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Materials Science â€ș Polymers and Plastics

Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties

Works Count: 60675

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the preparation, properties, and applications of polymer nanocomposites, particularly emphasizing the use of layered silicates and nanoparticles to enhance mechanical and thermal properties. The papers cover a wide range of topics including processing, structure-property relationships, reinforcement mechanisms, and potential applications in various industries.

Keywords

Nanocomposites; Polymer; Layered Silicate; Preparation; Properties; Processing; Mechanical; Clay; Nanoparticles; Review

Science and technology of rubber

1995-01-01
F. R. Eirich
A.N. Gent, Rubber Elasticity: Basic Concepts and Behavior. R.P. Quirk and M.M. Morton, Polymerization. G. Ver Strate and D.J. Lohse, Structure Characterization in the Science and Technology of Elastomers. B. 
 A.N. Gent, Rubber Elasticity: Basic Concepts and Behavior. R.P. Quirk and M.M. Morton, Polymerization. G. Ver Strate and D.J. Lohse, Structure Characterization in the Science and Technology of Elastomers. B. Erman and J.E. Mark, The Molecular Basis of Rubberlike Elasticity. O. Kramer, S. Hvidt, and J.D. Ferry, Dynamic Mechanical Properties. J.L. White, Rheological Behavior of Processing of Unvulcanized Rubber. A.Y. Coran, Vulcanization. A.I. Medalia and G. Kraus, Reinforcement of Elastomers by Particulate Fillers. W.W. Barbin and M.B. Rodgers, The Science of Rubber Compounding. A.N. Gent, Strength of Elastomers. A.F. Halasa, J.M. Massie, and R.J. Ceresa, The Chemical Modification of Polymers. P.J. Corish, Elastomer Blends. B.P. Grady and S.L. Cooper, Thermoplastic Elastomers. F.J. Kovac and M.B. Rodgers, Tire Engineering. Chapter References. Subject Index.

Nylon 6 nanocomposites: the effect of matrix molecular weight

2001-12-01
T.D. Fornes , P.J. Yoon , H. Keskkula +1 more

Synthesis and Characterization of Layered Silicate-Epoxy Nanocomposites

1994-10-01
Phillip B. Messersmith , Emmanuel P. Giannelis
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Characterization of Layered Silicate-Epoxy NanocompositesPhillip B. Messersmith and Emmanuel P. GiannelisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 10, 1719–1725Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 
 ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Characterization of Layered Silicate-Epoxy NanocompositesPhillip B. Messersmith and Emmanuel P. GiannelisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 10, 1719–1725Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00046a026https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00046a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2816Altmetric-Citations968LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Statistical Mechanics of Cross-Linked Polymer Networks I. Rubberlike Elasticity

1943-11-01
Paul J. Flory , John Rehner
A model is proposed for the structure of a cross-linked network, such as exists in a vulcanized rubber, which is amenable to statistical treatment. Expressions are derived for the structural 
 A model is proposed for the structure of a cross-linked network, such as exists in a vulcanized rubber, which is amenable to statistical treatment. Expressions are derived for the structural entropy of the network, and for the entropy change on deformation. The latter is in agreement with the relationship derived by Wall and others by a different treatment.

Nanocomposites: synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities

2009-03-01
Pedro H. C. Camargo , K. G. Satyanarayana , Fernando Wypych
Nanocomposites, a high performance material exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. With an estimated annual growth rate of about 25% and fastest demand to be in engineering plastics 
 Nanocomposites, a high performance material exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. With an estimated annual growth rate of about 25% and fastest demand to be in engineering plastics and elastomers, their potential is so striking that they are useful in several areas ranging from packaging to biomedical applications. In this unified overview the three types of matrix nanocomposites are presented underlining the need for these materials, their processing methods and some recent results on structure, properties and potential applications, perspectives including need for such materials in future space mission and other interesting applications together with market and safety aspects. Possible uses of natural materials such as clay based minerals, chrysotile and lignocellulosic fibers are highlighted. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors of the aerospace, automotive, electronics and biotechnology industries.
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Statistical Mechanics of Cross-Linked Polymer Networks II. Swelling

1943-11-01
Paul J. Flory , John Rehner
The interaction of solvents with cross-linked network structures, such as occur in vulcanized rubber, is subjected to a statistical mechanical treatment based on the model and procedure presented in the 
 The interaction of solvents with cross-linked network structures, such as occur in vulcanized rubber, is subjected to a statistical mechanical treatment based on the model and procedure presented in the preceding paper. The activity of the solvent is expressed as a function of its concentration in the swollen network, and of the degree of cross-linking. The maximum degree of swelling of the network in contact with the pure solvent is related to the degree of cross-linking. The heat of interaction of the solvent with the network can be calculated from the temperature coefficient of maximum swelling. The theory leads to the conclusion that the swelling capacity should be diminished by the application of an external stress. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity should decrease inversely with the cube root of the swelling volume.

Modeling the Barrier Properties of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

2001-11-16
Rishikesh K. Bharadwaj
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTModeling the Barrier Properties of Polymer-Layered Silicate NanocompositesR. K. BharadwajView Author Information Avery Research Center, 2900 Bradley Street, Pasadena, California 91107 Cite this: Macromolecules 2001, 34, 26, 
 ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTModeling the Barrier Properties of Polymer-Layered Silicate NanocompositesR. K. BharadwajView Author Information Avery Research Center, 2900 Bradley Street, Pasadena, California 91107 Cite this: Macromolecules 2001, 34, 26, 9189–9192Publication Date (Web):November 16, 2001Publication History Received7 May 2001Revised12 July 2001Published online16 November 2001Published inissue 1 December 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma010780bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma010780bbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5699Altmetric-Citations920LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Layers,Nanocomposites,Order,Permeability,Polymers Get e-Alerts

Nylon 6 nanocomposites by melt compounding

2001-02-01
J.W. Cho , D. R. Paul

Permeability of polymer/clay nanocomposites: A review

2009-01-31
G. Choudalakis , A. D. Gotsis

Ultrathin polymer coatings by complexation of polyelectrolytes at interfaces: suitable materials, structure and properties

2000-04-01
P. Bertrand , Alain M. Jonas , André Laschewsky +1 more
The article presents the state-of-the-art of alternating physisorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, the so-called "layer-by-layer" method or "electrostatic self-assembly" (ESA), for the preparation of thin polymer coatings. In comparison to 
 The article presents the state-of-the-art of alternating physisorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, the so-called "layer-by-layer" method or "electrostatic self-assembly" (ESA), for the preparation of thin polymer coatings. In comparison to other, more established self-organization techniques, this recent method is distinguished by its simplicity, versatility, and speed. In particular, the tendency for self-healing is unique. Emphasis is given to the role of the molecular structure of the polyelectrolytes, and to the nature of the support. Also, various parameters for the preparation of multilayer films are highlighted, which are very important due to the kinetic control of the build-up process. The structure of the resulting coatings, their quality and stability, chemical reactions in the films, and potential applications are discussed.

