Medicine › Oncology

Global Cancer Incidence and Screening

Works Count: 64681

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the global patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and survival, with an emphasis on epidemiological research, health disparities, and the impact of various screening and preventive services. It covers a wide range of topics including breast cancer screening, risk factors for cancer, and the effectiveness of different healthcare interventions.

Keywords

Cancer Incidence; Mortality Rates; Global Surveillance; Breast Cancer Screening; Epidemiological Research; Health Disparities; Cancer Survival; Risk Factors; Preventive Services; Population-Based Study

Cancer Incidence in Five Continents

1970-01-01

Richard Doll , C. S. Muir , John A. H. Waterhouse

Cancer statistics, 2011

2011-06-17

Rebecca L. Siegel , Elizabeth Ward , Otis W. Brawley +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,596,670 new cancer cases and 571,950 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2011. Overall cancer incidence rates were stable in men in the most recent time period after decreasing by 1.9% per year from 2001 to 2005; in women, incidence rates have been declining by 0.6% annually since 1998. Overall cancer death rates decreased in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women from 1998 through 2007, with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. African American and Hispanic men showed the largest annual decreases in cancer death rates during this time period (2.6% and 2.5%, respectively). Lung cancer death rates showed a significant decline in women after continuously increasing since the 1930s. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 898,000 deaths from cancer. However, this progress has not benefitted all segments of the population equally; cancer death rates for individuals with the least education are more than twice those of the most educated. The elimination of educational and racial disparities could potentially have avoided about 37% (60,370) of the premature cancer deaths among individuals aged 25 to 64 years in 2007 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.

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Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012

2014-09-13

Jacques Ferlay , Isabelle Soerjomataram , Rajesh Dikshit +6 more

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for … Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).

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Cancer Statistics, 2007

2007-01-01

Ahmedin Jemal , Rebecca L. Siegel , Elizabeth Ward +3 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent … Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 0.3% per year in women; and a 13.6% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

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Projecting Cancer Incidence and Deaths to 2030: The Unexpected Burden of Thyroid, Liver, and Pancreas Cancers in the United States

2014-05-20

Lola Rahib , Benjamin D. Smith , Rhonda Aizenberg +3 more

Cancer incidence and deaths in the United States were projected for the most common cancer types for the years 2020 and 2030 based on changing demographics and the average annual … Cancer incidence and deaths in the United States were projected for the most common cancer types for the years 2020 and 2030 based on changing demographics and the average annual percentage changes in incidence and death rates. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers will remain the top cancer diagnoses throughout this time, but thyroid cancer will replace colorectal cancer as the fourth leading cancer diagnosis by 2030, and melanoma and uterine cancer will become the fifth and sixth most common cancers, respectively. Lung cancer is projected to remain the top cancer killer throughout this time period. However, pancreas and liver cancers are projected to surpass breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers to become the second and third leading causes of cancer-related death by 2030, respectively. Advances in screening, prevention, and treatment can change cancer incidence and/or death rates, but it will require a concerted effort by the research and healthcare communities now to effect a substantial change for the future.

Cancer Statistics, 2005

2005-01-01

Ahmedin Jemal , Thomas S. Murray , Elizabeth Ward +5 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,372,910 new cancer cases and 570,280 deaths are expected in the United States in 2005. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for persons younger than 85 since 1999. When adjusted to delayed reporting, cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2001 but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2001 in women. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease from the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and from breast and colorectal cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women has leveled off after increasing for many decades. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 20% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000

2001-01-01

D. Maxwell Parkin , Freddie Bray , Jacques Ferlay +1 more

Describing the distribution of disease between different populations and over time has been a highly successful way of devising hypotheses about causation and for quantifying the potential for preventive activities.1 … Describing the distribution of disease between different populations and over time has been a highly successful way of devising hypotheses about causation and for quantifying the potential for preventive activities.1 Statistical data are also essential components of disease surveillance programs. These play a critical role in the development and implementation of health policy, through identification of health problems, decisions on priorities for preventive and curative programs and evaluation of outcomes of programs of prevention, early detection/screening and treatment in relation to resource inputs. Over the last 12 years, a series of estimates of the global burden of cancer have been published in the International Journal of Cancer.2-6 The methods have evolved and been refined, but basically they rely upon the best available data on cancer incidence and/or mortality at country level to build up the global picture. The results are more or less accurate for different countries, depending on the extent and accuracy of locally available data. This "data-based" approach is rather different from the modeling method used in other estimates.7-10 Essentially, these use sets of regression models, which predict cause-specific mortality rates of different populations from the corresponding all-cause mortality.11 The constants of the regression equations derive from datasets with different overall mortality rates (often including historic data from western countries). Cancer deaths are then subdivided into the different cancer types, according to the best available information on relative frequencies. GLOBOCAN 2000 updates the previously published data-based global estimates of incidence, mortality and prevalence to the year 2000.12 The data sources that have been used to build up the global estimates are as follows. Incidence, the number of new cases occurring, can be expressed as the annual number of cases (the volume of new patients presenting for treatment) or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year. Incidence data are produced by population-based cancer registries.13 Registries may cover national populations or, more often, certain regions. In developing countries in particular, coverage is often confined to the capital city and its environs. It was estimated that, in 1990, about 18% of the world population were covered by registries, 64% of developed countries and 5% of developing countries, although the situation is improving each year. The most recent volume of "Cancer Incidence in Five Continents" (CI5) contains comparable incidence information from 150 registries in 50 countries, primarily over the period 1988–1992.14 Survival statistics are also produced by cancer registries by the follow-up of registered cancer cases. Population-based figures are published by registries in many developed countries, for example, the SEER program covering 10% of the U.S. population15 and the EUROCARE II project, including 17 countries of Europe.16 Survival data from populations of China, the Philippines, Thailand, India and Cuba have been published by Sankaranarayanan et al.17 Mortality is the number of deaths occurring and the mortality rate the number of deaths per 100,000 persons per year. It is the product of incidence and fatality (the inverse of survival) of a given cancer. Mortality rates measure the average risk to the population of dying from a specific cancer, while fatality (1-survival) represents the probability that an individual with cancer will die from it. Mortality data are derived from vital registration systems, where the fact and "underlying" cause of death are certified, usually by a medical practitioner. Their great advantage is comprehensive coverage and availability. By 1990, about 42% of the world population was covered by vital registration systems producing mortality statistics on cancer. Not all are, however, of the same quality in all countries. National-level statistics are collated and made available by the World Health Organiztion (http://www-dep.iarc.fr/dataava/globocan/who.htm), although for some countries coverage of the population is manifestly incomplete (so that the so-called mortality rates produced are implausibly low) and in others, quality of cause of death information is poor. Frequency data, e.g., case series from hospitals and pathology laboratories, provide an indication of the relative importance of different cancers in a country or region in the absence of a population-based registry and mortality statistics. There are problems in extrapolating the results to the general population, since such series are subject to various forms of selection bias. Such data are generally published locally or in journal articles, although a few compendia are available.18, 19 Prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the disease at a given point in time.20 For many diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes), prevalence usefully describes the number of individuals requiring care. For cancer, however, many persons diagnosed in the past have been "cured"—they no longer have an excess risk of death (although some residual disability may be present, for example, following a resective operation). A straightforward comparison of need for cancer services can be made using partial prevalence, cases diagnosed within 1, 3 and 5 years, to indicate the numbers of persons undergoing initial treatment (cases within 1 year of diagnosis), clinical follow-up (within 3 years) or not considered "cured" (before 5 years). Patients alive 5 years after diagnosis are usually considered cured since, for most cancers, the death rates of such patients are similar to those in the general population. The methods used to produce the estimates are summarised in several recent articles.5, 6, 21, 22 The "Help" option of GLOBOCAN 2000 lists the sources of data and methods used for each country. National incidence data from good-quality cancer registries. National mortality data, with estimation of incidence using sets of regression models specific for site, sex and age, derived from local cancer registry data (incidence plus mortality). Local (regional) incidence data from 1 or more regional cancer registries within a country. When there are several cancer registries in the country, their incidence rates must be combined into a common set of values by some weighted average. Local mortality data from some sort of sample survey of deaths, converted to incidence using specific models. Frequency data. For several developing countries, only data on the relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex) are available. These are applied to an estimated "all sites" incidence rate, derived from existing cancer registry results, in 7 world regions (Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa, Middle East and Other Oceania). No data. The country-specific rates are those of the corresponding world area (calculated from the other countries for which estimates could be made). There are few large countries that fall into this category. Those with a population greater than 10 million were Morocco, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Madagascar and Yemen. National mortality rates, with for some countries a correction factor applied to account for known and quantified underreporting of deaths. Rates for missing sites were computed using proportions from mortality files provided by cancer registries. When no national mortality data are available, local (regional) mortality rates derived from the data of 1 or more cancer registries covering a part of a country (state, province, etc.) were used. When mortality data were unavailable or known to be of poor quality, mortality was estimated from incidence, using country/region-specific survival (see prevalence data). In the absence of any data, country-specific rates are calculated from the average of those of neighbouring countries in the same regions. Estimates of partial prevalence in each country were derived by combining the annual number of new cases and the corresponding probability of survival by time. For example, 1-year prevalence at a fixed point in mid-2000 was estimated from the number of new cases in 2000 multiplied by the probability of surviving at least 6 months, and 3-year prevalence sums the numbers alive at 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 years. Relative survival data were obtained from the sources cited above and converted to observed survival using "normal" mortality probability (derived from the corresponding life tables). The shape of the survival curve from 0 to 5 years postdiagnosis was assumed to follow a Weibull distribution.22 GLOBOCAN 2000 presents incidence, mortality and prevalence data for 5 broad age groups (0–14, 15–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65 and over) and sex for all countries of the world for 24 different types of cancer. Since cancer data are collected and compiled sometime after the events to which they relate, the most recent statistics available are from periods from 3–10 years earlier. The actual number of cancer cases, deaths and prevalent cases are calculated by applying these rates to the estimated world population for 2000, obtained from the most recent projections prepared by the United Nations Population Division.23 On the CD-ROM are computer programs to analyse and present the cancer database. The database itself may be downloaded from the Internet (http://www-dep.iarc.fr/globocan/globocan.htm). This site contains the most recently available estimates of the incidence and mortality rates in different countries worldwide. GLOBOCAN 2000 can present the statistics described at any level of geographical aggregation and in tabular or graphical format (maps, bar charts, age-specific curves and pie charts). Some examples of these graphical presentations are shown on the cover of this issue. Tabulations of numbers and rates may also be displayed and printed. Incorporation of population projections for 5-year intervals, from 2005 to 2050,23 allows GLOBOCAN 2000 to be used to prepare projections of future burden, assuming current rates of incidence and mortality, or incorporating age/sex-specific rates of change in the rates. Table I shows the most basic summary data of all—the global numbers of cases, deaths and prevalent cancers (within 5 years of diagnosis) by cancer site in males, females and both sexes. There are an estimated 10.1 million new cases, 6.2 million deaths and 22.4 million persons living with cancer in the year 2000. No attempt has been made to estimate incidence or mortality of nonmelanoma skin cancer because of the difficulties of measurement and consequent lack of data. The total "All Cancer" therefore excludes such tumours. The 2000 estimate represents an increase of around 22% in incidence and mortality since our most recent comprehensive estimates (for 1990). Lung cancer is the main cancer in the world today, whether considered in terms of numbers of cases (1.2 million) or deaths (1.1 million), because of the high case fatality (ratio of mortality:incidence = 0.9). However, breast cancer, although it is the second most common cancer overall (1.05 million new cases) ranks much less highly (5th) as a cause of death because of the relatively favourable prognosis (ratio of mortality:incidence = 0.4). Colon plus rectum is third in importance in terms of new cases (945,000 cases, 492,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (876,000 cases, 647,000 deaths) fourth. In terms of prevalence, the most common cancers are breast (3.9 million breast cancer cases), colorectal cancers (2.4 million) and prostate (1.6 million). The ratio between prevalence and incidence is an indicator of prognosis. This explains why breast cancer appears as the most prevalent cancer in the world, despite there being fewer new cases than for lung cancer, for which the outlook is considerably poorer. Table II shows incidence rates for all cancers (excluding skin) by world area and sex. Two indices are used, the age standardized rate per 100,000 (standardized to the world standard population) and the cumulative rate (percent), from birth to age 65. Both of these indicators allow comparisons between populations that are not influenced by differences in their age structures. Age standardized rates in developed countries are about twice those in developing countries; the differential is less for the cumulative rate, which ignores disease rates in the 65 and over age groups. On average, worldwide, there is about a 10% chance of getting a cancer before age 65. Incidence (and mortality) rates are highest in North America, Australia/New Zealand and Western Europe, and lowest in parts of Africa. This overall risk is, of course, dependent upon the contributions of different types of cancer. For example, in West Africa, incidence of almost all cancers is low (except for cervix cancer in women and liver cancer in men). This contrasts with Southern Africa, which has, in addition, high rates of lung and oesophagus cancer, and with East Africa, with high rates of AIDS-related tumours, notably Kaposi's sarcoma. The statistics used to assess the importance (burden) of cancer and of different types of cancer in the population either quantify the disease itself (the "need" for services) or the demand that it places upon them.24 Incidence rates provide a measure of the risk of developing specific cancers in different populations. Changes in incidence are the appropriate indicator of the impact of primary prevention strategies. Mortality rates are sometimes used as a convenient proxy measure of the risk of acquiring the disease (incidence) when comparing different groups, since they may be more generally available. However, this use assumes equal survival in the populations being compared, and this assumption may well be incorrect, for example, there are well-documented differences between countries. Mortality does provide an unambiguous measure of the outcome or impact of cancer and, used in conjunction with data on incidence, is the index of choice for the evaluation of the effects of early diagnosis or treatment. Prevalence, as the number of persons ever diagnosed with cancer (lifetime prevalence), does not have much apparent utility. The data can be derived from cancer registries that have very long-term registration of cases and complete follow-up for vital status over many years.25, 26 Population surveys are another approach, although they underestimate true prevalence.27 In the absence of complete data, an estimate can be prepared using models that incorporate longtime series of incidence and survival.28, 29 Other workers have attempted to define the proportion and timing of "cure" for different cancers, so that only patients not cured are considered prevalent.30 The data needed for such calculations are rarely available, however, and, for international comparisons, a simpler approach is needed. Partial prevalence, as estimated in GLOBOCAN, as well as approximating the numbers of patients under treatment or follow-up, does not require long time series of incidence or survival data (or a further set of assumptions required to estimate them). Compound indicators, which use information on the duration or severity of disease, have a genuine utility in setting priorities within health-care systems. They include person-years of life lost (how many years of normal life span are lost due to deaths from cancer)31 and disability or quality-adjusted life-years lost.32, 33 The latter measures require that a numerical score is given to the years lived with a reduced quality of life between diagnosis and death (where quality = 0) or cure (quality = 1). The problem with such indicators, however, is that there is simply insufficient quantitative information on quality or disability following a cancer diagnosis in different cultures (or countries) worldwide to permit calculation of valid comparative statistics. The GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence, mortality and (5-year) prevalence help to define priorities for cancer control program (prevention and treatment, aided by early detection, if appropriate). For countries with well-established sources of data, changes in the estimates over time indicate progress against cancer. Incidence trends can monitor the success of prevention and the success of treatment (resulting from earlier diagnosis or more effective therapies). In addition, the geographic patterns of cancer internationally serve one of the classic roles of descriptive epidemiology: observing whether the distribution of specific cancers follows the patterns expected from the distribution of known risk factors between populations or whether there are apparent anomalies that merit further investigation. GLOBOCAN 2000 incorporates the best currently available national statistics, but as information systems extend to all countries of the world and improve their coverage and accuracy, we expect that our knowledge of the world cancer burden will improve and so too will our ability to mount effective strategies against it.

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Global Cancer Statistics, 2002

2005-03-01

Donald Maxwell Parkin , Freddie Bray , Jacques Ferlay +1 more

Estimates of the worldwide incidence, mortality and prevalence of 26 cancers in the year 2002 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. … Estimates of the worldwide incidence, mortality and prevalence of 26 cancers in the year 2002 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The results are presented here in summary form, including the geographic variation between 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 10.9 million new cases, 6.7 million deaths, and 24.6 million persons alive with cancer (within three years of diagnosis). The most commonly diagnosed cancers are lung (1.35 million), breast (1.15 million), and colorectal (1 million); the most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.18 million deaths), stomach cancer (700,000 deaths), and liver cancer (598,000 deaths). The most prevalent cancer in the world is breast cancer (4.4 million survivors up to 5 years following diagnosis). There are striking variations in the risk of different cancers by geographic area. Most of the international variation is due to exposure to known or suspected risk factors related to lifestyle or environment, and provides a clear challenge to prevention.

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Cancer Statistics, 2008

2008-01-28

Ahmedin Jemal , Rebecca L. Siegel , Elizabeth Ward +4 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,437,180 new cancer cases and 565,650 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality include stabilization of incidence rates for all cancer sites combined in men from 1995 through 2004 and in women from 1999 through 2004 and a continued decrease in the cancer death rate since 1990 in men and since 1991 in women. Overall cancer death rates in 2004 compared with 1990 in men and 1991 in women decreased by 18.4% and 10.5%, respectively, resulting in the avoidance of over a half million deaths from cancer during this time interval. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, education, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. Although much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates, stabilizing incidence rates, and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

Cancer Statistics, 2004

2004-01-01

Ahmedin Jemal , Ram C. Tiwari , Thomas S. Murray +5 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and mortality rates are age standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,368,030 new cancer cases and 563,700 deaths are expected in the United States in 2004. Incidence rates stabilized among men from 1995 through 2000 but continued to increase among females by 0.4% per year from 1987 through 2000. Mortality rates have decreased by 1.5% per year since 1992 among men, but have stabilized from 1998 through 2000 among women. Cancer death rates continued to decrease from the three major cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and from female breast and colorectal cancers in women. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African-American men and women have 40% and 20% higher death rates from all cancers combined compared with White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and mortality rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than do Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge into practice among all segments of the population.

