment windows, age and type of neurodevelopment assessments likely contribute to the complexity of the results observed in the studies investigating postnatal supplementation. Finally, this review underlies the need for more research into FAs that support optimal development of children in LMICs and highlight the importance to find affordable solutions without compromising on quality.

Rural and Urban dichotomy in body mass index among children of Tamil Nadu, India

2025-06-24

S. M. Vadivel , P T , K. Vijaya Sankar | International Journal of Science and Research Archive

Background: Optimal nutritional conditions during early childhood are vital for growth, cognitive development, and enduring health status. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the tools used to measure … Background: Optimal nutritional conditions during early childhood are vital for growth, cognitive development, and enduring health status. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is one of the tools used to measure overall health status, including physiological and nutritional aspects. In regions undergoing dietary and lifestyle changes, the dual burden of malnutrition, undernutrition, and overweight pose significant public health challenges. Objectives: This present study assessed and compared the Body Mass Index-based physiological and nutritional health status among children aged 2–6 years in two demographically distinct areas: rural Udayarpalayam Taluk and the urban Thanjavur Corporation in Tamil Nadu. Accordingly, the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) guidelines were used to study and determine age and sex-specific Body Mass Index distributions, as well as the prevalence of thinness and overweight, between rural and urban areas. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,020 children in rural Udayarpalayam Taluk (985 boys, 1,035 girls) and 1,020 children in Thanjavur Corporation (544 boys, 476 girls). The Body Mass Index was estimated and categorised into thinness (Grades I–III), normal, and overweight. Descriptive statistics and Karl Pearson correlation techniques were used to analyse and compare the trends of rural and urban cohorts by age and sex. Results: Therefore, a clear dual burden of malnutrition was observed. Rural children in Udayarpalayam Taluk showed higher rates of severe thinness, particularly 5-year-old boys (33.91%) and 6-year-old girls (27.51%). In Thanjavur, urban children were found to have a higher rate of overweight health conditions, particularly among 2-year-old girls, where 25.9% were affected. Girls living in urban areas of this region also displayed higher normal Body Mass Index (BMI) levels compared to those in rural areas. Conclusion: The findings revealed differences in nutritional and physiological health status between children living in rural and urban settings. These results emphasise the necessity for tailored interventions aimed at tackling both undernutrition and emerging overweight issues in early childhood.

Child diet diversity and irrigation expansion in the global south

2025-06-24

Piyush Mehta , Marc F. Müller , Meredith T. Niles +1 more | Nature Sustainability

Effect of a 6-Month Functional Food Intervention on the Microbiota of Stunted Children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia—A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Parallel Trial

2025-06-24

Ingrid S. Surono , Koen Venema , Subijanto Martosudarmo +1 more | Foods

We have previously shown a difference between the gut microbiota composition of stunted and non-stunted children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The current study aimed to perform an intervention with … We have previously shown a difference between the gut microbiota composition of stunted and non-stunted children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The current study aimed to perform an intervention with a probiotic, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506, and its UHT-treated postbiotic compared to placebo in order to accomplish catch-up growth in the stunted children, possibly through modulation of the gut microbiota. Apart from the maltodextrin (placebo), probiotic, and postbiotic in chocolate milk, all groups also received a functional and nutritional biscuit and had access to newly constructed water wells as well as soap to improve hygiene. The results show that independent of treatment, the stunted children had a significantly higher increase in height and zlen (corrected for age) compared with their age- and gender-matched controls but a significantly lower increase in weight. Several potential pathogenic taxa declined in all groups, among which was Escherichia/Shigella (adjusted.p = 6.44 × 10−15), but so did some beneficial taxa, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. Faecalibacterium, which was already higher in the stunted children at baseline, increased independent of treatment. Changes in the relative abundance of several taxa of the microbiota correlated with the changes in anthropometric measures. In conclusion, although there was no difference between the interventions, understanding the dynamics and the role of the gut microbiota in this process might allow healthcare providers to develop targeted nutritional strategies aimed at optimizing health outcomes for children at risk of stunting, thereby addressing a critical global health issue.

Impact of Zinc BioFortified Wheat Flour on the Serum Levels of Interleukin-2,Interleukin-12, and Interferon Gamma in Adolescent Girls, A Case-Control Study

2025-06-23

Sara Yar Khan , Sadia Fatima , Rubina Nazli +2 more | Medical Forum Monthly

Objective: To know the Impact of Zinc BioFortified Wheat Flour on the Serum Levels of Interleukin-2, Interleukin 12, and Interferon Gamma in Adolescent Girls. Study Design: Case-control study Place and … Objective: To know the Impact of Zinc BioFortified Wheat Flour on the Serum Levels of Interleukin-2, Interleukin 12, and Interferon Gamma in Adolescent Girls. Study Design: Case-control study Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Khyber Medical University (KMU), Peshawar from January 2023 to January 2024. Methods: In this case-control study, adolescent girls aged 10–16 years were divided into two equal groups. The control group received regular flour, while the intervention group consumed zinc-biofortified flour. Blood samples were collected before and after a six-month period to evaluate serum levels of zinc and inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), measured via ELISA. Results: There was no statistically significant change in serum zinc or inflammatory biomarkers between groups after six months. However, a mild increase in IFN-γ levels was observed within the intervention group. Conclusion: Zinc-biofortified wheat flour had limited impact on serum zinc and inflammatory markers over six months. Extended use may be required to yield measurable health benefits.