Non-symmetrical dielectric relaxation behaviour arising from a simple empirical decay function

1970-01-01
Graham Williams , David C. Watts
The empirical dielectric decay function Îł(t)= exp –(t/τ0)ÎČ may be transformed analytically to give the frequency dependent complex dielectric constant if ÎČ is chosen to be 0.50. The resulting dielectric 
 The empirical dielectric decay function Îł(t)= exp –(t/τ0)ÎČ may be transformed analytically to give the frequency dependent complex dielectric constant if ÎČ is chosen to be 0.50. The resulting dielectric constant and dielectric loss curves are non-symmetrical about the logarithm of the frequency of maximum loss, and are intermediate between the Cole-Cole and Davidson-Cole empirical relations. Using a short extrapolation procedure, good agreement is obtained between the empirical representation and the experimental curves for the α relaxation in polyethyl acrylate. It is suggested that the present representation would have a general application to the α relaxations in other polymers. The Hamon approximation, with a small applied correction, is valid for the present function with ÎČ= 0.50 in the range log(ωτ0) > –0.5, but cannot be used at lower frequencies.

Thermal Degradation Chemistry of Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Montmorillonite

2001-08-11
Wei Xie , Zongming Gao , Wei-Ping Pan +3 more
The thermal stability of organically modified layered silicate (OLS) plays a key role in the synthesis and processing of polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites. The nonoxidative thermal degradation of montmorillonite and 
 The thermal stability of organically modified layered silicate (OLS) plays a key role in the synthesis and processing of polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites. The nonoxidative thermal degradation of montmorillonite and alkyl quaternary ammonium-modified montmorillonite were examined using conventional and high-resolution TGA combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG−FTIR−MS) and pyrolysis/GC−MS. The onset temperature of decomposition of these OLSs was approximately 155 °C via TGA and 180 °C via TGA−MS, where TGA−MS enables the differentiation of water desorbtion from true organic decomposition. Analysis of products (GC−MS) indicates that the initial degradation of the surfactant in the OLS follows a Hoffmann elimination reaction and that the architecture (trimethyl or dimethyl), chain length, surfactant mixture, exchanged ratio, or preconditioning (washing) does not alter the initial onset temperatures. Catalytic sites on the aluminosilicate layer reduce thermal stability of a fraction of the surfactants by an average of 15−25 °C relative to the parent alkyl quaternary ammonium salt. Finally, the release of organic compounds from the OLS is staged and is associated with retardation of product transfer arising from the morphology of the OLS. These observations have implications to understanding the factors impacting the interfacial strength between polymer and silicate and the subsequent impact on mechanical properties as well as clarifying the role (advantageous or detrimental) of the decomposition products in the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of polymer melt intercalation.

Organoclays: Properties, preparation and applications

2008-03-03
Lucilene Betega de Paiva , Ana Rita Morales , Francisco Rolando Valenzuela DĂ­az

Statistical Mechanics of Swelling of Network Structures

1950-01-01
Paul J. Flory
Inaccuracies in previously published theories dealing with the swelling of network polymers in solvents are pointed out. The treatment of Flory and Rehner, based on the tetrahedral model, is overly 
 Inaccuracies in previously published theories dealing with the swelling of network polymers in solvents are pointed out. The treatment of Flory and Rehner, based on the tetrahedral model, is overly restrictive and leads to an entropy of swelling which is too small. A more recent treatment of Kuhn, Pasternak, and Kuhn introduces an error in the opposite direction. In the present paper the entropy of swelling a network of any degree of connectivity, or functionality f, is derived in a manner which avoids these inaccuracies. Corrected relationships are given for the partial molal-free energy of dilution, swelling equilibrium and the influence of deformation on swelling equilibrium. These differ appreciably from those previously given when the degree of interlinking (i.e., concentration of cross linkages if f=4) is large and the equilibrium degree of swelling therefore is small. Previous expressions for elastic deformation at constant volume are unaffected.

Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites—a review

2004-12-16
Jeffrey Jordan , Karl I. Jacob , Rina Tannenbaum +2 more

Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

1994-12-01
Tie Lan , Thomas J. Pinnavaia
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTClay-Reinforced Epoxy NanocompositesTie Lan and Thomas J. PinnavaiaCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 12, 2216–2219Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 
 ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTClay-Reinforced Epoxy NanocompositesTie Lan and Thomas J. PinnavaiaCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 12, 2216–2219Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00048a006https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00048a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3575Altmetric-Citations1007LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Dynamic mechanical properties of particulate‐filled composites

1970-06-01
Thomas B. Lewis , L. E. Nielsen
Abstract The relative shear moduli of composites containing glass spheres in a rubbery matrix obey the Mooney equation, analogous to the relative viscosity of similar suspensions in Newtonian liquids. However, 
 Abstract The relative shear moduli of composites containing glass spheres in a rubbery matrix obey the Mooney equation, analogous to the relative viscosity of similar suspensions in Newtonian liquids. However, when the matrix is a rigid epoxy, the relative shear moduli are less than what the Mooney equation predicts but greater than what the Kerner equation predicts. Relative moduli are less for rigid matrices than for rubbery matrices because (1) the modulus of the filler is not extremely greater compared to that of the rigid matrix; (2) Poisson's ratio is less than 0.5 for a rigid matrix; (3) thermal stresses in the matrix surrounding the particles reduce the apparent modulus of the polymer matrix because of the nonlinear stress—strain behavior of the matrix. This latter effect gives rise to a temperature dependence of the relative modulus below the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix. Formation of strong aggregates increases the shear modulus the same as viscosity is increased by aggregation. Torsion or flexure tests on specimens made by casting or by molding give incorrect low values of moduli because of a surface layer containing an excess of matrix material; this gives rise to a fictitious increase in apparent modulus as particle size decreases. The mechanical damping can be markedly changed by surface treatment of the filler particles without noticeable changes in the modulus. The Kerner equation, which is a lower bound to the shear modulus, is modified and brought into closer aggrement with the experimental data by taking into account the maximum packing fraction of the filler particles.

Flammability Properties of Polymer−Layered-Silicate Nanocomposites. Polypropylene and Polystyrene Nanocomposites

2000-07-01
Jeffrey W. Gilman , Catheryn L. Jackson , Alexander B. Morgan +6 more
Our continuing study of the mechanism of flammability reduction of polymer−layered-silicate nanocomposites has yielded results for polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride and polystyrene−layered-silicate nanocomposites using montmorillonite and fluorohectorite. Cone calorimetry was used to 
 Our continuing study of the mechanism of flammability reduction of polymer−layered-silicate nanocomposites has yielded results for polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride and polystyrene−layered-silicate nanocomposites using montmorillonite and fluorohectorite. Cone calorimetry was used to measure the heat release rate and other flammability properties of the nanocomposites, under well-controlled combustion conditions. Both the polymer−layered-silicate nanocomposites and the combustion residues were studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. We have found evidence for a common mechanism of flammability reduction. We also found that the type of layered silicate, nanodispersion, and processing degradation have an influence on the flammability reduction.

Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review

2013-03-07
Sarita Kango , Susheel Kalia , Annamaria Celli +3 more

Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites

2006-08-01
S. C. Tjong

Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

1996-01-01
Emmanuel P. Giannelis
Abstract Polymer nanocomposites with layered silicates as the inorganic phase (reinforcement) are discussed. The materials design and synthesis rely on the ability of layered silicates to intercalate in the galleries 
 Abstract Polymer nanocomposites with layered silicates as the inorganic phase (reinforcement) are discussed. The materials design and synthesis rely on the ability of layered silicates to intercalate in the galleries between their layers a wide range of monomers and polymers. Special emphasis is placed on a new, versatile and environmentally benign synthesis approach by polymer melt intercalation. In contrast to in‐situ polymerization and solution intercalation, melt intercalation involves mixing the layered silicate with the polymer and heating the mixture above the softening point of the polymer. Compatibility with various polymers is accomplished by derivatizing the silicates with alkyl ammonium cations via an ion exchange reaction. By fine‐tuning the surface characteristics nanodispersion (i. e. intercalation or delamination) can be accomplished. The resulting polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites exhibit properties dramatically different from their more conventional counterparts. For example, PLS nanocomposites can attain a particular degree of stiffness, strength and barrier properties with far less inorganic content than comparable glass‐ or mineral reinforced polymers and, therefore, they are far lighter in weight. In addition, PLS nanocomposites exhibit significant increase in thermal stability as well as self‐extinguishing characteristics. The combination of improved properties, convenient processing and low cost has already led to a few commercial applications with more currently under development.

A complex plane analysis of α‐dispersions in some polymer systems

1966-01-01
S. Havriliak , S. Negami
Abstract The α‐dispersion in many polymer systems is the process to be associated with the glass transition temperature where many physical properties undergo drastic changes. We have measured and analyzed 
 Abstract The α‐dispersion in many polymer systems is the process to be associated with the glass transition temperature where many physical properties undergo drastic changes. We have measured and analyzed the complex dielectric behavior of the α‐dispersions for five polymers [i.e., polycarbonate and polyisophthalate esters of bisphenol A, isotactic poly‐(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), and a copolymer of phenyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile] and have found that the usual methods of analysis cannot be used to represent the data. However, it is possible to represent the relaxation process as the sum of two dispersions but there is no evidence to support this contention. An empirical expression is proposed to represent the data. This expression which takes the form of appears to be a general representation for the three known dispersions, i.e., Debye, circular arc, and skewed semicircle. The complex dielectric constants calculated with the aid of this expression and the parameters for each polymer system which was determined graphically were found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental complex dielectric constants. This method of representation was extended to sixteen α‐dispersions reported in the literature always with excellent results.

Ideal copolymers and the second‐order transitions of synthetic rubbers. i. non‐crystalline copolymers

1952-09-01
M. Gordon , James S. Taylor
Abstract Theoretical and practical evidence is put forward to show that copolymers can be treated like solutions of small molecules in the interpretation of packing phenomena, and that ideal volume‐additivity 
 Abstract Theoretical and practical evidence is put forward to show that copolymers can be treated like solutions of small molecules in the interpretation of packing phenomena, and that ideal volume‐additivity of the repeating units in copolymers is frequently realized. On this basis equations are derived for predicting ξ, the second‐order transition temperature, of binary copolymers from the two second‐order transition temperatures of the pure polymers and their coefficients of expansion in the glassy and rubbery states. Previous mechanistic theories of the second‐order transition temperature of such copolymers are thus superseded by a general reduction of the problem to the mechanism of thermal expansion. Practical applications to the choice of monomers in producing synthetic rubbers are outlined, and attention is drawn to the importance of second‐order transitions in kinetic measurements on the reactions of polymers.

Polymer Melt Intercalation in Organically-Modified Layered Silicates: Model Predictions and Experiment

1997-12-01
Richard A. Vaia , Emmanuel P. Giannelis
The effect of silicate functionalization, anneal temperature, polymer molecular weight, and constituent interactions on polymer melt intercalation of a variety of styrene-derivative polymers in alkylammonium-functionalized silicates is examined. Hybrid formation 
 The effect of silicate functionalization, anneal temperature, polymer molecular weight, and constituent interactions on polymer melt intercalation of a variety of styrene-derivative polymers in alkylammonium-functionalized silicates is examined. Hybrid formation requires an optimal interlayer structure for the organically-modified layered silicate (OLS), with respect to the number per host area and size of the alkylammonium chains, as well as the presence of polar interactions between the OLS and polymer. From these observations and the qualitative predictions of the mean-field lattice-based model of polymer melt intercalation (preceding paper in this issue), general guidelines may be established for selecting potentially compatible polymer−OLS systems. The interlayer structure of the OLS should be optimized to maximize the configurational freedom of the functionalizing chains upon layer separation while maximizing potential interaction sites with the surface. The most successful polymers for intercalation exhibited polar character or contained Lewis-acid/base groups.

Synthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicates

1993-12-01
Richard A. Vaia , H. A. Ishii , Emmanuel P. Giannelis
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicatesRichard A. Vaia, Hope Ishii, and Emmanuel P. GiannelisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1993, 
 ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicatesRichard A. Vaia, Hope Ishii, and Emmanuel P. GiannelisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 12, 1694–1696Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00036a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00036a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2963Altmetric-Citations1041LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Ultrastrong and Stiff Layered Polymer Nanocomposites

2007-10-04
Paul Podsiadlo , Amit Kaushik , Ellen M. Arruda +7 more
Nanoscale building blocks are individually exceptionally strong because they are close to ideal, defect-free materials. It is, however, difficult to retain the ideal properties in macroscale composites. Bottom-up assembly of 
 Nanoscale building blocks are individually exceptionally strong because they are close to ideal, defect-free materials. It is, however, difficult to retain the ideal properties in macroscale composites. Bottom-up assembly of a clay/polymer nanocomposite allowed for the preparation of a homogeneous, optically transparent material with planar orientation of the alumosilicate nanosheets. The stiffness and tensile strength of these multilayer composites are one order of magnitude greater than those of analogous nanocomposites at a processing temperature that is much lower than those of ceramic or polymer materials with similar characteristics. A high level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks, combined with dense covalent and hydrogen bonding and stiffening of the polymer chains, leads to highly effective load transfer between nanosheets and the polymer.

A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocomposites

2008-09-26
S. Pavlidou , C. D. Papaspyrides

Theory of Filler Reinforcement

1945-01-01
Eugene Guth
For small loadings (up to about 10 percent volume parts) the colloidal carbon black spheres may be considered as suspended in a continuous rubber matrix. In the present paper this 
 For small loadings (up to about 10 percent volume parts) the colloidal carbon black spheres may be considered as suspended in a continuous rubber matrix. In the present paper this model is generalized for ellipsoidal (including plate- and rod-like) filler particles and it is extended to the computation of various properties of the suspension in terms of the properties of the matrix and of the fillers. Viscosity, Young's modulus, stress-strain curve below crystallization, and dielectric constant of the suspension are derived as linear functions of the volume concentration for small, and as quadratic functions for higher loadings. The stress-strain curves for varying amounts of fillers are similar. For small loadings the tensile strength first decreases because of the stress concentrations occurring around the carbon black spheres when the samples are stretched. The increase of the tensile strength observed for greater loadings is caused by the tendency of the carbon black spheres to form chains and finally, a type of network. The stiffness increases with loading, up to the point where the suspension becomes a dilution of carbon black by rubber. There the tensile strength decreases too. Binding of rubber by carbon black is similar to solvation. The theoretical conclusions were checked experimentally, in particular, the dependence of Young's modulus on concentration, the similarity of stress-strain curves, and the decrease of the tensile strength for small loadings. The theory of the elastic properties is very similar to the theory of Einstein on the viscosity of colloidal solutions and to Maxwell's and Rayleigh's theory of dielectric properties.

Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene−Clay Hybrids

1997-10-01
Masaya Kawasumi , Naoki Hasegawa , Makoto P. Kato +2 more
Polypropylene (PP)−clay hybrids (PPCH) have been prepared by simple melt-mixing of three components, i.e., PP, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene oligomers (PP-MA), and clays intercalated with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10-Å-thick 
 Polypropylene (PP)−clay hybrids (PPCH) have been prepared by simple melt-mixing of three components, i.e., PP, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene oligomers (PP-MA), and clays intercalated with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10-Å-thick silicate layers of the clays in the hybrids was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. It is found that there are two important factors to achieve the exfoliated and homogeneous dispersion of the layers in the hybrids: (1) the intercalation capability of the oligomers in the layers and (2) the miscibility of the oligomers with PP. Almost complete hybrids were obtained in the case where the PP-MA has both intercalation capability and miscibility. The hybrids exhibit higher storage moduli compared to those of PP especially in the temperature range from Tg to 90 °C. The highest relative storage modulus at 80 °C of the hybrid based on a mica and the miscible PP-MA is as high as 2.0 to that of PP and is 2.4 to that of the PP/PP-MA mixture, which is considered to be the matrix of the PPCH. Also, the effects of the kinds of clays and oligomers on the dynamic moduli are discussed.

Modeling properties of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites using composite theories

2003-07-16
T.D. Fornes , D. R. Paul

Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing

2003-10-17
Suprakas Sinha Ray , Masami Okamoto

Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials

2000-06-01
MichaĂ«l Alexandre , Philippe DĂșbois

A complex plane representation of dielectric and mechanical relaxation processes in some polymers

1967-01-01
S. Havriliak , S. Negami

Nanocomposites in context

2004-12-11
Erik T. Thostenson , Chunyu Li , T CHOU

Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites

1999-09-01
Jeffrey W. Gilman

Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

2008-08-23
Hua Zou , Shishan Wu , Jian Shen
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTPolymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and ApplicationsHua Zou†, Shishan Wu*†, and Jian Shen*†‡View Author Information School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. 
 ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTPolymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and ApplicationsHua Zou†, Shishan Wu*†, and Jian Shen*†‡View Author Information School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China, and College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected]. Tel: 86-25-8359-4404. Fax: 86-25-8359-4404.†Nanjing University.‡Nanjing Normal University.Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 9, 3893–3957Publication Date (Web):August 23, 2008Publication History Received6 August 2007Published online23 August 2008Published inissue 10 September 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr068035qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr068035qreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views42211Altmetric-Citations1847LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Nanocomposites,Nanoparticles,Particulate matter,Polymers,Silica Get e-Alerts

Some factors affecting the solubility of polymers

1953-02-01
P. A. Small
Abstract The solubility of a polymer in a non‐polymeric liquid depends mainly on the heat of mixing. When no polar forces are concerned, the cohesive energy densities of polymer and 
 Abstract The solubility of a polymer in a non‐polymeric liquid depends mainly on the heat of mixing. When no polar forces are concerned, the cohesive energy densities of polymer and solvent must be close; a method is given for estimating the cohesive energy densities of polymers from a set of additive constants, and it is shown that good agreement is found between values so calculated and values obtained by swelling measurements. The effects of dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are also discussed. The solubility of polyvinyl chloride in a number of solvents is considered, and correlated with both the cohesive energy density of the solvent and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview

1999-09-01
Philippe Lebaron

Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

2008-03-03
Shao‐Yun Fu , Xi‐Qiao Feng , Bernd Lauke +1 more

Review article: Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites, Processing, Manufacturing, and Application: An Overview

2006-08-23
Farzana Hussain , Mehdi Hojjati , Masami Okamoto +1 more
This review is designed to be a comprehensive source for polymer nanocomposite research, including fundamental structure/property relationships, manufacturing techniques, and applications of polymer nanocomposite materials. In addition to presenting the 
 This review is designed to be a comprehensive source for polymer nanocomposite research, including fundamental structure/property relationships, manufacturing techniques, and applications of polymer nanocomposite materials. In addition to presenting the scientific framework for the advances in polymer nanocomposite research, this review focuses on the scientific principles and mechanisms in relation to the methods of processing and manufacturing with a discussion on commercial applications and health/safety concerns (a critical issue for production and scale-up). Hence, this review offers a comprehensive discussion on technology, modeling, characterization, processing, manufacturing, applications, and health/safety concerns for polymer nanocomposites.

Synthesis and barrier properties of poly(Δ‐caprolactone)‐layered silicate nanocomposites

1995-05-01
Phillip B. Messersmith , Emmanuel P. Giannelis
Abstract A new polymer‐ceramic nanocomposite has been synthesized consisting of well‐dispersed, two‐dimensional layers of an organically modified mica‐type silicate (MTS) within a degradable poly(Δ‐caprolactone) matrix. A protonated amino acid derivative 
 Abstract A new polymer‐ceramic nanocomposite has been synthesized consisting of well‐dispersed, two‐dimensional layers of an organically modified mica‐type silicate (MTS) within a degradable poly(Δ‐caprolactone) matrix. A protonated amino acid derivative of MTS was used to promote delamination/dispersion of the host layers and initiate ring‐opening polymerization of Δ‐caprolactone monomer, resulting in poly(Δ‐caprolactone) chains that are ionically bound to the silicate layers. The polymer chains can be released from the silicate surface by a reverse ion‐exchange reaction and were shown to be spectroscopically similar to pure poly(Δ‐caprolactone). Thick films of the polymer nanocomposite exhibit a significant reduction in water vapor permeability that shows a linear dependence on silicate content. The permeability of nanocomposite containing as low as 4.8% silicate by volume was reduced by nearly an order of magnitude compared to pure poly(Δ‐caprolactone). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites

2008-04-14
D.R. Paul , Lloyd M. Robeson
In the large field of nanotechnology, polymer matrix based nanocomposites have become a prominent area of current research and development. Exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites have dominated the polymer literature but there 
 In the large field of nanotechnology, polymer matrix based nanocomposites have become a prominent area of current research and development. Exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites have dominated the polymer literature but there are a large number of other significant areas of current and emerging interest. This review will detail the technology involved with exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites and also include other important areas including barrier properties, flammability resistance, biomedical applications, electrical/electronic/optoelectronic applications and fuel cell interests. The important question of the "nano-effect" of nanoparticle or fiber inclusion relative to their larger scale counterparts is addressed relative to crystallization and glass transition behavior. Of course, other polymer (and composite)-based properties derive benefits from nanoscale filler or fiber addition and these are addressed.