Cancer Statistics, 2009

2009-05-27

Ahmedin Jemal , Rebecca L. Siegel , Elizabeth Ward +3 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are standardized by age to the 2000 United States standard million population. A total of 1,479,350 new cancer cases and 562,340 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2009. Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both men (1.8% per year from 2001 to 2005) and women (0.6% per year from 1998 to 2005), largely because of decreases in the three major cancer sites in men (lung, prostate, and colon and rectum [colorectum]) and in two major cancer sites in women (breast and colorectum). Overall cancer death rates decreased in men by 19.2% between 1990 and 2005, with decreases in lung (37%), prostate (24%), and colorectal (17%) cancer rates accounting for nearly 80% of the total decrease. Among women, overall cancer death rates between 1991 and 2005 decreased by 11.4%, with decreases in breast (37%) and colorectal (24%) cancer rates accounting for 60% of the total decrease. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates has resulted in the avoidance of about 650,000 deaths from cancer over the 15-year period. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, education, geographic area, and calendar year. Although progress has been made in reducing incidence and mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons younger than 85 years of age. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population and by supporting new discoveries in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment.

Global cancer statistics

2011-02-04

Ahmedin Jemal , Freddie Bray , Melissa M. Center +3 more

Statistics are given for global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality for males and females in 23 regions of the world. Statistics are given for global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality for males and females in 23 regions of the world.

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Cancer Statistics, 2003

2003-01-01

Ahmedin Jemal , Thomas S. Murray , Alicia Samuels +3 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year, and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year, and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by using incidence data from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Incidence and death rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. In the year 2003, we estimate that 1,334,100 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed, and 556,500 people will die from cancer in the United States. Age-adjusted cancer death rates declined in both males and females in the 1990s, though the magnitude of decline is substantially higher in males than in females. In contrast, incidence rates continued to increase in females while stabilizing in males. African-American males showed the largest decline for mortality. However, African Americans still carry the highest burden of cancer with diagnosis of cancer at a later stage and poorer survival within each stage compared with Whites. In spite of the continued decline in cancer death rates in the most recent time period, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population.

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Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995–2009: analysis of individual data for 25 676 887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

2014-11-26

Claudia Allemani , Hannah K. Weir , Helena Carreira +7 more

Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of … Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control.

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Cancer statistics, 2000

2000-01-01

Robert T. Greenlee , Thomas S. Murray , S. Bolden +1 more

The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its annual compilation of estimated cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United … The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its annual compilation of estimated cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United States in the year 2000. After 70 years of increases, the recorded number of total cancer deaths among men in the US declined for the first time from 1996 to 1997. This decrease in overall male mortality is the result of recent down-turns in lung and bronchus cancer deaths, prostate cancer deaths, and colon and rectum cancer deaths. Despite decreasing numbers of deaths from female breast cancer and colon and rectum cancer, mortality associated with lung and bronchus cancer among women continues to increase. Lung cancer is expected to account for 25% of all female cancer deaths in 2000. This report also includes a summary of global cancer mortality rates using data from the World Health Organization.

Global Patterns of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends

2010-08-01

Ahmedin Jemal , Melissa M. Center , Carol DeSantis +1 more

Abstract While incidence and mortality rates for most cancers (including lung, colorectum, female breast, and prostate) are decreasing in the United States and many other western countries, they are increasing … Abstract While incidence and mortality rates for most cancers (including lung, colorectum, female breast, and prostate) are decreasing in the United States and many other western countries, they are increasing in several less developed and economically transitioning countries because of adoption of unhealthy western lifestyles such as smoking and physical inactivity and consumption of calorie-dense food. Indeed, the rates for lung and colon cancers in a few of these countries have already surpassed those in the United States and other western countries. Most developing countries also continue to be disproportionately affected by cancers related to infectious agents, such as cervix, liver, and stomach cancers. The proportion of new cancer cases diagnosed in less developed countries is projected to increase from about 56% of the world total in 2008 to more than 60% in 2030 because of the increasing trends in cancer rates and expected increases in life expectancy and growth of the population. In this review, we describe these changing global incidence and mortality patterns for select common cancers and the opportunities for cancer prevention in developing countries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(8); 1893–907. ©2010 AACR.

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Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Across Five Continents: Defining Priorities to Reduce Cancer Disparities in Different Geographic Regions of the World

2006-05-09

Farin Kamangar , Graça M. Dores , William F. Anderson

Efforts to reduce global cancer disparities begin with an understanding of geographic patterns in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence. Using the GLOBOCAN (2002) and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents databases, … Efforts to reduce global cancer disparities begin with an understanding of geographic patterns in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence. Using the GLOBOCAN (2002) and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents databases, we describe overall cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence, age-adjusted temporal trends, and age-specific incidence patterns in selected geographic regions of the world. For the eight most common malignancies-cancers of lung, breast, colon and rectum, stomach, prostate, liver, cervix, and esophagus-the most important risk factors, cancer prevention and control measures are briefly reviewed. In 2002, an estimated 11 million new cancer cases and 7 million cancer deaths were reported worldwide; nearly 25 million persons were living with cancer. Among the eight most common cancers, global disparities in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence are evident, likely due to complex interactions of nonmodifiable (ie, genetic susceptibility and aging) and modifiable risk factors (ie, tobacco, infectious agents, diet, and physical activity). Indeed, when risk factors among populations are intertwined with differences in individual behaviors, cultural beliefs and practices, socioeconomic conditions, and health care systems, global cancer disparities are inevitable. For the eight most common cancers, priorities for reducing cancer disparities are discussed.

Cancer statistics, 1999

1999-01-01

Sarah Landis , Thomas S. Murray , S. Bolden +1 more

Cancer is an important public health concern in the United States and around the world. To provide an up-to-date perspective on the occurrence of cancer, the American Cancer Society presents … Cancer is an important public health concern in the United States and around the world. To provide an up-to-date perspective on the occurrence of cancer, the American Cancer Society presents an overview of cancer frequency, incidence, mortality, and survival statistics for 1999. Because the United States does not have a nationwide cancer registry, exactly how many new cases of cancer are diagnosed in the total United States and individual states each year is not known. Consequently, we estimated the number of new cancer cases occurring annually in the United States from 1979 through 1995 using population data reported by the US Bureau of the Census and age-specific cancer incidence rates collected by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program.1 We fitted these annual cancer case estimates to an autoregressive quadratic model to forecast the number of cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in the total United States in 1999. This method has been described in detail elsewhere.2 Between 1987 and 1992, the incidence rate of prostate cancer increased 85%, followed by a decline of 28% between 1992 and 1995.3 The sharp increase in incidence followed by the decline in recent years probably reflects extensive use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in a previously unscreened population and the subsequent increase in diagnoses at an early stage.4 We assumed that the number of prostate cancer cases would approach the pattern of rates in effect before widespread use of PSA screening, and we estimated new cases of prostate cancer for 1999 using a linear projection based on data from 1979 to 1989. Because cancer incidence rates and case counts for 1979 through 1995 were not available for many states, we could not use the methods mentioned earlier to estimate new cases for individual states. To derive these estimates, we assumed that the ratio of cancer deaths to cancer cases for each state was the same as the ratio for the United States. This method has been described in detail elsewhere.2 We estimated the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States in 1999 using underlying cause of death data from death certificates as reported to the National Center for Health Statistics.5 The numbers of cancer deaths occurring annually from 1979 to 1995 were fitted to an autoregressive quadratic model to forecast the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the total United States in 1999. The estimated number of cancer deaths for each state was calculated with the same modeling procedure used for the total United States. These methods have been described in detail elsewhere.2 Mortality statistics for the leading causes of death and the leading causes of cancer death and cancer mortality rates for 1930 to 1995 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics.5 Incidence rates, the probability of developing cancer, and 5-year relative survival rates were obtained from SEER.3, 6 In 1999, we estimate that about 1,221,800 new cases of invasive cancer will be diagnosed in the United States (Table 1). This estimate does not include carcinoma in situ of any site except the urinary bladder, and it does not include basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. Approximately 1 million cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers, 39,900 cases of breast carcinoma in situ, and 23,200 cases of melanoma carcinoma in situ are expected to be newly diagnosed in 1999. Among men, the most common cancers in 1999 are expected to be cancers of the prostate, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum (Fig. 1). Prostate is the leading site for cancer incidence, accounting for 29% of new cancer cases in men. This year, 179,300 new cases of prostate cancer are expected to be diagnosed. Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the breast, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum (Fig. 1). Cancers occurring at these sites are expected to account for more than 50% of new cancer cases in women. Breast cancer alone is expected to account for 175,000 new cancer cases (29%) in 1999. For all sites combined, cancer incidence rates declined an average of −0.7% per year from 1990 to 1995, in contrast to increasing trends in earlier years.7 Similar recent declines are seen among many leading cancer sites (Figs. 3 and 4). Breast cancer incidence rates have been approximately level during the 1990s; however, they appear to be decreasing in younger women. Decreases in colon and rectum cancer incidence began in the mid-1980s, and today these rates continue to decline significantly, on averase −2.3% per year.7 A downturn in the incidence of lung and bronchus cancer in males began in the late 1980s, and during 1990 to 1995, incidence rates decreased significantly, −2.3% per year. Rates of incidence of lung and bronchus cancer among females are stabilizing. During 1990 to 1995, prostate cancer incidence rates declined significantly, on average-1.0% per year. In 1999, an estimated 563,100 Americans are expected to die of cancer—more than 1,500 people a day (Table 2). Although most 1999 cancer deaths in men (54%) are expected to be from cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate, and colon and rectum (Fig. 2), the number of deaths from these three sites appears to be leveling off and may be beginning to decline. Among women, cancers of the lung and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum are expected to account for more than half of all cancer deaths in 1999 (Fig. 2). In 1987, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women and is expected to account for 25% of all cancer deaths in females in 1999. Breast and colon and rectum cancers will account for 16% and 11% of cancer deaths in females, respectively. After significant increases over the past 70 years, cancer mortality rates for all cancers combined began to decline in the 1990s (Figs. 5 and 6-8).7 Significant decreases have been seen among males and females, persons younger than 65 years of age, and among whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. Breast cancer mortality rates in females decreased an average of −1.7% per year during 1990 to 1995; decreases were more pronounced among white women and among younger women. During 1990 to 1995, mortality from cancers of the colon and rectum decreased significantly, on average −1.5% per year.7 Similar to what was seen with trends in incidence, significant decreases in mortality from lung and bronchus cancer have occurred only among males (on average −1.6% per year during 1990 to 1995); rates among females recently have begun to slow and appear to be stabilizing. Prostate cancer mortality decreased an average of −1.1% per year during 1990 to 1995.7 Overall rates of cancer incidence vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups (Table 10). African Americans have the highest incidence rates of cancer; they are 60% more likely to develop cancer than are Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders and more than two times more likely to develop cancer than are American Indians. During 1990 to 1995, incidence rates decreased about −1.0% per year among whites and Hispanics, remained relatively stable among African Americans and Asian/Pacific Islanders, and appear to be increasing slightly among American Indians.3 White women are more likely to develop breast cancer than are women of other racial and ethnic groups, and African-American women are more likely to develop cancers of the colon and rectum.3 African-American men have the highest incidence rates of colon and rectum, lung and bronchus, and prostate cancers; they are at least 50% more likely to develop prostate cancer than are men of other racial and ethnic groups. African Americans are about 34% more likely to die of cancer than are whites and more than two times more likely to die of cancer than are Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Hispanics. During 1990 to 1995, mortality rates decreased significantly among African Americans (-0.8% per year), Hispanics (-0.6% per year), and whites (-0.4% per year); remained stable among Asian/Pacific Islanders; and appear to be increasing slightly among American Indians.3 African-American women are more likely to die of breast and colon and rectum cancers than are women of any other racial and ethnic group, and they have approximately the same lung and bronchus cancer mortality rate as white women. Similar to the pattern seen with incidence rates, African-American men have the highest mortality rates of colon and rectum, lung and bronchus, and prostate cancer.3 Cancer is the second leading cause of death among children aged 1 to 14 years in the United States. Accidents are the most frequent cause of death (Table 12). The most common cancers found in children are leukemias (in particular, acute lymphocytic leukemia), brain and other nervous system cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue cancers.3 Over the past 20 years, significant improvements have occurred in the 5-year relative survival rate for many childhood cancers. Between 1974–1976 and 1989–1994, survival rates improved by at least 20% for acute lymphocytic and myeloid leukemias, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, soft tissue cancer, and Wilms' tumor (Table 13). Our estimated numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted with caution when used to study trends in cancer incidence and mortality. These estimates may vary considerably from year to year, particularly for rare cancers and for states with smaller populations. We therefore discourage the use of these estimates to track year-to-year changes in cancer occurrence and death. National Center for Health Statistics mortality rates and SEER cancer incidence rates are generally more informative statistics to use for tracking cancer trends. For example, breast cancer incidence rates increased about 1% per year between 1979 and 1982, increased 4% per year between 1982 and 1987, and were approximately constant between 1987 and 1995. Despite the stabilization of rates during the latter period, the estimates of new breast cancer cases increased between 1988 and 1996. Our estimates are based on the most currently available cancer incidence and mortality data; however, these data are 4 years old at the time that the estimates are calculated. As such, the effects of large changes occurring in the 4-year interval between 1995 and 1999 cannot be captured by our modeling efforts. Finally, our estimates of new cancer cases are based on incidence rates for the geographic locations that participate in the SEER program and, therefore, may not be representative of the total United States. Despite these limitations, our estimates do provide an indication of current patterns of cancer in the United States. Such estimates will assist our continuing efforts to reduce the burden of cancer in the United States as the 21st century approaches. Estimated New Cancer Cases* 10 Leading Sites by Sex, United States, 1999 Estimated Cancer Deaths* 10 Leading Sites by Sex, United States, 1999 Age-Adjusted Cancer Incidence Rates* for Females by Site, United States, 1973-1995 Age-Adjusted Cancer Incidence Rates for Males by Site, United States, 1973–1995 Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates* for Females by Site, United States, 1930-1995 Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates* for Males by Site, United States, 1930–1995 Percent Distribution of Cancer Cases by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, United States, 1989–1994 Five-Year Relative Survival Rates by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, United States, 1989–1994

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Cancer Statistics, 2010

2010-07-07

Ahmedin Jemal , Rebecca L. Siegel , Jiaquan Xu +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data regarding cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,529,560 new cancer cases and 569,490 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2010. Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both men (1.3% per year from 2000 to 2006) and women (0.5% per year from 1998 to 2006), largely due to decreases in the 3 major cancer sites in men (lung, prostate, and colon and rectum [colorectum]) and 2 major cancer sites in women (breast and colorectum). This decrease occurred in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. Among men, death rates for all races combined decreased by 21.0% between 1990 and 2006, with decreases in lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer rates accounting for nearly 80% of the total decrease. Among women, overall cancer death rates between 1991 and 2006 decreased by 12.3%, with decreases in breast and colorectal cancer rates accounting for 60% of the total decrease. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates translates to the avoidance of approximately 767,000 deaths from cancer over the 16-year period. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year. Although progress has been made in reducing incidence and mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons younger than 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population and by supporting new discoveries in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60:277-300. © 2010 American Cancer Society, Inc.

Race, Breast Cancer Subtypes, and Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study

2006-06-06

Lisa A. Carey , Charles M. Perou , Chad Livasy +7 more

A HETEROGeneous disease composed of a growing number of recognized biological subtypes.The prognostic and etiologic importance of this diversity is complicated by many factors, including the observation that differences in … A HETEROGeneous disease composed of a growing number of recognized biological subtypes.The prognostic and etiologic importance of this diversity is complicated by many factors, including the observation that differences in clinical outcomes often correlate with race.Age-adjusted mortality in the United States from breast cancer in white women is 28.3 deaths per 100 000 compared with 36.4 deaths per 100 000 in African American women. 1 This disparity is particularly pronounced among women younger than 50 years, in whom mortality is 77% higher among African American women compared with white women (11.0 vs 6.3 deaths per 100 000).Breast cancer in African American women has been characterized by higher grade, 2,3 later

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Cancer statistics, 2013

2013-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Deepa Naishadham , Ahmedin Jemal

Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent … Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2005‐2009), delay‐adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.5% per year in women. Overall, cancer death rates have declined 20% from their peak in 1991 (215.1 per 100,000 population) to 2009 (173.1 per 100,000 population). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate). Over the past 10 years of data (2000‐2009), the largest annual declines in death rates were for chronic myeloid leukemia (8.4%), cancers of the stomach (3.1%) and colorectum (3.0%), and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (3.0%). The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of approximately 1.18 million deaths from cancer, with 152,900 of these deaths averted in 2009 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other underserved populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;. © 2013 American Cancer Society.

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Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006

2007-02-07

Jacques Ferlay , Philippe Autier , Mathieu Boniol +3 more

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Projecting Individualized Probabilities of Developing Breast Cancer for White Females Who Are Being Examined Annually

1989-12-20

M. H. Gail , Louise A. Brinton , David P. Byar +4 more

To assist in medical counseling, we present a method to estimate the chance that a woman with given age and risk factors will develop breast cancer over a specified interval. … To assist in medical counseling, we present a method to estimate the chance that a woman with given age and risk factors will develop breast cancer over a specified interval. The risk factors used were age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of previous biopsies, and number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer. A model of relative risks for various combinations of these factors was developed from case-control data from the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). The model allowed for the fact that relative risks associated with previous breast biopsies were smaller for women aged 50 or more than for younger women. Thus, the proportional hazards models for those under age 50 and for those of age 50 or more. The baseline age-specific hazard rate, which is the rate for a patient without identified risk factors, is computed as the product of the observed age-specific composite hazard rate times the quantity 1 minus the attributable risk. We calculated individualized breast cancer probabilities from information on relative risks and the baseline hazard rate. These calculations take competing risks and the interval of risk into account. Our data were derived from women who participated in the BCDDP and who tended to return for periodic examinations. For this reason, the risk projections given are probably most reliable for counseling women who plan to be examined about once a year.

Cancer statistics, 2012

2012-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Deepa Naishadham , Ahmedin Jemal

Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent … Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,638,910 new cancer cases and 577,190 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2012. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2004‐2008), overall cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.6% per year in women. Over the past 10 years of available data (1999‐2008), cancer death rates have declined by more than 1% per year in men and women of every racial/ethnic group with the exception of American Indians/Alaska Natives, among whom rates have remained stable. The most rapid declines in death rates occurred among African American and Hispanic men (2.4% and 2.3% per year, respectively). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate), with lung cancer accounting for almost 40% of the total decline in men and breast cancer accounting for 34% of the total decline in women. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 1,024,400 deaths from cancer. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.

Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012

2013-02-26

Jacques Ferlay , Eva Steliarova‐Foucher , Joannie Lortet‐Tieulent +5 more

IntroductionCancer incidence and mortality estimates for 25 cancers are presented for the 40 countries in the four United Nations-defined areas of Europe and for the European Union (EU-27) for 2012.MethodsWe … IntroductionCancer incidence and mortality estimates for 25 cancers are presented for the 40 countries in the four United Nations-defined areas of Europe and for the European Union (EU-27) for 2012.MethodsWe used statistical models to estimate national incidence and mortality rates in 2012 from recently-published data, predicting incidence and mortality rates for the year 2012 from recent trends, wherever possible. The estimated rates in 2012 were applied to the corresponding population estimates to obtain the estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in Europe in 2012.ResultsThere were an estimated 3.45 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.75 million deaths from cancer in Europe in 2012. The most common cancer sites were cancers of the female breast (464,000 cases), followed by colorectal (447,000), prostate (417,000) and lung (410,000). These four cancers represent half of the overall burden of cancer in Europe. The most common causes of death from cancer were cancers of the lung (353,000 deaths), colorectal (215,000), breast (131,000) and stomach (107,000). In the European Union, the estimated numbers of new cases of cancer were approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females, and around 707,000 men and 555,000 women died from cancer in the same year.ConclusionThese up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Europe alongside the description of the varying distribution of common cancers at both the regional and country level provide a basis for establishing priorities to cancer control actions in Europe. The important role of cancer registries in disease surveillance and in planning and evaluating national cancer plans is becoming increasingly recognised, but needs to be further advocated. The estimates and software tools for further analysis (EUCAN 2012) are available online as part of the European Cancer Observatory (ECO) (http://eco.iarc.fr).

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Cancer statistics, 2014

2014-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Jiemin Ma , Zhaohui Zou +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2006-2010), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate (deaths per 100,000 population) has been continuously declining for 2 decades, from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.

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Cancer statistics, 2015

2015-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Ahmedin Jemal

Abstract Each year the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the … Abstract Each year the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2015. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2007‐2011), delay‐adjusted cancer incidence rates (13 oldest SEER registries) declined by 1.8% per year in men and were stable in women, while cancer death rates nationwide decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The overall cancer death rate decreased from 215.1 (per 100,000 population) in 1991 to 168.7 in 2011, a total relative decline of 22%. However, the magnitude of the decline varied by state, and was generally lowest in the South (∼15%) and highest in the Northeast (≥20%). For example, there were declines of 25% to 30% in Maryland, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York, and Delaware, which collectively averted 29,000 cancer deaths in 2011 as a result of this progress. Further gains can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:5–29. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends—An Update

2015-12-15

Lindsey A. Torre , Rebecca L. Siegel , Elizabeth Ward +1 more

There are limited published data on recent cancer incidence and mortality trends worldwide. We used the International Agency for Research on Cancer's CANCERMondial clearinghouse to present age-standardized cancer incidence and … There are limited published data on recent cancer incidence and mortality trends worldwide. We used the International Agency for Research on Cancer's CANCERMondial clearinghouse to present age-standardized cancer incidence and death rates for 2003-2007. We also present trends in incidence through 2007 and mortality through 2012 for select countries from five continents. High-income countries (HIC) continue to have the highest incidence rates for all sites, as well as for lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer, although some low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) now count among those with the highest rates. Mortality rates from these cancers are declining in many HICs while they are increasing in LMICs. LMICs have the highest rates of stomach, liver, esophageal, and cervical cancer. Although rates remain high in HICs, they are plateauing or decreasing for the most common cancers due to decreases in known risk factors, screening and early detection, and improved treatment (mortality only). In contrast, rates in several LMICs are increasing for these cancers due to increases in smoking, excess body weight, and physical inactivity. LMICs also have a disproportionate burden of infection-related cancers. Applied cancer control measures are needed to reduce rates in HICs and arrest the growing burden in LMICs.

Cancer statistics, 2016

2016-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Ahmedin Jemal

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009‐2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth‐19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;7–30. © 2015 American Cancer Society.

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Cancer statistics in China, 2015

2016-01-25

Wanqing Chen , Rongshou Zheng , Peter D. Baade +6 more

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national … With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high‐quality data from an additional number of population‐based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population‐based cancer registries (2009‐2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000‐2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age‐standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (−1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (−1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:115–132. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

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Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012

2016-01-01

M. Stimpfel , Irma Virant‐Klun

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015

2016-12-05

Christina Fitzmaurice , Christine A. Allen , Ryan M Barber +7 more

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning.

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Cancer statistics, 2017

2017-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Ahmedin Jemal

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2017, 1,688,780 new cancer cases and 600,920 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. For all sites combined, the cancer incidence rate is 20% higher in men than in women, while the cancer death rate is 40% higher. However, sex disparities vary by cancer type. For example, thyroid cancer incidence rates are 3-fold higher in women than in men (21 vs 7 per 100,000 population), despite equivalent death rates (0.5 per 100,000 population), largely reflecting sex differences in the "epidemic of diagnosis." Over the past decade of available data, the overall cancer incidence rate (2004-2013) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2005-2014) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. From 1991 to 2014, the overall cancer death rate dropped 25%, translating to approximately 2,143,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the cancer death rate was 15% higher in blacks than in whites in 2014, increasing access to care as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act may expedite the narrowing racial gap; from 2010 to 2015, the proportion of blacks who were uninsured halved, from 21% to 11%, as it did for Hispanics (31% to 16%). Gains in coverage for traditionally underserved Americans will facilitate the broader application of existing cancer control knowledge across every segment of the population. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:7-30. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

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Cancer statistics, 2018

2018-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Ahmedin Jemal

Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on … Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2014, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2015, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2005‐2014) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2006‐2015) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. The combined cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2015 by a total of 26%, translating to approximately 2,378,600 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Of the 10 leading causes of death, only cancer declined from 2014 to 2015. In 2015, the cancer death rate was 14% higher in non‐Hispanic blacks (NHBs) than non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs) overall (death rate ratio [DRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13‐1.15), but the racial disparity was much larger for individuals aged <65 years (DRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.29‐1.32) compared with those aged ≥65 years (DRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.09) and varied substantially by state. For example, the cancer death rate was lower in NHBs than NHWs in Massachusetts for all ages and in New York for individuals aged ≥65 years, whereas for those aged <65 years, it was 3 times higher in NHBs in the District of Columbia (DRR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.16‐3.91) and about 50% higher in Wisconsin (DRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.56‐2.02), Kansas (DRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25‐1.81), Louisiana (DRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.38‐1.60), Illinois (DRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.39‐1.57), and California (DRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.38‐1.54). Larger racial inequalities in young and middle‐aged adults probably partly reflect less access to high‐quality health care. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:7‐30 . © 2018 American Cancer Society .

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Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries

2018-01-31

Claudia Allemani , Tomohiro Matsuda , V Di Carlo +7 more

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Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

2018-09-12

Freddie Bray , Jacques Ferlay , Isabelle Soerjomataram +3 more

Abstract This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for … Abstract This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high‐quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence‐based cancer control programs, are not available in most low‐ and middle‐income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1‐31. © 2018 American Cancer Society

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Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods

2018-10-23

Jacques Ferlay , Murielle Colombet , Isabelle Soerjomataram +5 more

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 36 cancers and for all cancers combined for the year 2018 are now available in the GLOBOCAN 2018 database, compiled and disseminated … Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 36 cancers and for all cancers combined for the year 2018 are now available in the GLOBOCAN 2018 database, compiled and disseminated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This paper reviews the sources and methods used in compiling the cancer statistics in 185 countries. The validity of the national estimates depends upon the representativeness of the source information, and to take into account possible sources of bias, uncertainty intervals are now provided for the estimated sex- and site-specific all-ages number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths. We briefly describe the key results globally and by world region. There were an estimated 18.1 million (95% UI: 17.5-18.7 million) new cases of cancer (17 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million (95% UI: 9.3-9.8 million) deaths from cancer (9.5 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2018.

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Cancer statistics, 2019

2019-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Ahmedin Jemal

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.

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Breast cancer statistics, 2019

2019-10-02

Carol DeSantis , Jiemin Ma , Mia M. Gaudet +5 more

Abstract This article is the American Cancer Society’s biennial update on female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including data on incidence, mortality, survival, and screening. Over the most … Abstract This article is the American Cancer Society’s biennial update on female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including data on incidence, mortality, survival, and screening. Over the most recent 5‐year period (2012‐2016), the breast cancer incidence rate increased slightly by 0.3% per year, largely because of rising rates of local stage and hormone receptor‐positive disease. In contrast, the breast cancer death rate continues to decline, dropping 40% from 1989 to 2017 and translating to 375,900 breast cancer deaths averted. Notably, the pace of the decline has slowed from an annual decrease of 1.9% during 1998 through 2011 to 1.3% during 2011 through 2017, largely driven by the trend in white women. Consequently, the black–white disparity in breast cancer mortality has remained stable since 2011 after widening over the past 3 decades. Nevertheless, the death rate remains 40% higher in blacks (28.4 vs 20.3 deaths per 100,000) despite a lower incidence rate (126.7 vs 130.8); this disparity is magnified among black women aged <50 years, who have a death rate double that of whites. In the most recent 5‐year period (2013‐2017), the death rate declined in Hispanics (2.1% per year), blacks (1.5%), whites (1.0%), and Asians/Pacific Islanders (0.8%) but was stable in American Indians/Alaska Natives. However, by state, breast cancer mortality rates are no longer declining in Nebraska overall; in Colorado and Wisconsin in black women; and in Nebraska, Texas, and Virginia in white women. Breast cancer was the leading cause of cancer death in women (surpassing lung cancer) in four Southern and two Midwestern states among blacks and in Utah among whites during 2016‐2017. Declines in breast cancer mortality could be accelerated by expanding access to high‐quality prevention, early detection, and treatment services to all women.

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Cancer Statistics, 2021

2021-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Hannah E. Fuchs +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long-term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one-half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%-2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2-year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers.

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Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

2021-02-04

Hyuna Sung , Jacques Ferlay , Rebecca L. Siegel +4 more

Abstract This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. … Abstract This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2‐fold to 3‐fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2‐fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

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Cancer Incidence in Five Continents

1966-01-01

Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview

2021-04-05

Jacques Ferlay , Murielle Colombet , Isabelle Soerjomataram +4 more

Our study briefly reviews the data sources and methods used in compiling the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN cancer statistics for the year 2020 and summarises the … Our study briefly reviews the data sources and methods used in compiling the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN cancer statistics for the year 2020 and summarises the main results. National estimates were calculated based on the best available data on cancer incidence from population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and mortality from the World Health Organization mortality database. Cancer incidence and mortality rates for 2020 by sex and age groups were estimated for 38 cancer sites and 185 countries or territories worldwide. There were an estimated 19.3 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 19.0-19.6 million) new cases of cancer (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million (95% UI: 9.7-10.2 million) deaths from cancer (9.9 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2020. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were female breast cancer (2.26 million cases), lung (2.21) and prostate cancers (1.41); the most common causes of cancer death were lung (1.79 million deaths), liver (830000) and stomach cancers (769000).

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Cancer statistics, 2022

2022-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Hannah E. Fuchs +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes. Incidence data (through 2018) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2019) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2022, 1,918,030 new cancer cases and 609,360 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States, including approximately 350 deaths per day from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Incidence during 2014 through 2018 continued a slow increase for female breast cancer (by 0.5% annually) and remained stable for prostate cancer, despite a 4% to 6% annual increase for advanced disease since 2011. Consequently, the proportion of prostate cancer diagnosed at a distant stage increased from 3.9% to 8.2% over the past decade. In contrast, lung cancer incidence continued to decline steeply for advanced disease while rates for localized-stage increased suddenly by 4.5% annually, contributing to gains both in the proportion of localized-stage diagnoses (from 17% in 2004 to 28% in 2018) and 3-year relative survival (from 21% to 31%). Mortality patterns reflect incidence trends, with declines accelerating for lung cancer, slowing for breast cancer, and stabilizing for prostate cancer. In summary, progress has stagnated for breast and prostate cancers but strengthened for lung cancer, coinciding with changes in medical practice related to cancer screening and/or treatment. More targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment would facilitate reductions in cancer mortality.

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Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants

2022-02-09

Changfa Xia , Xuesi Dong , Li He +7 more

Abstract Background: The cancer burden in the United States of America (USA) has decreased gradually. However, China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles, with greater incidence of cancers … Abstract Background: The cancer burden in the United States of America (USA) has decreased gradually. However, China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles, with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA. This study compared the latest cancer profiles, trends, and determinants between China and USA. Methods: This was a comparative study using open-source data. Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics. Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors. Results: In 2022, there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases, and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA, respectively. The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently, but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly. Rates of stomach, liver, and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China, but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population, prostate cancer in men, and other seven cancer types in women. Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths, and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries. Conclusions: The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.