Exploring the integration of fish powder in school meal programs in Malawi through a food environment lens: acceptability, affordability, and convenience

2025-06-23

Molly Ahern , Tijoy Lowore , Mihasina Harinaivo Andrianarimanana +3 more | Frontiers in Nutrition

Introduction Despite recognition that fish is a unique source of essential fatty acids, as well as bioavailable protein and micronutrients that are important for child and adolescent development, fish -and … Introduction Despite recognition that fish is a unique source of essential fatty acids, as well as bioavailable protein and micronutrients that are important for child and adolescent development, fish -and animal-sourced foods more broadly- are often not included in school meal programs in low- and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. School meal programs have been promoted for decades for improving educational outcomes, such as reduced absenteeism and increased enrolment, but can also improve food security and nutrition of learners and livelihoods for local producers when foods are sourced locally. Even in countries where fish plays an important role in nutrition and food security, such as Malawi, where it provides 14.2% of available animal protein and employment for 217,000 people, it has not been featured in school menus. Methods The objective of this study was to explore the integration of fish products into school meal programs that source foods from local producers in Malawi, by assessing the quality, convenience and affordability dimensions of the school food environment. This was done by conducting 1) acceptability trials amongst schoolchildren aged 6-13 years, 2) assessment of time costs for processing fish powders and 3) ease-of-use for school volunteers to integrate fish powder into school meals, and 4) evaluation of the cost of production of fish powders and their affordability for school meal programs. Results We found that fish powder incorporated into various school meal recipes were highly accepted, with approximately 90% of learners consuming over 75% of porridges containing pan-roasted fish powder, regardless of whether learners were from a lakeshore or inland district. This was further supported by the highest sensory ratings for attributes such as smell, taste, and appearance of porridges containing pan-roasted usipa powder. While pan-roasting the fish before grinding it into fish powder was more accepted by students, pan-roasting added processing time and costs (in relation to other processing methods) due to the need for fuelwood, raising concerns over economic and environmental sustainability. Conclusion Adding animal-source food to school menus is one pathway to fight malnutrition and ensure food security. Fish powder has great potential to contribute to this agenda through school meal programs and should be promoted as an ingredient in school meals in Malawi.

Recent developments in ready-to-use foods to improve the health status of moderate acute malnourished children

2025-06-23

V Pareek , Komal Chauhan , Neetu Kumra Taneja +2 more | Plant Science Today

Despite various government and nongovernment measures, malnutrition (low weight-for-height) remains a global concern among children and its prevalence is alarming. The contention that effective management of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) … Despite various government and nongovernment measures, malnutrition (low weight-for-height) remains a global concern among children and its prevalence is alarming. The contention that effective management of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) prevents severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is supported by data demonstrating substantial reductions in the extent and prevalence of SAM in areas where MAM has been adequately treated. The reduction of childhood morbidity and mortality through an intervention is contingent on the study of foods used to treat children suffering from MAM. Therefore, a narrative review of the literature was conducted, providing a comprehensive background on recent developments in supplementary foods by summarising findings from a total of 17 studies that have the potential to manage MAM. The review also paves the way for possible future inventions. It was observed that the supplementary biscuits developed from local ingredients were more cost-effective and acceptable to children. The inclusion of fish in various forms of supplementary food could serve as a great source of valuable protein. Furthermore, ready-to-use, low-moisture peanut pastes were transformed using indigenous ingredients to make them more acceptable and the use of pre and probiotics in foods to manage malnutrition improved the gut microbiota of children. It was seen that the use of locally available ingredients to develop study foods could serve as an alternative for managing MAM.

When the Storm of Chieftaincy Conflict Settles: What Happens to Food Security?

2025-06-23

Samuel Marfo , Hamza Mohammed , John Yaw Akparep | International Annals of Criminology

Abstract In Ghana, the institution of chieftaincy, a traditional political governance system, is saddled with a number of conflicts which have far-reaching implications for food security in affected communities. This … Abstract In Ghana, the institution of chieftaincy, a traditional political governance system, is saddled with a number of conflicts which have far-reaching implications for food security in affected communities. This study examined how the infamous Bimbilla chieftaincy conflicts in the Northern Region of Ghana undermined the food security situation in the context of hunger, famine and sudden rise in food prices. A total of 383 respondents were randomly and purposely selected in a convergent mixed-methods study design. Questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions were the main primary data collection methods. The study revealed that the chieftaincy conflicts significantly impacted hunger ( β = –0.152, t = –2.807, p = 0.005) and famine ( β = 0.188, t = 3.443, p = 0.001). A sudden increase in food prices ( β = 0.006, t = 0.113, p = 0.910) stood as the only food security factor which was not affected substantially by the chieftaincy conflicts.

Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Orphanage Children in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Analysis

2025-06-23

M. N. Wogu , D. A. Goodhead | Asian Journal of Medicine and Health

Aim: Gastro-intestinal parasites are a significant public health concern amongst children in developing countries due to unfavourable socio-economic conditions and inadequate sanitation/hygiene. Therefore, a study to determine the prevalence of … Aim: Gastro-intestinal parasites are a significant public health concern amongst children in developing countries due to unfavourable socio-economic conditions and inadequate sanitation/hygiene. Therefore, a study to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in orphanage children in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria was conducted. Study Design: A cross-sectional observational study Place and Duration of Study: Four registered orphanages in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria between February to July 2024. Methodology: Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant authorities, and informed consent was obtained from the management of all selected orphanages before the commencement of this study. Stool samples from 244 randomly selected children (study participants) were collected; each stool sample was studied for macroscopic (to detect colour, mucus and consistency) and microscopic features (to detect the presence of parasites) using formol-ether concentration technique. All data generated were analyzed statistically using student T test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey’s HDS post hoc. The observation showed statistically significant results at P<0.05. Results: An overall parasite prevalence of 14.8% was recorded in this study (P<0.05); Ascaris lumbricoides 22 (9.0%), hookworm 10 (4.1%) and Trichuris trichiura 4 (1.6%) were the only parasites identified during this study. Age groups (years) of 1 – 4, 5 – 8, 9 – 12 and 13 – 16 had prevalence values of 8 (12.9%), 10 (9.6%), 14 (21.2%) and 4 (33.3%) respectively. Males 24 (20.0%) had more prevalent rates than females 12 (9.7%) (P>0.05). Conclusion: Regular public health enlightenment, periodic deworming and other health strategies are vital in curbing the menace of gastro-intestinal parasites in children.

Water and sanitation practices at household level in Rupa Rural Municipality, Kaski, Nepal

2025-06-23

Sanju Banstola , Sharad Koirala , Ishwori Bhandari | Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal

Introduction: Water, sanitation, and hygiene-related infrastructure, practices, and services are crucial preconditions for stopping the spread of illness. Thus the study aimed to assess the household-level sanitation and water practices … Introduction: Water, sanitation, and hygiene-related infrastructure, practices, and services are crucial preconditions for stopping the spread of illness. Thus the study aimed to assess the household-level sanitation and water practices in Rupa Rural Municipality, Kaski, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among household in Rupa Rural Municipality of Kaski district, Nepal. The study was conducted from October 6 to October 16, 2024. Observation checklist was used for observation of water and sanitation practices. Waste segregation, waste management, water purification, toilet availability, whether the toilet was clean, and the presence of soap and water in the toilet were all taken into consideration while evaluating the dependent variable. These objects were divided into two categories, 0 and 1. Following the addition of these criteria, sanitation practices were grouped according to mean values. Chi-square tests was applied at 5% level of significance. Results: Out of 384 households, 75.80% reported having a separate kitchen in their home. Majority (81%) said they separated their garbage, and 55.8% had effective waste disposal practices. More than half (52.30%) of the water in the home was filtered. Among the total household, 80% had good sanitation practices while 20% had poor sanitation practices. The results show that there was a significant association of age and religion of household with the sanitation practices. Conclusions: The study highlights there was gap in hygiene behavior and sanitation practices at household level. More attention must be paid to infrastructure investments that enable effective waste management services and water purification.

Sex differences in severe acute malnutrition in children under 5 years in Zambia

2025-06-23

Gift C. Chama , Situmbeko Liweleya , Lweendo Muchaili +4 more | PLOS Global Public Health

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a critical public health issue, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Zambia, where it significantly contributes to under-five mortality. While general factors associated with … Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a critical public health issue, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Zambia, where it significantly contributes to under-five mortality. While general factors associated with SAM, including its overall burden, are well documented, the role of sex differences in correlates of SAM has not been thoroughly explored. Hence, this study aimed to examine sex differences in correlates of SAM by identifying key factors influencing malnutrition in males and females under five years, with particular attention to comorbid conditions such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB), which are known to complicate malnutrition in this population. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing data from 429 medical records of children aged 6 months to 5 years who were attended to at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital between 2020 and 2022. The median age at diagnosis for both males and females was 18 months, with interquartile ranges of 11-25 months and 12-24 months, respectively. Females had a higher prevalence of SAM (24.3%, n = 46) compared to males (19.58%, n = 47). TB was significantly associated with SAM in both males (AOR: 14.30, 95% CI: 2.08-98.5, p = 0.006) and females (AOR: 40.50, 95% CI: 4.83-340, p < 0.001), and the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio was also associated with SAM in males (AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.05-1.83, p = 0.017) and females (AOR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00-1.49, p = 0.045). Additionally, comorbidities (AOR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.13-14.90, p = 0.031) and age (AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.97, p = 0.009) were associated with SAM in females, while these associations were not significant in males. Overall, females are more frequently diagnosed with SAM, most likely due to the presence of comorbidities such as TB and HIV. TB was found to be a critical risk factor for SAM in both sexes, highlighting the need for sex-specific interventions in the management of SAM.

