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Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Fuel Cells and Related Materials

Works Count: 124920

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the advances and challenges in fuel cell membrane technology, including polymer electrolyte membranes, proton exchange membranes, and anion exchange membranes. It covers topics such as fuel cell durability, high-temperature operation, membrane degradation, and applications in hydrogen and direct methanol fuel cells.

Keywords

Polymer Electrolyte Membranes; Proton Exchange Membranes; Fuel Cell Durability; High-Temperature Operation; Anion Exchange Membranes; Membrane Degradation; PEM Fuel Cells; Hydrogen Fuel Cells; Direct Methanol Fuel Cells; Alkaline Fuel Cells

Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes

2007-12-09
Klaus Schmidt‐Rohr , Qiang Chen

Oxygen reduction on a high-surface area Pt/Vulcan carbon catalyst: a thin-film rotating ring-disk electrode study

2001-01-01
U. A. Paulus , Thomas J. Schmidt , Hubert A. Gasteiger +1 more

A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell

2006-02-11
Hansan Liu , Chaojie Song , Lei Zhang +3 more

Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion® 117 Membranes

1993-04-01
Thomas A. Zawodzinski , C. R. Derouin , Susan D. Radzinski +4 more
Water uptake and transport properties of Nafion® a 117 membranes at 30°C are reported here. Specifically, we have determined the amount of water taken up by membranes immersed in liquid … Water uptake and transport properties of Nafion® a 117 membranes at 30°C are reported here. Specifically, we have determined the amount of water taken up by membranes immersed in liquid water and by membranes exposed to water vapor of variable water activity. Transport parameters measured are the diffusion coefficient and relaxation time of water in the membrane and the protonic conductivity of the membrane as functions of membrane water content. The ratio of water molecules carried across the membrane per proton transported, the electro‐osmotic drag coefficient, also was determined for a limited number of membrane water contents. The drag coefficient is contrasted with the experimentally determined net water transport across an operating PEM fuel cell.

A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells

2006-09-01
Rajesh Bashyam , Piotr Zelenay

What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?

2004-09-28
Martin Winter , Ralph J. Brodd
Electrochemical energy conversion devices are pervasive in our daily lives. Batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors belong to the same family of energy conversion devices. They are all based on the … Electrochemical energy conversion devices are pervasive in our daily lives. Batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors belong to the same family of energy conversion devices. They are all based on the fundamentals of electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics. All three are needed to service the wide energy requirements of various devices and systems. Neither batteries, fuel cells nor electrochemical capacitors, by themselves, can serve all applications.

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

1996-01-01
Klaus‐Dieter Kreuer
In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis … In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggested to occur. Models of proton conductivity are applied to specific compounds comprising oxides, phosphates, sulfates, and water-containing systems. The importance of proton conductivity is emphasized for biological systems and in devices such as fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, electrochemical reactors, and electrochromic devices.

An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications

2014-02-13
Omar Z. Sharaf , Mehmet F. Orhan

Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing

2003-02-01
Viral Mehta , Joyce Cooper

Iron-based cathode catalyst with enhanced power density in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

2011-08-02
Eric Proietti , Frédéric Jaouen , Michel Lefèvre +4 more
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Transport in Proton Conductors for Fuel-Cell Applications: Simulations, Elementary Reactions, and Phenomenology

2004-08-14
Klaus‐Dieter Kreuer , Stephen J. Paddison , Eckhard Spohr +1 more
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransport in Proton Conductors for Fuel-Cell Applications: Simulations, Elementary Reactions, and PhenomenologyKlaus-Dieter Kreuer, Stephen J. Paddison, Eckhard Spohr, and Michael SchusterView Author Information Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstr.1, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransport in Proton Conductors for Fuel-Cell Applications: Simulations, Elementary Reactions, and PhenomenologyKlaus-Dieter Kreuer, Stephen J. Paddison, Eckhard Spohr, and Michael SchusterView Author Information Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstr.1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, and Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 10, 4637–4678Publication Date (Web):August 14, 2004Publication History Received4 March 2004Published online14 August 2004Published inissue 1 October 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr020715fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr020715fresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views17630Altmetric-Citations1884LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Diffusion,Electrical conductivity,Ions,Membranes,Proton conductivity Get e-Alerts
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Ion exchange membranes: State of their development and perspective