Global cancer statistics

1999-01-01

Donald Maxwell Parkin , Paola Pisani , Jacques Ferlay

A choice of statistics is available for measuring the impact of cancer on the community. One should think about the exact purpose of the exercise and what comparisons are required … A choice of statistics is available for measuring the impact of cancer on the community. One should think about the exact purpose of the exercise and what comparisons are required before deciding which statistics are most appropriate. Incidence is the number of new cases occurring. It can be expressed as an absolute number of cases per year (which tells us about the volume of new patients presenting for treatment) or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year. The latter approximates the average risk of developing a cancer, which is particularly useful in making comparisons among populations (countries, ethnic groups, or different periods within a country, for example). Mortality is the number of deaths occurring, and the mortality rate is the number of deaths per 100,000 persons per year. At first sight, such statistics might seem to be of little value (except perhaps to morticians). However, the number of deaths is one indication of the outcome, or impact, of cancer because it represents the product of incidence and the fatality of a given cancer. Fatality, the inverse of survival, is the proportion of cancer patients who die, and this is generally assumed to be the most severe sequel of the disease. Mortality rates therefore measure the average risk to the population of dying of a specific cancer, whereas fatality (defined as 1-survival) represents the probability that an individual with cancer will die of it. Mortality rates are sometimes used as a convenient proxy measure of the risk of acquiring the disease. This use does, however, assume that survival or fatality is constant among the populations being compared. Because this is rarely the case—at least when comparisons are made among countries—it is safer to use mortality as measure of outcome. Prevalence of disease measures the number of persons alive at a particular time who have the disease of concern. Regarding cancer, no clear agreement exists about what is meant by "having" the disease. Some authors take it to mean ever having been diagnosed with cancer, even if this was many years ago, and the subject is cured. This is clearly a useless statistic. Knowing the number of people being treated for cancer (or, at least, still being followed-up medically for the disease) would be more helpful. Such a statistic is not only hard to obtain, but it would certainly vary from one place to another, depending on medical practice. However, since cure is often interpreted as meaning survival beyond 5 years, at least for statistical purposes, a useful compromise is to estimate prevalence as the number of people alive who have had a cancer diagnosed within the last 5 years.1 Several other more complex statistics have been used to measure the impact of disease. They include person-years of life lost (how many years of normal life span are lost because of deaths from cancer) and disability or quality-adjusted life-years lost. The latter measures attempt to give a numerical score to the years lived with a reduced quality of life between diagnosis and death (where quality = 0) or cure (quality = 1). In this article, we present estimates of the incidence of and mortality from cancer, both as numbers of cases and deaths, and as the annual rates of incidence or mortality per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized to take into account differences in the age structure of the populations being compared. This is necessary because risk of cancer incidence and mortality is very powerfully determined by age, so that populations containing a high proportion of old people tend to have higher rates than populations with mainly young people. Because we wish to know the risk irrespective of this incidental ("confounding") effect, we compare populations as if they had the same age structure—that of the so-called "world standard population." The ratio of mortality to incidence represents the approximate fatality for a given cancer. A figure of 0.7, for example, means that 70% of patients with new cases will die (or, conversely, that 30% will survive). Because most deaths attributable to cancer occur within 5 years of diagnosis, "survival" as obtained with the formula 1-mortality/incidence is close to the 5-year survival rate obtained by the actual follow-up of groups of new cancer cases.2, 3 Incidence data are available from cancer registries. The number of cancer registries has increased steadily over the years; such registries cover entire national populations or subsamples of selected regions. They also provide statistics on cancer survival, making it possible for incidence to be estimated from mortality. Mortality data by cause are available for many countries because of registration of vital events, although the degree of detail and quality of the data (both the accuracy of the recorded cause of death and the completeness of registration) vary considerably. With such data, estimations of the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths by site, sex, and age group are possible. These estimations are more or less accurate for different countries, depending on the extent and accuracy of locally available data. The most recent comprehensive estimates are for 19904 (also P. Pisani, PhD; D.M. Parkin, MD; F.I. Bray, MSc; and J. Ferlay, International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC], Lyon, France, unpublished data, 1998). In this paper, these estimates are presented for 23 world "areas" defined by the United Nations (Fig. 1). However, the estimates are built up at country level, and to obtain the full information available, readers should refer to the CD-ROM "GLOBOCAN."5 The information can also be accessed, although with less flexibility in the analyses possible, on the Internet (http://www-dep.iarc.fr/dataava/globocan/globojava.html). Developed countries are areas 10, 12, and 17–21 of Figure 1; developing countries are the remaining areas. This convention is used throughout this article. The terms westernized and industrialized are used as synonyms of developed. No attempt has been made to estimate incidence or mortality of nonmelanoma skin cancer because of the difficulties of measurement and consequent lack of data. The "all cancer" total therefore excludes such tumors. Rates for five broad age groups (0–14, 15–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 and over) and sex were estimated for as many individual countries as possible. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the weights of the "world standard" population (0.31, 0.43, 0.11, 0.08, and 0.07) in these five age classes. The area estimates were obtained by combining age- and sex-specific rates for component countries as a weighted average (using the corresponding country populations). 23 World Areas Studied The sources of data for the countries of the 23 world areas and the methods used to produce estimates of incidence and mortality in each of them are summarized in Parkin et al4 and P. Pisani, PhD; D.M. Parkin, MD; F.I. Bray, MSc; and J. Ferlay, IARC, Lyon, France, unpublished data, 1998. In summary, incidence rates for a country were obtained whenever possible from cancer registries serving the whole population or a representative sample of it. In like manner, national mortality data from the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality data bank were used to obtain information on cancer deaths. For some countries, a correction factor was applied to account for known and quantified underreporting of mortality. Occasionally, mortality data from a sample of the country were used in the absence of national statistics. The most prominent example of this was the use of information from disease surveillance points representing a random sample of some 9.6 million (0.8%) of the Chinese population.6 Occasionally, mortality data collected by cancer registries were used. In the absence of either of these data sources, we built up an estimate of cancer incidence from available information on the relative frequency of different cancers (by age group and sex), applied to an overall "all sites" incidence figure for the corresponding area. These "all sites" figures were derived from such data as could be found for the corresponding geographic area. For some countries, data could be found on mortality but not on incidence. In these cases, incidence was estimated using sets of regression models that, for a given area, cancer, and sex and age group, predict incidence from mortality, based on cancer registry data from the same area. The opposite was also true: incidence rates were available for some countries in which no data on mortality existed. For these countries, we used information on cancer survival to obtain estimates of mortality. Three sources of data on population-based survival were used, the Cancer Survival in Developing Countries project by the IARC,7 which provides cancer survival in populations of China, the Philippines, Thailand, India, and Cuba for all of the sites considered; the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program covering 10% of the United States population;8 and the EUROCARE project providing figures from several European cancer registries.9 Table 1 shows population-based relative survival probabilities for the United States (cases diagnosed from 1989 to 19938), Europe,9 China,7 and India,7 and the average survival recorded by ten registries in developing countries (Shanghai and Qidong, China; Barshi, Madras, Bangalore, and Bombay, India; Rizal, Philippines; Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen, Thailand; and Cuba).7 These are the only population-based data available in less affluent countries. For this reason, we take their mean as the best available indication of cancer survival in developing countries, although we recognize that these ten registries are far from a representative sample of the whole region. A thorough discussion of the accuracy and limitations of these data can be found in Sankaranarayanan et al.7 Table 1 also shows estimates of 5-year survival based on the ratio of deaths to cases by geographical region. These estimates of survival are age-adjusted using the age distribution, by site, of worldwide incident cases for males and females combined. Differences between these estimates and the crude rates of the three data sources used in compiling the Table are partly the result of age standardization. The age distribution of patients for any cancer site in developing countries is significantly younger than that of patients in developed countries because of the younger age of the population in developing countries. Standardization of survival rates on the age distribution of world cases (which include those of developing countries) tends therefore to emphasize survival rates of younger patients, which, for several sites, are more favorable. This explains why, for example, the age-adjusted estimated survival from lung cancer in North America is better (20%) than that reported by SEER (14%). The most recent estimate, that for 1990,4 suggests a total of 8.1 million new cases, divided almost exactly between developed and developing countries. This represents an increase of about 37% since our first estimates 15 years ago for 1975, a rate of growth (2.1% per year) that is faster than that of the world population (1.7% per year). In the same year (1990), we estimate that 5.2 million cancer deaths occurred, about 55% of which occurred in developing countries. Table 2 shows the number of new cancers and cancer deaths for 25 sites in males and females and for both sexes combined. Table 3 shows the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Incidence and Mortality of the 15 Most Common Cancers in Males Incidence and Mortality of the 15 Most Common Cancers in Females Some differences exist in the profile of cancers worldwide, depending on whether incidence or mortality is the focus of interest. Lung cancer is the main cancer in the world today, whether considered in terms of numbers of cases (1.04 million) or deaths (921,000), because of the high case fatality (the ratio of mortality to incidence is 0:89). Stomach cancer is second in importance (789,000 cases, 628,000 deaths). Although breast cancer is the third most common cancer overall (796,000 new cases), it ranks fifth as a cause of death because of its relatively favorable prognosis (the ratio of mortality to incidence is about 40%). Cancers of the colon and rectum (783,000 cases, 437,000 deaths) and liver (437,000 cases, 427,000 deaths) rank more highly than female breast cancer as cause of death. We gathered breast cancer data for females only. Figure 2 summarizes these results, showing the 15 most common cancers for males and females (as numbers of new cases) and the corresponding numbers of deaths in the developing and developed regions of the world. Table 4 shows the numbers of new cases of and deaths from cancer by world area, and Table 5 shows the corresponding age-standardized rates. The numbers range from 1.4 million cases in China (17% of the world total) and 1.2 million in North America (15%) to about 1,100 in Micronesia/Polynesia. For the world as a whole, the sex ratio (male to female) for cancer deaths is 1.33, which is greater than the sex ratio for incidence (1.13) because of the more favorable prognoses of female cancers. The age-standardized rates in Tables 3 and 5 express the actual risk of developing or dying from cancer, irrespective of the age distribution of the population. Thus, for men the risk of cancer is highest in North America (age-standardized incidence rate 369.9 per 100,000), a consequence, as described later in this article, of the high contemporary rates of prostate cancer. The risk of dying of cancer, in contrast, is highest in Eastern Europe, with an age-standardized incidence rate for all sites of 205 deaths per 100,000 population. Mortality rates in all other developed regions are about 180, although incidence is more variable (260 to 310). In females, the region with the highest incidence of cancer is again North America (age-standardized incidence rate 277.5), whereas mortality is highest in Northern Europe (age-standardized incidence rate 125.4), followed by North America, Southern Africa, and tropical South America. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in 1990, in terms of both incidence (1.04 million new cases; 12.8% of the world total) and mortality (921,000 deaths; 17.8% of the world total); 58% of new cases occur in developed countries. Worldwide, it is by far the most common cancer of men, with the highest rates observed in North America and Europe (especially Eastern Europe). Moderately high rates are also seen in temperate South America, Australia/New Zealand, and parts of Eastern Asia (Fig. 3A, 3B). In females, incidence rates are lower (overall, the rate is 10.8 per 105 women, compared with 37.5 per 105 men). The highest rates are in North America and Northern Europe. The incidence in China is high (age-standardized rate 13.4 per 105), similar to that in, for example, Australia/New Zealand (16.1). Lung cancer remains a highly lethal disease. Survival at 5 years measured by the SEER program in the United States is 14%, the best recorded at the population level. The average survival in Europe is 8%, the same as that of developing countries. The most important cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoking, and incidence rates in a country closely reflec the history of tobacco smoking.10 We have estimated the proportion of lung cancer cases caused by tobacco smoking by examining the observed incidence in different areas compared with that expected based upon incidence rates in nonsmokers from several large cohort studies.11 Incidence of Lung Cancer in Males by World Region Incidence of Lung Cancer in Females by World Region Incidence of Stomach Cancer in Males by World Region Updating the results to 1990, we find that 86% of cases in men and 49% in women are caused by smoking, although considerable regional variation exists in this figure. Thus, in countries or regions with a long history of smoking, 90% or more of cases in men are tobacco related. The fraction is much lower in Africa and Southern Asia. The proportions are more variable in women, even in Europe, where they range from 80% in the United Kingdom to virtually nil in Spain and Portugal, where incidence rates are the same as in nonsmoking women in the United States and Japan. Time trends in lung cancer reflect past exposure to cigarette smoking. Our estimate of the numbers of cases worldwide has increased by 16% since 1985 (an increase of 4% in men and 21% in women). This represents an increase of about 2.5% in the actual risk in men and 9.5% in that in women (the remainder is the result of population growth and aging). The overall upward trend disguises considerable difference among countries. In men, several populations have now passed the peak of the tobacco-related epidemic, and incidence rates are now declining (for example, in the United States and the countries of Northern and Western Europe). In contrast, incidence and mortality are increasing rapidly in Southern and Eastern European countries. In women, the "epidemic" is less advanced. Most western countries are still showing a rising trend in incidence and mortality, although for some there is, so far, no evidence of this (Spain), whereas for others (United Kingdom) the peak of risk now may have been reached. Incidence of Stomach Cancer in Females by World Region Stomach cancer is the second most frequent cancer, with 798,000 new cases (9.9% of the total) and 628,000 deaths (12.1% of cancer deaths), although it is only in fourth rank in women (Fig. 2). Thirty-eight percent of cases occur in China, where it remains the most common cancer in both sexes, as it is elsewhere in Eastern Asia. Age-standardized incidence rates are highest in Japan (77.9 per 100,000 in men, 33.3 per 100,000 in women). High rates are also present in both sexes in Eastern Europe and tropical South America (Fig. 4A, 4B). The rates are low in Eastern and Northern Africa, North America, and South and Southeast Asia (age-standardized incidence rate in men 5.9 to 9.0 per 100,000 and 2.6 to 5.3 per 100,000 in women). Survival for stomach cancer is moderately good only in Japan (53%), where mass screening by photofluoroscopy has been practiced since the 1960s. Other areas with better survival are North America (21% based on the SEER data, 34% age-adjusted estimate) and Australia and New Zealand (29%), possibly because of early diagnosis after a greater number of endoscopic examinations performed for gastric disorders. Survival is 18% on average in European registries and is consistent with the age-adjusted estimates. Elsewhere, survival varies from 10% (Eastern Europe, including Russia) to 21% in Latin America. The differences in risk among countries are usually assumed to be related to dietary factors, which are important in determining the risk of individuals in epidemiologic studies. Their importance is consistent with the descriptive data and studies of migrants. Recently, the importance of Helicobacter pylori has been recognized. The IARC12 has accepted H. pylori as a human carcinogen, based on ecological correlation studies (such as the EUROGAST study13), a host of case-control studies, and, more usefully, several cohort studies. The combined odds ratio from these studies is 2.1.14 H. pylori is assumed to have an indirect action because it provokes gastritis, which is a precursor of gastric atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia. The role of dietary and other exogenous factors may be synergistic or antagonistic. Incidence of Breast Cancer in Females by World Region The proportion of the population infected with H. pylori is large in developing countries, ranging from 80% to 90%; individuals contract the infection at a young age, and it persists throughout life. In developed countries, the prevalence is lower. Assuming a value of 50% (and 80% in developing countries) and a relative risk of 2.1, the number of new cases of stomach cancer attributed to the bacterium is 337,800, representing 42% of the world total of these cancers (47% in developing countries and 35% elsewhere). A steady decline has occurred in gastric cancer incidence and mortality in most countries. Our world estimate of the number of new cases in 1990 was just 6% greater than that in 1985, which, given the population increase and aging, represents a decline of 4% to 5% in age-adjusted risk. This decline may be related to improvements in preservation and storage of foods. It also may represent changes in the prevalence of H. pylori by birth cohort, perhaps because of reduced transmission in childhood, following a trend toward improved hygiene and reduction of crowding.15 In any case, one can confidently expect a continuing decline in age-adjusted incidence and mortality from stomach cancer. If the observed rate of decline in the last 5 years continues, the expected number of new cases in 2010 will be about 1 million, an increase of 30% rather than the 58% additional cases resulting simply from population growth and aging. Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer in Males by World Region In terms of number of new cases, breast cancer is the third most frequent cancer in the world (796,000 cases in 1990) and by far the most common malignancy of women (21% of all new cases). Worldwide, the ratio of mortality to incidence is about 61%. As a result, breast cancer ranks as the fifth cause of death from cancer overall, although it is still the leading cause of cancer mortality in women (the 314,000 annual deaths represent 14.1% of cancer deaths in females). Incidence rates are high in all of the developed areas (except Japan, where it is third after stomach and colon and rectal cancer), with the highest age-standardized incidence in the United States (87.1 per 100,000) (Fig. 5). The incidence is more modest in North Africa, South America, and Eastern, Southeastern, and Western Asia, but it is still the most common cancer of women in these geographic regions. The rates are low (less than 30 per 100,000) in most of sub-Saharan Africa (except South Africa) and in Asia. The lowest incidence is in China (age-standardized incidence rate 11.8 per 100,000). The prognosis for breast cancer is generally rather good, as illustrated by the survival figures in Table 1. The highest crude survival is reported by the SEER program, 84%, consistent with the age-adjusted estimate for North America of 73%. Survival rates are high in Japan (74%) and Australia/New Zealand (68%) and lower in Europe (53% to 63%, consistent with the EUROCARE crude rate of 67%). Elsewhere survival ranges from 49% to 61%. The prevalence of carriers of the major susceptibility genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) in the general population is low, and the variation observed among populations (0.05% to 1%) could account for only a small part of the observed international and interethnic variation. Most cases must, therefore, be the consequence of different environmental exposures. Indeed, risk changes markedly after migration, particularly if this takes place at a young age. An important increase occurs among first-, second-, and third-generation Asian migrants to the United States.16 Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer in Females by World Region The major influences on breast cancer risk appear to be certain reproductive factors and, less certainly, diet.17 Few attempts have been made, however, to quantify the magnitude of risk differentials among populations, which might be explained by such factors. Incidence rates of breast cancer are increasing in most countries, and the changes are usually greatest in areas where rates were previously low. Since our estimates for 1985, overall incidence rates increased about 0.5% annually (excluding China, where data sources were changed between estimates). At this rate of growth, about 1.35 million new cases would be expected in 2010. However, cancer registries in China are recording annual increases in incidence of more than 5%, and in those elsewhere in Eastern Asia, increases are not much less. Assuming a modest 3% growth in Eastern Asia, the world total in 2010 would be 1.45 million, an 82% increase over the figure for 1990. Colon and rectal cancer accounted for 783,000 new cases in 1990 (9.7% of the world total) and caused 437,000 deaths (8.4% of the world total). Unlike the situation with most sites, incidence and mortality were not much different in males and females (ratio 1.05:1.00). In terms of incidence, colon and rectal cancers rank third in frequency in men and second in women. It is a slightly less prominent cause of mortality (fourth in both sexes because of the relatively favorable prognosis) thanks to the fact that survival is on average better than that of cancer at other, less common sites. Survival at 5 years is 60% as reported by the SEER program; 41% and 42%, respectively, as reported by European and Indian cancer registries; and slightly lower in China and developing countries (32% and 38%, respectively). The lowest estimated survival is in Eastern Europe (30%). Incidence of Liver Cancer in Males by World Region The incidence of colon and rectal cancer is higher in developed countries than in developing countries; the lifetime probability of developing colorectal cancer in developed countries is 4.6% in men and 3.2% in women. The highest incidences are in Australia/New Zealand, North America, and Northern and Western Europe. Moderately high incidence rates are seen in Southern and Eastern Europe and temperate South America. Incidence rates are low in Africa and Asia, except Japan, which now has an incidence equivalent to that in Europe (Fig. 6A, 6B). Colon cancer and rectal cancer are similar in their geographical distribution. However, less variation occurs among countries with rectal cancer than with colon cancer. Thus, in high-risk populations, the ratio of colon cancer to rectal cancer is 2:1 or more (especially in females). In low-risk countries, rates are similar, and in India rectal cancer is even slightly more common. These large geographic differences probably represent the effects of different environmental exposures, presumably mainly dietary. That the risk of colon cancer is quite labile to environmental change has long been evident from migrant studies.18, 19 Now, the rates in Japanese men and women in the United States—at least for colon cancer—exceed those in the white population. The incidence rates of colon cancer have increased in most areas, especially in men, since 1985, although North America is an exception to this trend. Liver cancer is the fifth most important cancer worldwide in terms of numbers of cases (437,000, or 5.4% of new cancer cases) but fourth in terms of mortality (427,000 deaths, 8.2% of the total). This difference reflects the extremely poor prognosis for this cancer; survival rates are 3% to 5% as reported by cancer registries in the United States and developing countries. Consistently low rates are estimated everywhere. Eighty percent of cases (and deaths) are in developing countries. As shown in Figure 7, the areas of high incidence are Western and Central Africa (where liver cancer is responsible for 25% of all cancers in men), Eastern and Southeast Asia, and Melanesia. The incidence is low in developed areas (only in Southern Europe does any substantial risk exist) and in Latin America and South Central Asia. Worldwide, the major risk factors for liver cancer are infection with the hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B and C, and consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxin. Both viruses confer a 20-fold increased risk of liver cancer.20 Because hepatitis B virus is more prevalent, the distribution of infection worldwide largely explains the patterns of liver cancer. The exception is Japan, where chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is uncommon but where the generations most at risk of liver cancer have a relatively high rate of infection with hepatitis C virus.21 With knowledge of the relative risk and prevalence of infection in different areas, we can estimate the proportion of cases attributable to the two viruses, which is more than 75% of cases worldwide and 85% of cases in developing countries. Here is a powerful case for preventive action. At least for hepatitis B, a vaccine is available, which is effective in preventing infection in childhood. Its success in preventing liver cancer is being formally tested in controlled trials in China and Gambia. Although it will be some time before these trials give the final answer to the question of how much protection vaccination provides, a dramatic demonstration of the results of community vaccination is already available from Taiwan. Here, hepatitis B immunization of newborns was introduced in 1984, and in children 6 to 9 years of age in birth cohorts receiving vaccination, a dramatic decrease in incidence of liver cancer has occurred.22 Prostate cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world (in terms of number of new cases) and fourth in importance in men. The total annual number of cases is 396,000, which represents 9.2% of cancers in men (14.3% in developed countries and 4.3% in developing countries). It is a less prominent cause of death from cancer, with 165,000 deaths (5.6% of cancer deaths in men, 3.2% of all cancer deaths). The prognosis is relatively good, as reflected by age-adjusted estimates of survival rates (Table 1). More than any other, this is a cancer of the elderly. Thus, in developed countries, 82% of cases occur in men older than 65 years. To place this fact in context, even on a world basis, 81% of cases occur in the elderly. Incidence rates are now influenced by the diagnosis of latent cancers found during the screening of asymptomatic individuals. In areas where this practice is common, the "incidence" may be very high (95.1 per 100,000 in the United States, for example, where it is now by far the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men). Inciden

Cancer statistics, 2023

2023-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Kimberly D. Miller , Nikita Sandeep Wagle +1 more

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and … Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2023, 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer incidence increased for prostate cancer by 3% annually from 2014 through 2019 after two decades of decline, translating to an additional 99,000 new cases; otherwise, however, incidence trends were more favorable in men compared to women. For example, lung cancer in women decreased at one half the pace of men (1.1% vs. 2.6% annually) from 2015 through 2019, and breast and uterine corpus cancers continued to increase, as did liver cancer and melanoma, both of which stabilized in men aged 50 years and older and declined in younger men. However, a 65% drop in cervical cancer incidence during 2012 through 2019 among women in their early 20s, the first cohort to receive the human papillomavirus vaccine, foreshadows steep reductions in the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers, the majority of which occur in women. Despite the pandemic, and in contrast with other leading causes of death, the cancer death rate continued to decline from 2019 to 2020 (by 1.5%), contributing to a 33% overall reduction since 1991 and an estimated 3.8 million deaths averted. This progress increasingly reflects advances in treatment, which are particularly evident in the rapid declines in mortality (approximately 2% annually during 2016 through 2020) for leukemia, melanoma, and kidney cancer, despite stable/increasing incidence, and accelerated declines for lung cancer. In summary, although cancer mortality rates continue to decline, future progress may be attenuated by rising incidence for breast, prostate, and uterine corpus cancers, which also happen to have the largest racial disparities in mortality.