<b>EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES FOR SAFE WATER: APPLYING THE COMMUNITY AS PARTNER MODEL IN URBAN SLUMS OF PAKISTAN</b>

2025-06-23

Shaneela Khowaja , Sony Muhammad Saleh , Abdul Hameed Bacho +3 more | Journal of medical & health sciences review.

Background: Access to clean drinking water remains a significant public health challenge in low-income urban areas of Pakistan. This project aimed to promote low-cost, home-based water purification methods in an … Background: Access to clean drinking water remains a significant public health challenge in low-income urban areas of Pakistan. This project aimed to promote low-cost, home-based water purification methods in an urban slum of Jamshoro using the Community as Partner (CAP) model. Methods: Conducted between January and March 2023, this participatory project engaged ng local stakeholders. A cross-sectional pilot survey was conducted with 33 female residents to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding water purification. Data were collected through structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive analysis identified key trends. Community awareness sessions were conducted following the baseline assessment. Results: The majority of participants (77%) used government-supplied water, with 60% not treating drinking water at home. Barriers included perceived cleanliness (65%), lack of knowledge (25%), and taste alteration (10%). Among those treating water, boiling (19%), cloth filtration (11%), and filtration (10%) were used. About 85% reported family members suffering from waterborne diseases. Post-intervention feedback showed improved community understanding and engagement. Conclusion: The CAP model effectively facilitated stakeholder engagement and health education. Low-cost interventions like boiling and solar disinfection were well received and could be scaled up. This model has promise for enhancing sustainable hygiene practices in underserved communities.

The Determinants of Coexisting Anemia and Undernutrition Among Pregnant Women in Southern Ethiopia: A Multi-Level Analysis

2025-06-23

Amanuel Yoseph , Lakew Mussie , Mehretu Belayneh +3 more | Healthcare

Background/Objectives: Anemia and undernutrition are severe public health concerns in Ethiopia. These are the two most common nutritional disorders in pregnant women and frequently coexist. However, to our knowledge, there … Background/Objectives: Anemia and undernutrition are severe public health concerns in Ethiopia. These are the two most common nutritional disorders in pregnant women and frequently coexist. However, to our knowledge, there is little evidence of the coexistence of anemia and undernutrition among pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of coexisting anemia and undernutrition (CAU) and associated factors among pregnant women. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 25 June 2024, on 515 pregnant women in the Hawela Lida district of Sidama, Ethiopia. We utilized a multi-stage sampling method to choose eligible study participants. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data via the online Open Data Kit mobile tool. We controlled the effect of confounders and clustering by using a multi-level mixed-effect modified Poisson regression analysis model. Results: The prevalence of CAU among pregnant women was 25.4% (95% CI: 21.9–28.9). The prevalence of CAU was associated with household food insecurity (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.43–3.28), training on model family (APR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45–0.96), inadequate dietary diversity (APR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.18–1.95), and having poor knowledge of nutrition (APR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06–2.26) at individual levels. Low community-level women’s autonomy (APR: 6.19; 95% CI: 3.42–11.22) and community-level road accessibility (APR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43–0.98) were the identified determinants of CAU at the community level. Conclusions: One in four pregnant women had CAU in the study area. Household food insecurity, inadequate dietary diversity, and poor nutrition knowledge were associated with an increased likelihood of CAU, while participation in model family training and improved road accessibility were associated with reduced CAU. We have also indicated that low community-level women’s autonomy significantly increased the risk of CAU. Therefore, inter-sectorial collaboration should be required to comprehensively address CAU’s determinants at different levels. Additionally, any CAU prevention and intervention programs should provide model family training explicitly targeting women with poor nutritional knowledge and low autonomy in healthcare decision-making.

Geo-spatial disparities in domestic water storage among households in Algeria

2025-06-23

Hicham Seghiri , Sid Ahmed Bellal , Ismaila Rimi Abubakar | GeoJournal

Intersectoral interventions: integration for impact on preterm birth

2025-06-23

Étienne V Langlois , Maria El Bizri , Kelly Thompson +7 more | Reproductive Health

Abstract Progress The last two decades have seen a growing focus on intersectoral interventions to improve maternal and newborn health and well-being outcomes, as reflected in efforts to achieve the … Abstract Progress The last two decades have seen a growing focus on intersectoral interventions to improve maternal and newborn health and well-being outcomes, as reflected in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Preterm births are linked to cross-sectoral determinants that affect health outcomes and human capital across the life-course, necessitating an intersectoral approach that addresses these multifaceted challenges. Programmatic priorities Recognizing that social, biological and economic determinants significantly influence health outcomes, it is critical that robust health systems are reinforced by a comprehensive intersectoral approach. Evidence suggests that the factors influencing preterm birth, and the health of small and sick newborns are vast and varied, requiring interventions that address equity and rights, education, economic factors, environmental conditions, and emergency responses, i.e., a new framework entitled "five Es". Pivots Improving outcomes for newborns, including preterm and small for gestational age babies, and preventing stillbirths, requires enhanced measurement and accountability within intersectoral programs across the 'five Es'. Investment in equity-focused, gender-transformative, and rights-based policies and programs across various sectors is crucial. Priority areas include ensuring equitable and inclusive education, particularly comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education; developing innovative financing schemes that protect and support families with complicated pregnancies and vulnerable infants; creating environmentally adaptive systems that prioritize maternal and newborn health; and implementing emergency response plans that guarantee the continuity of maternal and newborn health services. Evidence-based intersectoral interventions offer a promising pathway to reducing preterm births and improving health outcomes across generations. By addressing the five Es, intersectoral interventions can create a healthier future for preterm babies, children, adolescents, women, and society as a whole.