Mechanical properties of nylon 6-clay hybrid

1993-05-01
Yoshitsugu Kojima , Arimitsu Usuki , Masaya Kawasumi +4 more

Softening of Rubber by Deformation

1969-03-01
L. Mullins
Abstract It has been known for many years that deformation results in softening of rubber and that the initial stress-strain curve determined during the first deformation is unique and cannot 
 Abstract It has been known for many years that deformation results in softening of rubber and that the initial stress-strain curve determined during the first deformation is unique and cannot be retraced. Further the effect of repeated deformation is to cause rubber asymptotically to approach a steady state with a constant or equilibrium stress-strain curve. Softening in this way occurs in vulcanizates either with or without fillers although the effect appears to be much more pronounced in vulcanizates containing high proportions of reinforcing fillers. After the hardness test the simple extension stress-strain test is the test most widely used by rubber technologists. The conventional stress-strain curve is obtained on samples which have not been previously deformed and for design purpose the unique value of stiffness given by this curve may be of little significance. Thus it appears that the values of stress—strain properties determined after “conditioning” cycles of deformation would be of more practical use than the unique value obtained in the conventional test. In recent years much interest has been shown in the factors responsible for this softening behavior particularly in regard to the implications of the loss of the stiffening action of reinforcing fillers on the mechanism of reinforcement.

Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites

2001-09-27
Syed Qutubuddin , Xiao‐An Fu

Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia

1996-01-01

The Physics of Block Copolymers

1998-11-26
Ian W. Hamley
Abstract This comprehensive and systematic text is the first of its kind to deal with the fundamental physics underlying the remarkable structural and dynamical properties of block copolymers. It provides 
 Abstract This comprehensive and systematic text is the first of its kind to deal with the fundamental physics underlying the remarkable structural and dynamical properties of block copolymers. It provides the polymer scientist and technologist with a firm grounding in the principles underlying the wide applications of these important materials. It also highlights the intrinsically fascinating properties of block copolymers, such as nanoscale self-assembly in bulk and two-dimensions. The first text of its kind on the subject since the mid-1980s, this book stands alone - previous texts have focused on the chemical and material properties of block copolymers. During the last decade, there have been major developments in the field, and these experimental and theoretical advances are discussed in depth. Topics covered include: the thermodynamics and dynamics of block copolymer melts, block copolymers in dilute, semidilute and concentrated solutions, the structure of crystalline block copolymers and block copolymers in blends with other polymers. This informative book is essential to the polymer physics and materials science researcher in industry and academia, and postgraduates in related fields. Final year undergraduate students in chemistry, physics and materials science will also find this book useful as a reference text.

The Physics of Rubber Elasticity

2005-10-20
L. R. G. Treloar
Abstract This book provides a critical review of the equilibrium elastic properties of rubber, together with the kinetic-theory background. It is suitable for the non-specialist and the emphasis is on 
 Abstract This book provides a critical review of the equilibrium elastic properties of rubber, together with the kinetic-theory background. It is suitable for the non-specialist and the emphasis is on the physical reality embodied in the mathematical formulations. Polymer science had developed greatly since the second edition of this text in 1958, and the two main advances – the refinements of the network theory and associated thermodynamic analysis, and the development of the phenomenological or non-molecular approach to the subject – are both reflected in the structure of this third edition.

Polymer-clay nanocomposites

2000-01-01
Thomas J. Pinnavaia , Gary W. Beall
Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Polymer-clay Intercalates. Layered Silicate-Polymer Intercalation Compounds. Electroactive Polymers Intercalated in Clays and Related Solids. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites Derived from Polymer-Silicate Gels. Polymerization of Organic Monomers and Biomolecules 
 Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Polymer-clay Intercalates. Layered Silicate-Polymer Intercalation Compounds. Electroactive Polymers Intercalated in Clays and Related Solids. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites Derived from Polymer-Silicate Gels. Polymerization of Organic Monomers and Biomolecules on Hectorite. Nanocomposite Synthesis and Properties. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. In Situ Polymerization Route to Nylon 6-Clay Nanocomposites. Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites. Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites. Polyethylene Terephthalate-Clay Nanocomposites. Special Properties and Applications. Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites with Conventional Flame Retardants. Nanocomposite Technology for Enhancing the Gas Barrier of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Structure and Rheology. Structural Characterization of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. New Conceptual Model for Interpreting Nanocomposite Behavior. Modeling the Phase Behavior of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Rheological Properties of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. Index.

Determination of Compatibility in Polymer-Polymer and Polymer-Resin Systems through Molecular Dynamics Simulations

2025-06-24
Arpita Srivastava , Debabrata Ganguly , Anubhav Kumar +4 more
<title>Abstract</title> Tyre is a complex composite comprising of various rubber compounds, metal cords and fabrics having dynamic utility. The rubber compounds are further composed of various components such as polymers, 
 <title>Abstract</title> Tyre is a complex composite comprising of various rubber compounds, metal cords and fabrics having dynamic utility. The rubber compounds are further composed of various components such as polymers, fillers, resin and antioxidants. For homogeneous mixing of ingredients, compatibility between two polymers and/or polymer-resin is very essential which in turn improves the thermodynamic mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizate and reduces tyre failure. This study focusses on understanding compatibility between polymer-polymer and polymer-resin systems through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For this study, we have selected commonly used rubbers in tyre compounds such as Natural Rubber (NR), Butadiene Rubber (BR), Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (IIR) as well as compatibility of these polymers with commonly used resins in tyres, such as dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), phenolic resin (PF), and C9 and C5 which are branched hydrocarbons resins. In simulations, we quantified compatibility using Hildebrand’s solubility parameter (<italic>ÎŽ</italic>) and experimentally characterized it via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) experiments, which confirmed our simulation results. Our findings indicate that competing non-bonded interactions such as π-π stacking, polar and non-polar interactions, and steric effects play a critical role for compatibility in both polymer-polymer and polymer-resin mixtures. The alignment between our computational and experimental findings underscores the robustness of our modeling approach. These simulations offer valuable insights into the interactions within two-component systems, aiming to further understand multi-component systems by reducing physical trials and costs along with enlightening towards innovative tyre formulations.

Physicochemical Interactions of Clays and Polysaccharides for High-Performance Biopolymer-Stabilized Earthen Materials

2025-06-24
Rebecca A. Mikofsky , Samuel J. Armistead , Yierfan Maierdan +2 more | ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites via Hydroxylation and Silane Coupling of Carbon Black

2025-06-24
Jiaqi Liang , Yongcheng Liu , Xingzhi Lv +3 more | Journal of Applied Polymer Science
ABSTRACT Carbon black (CB) is the most important and commonly used reinforcing filler in the rubber industry. However, it is easy to agglomerate to form filler networks, restricting the improvement 
 ABSTRACT Carbon black (CB) is the most important and commonly used reinforcing filler in the rubber industry. However, it is easy to agglomerate to form filler networks, restricting the improvement of the mechanical properties of the rubber composites. Here, we developed a method to modify the surface of CB via hydroxylation and silane coupling, which promotes dispersion and consequently improves the mechanical performance of rubber composites. The static and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated using uniaxial tensile testing, dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and dynamic compression fatigue testing. Our results showed that under an adequate hydroxylation condition, the mechanical strength of the composites could be increased by about 40% without sacrificing the fracture toughness, and the abrasion resistance could be improved by about 18%. Meanwhile, an appropriate modification of CB would also increase the dynamics hysteresis at 0°C and decrease that at 60°C synchronously. As the dynamics hysteresis at high temperature decreased, the dynamic heat build‐up was reduced (by about 14%) without significantly affecting the dynamic permanent set. These findings highlight the potential of surface‐modified CB in enhancing the performance of rubber composites, providing valuable insights for the development of high‐performance rubber materials.