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Cancer statistics, 2024

2024-01-01

Rebecca L. Siegel , Angela N. Giaquinto , Ahmedin Jemal

Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence … Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries (through 2020) and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (through 2021). In 2024, 2,001,140 new cancer cases and 611,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer mortality continued to decline through 2021, averting over 4 million deaths since 1991 because of reductions in smoking, earlier detection for some cancers, and improved treatment options in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. However, these gains are threatened by increasing incidence for 6 of the top 10 cancers. Incidence rates increased during 2015–2019 by 0.6%–1% annually for breast, pancreas, and uterine corpus cancers and by 2%–3% annually for prostate, liver (female), kidney, and human papillomavirus‐associated oral cancers and for melanoma. Incidence rates also increased by 1%–2% annually for cervical (ages 30–44 years) and colorectal cancers (ages <55 years) in young adults. Colorectal cancer was the fourth‐leading cause of cancer death in both men and women younger than 50 years in the late‐1990s but is now first in men and second in women. Progress is also hampered by wide persistent cancer disparities; compared to White people, mortality rates are two‐fold higher for prostate, stomach and uterine corpus cancers in Black people and for liver, stomach, and kidney cancers in Native American people. Continued national progress will require increased investment in cancer prevention and access to equitable treatment, especially among American Indian and Alaska Native and Black individuals.

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Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

2024-04-04

Freddie Bray , Mathieu Laversanne , Hyuna Sung +4 more

Abstract This article presents global cancer statistics by world region for the year 2022 based on updated estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There were close … Abstract This article presents global cancer statistics by world region for the year 2022 based on updated estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There were close to 20 million new cases of cancer in the year 2022 (including nonmelanoma skin cancers [NMSCs]) alongside 9.7 million deaths from cancer (including NMSC). The estimates suggest that approximately one in five men or women develop cancer in a lifetime, whereas around one in nine men and one in 12 women die from it. Lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in 2022, responsible for almost 2.5 million new cases, or one in eight cancers worldwide (12.4% of all cancers globally), followed by cancers of the female breast (11.6%), colorectum (9.6%), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (4.9%). Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18.7%), followed by colorectal (9.3%), liver (7.8%), female breast (6.9%), and stomach (6.8%) cancers. Breast cancer and lung cancer were the most frequent cancers in women and men, respectively (both cases and deaths). Incidence rates (including NMSC) varied from four‐fold to five‐fold across world regions, from over 500 in Australia/New Zealand (507.9 per 100,000) to under 100 in Western Africa (97.1 per 100,000) among men, and from over 400 in Australia/New Zealand (410.5 per 100,000) to close to 100 in South‐Central Asia (103.3 per 100,000) among women. The authors examine the geographic variability across 20 world regions for the 10 leading cancer types, discussing recent trends, the underlying determinants, and the prospects for global cancer prevention and control. With demographics‐based predictions indicating that the number of new cases of cancer will reach 35 million by 2050, investments in prevention, including the targeting of key risk factors for cancer (including smoking, overweight and obesity, and infection), could avert millions of future cancer diagnoses and save many lives worldwide, bringing huge economic as well as societal dividends to countries over the forthcoming decades.

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Impact of Sociodemographic Determinants on Enrollment into Contemporary Lymphoma Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review

2025-06-24

Jun Yang Jiang , Ang Li , Atocha Romero +2 more | The Oncologist

Abstract While the incidence and survival associated with lymphoma have improved in recent years, outcome disparities related to sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and … Abstract While the incidence and survival associated with lymphoma have improved in recent years, outcome disparities related to sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and other social determinants of health (SDOH) remain prevalent in the modern era. Clinical trials are crucial for further improving outcomes, yet not all sociodemographic groups are equally represented in contemporary lymphoma trials. We conducted a systematic review of the literature evaluating the impact of SDOH on enrollment into clinical trials in the United States and identified 21 relevant studies. We confirmed that Black and Hispanic individuals are underrepresented in lymphoma clinical trials, due largely to the geographic distribution of clinical trial sites and exacerbated by globalization of cancer trials. Women may also be less appropriately represented than men, although this association is less robust and consistent. Adolescents and young adults with lymphoma who are older, treated at adult cancer centers, or managed by adult hematologists/oncologists are all less likely to be part of trials. Older adults are also excluded from most lymphoma clinical trials. There is a dearth of data on how other SDOH including education, employment, and household income contribute to differences in clinical trial enrollment. Further research is required to explore the intersection of demographics, SES, insurance status, and enrollment into lymphoma clinical trials.

Breast Cancer Incidence Trends in Older US Women by Race, Ethnicity, Geography, and Stage

2025-06-24

Erica Lee , Michelle Lui , Anita G. Karr +2 more | JAMA Network Open

Breast cancer (BC) incidence trends are known to vary by race, ethnicity, and geography among younger women. Less is known about trends among older women (aged ≥65 years), who are … Breast cancer (BC) incidence trends are known to vary by race, ethnicity, and geography among younger women. Less is known about trends among older women (aged ≥65 years), who are typically aggregated, despite different screening guidelines for those older than 74 years. To disaggregate US BC incidence trends among older women (ages 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years) according to stage at diagnosis, race and ethnicity, hormone receptor subtype, and geography. This population-based cross-sectional study included women aged 65 years and older who were diagnosed with BC from January 2001 to December 2019. Data came from the US Cancer Statistics public use database, with information on women in all 50 US states. Data were analyzed from March to June 2024. Age (65-74 years, 75-84 years, and ≥85 years). Age-adjusted BC incidence rates were obtained, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) from 2001 to 2019 were estimated using joinpoint regression for each age group, stratified by stage at diagnosis, race and ethnicity, and geography. From 2001 to 2019, 2 278 611 women (1 249 750 [54.9%] aged 65-74 years; 119 287 [5.2%] Hispanic [all races], 205 738 [9.0%] non-Hispanic Black, and 1 826 084 [80.1%] non-Hispanic White) were diagnosed with BC. Age-adjusted BC incidence rates were 530.4 (95% CI, 529.5 to 531.3) per 100 000 persons, 515.3 (95% CI, 514.2 to 516.5) per 100 000 persons, and 376.8 (95% CI, 375.3 to 378.2) per 100 000 persons for ages 65 to 74 years, 75 to 84 years, and 85 years and older, respectively. Annually, incidence rates increased in women aged 65 to 74 years (AAPC, 0.4%, 95% CI, 0.2% to 0.6%), remained stable in women aged 75 to 84 years, and decreased in women aged 85 years or older (AAPC, -1.1%, 95% CI, -1.4% to -0.8%). In women aged 65 to 74 years, the AAPC was 7 to 11 times higher in Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, and non-Hispanic Black women compared with non-Hispanic White women. Across all age groups, regional stage diagnoses decreased (ages ≥65 years: AAPC, -0.8%, 95% CI, -1.1% to -0.5%), while distant stage diagnoses increased (ages ≥65 years: AAPC, 1.3%, 95% CI, 1.2% to 1.6%). Trends for in situ and localized diagnoses varied by age. Across all age groups, non-Hispanic Black women had the highest proportion of hormone receptor and ERBB2-negative cancers. In this population-based cross-sectional analysis of BC incidence trends among older US women, racial and ethnic as well as stage-specific patterns differed across age groups, highlighting the importance of disaggregating BC incidence rates into age groups better aligned with screening guidelines. Future research is needed to directly examine the contribution of screening patterns to these trends and their impact on BC mortality.

Child and adolescent/young adult cancer incidence and survival for Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand

2025-06-24

Jason Gurney , Kirsten Ballantine , Annie Chiang +5 more | Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer does not occur equally within populations, and this is also true within children and young adults. In this study we draw-together comprehensive national health record data to describe cancer … Cancer does not occur equally within populations, and this is also true within children and young adults. In this study we draw-together comprehensive national health record data to describe cancer incidence and survival for Māori children and adolescents/young adults (AYA), and compare this with the experience of Europeans. All incident cases of cancer diagnosed between 2007 and 2019 among those aged less than 25 years old at the time of diagnosis were extracted from the New Zealand Cancer Registry. Cancer incidence numbers and rates were compared between Māori and European children/AYA. We also used Kaplan-Meier (1, 3 and 5-year cancer-specific survival) and Cox proportional hazards models (hazard ratios) to compare survival outcomes between these groups. We found differences between Māori and Europeans in terms of propensity toward certain types of child/AYA cancers: Māori are more likely to be diagnosed with poorer-prognosis cancers (like CNS/brain) and less likely to be diagnosed with good-prognosis cancers (like Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma). Māori are less likely to survive their cancer once diagnosed even after adjusting for differences in cancer type, with the extent of survival disparities differing depending on the cancer under investigation, noting that these cancer-specific observations were prone to precision problems due to low absolute numbers of deaths. Further quantitative and qualitative research on the drivers of survival disparities, particularly in the context of access to early diagnosis and treatment, could usefully inform actions aimed at improving survival for Māori and addressing disparities.

Uptake of breast cancer screening methods: perspectives of members of staff of Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta

2025-06-24

Jessica O Esangbedo , Rachael O Oduyemi , Damilare Matthew Aduroja +5 more | ecancermedicalscience

Breast cancer (BC) was ranked the most common among the top ten malignancies in 2022, evidenced by high incidence and rates rapid mortality and morbidity rates in Nigeria. BC screening … Breast cancer (BC) was ranked the most common among the top ten malignancies in 2022, evidenced by high incidence and rates rapid mortality and morbidity rates in Nigeria. BC screening method (BCSM) helps to discover BC early, gives more treatment options and raises cancer survival rates. Little is known about the utilisation of BCSM in this community, which prompted this study. This study was conducted among the staff of the Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, and it assessed their knowledge, attitudes and use of BCSM. This study selected 270 staff members using a descriptive cross-sectional method and a convenience sampling technique. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0. Hypotheses were tested using chi-square, multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient at a 0.05 level of significance. The study's results showed a high BCSM knowledge level of 71.9% but a low utilisation level of 57.8%; however, there was a positive attitude towards utilisation. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between staff members' gender, age, educational qualifications, department and both their knowledge and utilisation of BCSM (p < 0.05). The Pearson correlation revealed a positive trend between knowledge and utilisation. BCSM offers an opportunity for early detection, diagnosis and disease prevention of BC; it also serves as an avenue to inform and enlighten people on important health issues, including health promotion activities and screening as they pertain to BC. More BC awareness programs are advocated to educate people on the importance of BC Screening to enhance early detection and treatment.

Author Response to Amalia et al

2025-06-24

Liv Heide Magnussen , Kjersti Thulin Wilhelmsen , Målfrid Råheim | Physical Therapy

Supporting cancer screening uptake in South Asian women: the wise up to cancer public health intervention

2025-06-24

Melanie Haith‐Cooper , Daisy Payne , Nisa Almas +2 more | Critical Public Health

[Overview of screening and early detection of primary malignant tumors in general population in China].

2025-06-23

Cai Lin , W Q Chen | PubMed

Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention … Malignant tumors can be prevented, controlled, and cured. We could reduce the mortality of malignant tumor and improve prognosis of patients through screening and early detection and therapy. The prevention and control of malignant tumors in general population attach importance in China and series of blueprints and policies have been launched since last half a century. We have achieved remarkable progress in screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors with great support from government. We highlight the milestones of screening and early detection and therapy of malignant tumors in China and the organization and management of current national programs. We focus on the overview of eight malignant tumors included in current national screening programs. We summarize high quality evidence of screening of neoplasia in China. We reveal issues and challenges encountered in the practice currently and envisage where should we go in future for screening and early detection and therapy of tumors in China. We will further improve capacity of screening and early detection and therapy of tumor and promote action of prevention and control of tumor through implementation of policy of government leading, multiple cooperation, and involvement of whole society based on the guideline of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and therapy, shifting forward of early detection, allocating the resource in low-income areas.

Female Workers’ Knowledge about Breast Cancer at Beni-Suef University: Effect Socio-demographic Characteristics

2025-06-23

Sahar Gamal Zaki , Hanan Elzeblawy Hassan , Fatma Saber Nady | American journal of public health research

Temporal trend and spatial analysis of oral cancer cases in Brazil: Correlation between socioeconomic factors and delay in diagnosis and treatment

2025-06-22

Deane Cristina da Rocha Rodrigues de Oliveira , Wandklebson Silva da Paz , Márcio Bezerra‐Santos +2 more | Tropical Medicine & International Health

Abstract Objective To evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of oral cancer cases in Brazil, and to evaluate the relationship between oral cancer cases and socioeconomic conditions. Methods Data … Abstract Objective To evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of oral cancer cases in Brazil, and to evaluate the relationship between oral cancer cases and socioeconomic conditions. Methods Data on oral cancer cases, between 2013 and 2019, were extracted from the Painel‐Oncologia website, and the socioeconomic indicators selected were Municipal Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability Index. The endpoints were late diagnosis (staging III and IV) and delay in treatment (>60 days), along with oral cancer prevalence. Spearman's correlation was done between oral cancer cases and Municipal Human Development Index/ Social Vulnerability Index. Temporal trends were evaluated using a segmented linear regression model. As for spatial analysis, global and local Moran indices were applied, together with spatiotemporal scan statistics, to detect risk clusters. Results In the period studied, there was a prevalence of 5.3 oral cancer cases/100,000 inhabitants. A significant inverse correlation was found with the Social Vulnerability Index, and a direct correlation linking the Municipal Human Development Index and oral cancer cases, delayed treatment, and diagnosis cases too. An increasing trend of oral cancer prevalence rate and a stable trend of delayed diagnosis and treatment cases were observed in the country. There was a concentration of oral cancer cases in the South and Southeast regions. A high‐risk oral cancer cluster was identified covering the South and Southeast regions, and part of the Midwest region and four secondary clusters of delayed treatment cases in the Northeast region. Conclusion There was no short‐term improvement in data related to oral cancer in Brazil, since the prevalence trend was increasing and there was a correlation with socioeconomic conditions.

Trends in papillary thyroid carcinoma among U.S. Youth ages 10–19: A SEER database analysis

2025-06-21

J. B. Eyring , Christopher Nielson , Michelle Meder +2 more | International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

This study aimed to evaluate trends in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma from 1975 to 2021, and to propose potential drivers of the observed trends via stratification by demographic characteristics. A … This study aimed to evaluate trends in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma from 1975 to 2021, and to propose potential drivers of the observed trends via stratification by demographic characteristics. A retrospective analysis was conducted of thyroid carcinoma cases in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for pediatric patients aged 10-19 years. Joinpoint Regression was used to identify significant changes in trends, calculating annual percent change and confidence intervals, stratified by sex, age, race/ethnicity, household income, and rural-urban continuum levels, with a null hypothesis of no change in incidence over time (ɑ = 0.05). Incidence rates were age-adjusted to the 2020 U S. standard population and household income was inflation-adjusted to 2022 U S. dollars. Among 2117 cases, 79.5 % were female and 76.3 % were aged 15-19. The Joinpoint regression model demonstrated that incidence per 100,000 among females aged 15-19 rose significantly from 2006 to 2012 (annual percent change = 9.61 %, p < 0.05) but declined significantly from 2012 to 2021 (annual percent change = -3.60 %, p < 0.05). Declines were observed across income levels and geographic regions, but racial disparities persisted, with non-Hispanic White females showing a decrease, while rates for Hispanic females continued to rise. Papillary thyroid carcinoma incidence among females aged 15-18 has declined significantly since 2012, the opposite of prior trends. Continued monitoring and further research are needed to understand these trends, including whether the observed decline may reflect changes in diagnostic practices or risk factor exposures.

Regional disparities in incidence and outcomes of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast among Asian and Pacific Islander women in the United States

2025-06-21

Kailee Bunte , Bianca Ituarte , Gowri Warikoo +1 more | Cancer Epidemiology

Nationwide Quality Assessment of Lung Cancer Management in Korea: Based on Second-Cycle Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) Evaluation

2025-06-20

Seunghun Lee , S. Y. Kim , Cheol‐Kyu Park +3 more | Tuberculosis & respiratory diseases

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. To improve lung cancer care quality, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) in Korea conducted the first phase … Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. To improve lung cancer care quality, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) in Korea conducted the first phase of the second-cycle adequacy assessment, incorporating patient-centered and outcome-based indicators. This study analyzed HIRA claims data from 106 medical institutions treating lung cancer between July 2022 and June 2023. The assessment evaluated treatment adequacy based on structural, procedural, and outcome indicators across tertiary care hospitals, general hospitals, and clinics. The second-cycle evaluation adopted a comprehensive framework, incorporating multidisciplinary care and end-of-life management. Among 21,517 cases, 44 tertiary care hospitals managed 75.9%, while 62 general hospitals handled 24.1%. The average adequacy score was 91.09, with 80.7% of institutions rated Grade 1. The multidisciplinary consultation rate was 30.8%, exceeding the 12.6% target. Surgery within 30 days of diagnosis was performed in 93.2% of cases, and the overall surgical mortality rate was 1.19%, lower in tertiary care hospitals (1.04%) than in general hospitals (1.88%). The 30-day readmission rate was 2.26%, and 56.8% of patients received hospice counseling. The second-cycle assessment emphasized patient-centered and outcome-based care, integrating multidisciplinary consultation and hospice indicators. These findings suggest that lung cancer treatment institutions in South Korea maintain high adequacy standards. Continuous improvements will be necessary to align with medical advancements and enhance lung cancer management.