Stunting Prediction Modeling in Toddlers Using a Machine Learning Approach and Model Implementation for Mobile Application

2025-06-22

Eko Abdul Goffar , Rosa Eliviani , Lili Ayu Wulandhari | Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi)

Children’s health and development are critical for maintaining national productivity and independence, with stunting being a major concern. Stunting, a form of malnutrition, impairs growth and development, affecting millions of … Children’s health and development are critical for maintaining national productivity and independence, with stunting being a major concern. Stunting, a form of malnutrition, impairs growth and development, affecting millions of people globally, including a significant number in Indonesia. This study addresses the challenge of stunting by developing a predictive model using machine learning techniques to forecast stunting risks based on public health data. The literature review section discusses the factors that influence stunting, and these factors are used as features to build a stunting prediction model. Then the features were used to build a model with three machine learning algorithms Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to build and evaluate models that predict stunting. The models were trained and assessed using public datasets and the most effective algorithm was integrated into a mobile application for practical use. The results indicate that the XGBoost model outperforms the other models with an accuracy of 85%, making it the optimal choice for implementation in a mobile application. The next-best model is selected to be implemented through a mobile application so that users can directly use the model that has been built. This application aims to enhance early detection and intervention efforts for stunting, potentially improving child health outcomes and contributing to long-term productivity by building predictive models and implementing the models into a mobile application. This study contributes to the implementation of models built using public data for application in mobile applications.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on Food Taboos during Pregnancy in a Socio-Cultural Context

2025-06-21

Sri Susanti , Oman Sukmana , Rahmad K. Dwi Susilo | Genius Journal

Introduction: Food taboos during pregnancy are common cultural practices in many developing countries. While intended to protect maternal and fetal health, these taboos often contradict recommended nutritional guidelines and may … Introduction: Food taboos during pregnancy are common cultural practices in many developing countries. While intended to protect maternal and fetal health, these taboos often contradict recommended nutritional guidelines and may contribute to maternal undernutrition. Objective: This study aims to analyze global research trends on food taboos among pregnant women using a bibliometric approach to identify knowledge gaps and emerging themes. Method: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using data retrieved from the Scopus database covering publications from 2000 to 2024. The data were analyzed using VOSviewer software to map publication patterns, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic clusters. Results: A total of 55 relevant articles were identified. The number of publications began to increase significantly in 2013, peaking in 2019. Most research originated from developing countries, notably Ethiopia and Nigeria, with a disciplinary focus on medicine, agricultural and biological sciences, nursing, and social sciences. The bibliometric mapping identified three main thematic clusters: (1) food taboos and dietary preferences, (2) health knowledge and attitudes, and (3) maternal nutritional status linked to socioeconomic factors. Emerging keywords included nutrition, anemia, diet, and undernutrition. However, key issues such as socioeconomic dimensions and dietary diversity remain underexplored. Conclusion: Research on food taboos in pregnancy is growing but remains geographically and thematically concentrated. Future studies should adopt interdisciplinary and culturally sensitive approaches to address the nutritional implications of food taboos during pregnancy. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers in designing effective maternal health interventions.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO SANEAMENTO BÁSICO PARA A SAÚDE E O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL

2025-06-21

Amanda Nayara Daltro Coutinho Neves , Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva , V. da S. Santos +2 more | Revista fisio&terapia.

Prevalence of Malnutrition among Under-Five aged Children and Methods Used to prevent and Control Unmated Nutrition Needs in Population Health of Kicukiro District, Rwanda

2025-06-21

| Journal of Medicine Nursing & Public Health

Surviving the first five years: the economic and healthcare determinants of child mortality in Sri Lanka

2025-06-21

Vageesha Rajapakse , Ruwan Jayathilaka | Journal of Health Population and Nutrition