Optimization of Rubber Domain Morphology in Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends for Improved Resilience

2025-06-24
Jeonghyeon Nam , Uiseok Hwang , Xin Yang +2 more | ACS Applied Polymer Materials

Evaluating Parameter Value Identification Methods for Modeling of Nonlinear Stress Relaxation in Polyethylene

2025-06-23
Furui Shi , P.‐Y. Ben Jar | Materials
Viscous properties play a major role in the time-dependent deformation behavior of polymers and have long been characterized using spring-dashpot models. However, such models face a bottleneck of having multiple 
 Viscous properties play a major role in the time-dependent deformation behavior of polymers and have long been characterized using spring-dashpot models. However, such models face a bottleneck of having multiple sets of model parameter values that can all be used to simulate the same deformation behavior. As a result, these model parameters have not been widely used to quantify the viscous properties. In this study, a newly developed multi-relaxation-recovery test was used to obtain the variation in stress response to deformation of polyethylene (PE) and its pipes during relaxation, revealing the complexity of PE’s nonlinear viscous stress response to deformation. Using a three-branch spring-dashpot model with two Eyring’s dashpots, this study shows the possibility of determining the model parameter values using four different analysis methods, namely, the mode method, peak-point method, highest-frequency method, and best-five-fits method. Model parameter values from these methods are compared and discussed in this paper, to reach the conclusion that the best-five-fits method provides the most reliable and relatively unique set of model parameter values for characterizing the mechanical performance of PE and its pipes. The best-five-fits method is expected to enable the use of the model parameters to quantify PE’s viscous properties so that PE’s load-carrying performance can be properly characterized, even for long-term applications.

The impact of imidazolium ionic liquid-modified carbon nanotubes on the swelling resistance and mechanical properties of ethylene-propylene diene monomer/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (EPDM/NBR) nanocomposites

2025-06-23
S. Vishvanathperumal , Aadithya Kannan , K. Ragupathy +1 more | Journal of Rubber Research

Structure and Properties of Reactive Silica Grafted Emulsion Polymerized Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites

2025-06-23
Jingyi Guo , Changjie Yin , Junping Zhang +4 more | Polymer Composites
ABSTRACT The dispersion of silica and its interfacial interaction with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) can be strongly improved using silane coupling agents. In this study, the reactive silica (r‐SiO 2 
 ABSTRACT The dispersion of silica and its interfacial interaction with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) can be strongly improved using silane coupling agents. In this study, the reactive silica (r‐SiO 2 ) particles were synthesized via hydrolysis and condensation reactions between siloxanes and hydroxyl groups. Subsequently, the r‐SiO 2 /emulsion styrene‐butadiene rubber (ESBR) nanocomposites were prepared. The effect of various reaction conditions on the grafted content of silane was investigated, and how different r‐SiO 2 amounts influence the structure, morphology, and performance of r‐SiO 2 /ESBR nanocomposites was discussed. The optimum reaction conditions were determined using 3‐(methylacryloxyl)propyltrimethoxy silane (KH‐570) as a modifier, and ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate (EBA) as the solvent. Under these conditions, when the amount of r‐SiO 2 was 30 phr, the bound rubber content of SBR‐r‐SiO 2 reached 78.0%. The tensile strength and the tear strength were 11.09 and 97.90 MPa, which increased by 2.64 and 6.53 times compared to the raw rubber. Moreover, the vulcanized rubber nanocomposites exhibited significantly improved dynamic mechanical properties. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis further revealed that the compatibility between SiO 2 and rubber was greatly enhanced after modification.

Synthesis of Nylon 6,6 with Pyrene Chain-End for Compatibilization with Graphite and Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties

2025-06-22
Vincenzo Balzano , Annaluisa Mariconda , Maria Rosaria Acocella +5 more | Polymers
The possibility of reinforcing polymeric matrices with multifunctional fillers for improving structural and functional properties is widely exploited. The compatibility between the filler and the polymeric matrix is crucial, especially 
 The possibility of reinforcing polymeric matrices with multifunctional fillers for improving structural and functional properties is widely exploited. The compatibility between the filler and the polymeric matrix is crucial, especially for high filler content. In this paper, polymeric matrices of Nylon 6,6 with pyrene chains were successfully synthesized to improve the compatibility with carbonaceous fillers. The compatibility was proven using graphite as a carbonaceous filler. The different properties, including thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology, and local mechanical properties, have been evaluated for various filler contents, and the results have been compared to those of synthetic Nylon 6,6 without pyrene chain terminals. XRD results highlighted that the compatibilization of the composite matrix may lead to an intercalation of the polymeric chains among the graphite layers. This phenomenon leads to the protection of the polymer from thermal degradation, as highlighted by the thermogravimetric analysis (i.e., for a filler content of 20%, the beginning degradation temperature goes from 357 °C for the non-compatibilized matrix to 401 °C for the compatibilized one and the residual at 750 °C goes from 33% to 67%, respectively. A significant improvement in the interphase properties, as proven via Atomic Force Microscopy in Harmonix mode, leads to a considerable increase in local mechanical modulus values. Specifically, the compatibilization of the matrix hosting the graphite leads to a less pronounced difference in modulus values, with more frequent reinforcements that are quantitatively similar along the sample surface. This results from a significantly improved filler distribution with respect to the composite with the non-compatibilized matrix. The present study shows how the thermoplastic/filler compatibilization can sensitively enhance thermal and mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite, widening its potential use for various high-performance applications, such as in the transport field, e.g., for automotive components (engine parts, gears, bushings, washers), and electrical and electronics applications (heat sinks, casing for electronic devices, and insulating materials).

Improving Mechanical Properties and Aging Resistance of Natural Rubber Composites by Modification of Zirconium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synergized With Chitosan and Zinc Dimethacrylate

2025-06-21
Hao Duan , Su Zhang , Keyu Peng +6 more | Polymer Composites
ABSTRACT Aiming at the poor reinforcement and aging resistance of natural rubber (NR), this study proposes a strategy to fill NR with zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) nanoparticles synergistically modified 
 ABSTRACT Aiming at the poor reinforcement and aging resistance of natural rubber (NR), this study proposes a strategy to fill NR with zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) nanoparticles synergistically modified by chitosan (CS) and zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA). First, CS is grafted on the surface of ZrO 2 to construct a cladding layer rich in amino(ïŁżNH 2 ) and hydroxyl(ïŁżOH) groups. Then, the carbon–carbon double bond(CïŁŸC) of ZDMA undergoes an addition reaction with the ïŁżNH 2 of CS. CS synergizes with ZDMA to trap free radicals in the matrix and act as an antioxidant, while simultaneously improving the cross‐linking degree of the composites. Research data show, NR composites exhibit optimal performance when the CS concentration is 0.6%, achieving tear and tensile strength, abrasion of 64.51 kN/m, 28.93 MPa, and 143.79 mm 3 respectively. These values represent 19.92%, 26.46%, and 15.9% improvements over the unmodified system. The tensile strength retention rates remain at 87.16% and 93.88% after 48 h of thermo‐oxidative and humid‐heat aging, respectively, demonstrating excellent aging resistance. This study provides innovative solutions for developing high‐performance aging‐resistant rubber materials.