Integrating Knowledge of Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Framework for Breast Cancer Prevention Practices in Women

2025-06-20

María Teresa Reyes Chacon , Luis Reyner Lopez-Arellanes , Marie Leiner | Journal of Cancer Education

Understanding delays in breast cancer diagnosis in Africa: Key insights and contributing factors

2025-06-20

Liza A. Hoveling , Lynn P. Heuken , Timo Harfst +4 more | International Journal of Cancer

Abstract Africa has the highest age‐standardized breast cancer (BC) mortality rates, largely due to diagnostic delays. Therefore, this scoping review aims to identify individual‐level factors that contribute to diagnostic delay … Abstract Africa has the highest age‐standardized breast cancer (BC) mortality rates, largely due to diagnostic delays. Therefore, this scoping review aims to identify individual‐level factors that contribute to diagnostic delay of BC in African women. We conducted a global scoping review on cancer diagnostic delays in women, following PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. In this scoping review, diagnostic delay is defined as the time from first symptom recognition to pathological diagnosis. Qualitative and quantitative studies involving cancer patients or healthcare professionals published between 2018 and November 28, 2023, were included. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, excluding non‐English studies and those focused solely on screening. Two reviewers independently screened titles, full texts, and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Consultations followed Arksey and O'Malley's framework, with input from a general practitioner, psychologist, and epidemiologist. Factors were classified using Bronfenbrenner's ecological model to analyze BC diagnostic delays in Africa. Of 9699 studies, 128 were relevant; 30 focused on African BC patients. Delays were linked to microsystem factors: lack of awareness, fear, young age, low education, finances, mesosystem factors: family duties, limited access, delayed care, symptom disclosure, exosystem factors: traditional healers, mistrust, referral inefficiencies, and macrosystem factors: religious beliefs, education gaps, cultural norms. Diagnostic delays in women with BC in Africa are mainly due to low awareness, cultural beliefs, and reliance on traditional healers. Expanding current interventions and integrating them into healthcare systems, along with engaging religious leaders, is important. Future research should focus on culturally tailored strategies to improve early detection and outcomes.

Breast Self-Examination: Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Female Medical Students

2025-06-20

Shruti Raghavan , Shraddha Mishra , Abhijit Das +1 more | Cureus

Comparison and trend analysis of cancer incidence in China and globally in 2022

2025-06-20

Dan Hu , Yu Jiang , Jiao Feng +3 more | World Journal of Clinical Oncology

In April 2024, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published the 2022 Global Cancer Statistics Report in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, focusing on the incidence of … In April 2024, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published the 2022 Global Cancer Statistics Report in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, focusing on the incidence of 36 kinds of cancers in 185 countries or regions around the world, different gender, geographical area and Human Development Index differences in different economic regions. Previously, China's National Cancer Center (NCC) collaborated with IARC to estimate China's cancer incidence data using actual and up-to-date surveillance data from China. This collaboration aimed to ensure consistency between the cancer burden data published by IARC and NCC. In February of the same year, the NCC released the latest estimated statistics regarding the cancer incidence in China for 2022 in the Journal of the National Cancer Center. This research seeks to gather and evaluate the latest reports on cancer incidence from both a global perspective and within China for the year 2022. By conducting a multi-dimensional analysis of cancer incidence patterns, gender distribution, geographic spread, and trends over time, the study highlights the distinctions in the burden of malignant tumors between China and the global scenario. Additionally, it explores the risk factors associated with high-incidence cancer types and examines the current status of prevention and control measures. The findings aim to serve as a valuable reference for developing effective cancer prevention and control strategies in China.

Implementation and Evaluation of a Project ECHO for National Cancer Control Plan Implementation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2025-06-19

Linsey Eldridge , Mishka K. Cira , Kalina Duncan +5 more | Journal of Cancer Policy

Acculturation, Breast Cancer Knowledge, and Stages of Change for Mammography among Hispanic/Latina Women Aged 40 and Older in the USA

2025-06-19

Wei‐Chen Tung , Sandra M. Olguin | Hispanic Health Care International

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Hispanic/Latina women in the USA. Mammography utilization in this group falls below Healthy People 2030 targets. Our study examined … Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Hispanic/Latina women in the USA. Mammography utilization in this group falls below Healthy People 2030 targets. Our study examined (a) breast cancer knowledge and mammography behaviors, and (b) the associations between demographics, acculturation, and breast cancer knowledge with the transtheoretical model (TTM) stages of change related to mammography in this population. Methods: This study used a quantitative design with a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from 473 participants recruited via community outreach, social media, and referrals. Results: Participants showed higher acculturation and moderate breast cancer knowledge. Among participants, 66% had regular mammograms, 14.4% never had one, and 19.7% had inconsistent or discontinued screenings. Older participants, non-U.S.-born, primarily Spanish speakers, unmarried, unemployed, less educated, uninsured, without a primary care provider, and with lower acculturation and breast cancer knowledge were more likely to be in the TTM precontemplation/contemplation/preparation stage or exhibit inconsistent screening. Conclusion: Our results identified participants with specific demographics, lower acculturation, and limited breast cancer knowledge as being at higher risk of never receiving or inconsistently obtaining mammograms, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address socio-demographic barriers and increase knowledge. More TTM studies involving Hispanic/Latina women are needed.

Untangling the mystery of rising breast cancer rates

2025-06-19

Bryn Nelson , William C. Faquin | Cancer Cytopathology

Associations of Breast Cancer Method of Detection With Tumor Characteristics, Treatments, and Overall Survival: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis

2025-06-18

Steven J. Chen , A J Rahman , Angela Choi +6 more | American Journal of Roentgenology

Background: A contributor to variable breast cancer screening guidelines has been limited research assessing associations of the method of cancer detection with cancer outcomes. Objective: To compare tumor characteristics, treatments, … Background: A contributor to variable breast cancer screening guidelines has been limited research assessing associations of the method of cancer detection with cancer outcomes. Objective: To compare tumor characteristics, treatments, and survival outcomes between patients with breast cancer detected by mammographic screening versus by clinical symptoms. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer from January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2020. For each patient, the method of detection was classified as screening-detected (i.e., screening mammography in the absence of symptoms) or clinically detected (i.e., presentation with symptoms, leading to diagnostic imaging). Propensity-score matching was performed between the screening-detected and clinically detected cohorts by age, race, ethnicity, insurance status, and year of diagnosis. Tumor characteristics, treatments, and overall survival rates were compared between cohorts. Overall survival was compared between cohorts using Kaplan-Meier curves, incorporating a 0.5-year lead-time bias adjustment in the screening-detected cohort. Results: Before propensity-score matching, the analysis included 1460 patients with breast cancer (screening-detected cohort: 932 patients; clinically detected cohort: 528 patients). After propensity-score matching, each cohort included 507 patients (mean age [both cohorts]: 61.6 years). Tumor size measured 1-10 mm in 42.0% of screening-detected cancers versus in 13.0% of clinically detected cancers (p<.001). Frequencies of noninvasive disease, localized disease, regional disease, and distant metastatic disease were 35.5%, 54.0%, 9.9%, and 0.0% in the screening-detected cohort versus 8.9%, 47.3%, 34.1%, and 7.7% in the clinically detected cohort, respectively (p<.001). Screening-detected and clinically detected cohorts showed significant differences in frequencies of surgical therapies (lumpectomy: 66.1% vs 39.3%; mastectomy: 22.1% vs 34.3%; p<.001), radiation therapy (50.1% vs 41.2%, p=.006), and chemotherapy (15.0% vs 40.2%, p<.001). The screening-detected in comparison with the clinically detected cohort showed significantly greater 5-year survival rate (94.4% vs 79.6%, p<.001) and 10-year survival rate (82.7% vs 66.1%, p<.001). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated significantly greater overall survival in the screening-detected cohort (p<.001), with a progressively increasing difference in survival with increasing time since diagnosis. Conclusion: Screening-detected cancers in comparison with clinically detected cancers were associated with smaller size, earlier stage, less-invasive therapies, and improved overall survival. Clinical Impact: The findings provide strong evidence supporting mammographic screening.

Global, regional, national incidence, and mortality of breast cancer in older people women: A population-based cancer registry data analysis

2025-06-18

Chao Li , Shaoyuan Lei , Yan Xu +4 more | Chinese Medical Journal

Abstract Background: The burden of breast cancer for older adults has been rising with the increasing population aging. This study aims to describe the burden of breast cancer in older … Abstract Background: The burden of breast cancer for older adults has been rising with the increasing population aging. This study aims to describe the burden of breast cancer in older adults worldwide, analyze the temporal trends for older breast cancer incidence, and assess the socioeconomic inequalities of breast cancer incidence and mortality with human development index (HDI) levels, which will provide valuable information in preventing and controlling the increasing breast cancer burden in older people. Methods: The incidence and mortality rates of specific cancer types in older individuals in 2022 were sourced from the Global Cancer Today database. Trends in breast cancer incidence acquired from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) database. HDI and other risk factors were obtained from the United Nations. We used a generalized linear model to estimate the rate ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) between HDI levels and breast cancer burden in older people. Results: It was estimated approximately 1,058,466 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 383,774 breast cancer deaths in women ≥60 years, accounting for 18.9% and 12.7% of world cancer cases and deaths. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were 172.9 and 57.7 per 100,000, ranking first and second among all cancer incidence and mortality in older women. The highest ASIR and ASMR were four-fold higher than the lowest, with ASIR ranging from a peak of 399.1 per 100,000 in Australia–New Zealand to a low of 90.6 per 100,000 in South Central Asia, and ASMR varying from a high of 118.6 per 100,000 in Melanesia to a low of 28.8 per 100,000 in East Asia. The largest increases in ASIR from 1998–2002 to 2013–2017 were observed in South Korea, China, and Estonia. The corresponding estimated 5-year average percentage changes (EAPC) were 6.01%, 2.89%, and 1.93%, respectively. Conclusions: The global burden of breast cancer in older women is increasing fast and varies greatly across countries. Effective prevention strategies are essential to address the increasing breast cancer burden for older people.

Comparing Canada's OncoSim-Breast model with the United States' Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) breast cancer models.

2025-06-18

Oğuzhan Alagöz , Claude Nadeau , Jean Hai Ein Yong +3 more | PubMed

The OncoSim-Breast model, developed by the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer and Statistics Canada, represents breast cancer-related events in the Canadian female population. This study aimed to compare OncoSim-Breast with recent … The OncoSim-Breast model, developed by the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer and Statistics Canada, represents breast cancer-related events in the Canadian female population. This study aimed to compare OncoSim-Breast with recent results from the United States' National Cancer Institute's Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) breast cancer models. The primary focus was on the impact of extending breast cancer screening to women aged 40 to 49. The OncoSim-Breast model used Canadian demographics, competing mortality, and test performance, while the CISNET models used comparable United States data to analyze 10 different mammography screening scenarios. Lifetime outcomes were calculated for a cohort of 40-year-old women born in 1980, assuming perfect adherence to digital mammography screening. OncoSim-Breast's estimates were compared with the median and range of estimates from the five CISNET models. The primary outcomes were breast cancer deaths averted and life years gained per 1,000 40-year-old women. OncoSim-Breast projected that starting screening at age 40 would lead to 1.7 breast cancer deaths averted and 53 life years gained per 1,000 women, compared with starting screening at age 50. CISNET models projected a median of 1.3 breast cancer deaths averted (range 0.8 to 3.2) and 43 life years gained (range 31 to 103) per 1,000 women for the same scenario. Secondary outcomes estimated by OncoSim-Breast and CISNET models were similarly consistent and comparable. This study demonstrates that OncoSim-Breast's estimates of the impact of starting breast cancer screening earlier align with those from CISNET models.

Is GP practice bowel, breast and cervical cancer screening coverage correlated with GP practice list inflation?

2025-06-17

Sue Hudson , Cathryn Hudson | Journal of Medical Screening

Objective GP list inflation occurs when the number of patients registered at a GP practice exceeds the number of residents. It may be associated with out-of-date patient contact data, affecting … Objective GP list inflation occurs when the number of patients registered at a GP practice exceeds the number of residents. It may be associated with out-of-date patient contact data, affecting invitations for cancer screening. We examined whether bowel, breast and cervical screening coverage was associated with list inflation after adjusting for deprivation and ethnicity. Methods We used ecological data, with GP practice the unit of analysis. Outcomes were NHS Fingertips 2019–2020 screening programme performance data. List inflation/deflation was calculated as the difference between GP-registered patients in July 2021 and Office for National Statistics population estimates in their Lower Super Output Areas (LSOA). Percentage White population was calculated using census (2021) data. Index of multiple deprivation (IMD) score was available from NHS Fingertips. Linear regression models were used to examine correlations between outcomes and list inflation before and after adjustment for deprivation and ethnicity. Results The study included 6085 GP practices covering the whole of England. Median list inflation was 8.6% (interquartile range (IQR) 4.7%–16.9%). List inflation was a significant independent predictor of screening coverage. For each 10 percentage points increase in list inflation, coverage declined as follows: −1.96% (95% CI: −2.19, −1.73), −2.20% (95% CI: −2.39, −2.02), −0.99% (95% CI: −1.15, −0.84) and −1.59% (95% CI: −1.75, −1.43) for breast, cervical (aged 25–49), cervical (aged 50–64) and bowel cancer screening, respectively. Conclusions It is important to control for variations in list inflation as well as population demographics when comparing screening programme coverage. Uptake improvement initiatives should include strategies for overcoming issues with out-of-date registration data.

Evaluation of optimal strategies for breast cancer screening in Ghana: A simulation study based on a continuous tumor growth model

2025-06-17

Asamoah Larbi , Eric Nyarko , Samuel Iddi | PLoS ONE

Mammographic breast cancer screening plays a crucial role in detecting small tumors, which can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality. This study … Mammographic breast cancer screening plays a crucial role in detecting small tumors, which can prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality. This study aimed to evaluate optimal strategies for a breast cancer screening program in Ghana. A continuous growth model was employed to evaluate the natural history of breast cancer in Ghana, from its onset to detection. We estimated tumor growth rates and the age at which symptomatic detection occurs using the maximum likelihood estimation method based on clinical data from the National Center of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Our results revealed that biennial screening provided a better trade-off between interval cancers and overdiagnosis than annual or triennial intervals. The simulation results for early screening under biennial intervals showed an average detection age of 47 years for unscreened individuals (control group) and 46 years for those screened (intervention group). While the screening approach (50–69 years) with biennial screening proved more reliable than other strategies, the early screening approach (30-65 years with biennial screenings) provided certain advantages in detection for the Ghanaian population. Our findings highlight the importance of early detection and advocate for the systematic adoption of mammography in Ghana and other low- and middle-income countries, contributing to enhanced breast cancer screening and patient treatment plans, as well as informing policy development.

Not Enough Cells: How Insufficient Cytological Specimens Are Mirrored by Reporting Systems – Journey from the Bethesda to the WHO Reporting Systems

2025-06-17

Ivana Kholová | Acta Cytologica

Background: Pap classes have been replaced by organ-specific reporting systems in recent decades; however, part of the cytological specimens is insufficient. The present review summarises how different organ-specific systems define … Background: Pap classes have been replaced by organ-specific reporting systems in recent decades; however, part of the cytological specimens is insufficient. The present review summarises how different organ-specific systems define the insufficient category: Both quantitative and qualitative criteria are used. In addition, the sample volume may be evaluated in certain specimens. Summary: The reasons for an insufficient sample may vary and depend either on the lesion itself or the sampling procedure. Key Messages: The management recommendations for insufficient specimens improve communication between cytopathologists and treating physicians.

Global trends and socio-demographic inequalities in the burden of genital neoplasms: a 30-year comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

2025-06-17

Binbin Luo , Zuo Shiquan , Rui Zhang +1 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background </bold>While global longevity increases, economic disparities drive unequal burdens of genital neoplasms. This first comprehensive study evaluates how Socio-demographic Index (SDI) shapes the epidemiology of six major genital … <title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background </bold>While global longevity increases, economic disparities drive unequal burdens of genital neoplasms. This first comprehensive study evaluates how Socio-demographic Index (SDI) shapes the epidemiology of six major genital neoplasms (uterine fibroids [UFs], prostate [PC], cervical [CC], uterine [UC], testicular [TC], and ovarian cancer [OC]), providing evidence for equitable resource allocation. <bold>Methods </bold>Using 2021 Global Burden of Disease data (1990-2021), we analyzed age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence (ASIR), prevalence (ASPR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (ASDR) across 204 countries, stratified by SDI quintiles, age, and region. Trend analysis employed estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). Inequality was quantified via slope/concentration indices (SII/CI). Age-period-cohort modeling identified risk transitions. <bold>Results </bold>There are notable disparities in the burden of genital neoplasms by cancer type. UFs showed the highest global prevalence (ASPR 2,841.07/100,000), while PC dominated mortality (ASMR 12.63/100,000). Divergent trends emerged: CC burden declined (DALYs -31.45%, 1990-2021) but rose for TC (ASPR EAPC 1.80%). High-SDI regions had 3.2-fold higher PC incidence yet 67% lower CC mortality than low-SDI areas. SDI-driven inequalities narrowed for UC (SII Δ-12.46) but persisted for PC (CI crossed zero). Projections suggest rising UFs cases (+15.98% by 2035) despite stable ASRs, highlighting demographic pressures. <bold>Conclusions </bold>SDI-mediated disparities require targeted interventions, particularly CC screening in low-resource settings and TC/PC prevention in high-income regions. Limitations include underdiagnosis in low-SDI areas. These findings establish a framework for global cancer control prioritization.

Quantification of Postdiagnosis Cancer Patient Navigation

2025-06-17

Sai Harshita Posani , Ursula Burnette , Shearwood McClelland | American Journal of Clinical Oncology

Objectives: Patient navigation is a key component in achieving optimal cancer care outcomes. While a vast amount of literature suggests its clear benefits in cancer care, limited objective data exists … Objectives: Patient navigation is a key component in achieving optimal cancer care outcomes. While a vast amount of literature suggests its clear benefits in cancer care, limited objective data exists regarding navigation metrics, specifically the number of navigator-patient contacts and time spent with patients. This study attempts to attain findings from the published literature to better understand navigation metrics to achieve optimal cancer care outcomes. Methods: A systematic PubMed search was performed in April 2025 focusing on cancer patient navigation, with the term “patient navigation or navigator in postdiagnosis cancer care-contact metrics.” Important metrics analysed were the median number of navigator-patient contacts, the median time spent per patient, the most common barriers addressed, and their respective improved outcomes. These metrics were then compared with results from the ongoing Phase I Navigator-Assisted Hypofractionation (NAVAH) trial (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05978232). Results: A total of 7 peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of patient-navigator contacts widely ranged from 1 to 119; the average being 13.4 (∼0.3 times/mo, compared with 2 times/mo in NAVAH). The median time spent per patient varied from 40 minutes to over 10 hours (compared with 20 mins/encounter in NAVAH). The most commonly discussed topic was financial assistance, which is consistent with NAVAH findings. Improved outcomes were significantly reduced treatment interruption days and securing early specialist appointments. Conclusions: As previously published data depicted wide variability, it highlights the need for standardized data collection and reporting practices, as such quantitative data can facilitate the evolution of patient navigation in achieving improved cancer care outcomes.