This study investigates the role of economic growth, healthcare investment, immunization coverage, and malnutrition in reducing under-five mortality rates (U5MR) in Sri Lanka. Understanding how these factors interact within socio-economic … This study investigates the role of economic growth, healthcare investment, immunization coverage, and malnutrition in reducing under-five mortality rates (U5MR) in Sri Lanka. Understanding how these factors interact within socio-economic ecosystems is essential to formulating sustainable strategies to improve child survival outcomes. This study employs multiple linear regression to analyze the statistical associations between economic growth, healthcare investment, immunization, malnutrition, and under-five mortality in Sri Lanka. Using secondary data from the World Bank and UNICEF (2000-2021), U5MR was modeled against economic growth (per capita GDP), government healthcare expenditure (GHE), immunization coverage (DTP1), and malnutrition (MLN), with significance assessed through p-values and model fit via R². The multiple linear regression model demonstrated strong explanatory power, accounting for 85% of the variation in under-five mortality (R² = 0.85). Economic growth and immunization coverage were negatively associated with U5MR and found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.10 respectively), indicating their potential role in reducing child mortality. Malnutrition showed a strong positive association (p < 0.01), emphasizing its continued threat to child health. Although government healthcare expenditure had a negative association, it was not statistically significant, suggesting possible inefficiencies in resource utilization. The study highlights the significant role of economic growth, healthcare expenditure, immunization coverage, and nutrition in shaping U5MR trends in Sri Lanka. The findings emphasize the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance child health outcomes and ensure sustainable progress in reducing child mortality.

Global Acute Malnutrition in Breastfed Children Receiving Complementary Feeding According to the Associated Sociodemographic and Economic Factors of Mothers in the Rural Island Commune of Sinder

2025-06-20

Hamidou Djelifa , IDI GAMBO Aicha , Dodo Hambali Zouleyhatou +4 more | European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety

Malnutrition is a serious threat to the well-being and survival of children in low- and middle-income countries. In Niger, the prevalence of global acute malnutrition is over 15%. The objective … Malnutrition is a serious threat to the well-being and survival of children in low- and middle-income countries. In Niger, the prevalence of global acute malnutrition is over 15%. The objective of this section is to determine the prevalence of global acute malnutrition in breastfeeding children receiving complementary feeding and the sociodemographic and economic factors of associated mothers. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on a representative sample of mothers of children under five years of age, who are breastfeeding and receiving complementary feeding. The sampling method is that of simple random selection. A questionnaire was administered using a structured interview. Data were collected using ODK software and analyzed using SPSS and Epi Info version 7.2. A total of 63 mother-child pairs were enrolled in this study. The results show that the majority of mothers were under 34 years of age at the time of the survey (69.4%). Unschooled and unemployed mothers represented more than half of the sample, with respective frequencies of 55.56% and 50.79%. Multiparous mothers were the most numerous, with 65.08%. Approximately, 76% of mothers, have been sensitized on optimal exclusive breastfeeding practices by health workers. In this study, approximately 97% and 83% of mothers were married and had given birth in health facilities, respectively. Acute malnutrition in children is a major public health problem in Niger. In addition to poverty, other factors directly or indirectly affect children's nutritional status.

Micronutrient and protein-energy supplementation enhance vaccine responses in undernourished children: Evidence from a systematic review

2025-06-20

Guillaume Ngoie Mwamba , Michel Kabamba Nzaji , Oscar Luboya Numbi +2 more | F1000Research

<ns3:p>Background Malnutrition impairs immune function and vaccine responses, particularly in low-income settings. This can lead to reduced seroconversion rates and compromised herd immunity in children. Nutritional interventions have been proposed … <ns3:p>Background Malnutrition impairs immune function and vaccine responses, particularly in low-income settings. This can lead to reduced seroconversion rates and compromised herd immunity in children. Nutritional interventions have been proposed to enhance vaccine immunogenicity, yet evidence remains scattered and context specific. Objective This systematic review assesses the impact of nutritional interventions—especially vitamin A, zinc supplementation, and protein-energy rehabilitation—on serological responses to routine childhood vaccines among malnourished children in low- and middle-income countries. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and WHO Global Health Library for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Eligible studies included randomized trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews reporting on nutritional supplementation and vaccine seroconversion outcomes in malnourished children. Results From 3,245 records, 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Vitamin A supplementation improved measles vaccine seroconversion by 35%, especially among deficient children. Zinc enhanced responses to oral vaccines by 20%. Protein-energy rehabilitation significantly increased seroconversion rates for BCG and measles vaccines, particularly in children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. Conclusion Nutritional interventions improve vaccine immunogenicity among malnourished children. Integrated strategies combining immunization and nutrition services should be prioritized to address immunity gaps in vulnerable populations.</ns3:p>

The social determinants of tuberculosis: a case-control study characterising pathways to equitable intervention in Peru