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Polyurethane Composites Incorporating Waste-Glass Particles

2025-06-21
Nathaphon Buddhacosa , Edwin Baez , Thevega Thevakumar +2 more | Polymers
This study investigated the effect of hot-pressing conditions, including the curing temperature, curing time and the applied pressure, on the flexural properties of polyurethane (PU) composites incorporating 88 wt.% (Glass/PU-88/12) 
 This study investigated the effect of hot-pressing conditions, including the curing temperature, curing time and the applied pressure, on the flexural properties of polyurethane (PU) composites incorporating 88 wt.% (Glass/PU-88/12) and 95 wt.% (Glass/PU-95/5) recycled glass particles. Hot-pressing (cure) temperatures between 100 °C and 180 °C were investigated with the objective to shorten the cure cycle, thereby increasing the production rate of the glass/PU composites to match industrial scales. The hot-pressing time varied between 1 min and 30 min, while the pressure varied between 1.1 MPa and 6.6 MPa. Further to investigating the hot-pressing conditions, the effect of post-curing on the flexural properties of glass/PU composites was also investigated. Microstructural analysis was used to identify the interactions between the glass particles and the PU matrix, explore the void content and establish the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the resultant glass/PU composites. Glass/PU composites incorporating 5 wt.% (Glass/PU-95/5), 10 wt.% (Glass/PU-90/10) and 12 wt.% (Glass/PU-88/12) were manufactured under optimised hot-pressing conditions (temperature = 100 °C; cure time = 1 min; pressure = 6.6 MPa) and evaluated under flexural, tensile and compression loadings. Furthermore, the high-temperature stability of the composites was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. This study demonstrates the feasibility of upcycling glass waste into value-added materials for potential use in the construction and building industry.

Comparative Study on the Transport Characteristics and Electrolyte Resistance of Brominated Butyl Rubber‐ and Natural Rubber‐Based Rubber Films Using the Mass Uptake Measurement

2025-06-20
Zhenxing Liu , Min Zhang , Xiaolin Zhao +2 more | Polymer Engineering and Science
ABSTRACT This study evaluates brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and natural rubber (NR) as sealing materials for lithium‐ion batteries by investigating their electrolyte resistance. BIIR, synthesized through bromination of butyl rubber 
 ABSTRACT This study evaluates brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and natural rubber (NR) as sealing materials for lithium‐ion batteries by investigating their electrolyte resistance. BIIR, synthesized through bromination of butyl rubber (IIR), demonstrates enhanced chemical stability and aging resistance due to its polar CïŁżBr bonds and dense molecular architecture. NR, composed primarily of cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene, offers superior elasticity and processability. Vulcanized samples of BIIR and NR are immersed in pure and mixed solutions of ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) at 45°C, 60°C, and 80°C, respectively. Swelling behavior and transport properties are analyzed by calculating diffusion ( D ), solubility ( S ), and permeability ( P ) coefficients. Results reveal that BIIR exhibits 42%–58% lower swelling ratios than NR under high‐temperature (80°C) and polar electrolyte (EC‐rich) conditions due to its compact molecular structure. NR displays selective adsorption behavior, with transient mass increases of 15%–20% during initial solvent exposure. Temperature elevation accelerates transport rates, reducing equilibrium swelling time by 65%–72% for BIIR compared to NR. These findings establish BIIR as a promising candidate for high‐temperature battery sealing applications, while the cost‐effectiveness and resilience of NR, on the other hand, remain advantageous under moderate conditions.

Rapid Field Verification of Organoclay-Sand Blends for Environmental Construction Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence

2025-06-20
Alyssa B. Lampi , Nasser Hamdan , Dennis G. Grubb | Journal of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste

Preparation and performance study of sodium silicate-diamond composite thermal management materials

2025-06-19
Li Huang , Zhengxin Li , Mohib Ullah +1 more | Diamond and Related Materials

Exploring the unique UV-thermo-oxidative resistance characteristics of natural rubber induced by non-rubber components

2025-06-19
Mengzhen Zhou , Lin Chen , Jing Zhang +4 more | Industrial Crops and Products

Predictive Modeling and Degradation Mechanisms of Rubber Sealing Materials Under Stress-Thermal Oxidative Aging for Long-Term Sealing Performance

2025-06-19
Long Chen , Jie Ren , Yuan Wang | Case Studies in Construction Materials

Research and comparative analysis of the performance of ammonia-free concentrated natural rubber latex with different preservation systems

2025-06-19
Liguang Zhao , Yuhang Hong , Yazhong Song +5 more | Research Square (Research Square)
<title>Abstract</title> Ammonia-free concentrated natural rubber latex (CNRL) offers considerable environmental benefits and has wide application potential. However, there are currently several varieties of ammonia-free CNRLs on the market with varying 
 <title>Abstract</title> Ammonia-free concentrated natural rubber latex (CNRL) offers considerable environmental benefits and has wide application potential. However, there are currently several varieties of ammonia-free CNRLs on the market with varying quality characteristics. This study conducts a comparative analysis of four systems: Hexahydrohydroxyethyl triazine (HTT), Benzoisothiazolinone (BIT), N,N'-Methylene-bis-Morpholine (MBM), and Thioacetamide derivative (TD). The HTT system maintains ammonia-free CNRL with the smallest rubber particle size, though it exhibits relatively high viscosity, low mechanical stability time (MST), and limited hardness and constant elongation stress of the vulcanized film. The BIT system offers excellent control over the volatile fatty acid number (VFA No), leading to high MST and heat stability, but its increased latex viscosity contribute to overall poor stability. In the MBM system, the viscosity is reduced; however, the prevulcanized latex shows decreased heat and chemical stability. In contrast, the TD system enhances the MST, reduces viscosity, improves the mechanical properties of the dry film, and bolsters the stability and film-forming characteristics of the prevulcanized latex. Nonetheless, the electrical conductivity in the TD-preserved ammonia-free CNRL is elevated, which may compromise chemical stability. Consequently, selecting the appropriate ammonia-free CNRL for various products is critical and should be guided by specific performance requirements.