2005-08-16
Tongwen Xu

Iron-Based Catalysts with Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

2009-04-02
Michel Lefèvre , Eric Proietti , Frédéric Jaouen +1 more
Iron-based catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have been poorly competitive with platinum catalysts, in part because they have a comparatively low number of active … Iron-based catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have been poorly competitive with platinum catalysts, in part because they have a comparatively low number of active sites per unit volume. We produced microporous carbon-supported iron-based catalysts with active sites believed to contain iron cations coordinated by pyridinic nitrogen functionalities in the interstices of graphitic sheets within the micropores. We found that the greatest increase in site density was obtained when a mixture of carbon support, phenanthroline, and ferrous acetate was ball-milled and then pyrolyzed twice, first in argon, then in ammonia. The current density of a cathode made with the best iron-based electrocatalyst reported here can equal that of a platinum-based cathode with a loading of 0.4 milligram of platinum per square centimeter at a cell voltage of >/=0.9 volt.

Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: A review

2011-05-03
Géraldine Merle , Matthias Weßling , Kitty Nijmeijer

Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

1970-01-01
Paul Delahay , Ashok K. Vijh

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model

1991-08-01
T. E. Springer , Thomas A. Zawodzinski , S. Gottesfeld
We present here an isothermal, one‐dimensional, steady‐state model for a complete polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) with a 117 Nafion® membrane. In this model we employ water diffusion coefficients electro‐osmotic … We present here an isothermal, one‐dimensional, steady‐state model for a complete polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) with a 117 Nafion® membrane. In this model we employ water diffusion coefficients electro‐osmotic drag coefficients, water sorption isotherms, and membrane conductivities, all measured in our laboratory as functions of membrane water content. The model predicts a net‐water‐per‐proton flux ratio of 0.2 under typical operating conditions, which is much less than the measured electro‐osmotic drag coefficient for a fully hydrated membrane. It also predicts an increase in membrane resistance with increased current density and demonstrates the great advantage of a thinner membrane in alleviating this resistance problem. Both of these predictions were verified experimentally under certain conditions.

Methanol oxidation and direct methanol fuel cells: a selective review

1999-01-01
S. Wasmus , A. Küver

Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers

2000-12-01
Masahiro Rikukawa , Kohei Sanui

A review of PEM fuel cell durability: Degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies

2008-06-12
Jinfeng Wu , Xiao Zi Yuan , Jonathan Martin +5 more

A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research

2010-10-30
Yun Wang , Ken S. Chen , Jeffrey Mishler +2 more
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Fuel Cell Systems Explained

2001-02-01
Peter Moseley

Myocardial Substrate Metabolism in the Normal and Failing Heart

2005-06-29
William C. Stanley , Fabio A. Recchia , Gary D. Lopaschuk
The alterations in myocardial energy substrate metabolism that occur in heart failure, and the causes and consequences of these abnormalities, are poorly understood. There is evidence to suggest that impaired … The alterations in myocardial energy substrate metabolism that occur in heart failure, and the causes and consequences of these abnormalities, are poorly understood. There is evidence to suggest that impaired substrate metabolism contributes to contractile dysfunction and to the progressive left ventricular remodeling that are characteristic of the heart failure state. The general concept that has recently emerged is that myocardial substrate selection is relatively normal during the early stages of heart failure; however, in the advanced stages there is a downregulation in fatty acid oxidation, increased glycolysis and glucose oxidation, reduced respiratory chain activity, and an impaired reserve for mitochondrial oxidative flux. This review discusses 1) the metabolic changes that occur in chronic heart failure, with emphasis on the mechanisms that regulate the changes in the expression of metabolic genes and the function of metabolic pathways; 2) the consequences of these metabolic changes on cardiac function; 3) the role of changes in myocardial substrate metabolism on ventricular remodeling and disease progression; and 4) the therapeutic potential of acute and long-term manipulation of cardiac substrate metabolism in heart failure.
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Review of the proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

2010-06-21
Seyed Jamaleddin Peighambardoust , Soosan Rowshanzamir , M. Amjadi

Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs

2004-11-06
Hubert A. Gasteiger , Shyam S. Kocha , Bhaskar Sompalli +1 more

The morphology in nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide‐ and small‐angle x‐ray studies

1981-11-01
T. D. Gierke , George. Munn , Frank C. Wilson
Abstract The morphology of the ionomer resin from which Nafion perfluorinated membrane products are made was studied with wide‐angle and small‐angle x‐ray diffraction. A reflection observed in the small‐angle x‐ray … Abstract The morphology of the ionomer resin from which Nafion perfluorinated membrane products are made was studied with wide‐angle and small‐angle x‐ray diffraction. A reflection observed in the small‐angle x‐ray scan from hydrolyzed polymer is attributed to ionic clustering. The effects of equiv wt, cation form, temperature, water content, and tensile drawing on this reflection were studied and are discussed.