2025-06-20

Matthew J Saunders , Rosario Montoya , Luz Quevedo +3 more | Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Abstract Background Despite being key components of global tuberculosis policy, poverty reduction and social protection interventions have been inconsistently implemented. We aimed to characterise how poverty and interrelated personal risk … Abstract Background Despite being key components of global tuberculosis policy, poverty reduction and social protection interventions have been inconsistently implemented. We aimed to characterise how poverty and interrelated personal risk factors increase tuberculosis risk in Peru to inform the design of locally appropriate, person-centred, equity-oriented interventions. Methods We undertook a case-control study among people aged 15 years and over in 32 communities in Peru between 2016 and 2019. Cases ( n = 2337) were people diagnosed with any form of tuberculosis. Controls ( n = 981) were people living in randomly selected households in the same communities. We derived measures of household poverty from three dimensions (physical, human, and financial capital) and investigated the associations between these; personal risk factors more specifically linked to health (e.g. smoking); and tuberculosis. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (a OR ), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI ), and population attributable fractions (PAF). A directed acyclic graph was used to inform the analytical approach. Results Household poverty was strongly associated with tuberculosis (a OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 2.3–4.2 for people from the ‘poorer’ versus ‘less poor’ half of households). There was a non-linear social gradient across deciles of household poverty, with odds of tuberculosis increasing exponentially as poverty deepened (a OR = 12.6; 95% CI: 6.8–23.2 for the ‘poorest’ decile versus the ‘least poor’ decile). Overall, tuberculosis burden could be halved by reducing poverty in the ‘poorer’ half of households to the level of the ‘less poor’ half (PAF = 47%; 95% CI: 40–54). For key personal risk factors, we estimated PAF for alcohol excess (PAF = 12.3%, 95% CI: 7.2–17.2); underweight (PAF = 10.3%, 95% CI: 8.7–11.8); smoking (PAF = 8.8%, 95% CI: 3.8–13.5); HIV (PAF = 5.7%, 95% CI: 4.6–6.7); and diabetes (PAF = 4.6%, 95% CI: 3.3–6.0). We also identified other important risk factors including previous tuberculosis (PAF = 14.8%, 95% CI: 11.6–17.9); incarceration (PAF = 9.5%, 95% CI: 6.8–12.1); and lower social capital (PAF = 4.1%, 95% CI: 2.6–5.6). Most personal risk factors, particularly education and substance misuse, tuberculosis exposures (e.g. incarceration and homelessness), and undernutrition, exhibited a social gradient across quintiles of household poverty and were more prevalent in people living in poorer households (Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend P < 0.001 for variables showing these social gradients). Conclusions Interventions addressing multidimensional household poverty and interrelated personal risk factors could substantially reduce tuberculosis burden. Our results provide an evidence base for designing person-centred, equity-oriented interventions; and support more effective implementation of poverty reduction and social protection within the global tuberculosis response.

Macroeconomic determinants of child mortality in low and lower-middle-income nations

2025-06-20

Pasan Anjana Samarawickrama , G.W.J. Sriyantha Fernando , Rumali Bernadeen +2 more | International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy

Purpose Child mortality remains a major problem in the world, especially for children under five, as many deaths are reported each year. Disproportionately high death rates are seen in low- … Purpose Child mortality remains a major problem in the world, especially for children under five, as many deaths are reported each year. Disproportionately high death rates are seen in low- and lower-middle-income nations. This study seeks to examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on child mortality in low- and lower-middle-income countries to formulate policies for those income levels to achieve SDG 3.2 by 2030. Design/methodology/approach The study uses panel regression analysis to investigate the impact of macroeconomic factors including inflation, labor force participation female, Current healthcare expenditure and GDP per capita income on child mortality within the two income groups, covering 18 low-income and 41 lower-middle-income nations from the year 2000 to 2022. Findings The findings of the study indicated that in low-income countries women’s employment positively and significantly affects child mortality, while GDP per capita and current health expenditure negatively and significantly affect child mortality. In lower middle-income countries, inflation and GDP per capita negatively and significantly affect child mortality. This demonstrates the significance of economic stability, health investments and modifications in labor force participation female in mitigating child mortality in low and middle-income countries while offering critical insights for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to infant mortality reduction by 2030. Originality/value Although previous research has investigated child mortality, there is a lack of comprehensive research that has examined the combined impact of inflation, labor force participation rate female, current healthcare expenditure and GDP per capita in these countries. This study offers new empirical evidence regarding the influence of macroeconomic conditions on trends in child mortality by implementing a rigorous methodological approach.

Contaminación fecal en playas recreativas:

2025-06-20

Fernanda De León , Ángel M. Segura , Carla Kruk +1 more | INNOTEC

La creciente urbanización desordenada de la faja costera y la falta de tratamiento o saneamiento adecuados de las aguas residuales han producido un incremento de la carga de contaminantes fecales … La creciente urbanización desordenada de la faja costera y la falta de tratamiento o saneamiento adecuados de las aguas residuales han producido un incremento de la carga de contaminantes fecales en las aguas que derivan a las playas recreativas, poniendo en riesgo la salud de los/las usuarios/as. Los monitoreos de calidad de agua evalúan la abundancia de microorganismos de origen intestinal y las normativas que establecen los indicadores, los valores máximos permitidos (VMP) y la forma de muestreo varían entre países y regiones. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar insumos para la revisión de las normativas actuales de Uruguay y recomendaciones para la gestión de esta contaminación. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las normativas nacionales (histórica), regionales (11 países) e internacionales sobre contaminación fecal en playas recreativas (dulces y marinas). A nivel internacional, se utiliza una diversidad de indicadores para evaluar la calidad de playas, siendo la abundancia de enterococos y de Escherichia coli los más utilizados en el hemisferio norte, y los coliformes fecales, a nivel regional y nacional. La normativa uruguaya no ha sido actualizada desde hace más de 45 años, es la más antigua de las relevadas en el continente y una de las más permisivas con la contaminación fecal. En este sentido, se sugiere una actualización, manteniendo los indicadores actuales y sumando otros como la E. coli y los enterococos, y disminuyendo sus VMP para preservar la salud ecosistémica y proteger la salud de la población.