Insights into breast cancer education concerning knowledge, awareness, and perceptions: A cross-sectional study among young adult girls

2025-06-17

Anmar Al‐Taie , Ali N. Hussein , Asma K. Allah | Revista de Senología y Patología Mamaria

Appropriateness of acute breast symptom recommendations provided by ChatGPT

2025-06-16

Clifton Byrd , Chase Kingsbury , Bethany L. Niell +4 more | Clinical Imaging

Thyroid Cancer-Specific Worry in the United States: A Survey

2025-06-16

Emily E Evans , Catherine B. Jensen , Alexander S. Chiu +3 more | Annals of Surgical Oncology

Iterative Situated Engagement Perspective: Meaning-Making Challenges Across Cancer Screening Phases

2025-06-16

Daniela Lemmo , Maria Luisa Martino , Roberto Bianco +3 more | Cancers

Background/Objectives:Breast and cervical cancer screening programs are essential for early detection and timely treatment, yet participation rates remain suboptimal. Within a patient-centered care approach, engagement is increasingly viewed as a … Background/Objectives:Breast and cervical cancer screening programs are essential for early detection and timely treatment, yet participation rates remain suboptimal. Within a patient-centered care approach, engagement is increasingly viewed as a dynamic and emotionally grounded process. The literature conceptualizes three phases of engagement in healthcare decision-making: 'recruit', 'retain', and 'sustain'. When these phases intersect with the structured pathway of cancer screening, they generate specific meaning-making challenges that shape how women relate to prevention and care. This study adopts the lens of Iterative Situated Engagement (ISE) to explore how women experience and negotiate these challenges, differentiating them across the three engagement phases. Methods: A theory-driven qualitative design was adopted. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 40 women aged 25-69 years participating in public breast and cervical cancer screening programs. Thematic analysis was conducted using the Framework Method. Results: In the 'recruit' phase, engagement was driven by Cancer Risk Monitoring, Self-care Motivation, Fear of Death Management, and Coincidence. The 'retain' phase emphasized Trust in Healthcare Providers, Accessibility of Services, Recurrent Invitations, and Informal Result Previews. About the 'sustain' phase, Continuity of Healthcare Providers, Driving Best Practices Dissemination, Flexible Organization of Healthcare Services, and Shorter Waiting Times for Results were highlighted as key factors in maintaining engagement over time. Conclusions: Women's engagement in cancer screening emerges as a dynamic, multi-phase process shaped by psychological, emotional, and organizational levels. These findings contribute to the development of the ISE conceptual proposal, which frames participation as an iterative, situated, and meaning-making trajectory. Strengthening personalized health communication and improving the coordination of primary care services could enhance sustained participation in screening programs, supporting strategies to reduce health disparities and promote preventive practices.

Response to Sah et al

2025-06-16

Ashish Kumar , Shiv Kumar Sarin | The American Journal of Gastroenterology

A population-based analysis of cancer survival in Fujian Province, southeast China during 2021–2023

2025-06-16

Zhisheng Xiang , Jingyu Ma , Yeying Wen +5 more | Cancer Epidemiology

ASO Author Reflections: Breast Cancer Among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Patients

2025-06-16

Khushi Kohli , Stephanie Wang , Advait Thaploo +7 more | Annals of Surgical Oncology

Effect of Peer Education on Early Breast Cancer Detection, Health Responsibility, Health Beliefs, Knowledge, and Practices Among University Students

2025-06-16

Sabahat Coşkun , Nisa Alibekiroğlu , Gamzenur Gençyürek | Public Health Nursing

ABSTRACT Background Breast cancer remains a major global health issue, with early detection playing a key role in reducing mortality rates. University students represent an important population for promoting health … ABSTRACT Background Breast cancer remains a major global health issue, with early detection playing a key role in reducing mortality rates. University students represent an important population for promoting health responsibility and preventive behaviors such as breast self‐examination (BSE). Peer education has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance health‐related knowledge and practices among young adults. Objective This study aims to evaluate the impact of peer education on early breast cancer detection, health responsibility, health beliefs, knowledge, and practices among university students. Methods This randomized controlled experimental study involved 244 students (124 in the intervention group and 120 in the control group). Data were collected using a Demographic Information Form, the Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test (CBCKT), the Champion's Health Belief Model (CHBM), and a BSE skill assessment test. The intervention group received education on breast cancer and BSE. Both groups were assessed 6 months after the intervention. Data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Chi‐square, eta squared, independent samples t ‐test, and paired samples t ‐test. Results Before the peer education, no significant differences were observed between the groups. However, following the intervention, significant improvements were noted in breast cancer knowledge, health responsibility, health beliefs, and BSE practices in the intervention group. Additionally, while only 4.8% of students performed BSE in 12 steps before the intervention, this increased to 58.1% after the education. Conclusions Peer education significantly enhanced breast cancer knowledge, health responsibility, health beliefs, and BSE practices. Nurses play a vital role in supporting these interventions, promoting early detection, and improving health outcomes through targeted education strategies.

Cancer registries in Pakistan: a scoping review

2025-06-14

Sehar Salim Virani , Kaleem S. Ahmed , Michelle Springer +7 more | The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

Sociological Investigation of the Level of Cancer Awareness Among Male College Students in Tehsil Dargai, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2025-06-14

Muhammad Romman , Habib Ullah Nawab , Murad Ali +2 more | journal of social sciences review

Cancer awareness among adolescents is crucial for early detection and prevention, yet limited research exists on this topic in Pakistan. This study presents a sociological investigation into the level of … Cancer awareness among adolescents is crucial for early detection and prevention, yet limited research exists on this topic in Pakistan. This study presents a sociological investigation into the level of cancer awareness among male college students in Tehsil Dargai, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 300 students across six colleges via structured questionnaires assessing knowledge of cancer types, risk factors, warning signs, and screening practices. Results revealed significant gaps in awareness, especially regarding less commonly known symptoms and preventive behaviours. The study also evaluated the effectiveness of an educational intervention, which substantially improved students’ understanding. The findings highlight the need for integrating culturally sensitive cancer education into college curricula and community programs. By framing cancer awareness as a social phenomenon influenced by education, culture, and behaviour, this research contributes valuable insights to medical sociology and public health efforts in Pakistan.

Variation in prostate cancer assessment and management between Māori and non‐Māori in New Zealand

2025-06-13

Eu‐Wing Toh , Jared White , Judith Clarke +2 more | BJU International

Objective To identify possible causes for inequitable prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes in Māori by examining any differences in the assessment and management of Māori and non‐Māori diagnosed with PCa in … Objective To identify possible causes for inequitable prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes in Māori by examining any differences in the assessment and management of Māori and non‐Māori diagnosed with PCa in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Patients and Methods The study was a retrospective cohort study of 13 893 men (1155 Māori and 12 828 non‐Māori) with PCa between 1 January 2016 and 30 June 2022 who were recruited from the New Zealand Prostate Cancer Outcome Registry (PCOR‐NZ), a national registry for collating PCa care and outcomes data. Data linkage with the National Minimum Dataset, a NZ Ministry of Health database, was performed to gather socioeconomic and comorbidity data. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess between‐group differences in PCa care controlling for confounders. Results Māori were found to be diagnosed with PCa younger and with more aggressive disease than non‐Māori. At disease presentation, Māori were more likely to receive transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy but less likely to receive transperineal prostate biopsy compared to non‐Māori. Compared to non‐Māori, a larger proportion of Māori received computed tomography and bone scans but not positron emission tomography scans for PCa staging. For PCa treatment, Māori were more likely to receive radiotherapy and hormonal therapy but less likely to receive surgery than non‐Māori. Variation in PCa assessment and treatment between Māori and non‐Māori persisted after adjusting for confounders ( P < 0.005). Conclusion Variations in PCa assessment and treatment between Māori and non‐Māori are evident in NZ. Ongoing data collection through population‐based registries would need to be continued to monitor effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing ethnic variances in PCa care in NZ.

Exploring supportive care needs of lung cancer patients in China and predicting with machine learning models

2025-06-13

Zimeng Chen , Shi Qiu , Luo Chunmei +3 more | Supportive Care in Cancer

This study aims to explore the level of supportive care needs among hospitalized lung cancer patients in China, explore the key influencing factors and use machine learning (ML) to develop … This study aims to explore the level of supportive care needs among hospitalized lung cancer patients in China, explore the key influencing factors and use machine learning (ML) to develop predictive models for the level of supportive care needs among hospitalized lung cancer patients. This cross-sectional study collected data on the supportive care needs, demographics, and clinical information of 486 hospitalized lung cancer patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified factors associated with these needs. Predictive models were developed using six machine learning methods-logistic regression, linear regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, and adaptive boosting-to assess their performance, followed by a visualization of feature importance. The code used for model development and analysis is publicly available at https://github.com/zimengcc/predict_cancer_scn. Among the factors influencing the supportive care needs of hospitalized lung cancer patients, age, education level, occupation, tumor stage, and household per capita monthly income have a significant impact on supportive care needs scores. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that education level and household per capita monthly income were statistically significant predictors of supportive care needs scores. In the predictive tasks, the random forest model performed the best, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.45 for predicting the total supportive care needs score. Furthermore, to predict the dimension with the highest level of supportive care needs, the model achieved an accuracy of 88. 42%, an F1 score of 87. 49%, and an ROC-AUC of 0.9061. Our study explored the factors influencing the level of supportive care needs among hospitalized lung cancer patients. While the machine learning models demonstrate promising predictive performance, it is important to note that all results were derived solely through cross-validation. Therefore, potential overfitting and overestimation of model performance should be considered when interpreting these findings. Nevertheless, these models may serve as a foundation for developing tools to support personalized care planning in clinical settings.

Reply to “Best of both worlds? Linking comprehensive and noncomprehensive cancer centers”

2025-06-13

Carla Thamm , E. J. Button , Sanchia Aranda +1 more | Cancer

Abstract P4-02-11: Outcomes of Susan G. Komen’s “Navigating People with Metastatic Breast Cancer” Patient Navigation Training Course

2025-06-13

Kelley Moultry , Nigel G. Adams , Amber Linthakhan +6 more | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Background: Susan G. Komen’s Patient Care Center patient navigators (PNs) reported a need for additional training to meet the unique needs of individuals with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and … Abstract Background: Susan G. Komen’s Patient Care Center patient navigators (PNs) reported a need for additional training to meet the unique needs of individuals with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and a landscape analysis revealed a lack of systematic work done to understand the navigational needs of those with MBC and efforts to equip PNs to specifically address them. Komen’s Patient Navigation Training Program provides interactive, virtual training to equip trainees to provide high-quality services addressing the needs of underserved communities. To build a training to fill this identified gap, a study was conducted to identify the needs of people with MBC and the training requirements of their PNs, leading to a targeted training course, "Navigating People with Metastatic Breast Cancer". Focus groups with MBC patients and PNs identified key themes, including health care experiences, diagnosis challenges, professional and system obstacles, insurance issues, health inequities, coping mechanisms, ideal PN traits, and support needs. People with MBC emphasized the importance of access to PNs, while PNs expressed a need for training to address these challenges, underscoring the need for comprehensive PN training focused on MBC.Methods: Focus group findings were used to develop the course learning objectives: 1) Highlight strategies and resources PNs can use to support the unique needs of those living with MBC, 2) Define MBC and identify barriers people with MBC may face, 3) Provide tools for PNs to better support people with MBC, and 4) Connect PNs to ongoing MBC training opportunities for continued learning and professional peer support. Komen’s Patient Care Center PNs and experts validated content alignment with learning objectives through a survey instrument. Instructional design incorporated interactive, scenario-based learning approaches, including a self-assessment to tailor additional training to each learner's needs. The free course is available in Komen’s online learning system, where demographic information and pre- and post-program survey instruments assess content, method of content delivery, and intent to apply content, using a Likert scale. Results: From May to June 2024, 28 learners completed the course. Participant demographics included 21% Black/African American, 36% White, and 29% Hispanic/Latino (14% preferred not to answer). Common roles were PN (26%) and social worker (14%), with 11% having prior navigation training or certification.All participants reported increased confidence in describing and navigating barriers and meeting the needs of people with MBC (100%), identified opportunities for continued learning to meet the needs of people with MBC (100%), and most participants intended to use the information professionally (96%). All respondents reported the information was useful and relevant (100%), presented in an understandable way (100%) and that the level of interaction was helpful (100%). Conclusion: The course was developed to fill a PN workforce reported need for training to address the unique needs of people living with MBC, informed by focus groups with people living with MBC and PNs who support them. The course attracted a diverse group of learners, including PNs and social workers, with significant representation from Black, White, and Hispanic/Latino communities. The virtual format proved accessible and effective in improving the learners’ capacity to meet the needs of people living with MBC and met the need for interactive learning delivered virtually. Participants reported substantial improvements in confidence and ability to navigate MBC-related barriers. The training was universally rated as useful, relevant, and easy to understand, with a high level of engagement. These positive outcomes underscore the program’s success in equipping PNs with the necessary skills and knowledge to better support individuals with MBC, addressing a crucial gap in patient navigation training. Citation Format: P4-02-11. Outcomes of Susan G. Komen’s “Navigating People with Metastatic Breast Cancer” Patient Navigation Training Course [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-11.

Abstract P3-02-13: Global disparities in breast cancer screening programs and breast cancer mortality

2025-06-13

Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan , Debbie L. Bennett , Adetunji T. Toriola | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Background: Breast cancer screening is effective in reducing breast cancer mortality. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on whether having a national breast cancer screening program has an … Abstract Background: Breast cancer screening is effective in reducing breast cancer mortality. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on whether having a national breast cancer screening program has an impact on breast cancer mortality. In this study, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the associations between breast cancer screening programs and the mortality attributable to breast cancer in the 194 countries. Methods: Global breast cancer screening data were collected from the WHO Global Health Observatory database. Correspondingly, breast cancer mortality data were procured from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 database. Our analysis incorporated 48,960 data points embedded within 1632 cohorts, to estimate annual changes in breast cancer mortality at global, regional, and national levels from 2015 to 2019. We used a joinpoint regression model with a data-driven Bayesian information criterion method for calculating the annualized changes in breast cancer mortality. The significance level of the difference in mortality between countries with and without screening programs was assessed using bootstrap methods. Results: Over the 2015-2019 period, about half of the countries (97 out of 194) reported implementing breast cancer screening programs that target the general population. Notably, countries with screening programs showed a significant annual reduction in age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates compared to countries lacking regular or consistent screening programs (mean difference: 1.18 [95% UI, 0.86-1.49]). In 2019, countries with breast cancer screening programs (18.6 deaths [95% UI 17.4-19.7] per 100,000) had 4.0 fewer deaths (95% UI: 2.0-6.1) per 100,000 population compared to countries without screening programs (22.6 deaths [95% UI 21.0-24.3] per 100,000). The reduction in mortality rates was particularly distinct among postmenopausal women aged 50-74 years, exhibiting a decline of 10.1 deaths (95% UI, 4.4-16.1) per 100,000 population in countries with screening programs. Regionally, during 2015-2019, breast cancer mortality rate in countries with regular screening programs was reduced by 1.27% (95% UI 0.13%-2.41%) per year in Sub-Saharan Africa and 0.85% (0.13%-1.57%) per year in Latin America and the Caribbean compared to the countries without such regular programs. Conclusion: Countries with breast cancer screening programs experienced a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality. To effectively reduce breast cancer mortality on a global scale, it is imperative to encourage the adoption of national breast cancer screening programs and prioritize the expansion of screening coverage. Citation Format: Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Debbie L. Bennett, Adetunji T. Toriola. Global disparities in breast cancer screening programs and breast cancer mortality [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-02-13.

Abstract P5-07-26: UK 5-Point Scoring System for Clinical Breast Examination Reduces Discordance in a Symptomatic Breast Triple Assessment Clinic

2025-06-13

Jaime Castillo , Andrea E. McAllister , Viera Kaplan +7 more | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Introduction: Despite advancements in standardising breast imaging scoring systems, challenges persist in reporting clinical breast examinations (CBE). A 5-point scoring system, analogous to the Royal College of Radiologists Breast … Abstract Introduction: Despite advancements in standardising breast imaging scoring systems, challenges persist in reporting clinical breast examinations (CBE). A 5-point scoring system, analogous to the Royal College of Radiologists Breast Group scoring system for the classification of breast imaging, is widely employed to report CBE in the UK. This system is crucial in the triple assessment of symptomatic breast patients, where discordance between CBE, imaging, and histopathology necessitates additional investigations and delays treatment. This study evaluates the impact of using the UK 5-point scoring system to report CBE on discordance in a symptomatic breast triple assessment one-stop clinic. Methods: This retrospective chart review included symptomatic breast patients seen at a tertiary site in London, UK, between September 2022 and August 2023. Patients underwent CBE and at least one breast imaging modality. Clinicians were instructed to report CBE using a 5-point scoring system (1: Normal, 2: Benign, 3: Indeterminate, 4: Suspicious for malignancy, 5: Malignant) as per standard operational procedures. Discordance was defined as an abnormality on CBE not detected by imaging, while incorrect use of the scoring system was defined as a mismatch between the reported score and its description. The proportions of discordance and incorrect use were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Associations with discordance were assessed using Pearson chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression estimated odds ratios for significant associations. Results: 362 cases were included with a median age of 46 years (IQR=34-56), of which 345 (95.31%) were women. Presenting complaints encompassed 229 lumps (63.26%), 90 instances of pain (24.86%), and 43 with other symptoms (11.88%). The scoring system was used in 260 CBE reports (71.82%). Ultrasound and mammography were performed in 311 (85.91%) and 194 (53.59%) cases, respectively. Histopathology was assessed in 48 cases (13.26%), with cancer diagnosed in 18 cases (4.97%). The proportion of discordance was 11.60%, 95% CI [8.49, 15.36]. The association between discordance and the use of the scoring system to report CBE was significant, χ2(1, N=362)=13.75, p&lt;.001. Using the scoring system significantly reduced the odds of discordance OR=0.303, 95% CI [0.157, 0.584], p&lt;.001, with further reduction when excluding incorrect uses OR=0.107, 95% CI [0.044, 0.259], p&lt;.001. The proportion of incorrect use was 5.8%, 95% CI [3.3-9.3]. No significant associations were found between discordance and age χ2(1, N=362)=3.13, p=.077, sex χ2(1, N=362)=0.64, p=.425, presenting complaint χ2(2, 362)=0.37, p=.831, clinician seniority χ2(2, 362)=3.25, p=.197, CBE score χ2 (2, N=362) = 2.55, p=.280, or imaging modality χ2(2, N=362)=1.59, p=.452. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a threefold reduction in the odds of discordance when the UK 5-point scoring system is used to report CBE, with correct use of the system further decreasing the odds of discordance. These findings underscore the importance of developing dedicated CBE reporting guidelines, and support the broader adoption of standardised CBE scoring systems, to avoid ambiguity in multidisciplinary team communication and streamline the management of symptomatic breast patients. Citation Format: Jaime Castillo, Angeliki Mcallister, Vahan Kaplan, Philippa Hayes, Zofia Zielicka, Meera Joshi, Hirah Rizki, Daniel Leff, Paul Thiruchelvam, Katy Hogben. UK 5-Point Scoring System for Clinical Breast Examination Reduces Discordance in a Symptomatic Breast Triple Assessment Clinic [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-26.