State of Understanding of Nafion

2004-09-21
Kenneth A. Mauritz , Robert B. Moore
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTState of Understanding of NafionKenneth A. Mauritz and Robert B. MooreView Author Information Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #10076, Hattiesburg, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTState of Understanding of NafionKenneth A. Mauritz and Robert B. MooreView Author Information Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #10076, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 10, 4535–4586Publication Date (Web):September 21, 2004Publication History Received19 July 2004Published online21 September 2004Published inissue 1 October 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr0207123https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0207123research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41738Altmetric-Citations3971LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Cluster chemistry,Fluoropolymers,Membranes,Morphology,Scattering Get e-Alerts

Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reaction Kinetics on Platinum: Acid vs Alkaline Electrolytes

2010-01-01
Wenchao Sheng , Hubert A. Gasteiger , Yang Shao‐Horn
The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline platinum [Pt(pc)] and high surface area carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/C) were studied in 0.1 M … The kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on polycrystalline platinum [Pt(pc)] and high surface area carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/C) were studied in 0.1 M KOH using rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements. After corrections of noncompensated solution resistance from ac impedance spectroscopy and of hydrogen mass transport in the HOR branch, the kinetic current densities were fitted to the Butler–Volmer equation using a transfer coefficient of , from which HOR/HER exchange current densities on Pt(pc) and Pt/C were obtained, and the HOR/HER mechanisms in alkaline solution were discussed. Unlike the HOR/HER rates on Pt electrodes in alkaline solution, the HOR/HER rates on a Pt electrode in 0.1 M were limited entirely by hydrogen diffusion, which renders the quantification of the HOR/HER kinetics impossible by conventional RDE measurements. The simulation of the hydrogen anode performance based on the specific exchange current densities of the HOR/HER at illustrates that in addition to the oxygen reduction reaction cell voltage loss on the cathode, the slow HOR kinetics are projected to cause significant anode potential losses in alkaline fuel cells for low platinum loadings ( at and ), contrary to what is reported for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Fuel Cells - Fundamentals and Applications

2001-05-01
Linda Carrette , K. Andreas Friedrich , Ulrich Stimming
No abstracts No abstracts
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Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells

2010-02-15
Liangti Qu , Yong Liu , Jong‐Beom Baek +1 more
Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition of methane in the presence of ammonia. The resultant N-graphene was demonstrated to act as a metal-free electrode with a much … Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition of methane in the presence of ammonia. The resultant N-graphene was demonstrated to act as a metal-free electrode with a much better electrocatalytic activity, long-term operation stability, and tolerance to crossover effect than platinum for oxygen reduction via a four-electron pathway in alkaline fuel cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of graphene and its derivatives as metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction. The important role of N-doping to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be applied to various carbon materials for the development of other metal-free efficient ORR catalysts for fuel cell applications, even new catalytic materials for applications beyond fuel cells.
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Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems

2012-01-01
Lin Liu , Yinhu Li , Siliang Li +6 more
With fast development and wide applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomic sequence information is within reach to aid the achievement of goals to decode life mysteries, make better crops, … With fast development and wide applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomic sequence information is within reach to aid the achievement of goals to decode life mysteries, make better crops, detect pathogens, and improve life qualities. NGS systems are typically represented by SOLiD/Ion Torrent PGM from Life Sciences, Genome Analyzer/HiSeq 2000/MiSeq from Illumina, and GS FLX Titanium/GS Junior from Roche. Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), which possesses the world’s biggest sequencing capacity, has multiple NGS systems including 137 HiSeq 2000, 27 SOLiD, one Ion Torrent PGM, one MiSeq, and one 454 sequencer. We have accumulated extensive experience in sample handling, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. In this paper, technologies of these systems are reviewed, and first-hand data from extensive experience is summarized and analyzed to discuss the advantages and specifics associated with each sequencing system. At last, applications of NGS are summarized.
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Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs)