Influence of Gel on the Payne Effect and Mullins Effect of Butadiene Rubber

2025-06-19
Xiaorong Shi , Yan Qu , Yutao Di +2 more | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex

2025-06-18
Liguang Zhao , Yiqun Liu , Minmin Chen +7 more | Chinese Journal of Polymer Science

Bentonite-Based Composites in Medicine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

2025-06-18
Sana Kabdrakhmanova , Aigul Kerimkulova , Saule Nauryzova +6 more | Journal of Composites Science
One of the most interesting and poorly studied carriers of medicinal substances is the polymer clay composite material (PCCM). Bentonite clays are used in pharmacy for the manufacturing of various 
 One of the most interesting and poorly studied carriers of medicinal substances is the polymer clay composite material (PCCM). Bentonite clays are used in pharmacy for the manufacturing of various dosage forms, as well as in the adsorption of drugs to slow their release. Polymer–clay nanocomposites have demonstrated significantly improved properties compared to pure polymers. A review of recent scientific advances has shown promising results regarding the application of polymer–clay materials in medicine and bioengineering, particularly in the development of carrier sorbents with prolonged action for controlled drug release. As a result, interest in polymer–clay systems is steadily growing and gaining momentum. This paper focuses on the structure and properties of bentonite clays, including their sorption, ion exchange, binding, and rheological properties. The methods for preparing intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites, such as radical intercalative polymerization in situ on clay surfaces, are reviewed. Furthermore, the improved efficacy and exposure times of PCCMs, combined with their enhanced bactericidal properties, are analyzed for the creation of universal and multifunctional preparations for medical use.

Production of High Performance Eco-Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications

2025-06-17
Cihat Aydın , Handan Aydın , Sinan Avcı | Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials
In today's aviation industry, the use of composite materials has reached 30%. Studies on composite materials continue intensively and these materials are seen as the only solution to meet the 
 In today's aviation industry, the use of composite materials has reached 30%. Studies on composite materials continue intensively and these materials are seen as the only solution to meet the material requirements of developing technology. The features expected from composite materials produced for use in the defense industry are high strength, formability, corrosion resistance and vibration damping. In the wing and tail elements of military aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters, in aircraft armors and unmanned aerial vehicles, economical, easily produced and superior composite materials are preferred.

An In Situ Method for Deciphering Nanomechanical Behavior in Elastomer Nanocomposites under Large Deformation

2025-06-17
Xiaobin Liang , Haonan Liu , Naruto MAEDA +5 more | Macromolecules

Large Anisotropy of Thermal Conductivity in Oriented Cellulose–Clay Composites

2025-06-16
Guantong Wang , Lengwan Li , Lilian Medina +7 more | ACS Omega

Polypropylene/ethylene blend–Cloisite nanocomposites: preparation and characterization

2025-06-14
Babak Darkoush , Hossein Nazockdast , Zahed Ahmadi | Iranian Polymer Journal

Mechanism of Nonlinear Energy Dissipation in Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Triblock Elastomer Containing an Associative Network

2025-06-13
Hongbing Chen , Quan Chen , Yumi Matsumiya +1 more | Macromolecules

Effects of Hydration on the Mechanical Properties of Salt-Doped Poly(methyl methacrylate)

2025-06-12
Asae Ito , Naoki Uchida , Yusuke Hiejima +1 more | Molecules
The mechanical performance of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is highly sensitive to moisture absorption, which induces plasticization and softening. In this study, we investigated the ductilization mechanism of PMMA by incorporating 
 The mechanical performance of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is highly sensitive to moisture absorption, which induces plasticization and softening. In this study, we investigated the ductilization mechanism of PMMA by incorporating various metal salts with different cations (Li+ and Mg2+) and controlling water absorption through hygroscopic interactions. A nonequilibrium constitutive model is introduced, in which localized water domains around salt-rich regions gradually diffuse into the PMMA matrix during tensile deformation. The stress–strain behavior is described by combining rigid (dry) and soft (hydrated) matrix components, connected through an internal kinetic variable governed by the strain-dependent diffusion rate. The model successfully reproduces experimental tensile data and captures the transition from brittle to ductile behavior as a function of the moisture content. Notably, Mg salts exhibit stronger water binding and slower moisture redistribution than Li salts, resulting in distinct mechanical responses. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for tailoring the ductility of hygroscopic polymer systems via ion–water–polymer interactions.

Modeling of solvent diffusion characteristics and thermal degradation behaviors of hybrid CB/Silica filled ENR/CR/HNBR ternary elastomeric composites

2025-06-11
S. Vishnu , B. Prabu , M. Pugazhvadivu | Emergent Materials

Incorporation of Ceramic‐Based Lyophilized Sepiolite Clay Enhances Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of <scp>HDPE</scp>

2025-06-06
Shafi Ur Rehman , Sana Javaid , Sidra Munir +6 more | Polymer Composites
ABSTRACT High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a flexible, chemically resistant, and translucent thermoplastic, commonly used in the manufacturing of piping, plastic bottles, containers, toys, grocery bags, and many household items. 
 ABSTRACT High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a flexible, chemically resistant, and translucent thermoplastic, commonly used in the manufacturing of piping, plastic bottles, containers, toys, grocery bags, and many household items. However, its poor weathering property, non‐biodegradability, and high flammability have restricted its use in modern advanced engineering applications. In this research, ceramic‐based lyophilized sepiolite clay has been used as a functional filler to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of HDPE. The incorporation of only 4 wt.% loading of modified sepiolite clay in HDPE has successfully decreased the burning rate up to 35.41%, while increasing the tensile strength up to 30%. Structural elucidation of neat HDPE and fabricated nanocomposite samples was carried out using FTIR analysis. Morphological investigations were carried out using SEM, which depicted the successful exfoliation and the uniform dispersion of the modified sepiolite clay in HDPE with the help of twin screw extruder. The filler was successfully embedded in the polymer matrix using the solvent‐free, melt extrusion process followed by hot pressing, which resultantly improved thermal stability, mechanical, and physiochemical properties of the fabricated nanocomposites, as demonstrated in SEM, TGA, DSC, tensile strength, and DMA results.

Unraveling the Mechanisms of Polyethylene Thermal Oxidation Influenced by <scp>TiO<sub>2</sub></scp> and <scp>ZnO</scp>: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

2025-06-05
Shumao Zeng , Diannan Lu , Rui Yang | Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
ABSTRACT Incorporating fillers into polyethylene (PE) has emerged as a crucial strategy for modulating its thermo‐oxidative aging. However, the mechanistic differences among various fillers remain insufficiently understood at the atomic 
 ABSTRACT Incorporating fillers into polyethylene (PE) has emerged as a crucial strategy for modulating its thermo‐oxidative aging. However, the mechanistic differences among various fillers remain insufficiently understood at the atomic level. To address this issue, this study combines ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), first‐principles calculations, and thermo‐oxidative experiments to investigate the effects of two commonly used fillers, TiO 2 and ZnO, on the thermo‐oxidative aging of PE. The results reveal that both fillers promote the dissociation of C–H bonds of PE. TiO 2 enhances the formation of alkyl radicals, driving the generation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the polymer chains. In contrast, ZnO, with its inherently less stable surface structure, exhibits a stronger effect on C–H bond dissociation, leading to significant crosslinking reactions in PE and the development of vinyl groups. These groups are less reactive toward oxygen (O 2 ), hindering the formation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups by reducing the density of reaction sites between O 2 and carbon chains. Understanding the intricacies and mechanisms of these processes not only deepens our knowledge of the fundamental aspects of PE's thermo‐oxidative aging but also provides a basis for designing fillers to effectively regulate its aging behavior.