Abstract P3-06-11: Efficacy of a Structured Educational Program in Enhancing Breast Cancer Knowledge Among Caregivers in Egypt: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study

2025-06-13

Emad Shash , Fatma Bektash , M.D. SUZY F. GOHAR BELAL MONTASER +5 more | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Background: In low- and middle-income countries, breast cancer (BC) awareness and education are often hindered by misinformation, cultural barriers, and low literacy rates. Effective patient education is essential for … Abstract Background: In low- and middle-income countries, breast cancer (BC) awareness and education are often hindered by misinformation, cultural barriers, and low literacy rates. Effective patient education is essential for improving health outcomes, yet structured interventions remain limited. This study assesses the impact of a comprehensive educational program designed to enhance BC knowledge among caregivers at Cairo University’s National Cancer Institute (NCI). Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed in this pilot study involving 59 participants. The intervention consisted of a three-hour educational session focused on BC awareness, treatment options, misconception correction, and psychological health. Pre- and 30 days post-intervention knowledge assessments were conducted using a structured questionnaire. The statistical significance of the knowledge gains was evaluated through paired sample t-tests. Results: Participants demonstrated significant improvements in key knowledge areas. Post-intervention scores showed marked increases in understanding BC symptoms (mean score: 1.1 ± 0.7 pre-test vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 post-test; p &lt; 0.001), risk factors (2.7 ± 1.6 vs. 5.7 ± 1.4; p &lt; 0.001), nutrition misconceptions (0.6 ± 0.6 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7; p &lt; 0.001), and breast self-examination techniques (1.3 ± 0.87 vs. 2.2 ± 1; p &lt; 0.001). Discussion: The educational program effectively addressed gaps in BC knowledge, reflecting the urgent need for structured patient education in similar settings. Cultural and educational backgrounds were considered, with tailored content ensuring relevance and accessibility. The program also highlighted the importance of patient advocate groups and the role of healthcare professionals in ongoing education. Conclusion: This study underscores the potential of structured educational interventions to significantly improve BC knowledge among caregivers in low- and middle-income countries. By correcting misconceptions and enhancing understanding, such programs contribute to better health knowledge. Future research should explore scaling these interventions to larger populations and diverse settings. Citation Format: Emad Shash, Fatma Bektash, Maram Montaser, Sarah Ghobrial, Jackline Safwat, Kholoud Reda, Nourhan Mahran, Reem Eid. Efficacy of a Structured Educational Program in Enhancing Breast Cancer Knowledge Among Caregivers in Egypt: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-11.

Abstract PS10-08: Appalachian Mobile Mammogram Program Achieves Unprecedented Outcomes by Repeatedly Reaching Underserved Women

2025-06-13

John L. Bell | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer remains the number one incident female cancer in the United States (US). In 2024, it is estimated that 310,720 new breast cancers will be diagnosed in … Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer remains the number one incident female cancer in the United States (US). In 2024, it is estimated that 310,720 new breast cancers will be diagnosed in US women and approximately 42,250 women will die of the disease.1 Despite ongoing controversies and conflicting data, screening mammography remains the gold standard examination for early detection and improved survival related to breast cancer. Mobile mammography units (MMU) are especially crucial for patient populations that lack access to recommended routine screening. Detecting breast cancer at earlier stages leads to a reduction in disease progression and mortality.2,3,4Through multiple return visits by the MMU to the same sites and outreach efforts in underserved areas, The University of Tennessee Medical Center's (UTMC) MMU now presents one of the largest series ever published or reported in the US. This series includes 48,385 mammograms conducted between 2008 and 2023, serving 20,254 unique women. The underserved population in this area faces barriers such as receiving fewer healthcare services, socioeconomic disparities, and lack of transportation to fixedmammography sites. Many of these women are without permanent mammography equipment in their home counties so the MMU allows accessible mammographyscreening. Disadvantaged women are more heavily impacted by breast cancer compared to less vulnerable populations.4 UTMC’s MMU service area covers 23 counties (five of which have no “fixed/permanent” mammogram services) in East Tennessee consisting of both urban and primarily rural Appalachian populations.METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was performed on a prospectively maintained database for our MMU Breast Health Outreach Program (BHOP). Data points included demographic information, date of mammogram, sequence of imaging (first, second, third, etc. study), BIRADS assignment (initial and final), biopsy results (if obtained), and status (alive/dead with/without disease). Frequency and percentage statistics were performed.RESULTS: Of the 20,254 women screened on the MMU, 11,037 (54.5%) women were screened once. However, 9,217 (45.5%) women had two or more screeningsperformed on the MMU (range - 2 to 16 mammograms). Due to this high follow-up rate supported by the MMU program administrative infrastructure and our stated intention to return annually to identical locations, 238 cancers were identified in women for an incidence proportion of 0.5% (238/48,385). Of the cancers, 190 were either Stage 0 (n=54) or Stage I (n=136) representing 80% of the diagnosed cancers. In addition, only two (0.8%) patients have expired due to breast cancer and only one patient has experienced a distant failure (bone only) for a distant failure proportion of 0.4%.DISCUSSION: This is one of the largest analyses ever undertaken regarding mobile screening mammography in the US. The results reveal the expected incidence proportion of 0.5% in this asymptomatic, primarily rural population. More importantly, of the cancers identified, 80% were early stage which led to a disease-specific mortality of 0.8%. Focused follow-up of this vulnerable population leads to early-stage diagnosis and improved outcomes, not otherwise seen in underserved, rural screening populations. References:1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2024. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2024. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer_x0002_org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and_x0002_figures/2024/2024-cancer-facts-and-figures-acs.pdf2. Spak DA, Foxhall L, Rieber A, Hess K, Helvie M, Whitman GJ. Retrospective Review of a Mobile Mammography Screening Program in an Underserved Population within a Large Metropolitan Area. Acad Radiol. 2022;29 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S173-S179. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.0123. Arleo EK, Dashevsky BZ, Reichman M, Babagbemi K, Drotman M, Rosenblatt R. Screening mammography for women in their 40s: A retrospective study of the potential impact of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's 2009 breast cancer screening recommendations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Dec;201(6).doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.10390.4. Trivedi U, Omofoye TS, Marquez C, Sullivan CR, Benson DM, Whitman GJ. Mobile Mammography Services and Underserved Women. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(4):902. Published 2022 Apr 5. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12040902 Citation Format: John L. Bell. Appalachian Mobile Mammogram Program Achieves Unprecedented Outcomes by Repeatedly Reaching Underserved Women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PS10-08.

Abstract P4-03-12: How do Arab World Breast Cancer Survivors feel about De-escalation of Treatment?

2025-06-13

Rita A. Sakr , SAWA breast cancer survivors | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract With the improved selection of patients during the past decades, we are seeing a real trend towards de-escalation of treatment in special settings of breast cancer because of less … Abstract With the improved selection of patients during the past decades, we are seeing a real trend towards de-escalation of treatment in special settings of breast cancer because of less or no benefit on survival of those previously recommended surgeries or treatments. In the Arab world, patients are tending to be more influenced by familial factors in addition to cultural factors and certain concepts such as “more is better and safer” when it comes to treatment. The aim of our study is to investigate how breast cancer survivors would feel about de-escalation of breast cancer treatment thus try to help with the educational awareness and change of unhelpful concepts. Members of SAWA breast cancer survivors group living in United Arab Emirates were invited to share their opinion regarding the de-escalation of breast cancer treatment. They were informed about the latest studies and then were separately invited to share their opinion regarding the de-escalation of breast surgery, axillary surgery, as well as protocols of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. So far, twenty-six patients aged between 38 and 59 years attended the interviews and separately replied to the questions that were about feeling safe about de-escalation of breast cancer treatment, or unsafe about de-escalation, or wishing to follow the recommendations of doctors without sharing opinion. Three patients felt a little bit confused and preferred to reply later. Regarding breast surgery, one third of the patients felt unsafe about de-escalating lumpectomy and 16% of patients felt unsafe about de-escalating mastectomy. Almost 42% of the patients said they would just follow the recommendations of doctors. Regarding axillary surgery, 20% of patients felt unsafe about de-escalating sentinel lymph node biopsy whereas 60% of patients would simply follow the recommendations. All of them were very happy with de-escalating complete axillary clearance. As for the adjuvant treatment, the majority of the patients (96%) were very happy with de-escalation of radiotherapy protocols. The majority of patients (67%) were also very happy with de-escalation of chemotherapy protocols and more interestingly, they expressed their happiness with de-escalation of endocrine therapy too. Thanks to the development of biology towards an improved selection of patients and to the availability of more medical treatments, the reduction of surgery and radiotherapy is continuing in all settings of breast cancer treatment. In addition, the de-escalation was shown not to impact locoregional recurrence rate and overall outcome. Implementing those new recommendations will surely need to start by standardization of the information given to patients by the doctors. It should also involve patient in making the treatment decision especially when omission of a treatment is suggested. In the Arab World region, the concept of “more is better” in addition to the familial and cultural influence can drive patients sometimes against the recommendations and guidelines. By consequence, the opinion of breast cancer survivors who have been through most of the treatment plans can be of great guidance and value. In the first part of our study, most of the patients were very happy with de-escalating the treatments where side effects can really affect their daily life and womanhood: axillary surgery, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy. However, a small but non negligeable number of patients still felt unsafe about de-escalating surgery including mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Awareness campaigns involving beast cancer survivors can be of great value for changing the misguiding concepts, with a special focus on educating healthcare society, patients and families about the benefits of de-escalating treatments in a specific tailored way. Less can be better. Citation Format: Rita A. Sakr, SAWA breast cancer survivors. How do Arab World Breast Cancer Survivors feel about De-escalation of Treatment? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-12.

Abstract P3-04-02: Advanced Breast Cancer by Region in the Hawaii and Pacific Islands Mammography Registry

2025-06-13

Dustin Valdez , Arianna Bunnell , Nusrat Zaman Zemi +1 more | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Background: Despite recent advances in early detection and treatment, breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women in the U.S. Notable racial/ethnic differences in incidence … Abstract Background: Despite recent advances in early detection and treatment, breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women in the U.S. Notable racial/ethnic differences in incidence and survival have been described [1]. For example, Native Hawaiian women have the highest breast cancer incidence in Hawaii despite their favorable reproductive patterns. Japanese American women now experience the same breast cancer risk as non-Hispanic White women, although the incidence in Japan is still lower. Further, the percentage of breast cancers that are advanced are considerably higher in Asian American Women in Hawaii and the Pacific compared to the US mainland, 15% versus 9%. We present the Hawaii and Pacific Islands Mammography Registry (HIPIMR) which contains over 100,000 unique women undergoing breast imaging in the state of Hawaii. Included are demographic, geolocation, risk factor information, and cancer outcomes obtained through linkage with the Hawaii Tumor Registry (HTR) and Hawaii State Department of Health and Vital Records (HSDHVR). In this study, we asked if advanced-stage breast cancer rates differed by region within each island and may be associated with determinants related to access and acceptance of breast health screening. Methods: Women who participate in mammographic screening in the HIPIMR were grouped into the following regions: Big Island, Maui, Kauai (Molokai, Lanai), 4 divisions of Oahu using zip code groupings (central, Honolulu, leeward, windward) and unknown region. Chi-squared tests of independence and pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were then performed to identify differences between the regions at a significance level 0.05. Invasive cases were represented as a percent of advanced stage (3 and 4) to all cases. Results: Currently the HIPIMR contains 124,475 unique women with visits from 2009 to 2024, and of those 5511 women had invasive cancer during this period. Percent advanced stage rates were Big Island 35.71%, Maui 21.8%, Kauai (Molokai, Lanai) 43.86%, 4 divisions of Oahu using zip code groupings (central 31.72%, Honolulu 35.15%, leeward 38.15%, windward 32.13%) and unknown region 40.37%. The pairwise comparisons showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between Honolulu and (Big Island, Kauai (Molokai, Lanai), windward and unknown regions. Also, the unknown region was significantly different than (Honolulu, Central, and Leeward). No significant differences were found between other pairs. Conclusion: Within the HIPIMR, the advanced breast cancer rate is not uniform across Hawaii, with Kauai (Molokai, Lanai) experiencing the highest advanced cancer rate of 43.86% while the lowest rate was Maui at 21.8%. After pairwise comparisons, the advanced cancer rate of Honolulu significantly differed from many of the more rural islands such as Big Island, and Kauai (Molokai, Lanai). Further research must be done to understand the risk factors associated with causing some regions to experience higher advanced cancer rates. References: 1. Dietze, E.C., et al., Triple-negative breast cancer in African-American women: disparities versus biology. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2015. 15(4): p. 248-254. Citation Format: Dustin Valdez, Arianna Bunnell, Nusrat Zaman Zemi, John Shepherd. Advanced Breast Cancer by Region in the Hawaii and Pacific Islands Mammography Registry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-02.

Abstract PS10-05: Door-to-door Breast Cancer Screening in 22,278 populaces from Feb. 2020-April 2024: Breast Cancer Hub's Trendsetting Grassroots Sustainable Solutions, overcoming the Disparity, & Challenges in the Rural Remote Villages in Poverty, of Assam, India

2025-06-13

Lopamudra Das Roy | Clinical Cancer Research

Abstract Background: There is a huge gap in Breast Cancer survival globally with the death rate being significantly higher in developing countries due to taboo, ignorance, lack of awareness, sociocultural, … Abstract Background: There is a huge gap in Breast Cancer survival globally with the death rate being significantly higher in developing countries due to taboo, ignorance, lack of awareness, sociocultural, economic, and environmental barriers, leading to inaccessibility to healthcare facilities, proper guidance, and treatment management. Healthcare providers in rural India regularly see women coming in an advanced stage and in Assam, Northeast (NE) India, the situation is grimmer. This study is based on an analysis of the database of door-to-door Breast cancer screening of the rural villages in Assam from February 2020 to April 2024, reporting the Breast Cancer Screening status, disparities leading to late detection and death, and the success of Breast Cancer Hub’s Grassroots approach, providing sustainable solutions. Methods: In this study, we report the data from February 2020 to April 2024 (N=22,278), of in-person Door-to-Door Breast Cancer Screening by Breast Cancer Hub (BCH), a nonprofit organization in the remote 18 villages in Assam, India. BCH-generated questionnaire on health and lifestyle, family history, demography, socio-economic condition and other determining conditions. The data was incorporated from notebook used by BCH teams in the field, into Excel sheets. A complete descriptive statistics is used for understanding the data. For goodness of fit test, chi square is used. All the analysis have been compiled with the help of SPSS version 21. Results: This is the pioneering study, as BCH is the first group to conduct door-to-door Breast Cancer Screening in N=22,278 villagers (8085 families), in the underprivileged rural Seventeen villages and One Tea Garden Estate in Assam. From our evaluation, we confirm that the awareness of Breast Cancer Symptoms was &lt;1% among the villagers. The Breast Self-Exam was performed by 0% of the populace. No participant (0%) underwent Clinical Breast Exam. Women 40 years and above, never performed screening mammograms (0%) or ultrasounds (0%) but only visited the hospital when the symptoms were extremely severe eventually getting diagnosed at a late stage leading to death. We investigated the socio-economic condition and huge barrier to care due to financial constraints, villagers living on a daily wage and health always took the last priority as they fall below the poverty line. In addition, the lifestyle is influenced by the tremendous intake of tobacco in all forms, especially adding tobacco, betel nut, slaked lime, and other ingredients to the betel leaves and chewing in the form of Paan. We encountered 76 suspicious cases, that needed further evaluation and screening. But, during screening, the team faced challenges, as the villagers could not financially afford to travel to cancer diagnosis-equipped hospitals which are extremely far away, leading them to succumb to faith healers and eventually death. The family members avoided taking patients to hospitals as it would be a full-day affair and they couldn’t miss their daily wage, as food is their priority. Also, they were not aware of government healthcare cards for the Below Poverty Line population. Therefore, BCH created a sustainable framework, by teaching every member Breast Self-Examination (BSE), providing BSE card in local language, accompanying suspicious cases to hospitals, providing transport, generating villagers’ income certificates and health cards, helping with hospital registration, patient communication with healthcare professionals, providing Aid for diagnosis and treatment not covered under the government schemes, dropping patients home with follow-ups, counseling, support, taking the same patients back to the hospital on the next appointments, assisting with the comprehensive treatment process, case by case. Discussion: BCH is the trendsetter to execute this framework in the untapped villages in India, revolutionizing the Breast cancer scenario, and driving impactful changes in Breast Cancer survival. Citation Format: Lopamudra Das Roy. Door-to-door Breast Cancer Screening in 22,278 populaces from Feb. 2020-April 2024: Breast Cancer Hub's Trendsetting Grassroots Sustainable Solutions, overcoming the Disparity, & Challenges in the Rural Remote Villages in Poverty, of Assam, India [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PS10-05.