2004-10-01
Michael A. Hickner , Hossein Ghassemi , Yu Seung Kim +2 more
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs)Michael A. Hickner, Hossein Ghassemi, Yu Seung Kim, Brian R. Einsla, and James E. McGrathView Author Information Sandia National Laboratory, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs)Michael A. Hickner, Hossein Ghassemi, Yu Seung Kim, Brian R. Einsla, and James E. McGrathView Author Information Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 10, 4587–4612Publication Date (Web):October 13, 2004Publication History Received27 February 2004Published online13 October 2004Published inissue 1 October 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr020711ahttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr020711aresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views19430Altmetric-Citations2548LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Materials,Membranes,Polymers,Thin films Get e-Alerts

DMFCs: From Fundamental Aspects to Technology Development

2001-07-01
A.S. Aricò , S. Srinivasan , V. Antonucci
This review paper describes recent developments in both the fundamental and technological aspects of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Most previous studies in this field have dealt with fundamental aspects, … This review paper describes recent developments in both the fundamental and technological aspects of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Most previous studies in this field have dealt with fundamental aspects, whereas in recent years, the technology of these devices has become the object of significant interest. This is mainly due to the fact that a probable application of DMFCs in portable power sources and in hybrid electrical vehicles has only recently been envisaged. The section on fundamentals is particularly focused on the electrocatalysis of the methanol oxidation reaction and oxygen electroreduction. In this regard, particular relevance is given to the interpretation of the promoting effect on Pt of additional elements and some aspects of the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction in the presence of methanol crossover have been treated. The technology section deals with the development of both components and devices. Particular emphasis is given to the development of high surface area electrocatalysts and alternative electrolyte membranes to Nafion, also the fabrication methodologies for the M&E assembly have been discussed. The last part of the paper describes the recent efforts in developing DMFC stacks for both portable and electro-traction applications. The current status of the technology in this field is presented and some important technical and economical challenges are been discussed.

Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt <sub>3</sub> Ni(111) via Increased Surface Site Availability

2007-01-12
Vojislav R. Stamenković , Ben Fowler , Bongjin Simon Mun +4 more
The slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the main limitation for automotive applications. We demonstrated that the Pt3Ni(111) surface … The slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the main limitation for automotive applications. We demonstrated that the Pt3Ni(111) surface is 10-fold more active for the ORR than the corresponding Pt(111) surface and 90-fold more active than the current state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts for PEMFC. The Pt3Ni(111) surface has an unusual electronic structure (d-band center position) and arrangement of surface atoms in the near-surface region. Under operating conditions relevant to fuel cells, its near-surface layer exhibits a highly structured compositional oscillation in the outermost and third layers, which are Pt-rich, and in the second atomic layer, which is Ni-rich. The weak interaction between the Pt surface atoms and nonreactive oxygenated species increases the number of active sites for O2 adsorption.
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Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C

2003-12-01
Qingfeng Li , Ronghuan He , Jens Oluf Jensen +1 more
The state-of-the-art of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes operating at a typical temperature of 80 °C. Some of the key … The state-of-the-art of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes operating at a typical temperature of 80 °C. Some of the key issues and shortcomings of the PFSA-based PEMFC technology are briefly discussed. These include water management, CO poisoning, hydrogen, reformate and methanol as fuels, cooling, and heat recovery. As a means to solve these shortcomings, high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes for operation above 100 °C are under active development. This treatise is devoted to a review of the area encompassing modified PFSA membranes, alternative sulfonated polymer and their composite membranes, and acid−base complex membranes. PFSA membranes have been modified by swelling with nonvolatile solvents and preparing composites with hydrophilic oxides and solid proton conductors. DMFC and H2/O2(air) cells based on modified PFSA membranes have been successfully operated at temperatures up to 120 °C under ambient pressure and up to 150 °C under 3−5 atm. Alternative polymers are selected from silicon- and fluorine-containing inorganic polymers or aromatic hydrocarbon polymers and functionalized by sulfonation. The sulfonated hydrocarbons and their inorganic composites are potentially promising for high-temperature operation. High conductivities have been obtained at temperatures up to 180 °C. Acid−base complex membranes constitute another class of electrolyte membranes. A high-temperature PEMFC based on H3PO4-doped PBI has been demonstrated for operation at temperatures up to 200 °C under ambient pressure. The advanced features include high CO tolerance, simple thermal and water management, and possible integration with the fuel processing unit.
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Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation

2007-09-13
Rod L. Borup , Jeremy P. Meyers , Bryan S. Pivovar +7 more
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTScientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and DegradationRod Borup, Jeremy Meyers, Bryan Pivovar, Yu Seung Kim, Rangachary Mukundan, Nancy Garland, Deborah Myers, Mahlon Wilson, Fernando … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTScientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and DegradationRod Borup, Jeremy Meyers, Bryan Pivovar, Yu Seung Kim, Rangachary Mukundan, Nancy Garland, Deborah Myers, Mahlon Wilson, Fernando Garzon, David Wood, Piotr Zelenay, Karren More, Ken Stroh, Tom Zawodzinski, James Boncella, James E. McGrath, Minoru Inaba, Kenji Miyatake, Michio Hori, Kenichiro Ota, Zempachi Ogumi, Seizo Miyata, Atsushi Nishikata, Zyun Siroma, Yoshiharu Uchimoto, Kazuaki Yasuda, Ken-ichi Kimijima, and Norio IwashitaView Author Information Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0292, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44120, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, Doshisha Univerisy, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan, Daido Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi 457-8530, Japan, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 212-8554, Japan, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, AIST, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 10, 3904–3951Publication Date (Web):September 13, 2007Publication History Received17 April 2007Published online13 September 2007Published inissue 1 October 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050182lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050182lresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34977Altmetric-Citations2833LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Electrodes,Fuel cells,Membranes,Platinum Get e-Alerts

On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells

2001-04-01
Klaus‐Dieter Kreuer

The Theory of Polymer Dynamics

1987-01-01
G. Marrucci

Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics

1988-01-01
M. A. B. Whitaker

Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells

2012-02-16
Hongwei Zhang , Pei Kang Shen
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTRecent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel CellsHongwei Zhang and Pei Kang Shen*View Author Information State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTRecent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel CellsHongwei Zhang and Pei Kang Shen*View Author Information State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China*Phone (office): +86-20-84036736. Fax: +86-20-84113369. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 5, 2780–2832Publication Date (Web):February 16, 2012Publication History Received29 January 2011Published online16 February 2012Published inissue 9 May 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr200035shttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr200035sreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views19468Altmetric-Citations1190LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Fluoropolymers,Membranes,Proton conductivity,Thin films Get e-Alerts

New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers

2017-01-23
Ahmet Kusoglu , Adam Z. Weber
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, … In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.

Handbook of chemistry and physics

1930-06-01

Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

2021-07-14
Kui Jiao , Jin Xuan , Qing Du +7 more
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Electrochemical systems

2004-11-01
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Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications

2003-08-01
W. Vielstich , Arnold Lamm , Hubert A. Gasteiger

Collective improvements in flow maldistribution and interface contact resistance of flow field in proton exchange membrane fuel cells via coupling manipulation of gradient porosity and unit cell topology

2025-06-25
Xueliang Wang , Yuhao Wu , Yu-hang Cheng +2 more | Journal of Power Sources

Facilitating Proton transport in Nafion-based membranes by incorporating sulfonated covalent organic framework nanosheets

2025-06-25
Dongwei Zhang , Xu Li , Lan Yang +4 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Titanium felt coated with PTFE as a gas diffuser for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

2025-06-25
Chong-Kai Wang , Kok‐Ping Chan , Ming‐Yuan Shen +1 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Degradation and Corrosion of Metal Components in High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers: Review of Protective Approaches