Relationship Intake Maternal Nutrition in 1000 Days of Life and Infant Nutritional Status at Age Two

2025-06-20

Sitti Hasrah Ibrahim , Andi Syarifah Irmadani | Advances in Healthcare Research

Purpose: This study aims to examine in depth the relationship between maternal nutrition intake during the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the nutritional status of children at two … Purpose: This study aims to examine in depth the relationship between maternal nutrition intake during the first 1000 days of life (HPK) and the nutritional status of children at two years of age. The primary focus of this study is to explore the association between adequate intake of essential nutrients such as protein, iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamin A during pregnancy and child growth indicators, including weight-for-age (WFA), height-for-age (HFA), and weight-for-height (WFA). Research Method: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a systematic literature review method. The review was conducted on various relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025, which addressed the biological, socioeconomic, and health intervention dimensions related to maternal nutrition and its impact on the nutritional status of two-year-old children. The analysis was conducted thematically by grouping the findings into six main discussion areas. Results and Discussion: The results show a strong association between maternal nutritional adequacy and child growth at the age of two years. Factors such as nutritional imbalance during pregnancy, maternal education level, local dietary culture, and the quality of maternal and child health services play important roles. Systematic and contextually appropriate nutrition intervention programs are urgently needed to optimize child growth outcomes. Implications: This study makes a significant contribution to the development of maternal and child health policies and can serve as a basis for planning community-based and cross-sectoral interventions aimed at preventing stunting.

Immunological factors influencing HIV acquisition in infants: A narrative review

2025-06-20

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu , Isaac Isiko , Getrude Uzoma Obeagu | Medicine

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in infants is a critical public health concern, particularly in regions with high maternal HIV prevalence. The susceptibility of infants to HIV is influenced by … Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in infants is a critical public health concern, particularly in regions with high maternal HIV prevalence. The susceptibility of infants to HIV is influenced by a complex interplay of immunological factors, including maternal antibodies, innate immune responses, and the development of adaptive immunity. This review aims to elucidate the various immunological components that contribute to the risk of HIV transmission in infants and highlights the importance of understanding these factors for developing effective prevention strategies. Maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to infants, protecting them from infections during the early months of life. However, the presence of these antibodies can also modulate the infant's immune responses, potentially affecting their susceptibility to HIV. The innate immune system, characterized by the activity of natural killer cells and other immune cells, serves as the first line of defense against HIV. The functionality of these cells in infants is often limited, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of innate immune responses and their role in HIV acquisition. The adaptive immune response, involving T and B cells, is crucial for controlling viral infections. The maturation and functionality of these immune cells in infants significantly influence their ability to respond to HIV exposure.

Profile of Perinatal Infections Among Abandoned Neonates Admitted in a Tertiary Hospital in Oman

2025-06-20

MahmoodDhahir Al-Mendalawi | Sultan Qaboos University medical journal

Taxonomic and Biochemical Analysis of Enterobacteria Isolates Isolated from Some Vegetables and Irrigation Water in Niamey, Niger

2025-06-20

Almou Abdoulaye Alio , Alio Sanda Abdel-Kader , Hamidou Seybou Djalifa +5 more | Asian Journal of Biology

Enterobacteriaceae is one of the most important bacterial families in human pathology. This family includes numerous species, most of which are normal hosts in the digestive tract of humans and … Enterobacteriaceae is one of the most important bacterial families in human pathology. This family includes numerous species, most of which are normal hosts in the digestive tract of humans and animals. The aim of this study was to characterize the taxonomy and diversity of enterobacteria contaminating vegetables in Niamey. A total of 124 vegetable samples and 29 irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed. Enterobacteria were enumerated in accordance with ISO 21528-1 and the biochemical characteristics were determined. The results showed a high abundance of enterobacteria in vegetables, around 5.58 Log10 CFU/g (onion). Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant in market samples than in field samples. Secondly, several species of enterobacteria were isolated, with sixty (60) isolates identified, divided between eighteen (18) species belonging to the enterobacteria family, including twenty (20) isolates of Salmonella, ten (10) isolates of Escherichia coli and seven (7) isolates of Serratia. Lettuce samples were more contaminated with Salmonella spp. (15.22%) and tomato with Enterobacter cloacae (4.35%). A certain biochemical similarity was observed between the different enterobacteria species identified. Whatever the type of vegetable considered, the enterobacteria loads obtained, it should be exceed the microbiological criteria for vegetables. As a result, the sanitary quality of these vegetables is low. It is therefore essential to make producers and retailers aware of the need to strictly adhere to good hygiene practices in order to produce healthy vegetables. To characterize the risk associated with consumption of this vegetable, it would be important to determine the profile and antibiotic resistance genes of these Enterobacteriaceae species.