2025-06-24
Pavel Shuhayeu , Olaf Dybiński , Karolina Majewska +5 more | Energies
High-temperature fuel cells and electrolyzers, particularly molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and Molten Carbonate Electrolyzers (MCEs), are expected to play a critical role in clean power generation, hydrogen production, and … High-temperature fuel cells and electrolyzers, particularly molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and Molten Carbonate Electrolyzers (MCEs), are expected to play a critical role in clean power generation, hydrogen production, and integrated CO2 separation. Unfortunately, despite their potential, these technologies have not yet reached full commercialization. The main reason for this is material degradation. In particular, the corrosion of metallic components continues to be a leading cause of performance loss and system failure. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of degradation mechanisms in MCFC and MCE systems. It examines key metallic components, such as current collectors and bipolar plates, focusing on the performance of commonly used materials, including stainless steels and advanced alloys, under prolonged exposure to corrosive environments. To address degradation issues, this review evaluates current mitigation strategies and discusses material selection, protective coatings application, and the optimization of operational parameters. Advances in alloy development, coatings, surface treatments, and process controls have been compared in terms of effectiveness, scalability, and long-term stability. The review concludes with a synthesis of current best practices and future directions, emphasizing the need for integrated, multi-functional solutions to achieve the lifetimes required for full commercialization. By linking materials science, electrochemistry, and systems engineering, this review offers directions for the development of corrosion-resistant MCFC and MCE technologies in support of a hydrogen-based, carbon-neutral energy future.

Understanding Permeability of Air/O2/N2 Through Different Rubbers Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

2025-06-24
Arpita Srivastava , Debabrata Ganguly , Sambhu Bhadra +3 more | Research Square (Research Square)
<title>Abstract</title> Air barrier is an important property required for tyre inner-liners in tubeless tyres and in the tubes of the tube tyres used in passenger car types, trucks, buses, two … <title>Abstract</title> Air barrier is an important property required for tyre inner-liners in tubeless tyres and in the tubes of the tube tyres used in passenger car types, trucks, buses, two or three-wheelers, etc. Isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR), and their halogen derivatives, brominated and chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene; (BIIR and CIIR) are generally used for tyre inner liners and in tubes due to their ability to maintain superior air retention, ensuring prolonged optimal tyre performance and safety. This study delves into the development of computational models to understand the rate of air permeation through these butyl rubbers in a comparative manner using molecular dynamics simulations. Through advanced molecular modeling techniques and comprehensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we meticulously analyze molecular structures of BIIR, CIIR and IIR rubbers and gas transportation through these polymers. Our computational investigations highlight that CIIR has distinct structural features, particularly the presence and positioning of chlorine atoms, which significantly enhance its ability for slowing down the rate of transport of gas molecules (O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> and air). The overall trend of gas transmission rate among these polymers is IIR &gt; BIIR &gt; CIIR which is successfully validated with experimental result. These simulations provide deep insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern CIIR’s superior barrier properties, revealing how variations in initial conditions, available free volume, and the interaction of functional groups with gas molecules contribute to its enhanced air retention properties. By elucidating these transportation phenomena, this research not only advances our fundamental understanding of rubber material science but also underscores the pivotal role of selecting suitable polymer wherever barrier property of tyre and tube are required through computational approach. These findings serve as a tool for understanding the required future advancements in developing safer and high fuel-efficient tyres.

Ce-UiO-66 Loaded Composite Membrane for Enhanced Proton Conductivity and Performance in Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps via Recasting Method

2025-06-24
Yu-Hui Tang , Loretta G. Que , Xiaoming Li +5 more | The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Electrochemical hydrogen pump (EHP) holds significant promise for industrial byproduct hydrogen purification, where efficient proton conduction is critical. In this study, a cerium-based metal-organic framework-doped composite membrane is successfully prepared … Electrochemical hydrogen pump (EHP) holds significant promise for industrial byproduct hydrogen purification, where efficient proton conduction is critical. In this study, a cerium-based metal-organic framework-doped composite membrane is successfully prepared via a recasting method. Compared to the Nafion membrane, the composite membrane exhibits a slight decrease in ion-exchange capacity but a significant improvement in water uptake, leading to enhanced membrane hydration. On one hand, the composite membrane features larger and more uniformly distributed ionic clusters, with continuous hydrated domains facilitating better connectivity of ionic channels, thereby enabling more efficient proton transport. On the other hand, the higher free water content promotes the formation of a continuous hydrogen-bonded network, contributing to its superior proton conductivity. Under 80 °C and 100% relative humidity, the composite membrane achieves a proton conductivity of 148.53 mS/cm, representing a 34.7% improvement over Nafion. Consequently, EHP performance is significantly enhanced across varying hydrogen purity levels while maintaining stable long-term operation.

Three-dimensional simulation investigation of mass transfer characteristics in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Full-scale cell inspired by bionic droplet-like structures

2025-06-24
Miao Wang , Fan Fan , Miriam Rafailovich +2 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Subkutaner Kardioverter-Defibrillator: langfristig sicherer als transvenöse Systeme

2025-06-24
Peter Overbeck | CardioVasc

Sulfonated and phenylated polyphenylenes containing hexafluoroisopropylene in the backbone to enhance the flexibility and conductivity as proton exchange membranes

2025-06-24
Tianshou Zhao , Hao Dong , Pengfei Zhai +6 more | Journal of Power Sources

Wettability modification and region optimization of PEMCs porous transport layer: A comparative study utilizing PDMS and MTMS/HDTMS hybrid solutions

2025-06-24
张晓蕾 Zhang Xiaolei , Tingshuo Kang , Jianchen Sun +3 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Simulation and experimental validation of novel sliding mode control with quick power reaching law for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

2025-06-24
Mohammed Yousri Silaa , Óscar Barambones , Jokin Uralde +1 more | Journal of Power Sources

Effect of Cation Contamination of Gas Diffusion Layer on Water Management and Performance of PEMFCs

2025-06-24
Huibing Chen , Jiashun Zhang , Hanwen Zhang +3 more | Carbon Energy
ABSTRACT The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants. This study delves into the impact of … ABSTRACT The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants. This study delves into the impact of Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 contamination on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and PEMFC performance, systematically analyzing the physicochemical property changes and their correlation with electrochemical performance. The results indicate that after post‐treatment, the GDL surface exhibited exposed carbon fibers, cracks, and large pores in the microporous layer (MPL), with a noticeable detachment of PTFE. There was a marked reduction in C and F element signals, an increase in O element signals, deposition of Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , formation of C=O and C=C bonds, appearance of Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 characteristic peaks, and changes in pore structure—all suggesting significant alterations in the GDL's surface morphology, structure, and chemical composition. The decline in mechanical strength and thermal stability, and increased surface roughness and resistance negatively impacted fuel cell performance. At high current densities, the emergence of water flooding increased mass transfer resistance from 0.1 Ω cm 2 to 1.968 Ω cm 2 , with a maximum power density decay rate reaching 71.17%. This study reveals the significant negative impact of Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 contamination on GDL and fuel cell performance, highlighting that changes in surface structure, reduced hydrophobicity, and increased mass transfer resistance are primary causes of performance degradation. The findings provide crucial insights for improving GDL materials, optimizing fuel cell manufacturing and operation processes, and addressing contamination issues in practical applications.

A Fast-Time MATLAB Model of an Aeronautical Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell for Sustainable Propulsion and Compressor Behavior at Varying Altitudes

2025-06-24
Abolfazl Movahedian , Gianluca Marinaro , Emma Frosina | Sustainability
The aviation sector significantly contributes to environmental challenges, including global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, due to its reliance on fossil fuels. Fuel cells present a viable alternative to conventional … The aviation sector significantly contributes to environmental challenges, including global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, due to its reliance on fossil fuels. Fuel cells present a viable alternative to conventional propulsion systems. In the context of light aircraft applications, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have recently attracted growing interest as a substitute for internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, their performance is highly sensitive to altitude variations, primarily due to limitations in compressor efficiency and instability in cathode pressure. To address these challenges, this research presents a comprehensive numerical model that couples a PEMFC system with a dynamic air compressor model under altitude-dependent conditions ranging from 0 to 3000 m. Iso-efficiency lines were integrated into the compressor map to evaluate its behavior across varying environmental parameters. The study examines key fuel cell stack characteristics, including voltage, current, and net power output. The results indicate that, as altitude increases, ambient pressure and air density decrease, causing the compressor to work harder to maintain the required compression ratio at the cathode of the fuel cell module. This research provides a detailed prediction of compressor efficiency trends by implementing iso-efficiency lines into the compressor map, contributing to sustainable aviation and aligning with global goals for low-emission energy systems by supporting cleaner propulsion technologies for lightweight aircraft.

Decoding the Influence of Microstructure on the Stability and Dynamical Properties of the HMT-PMBI Anion Exchange Membrane Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

2025-06-24
Tamaghna Chakraborti , Riya Sharma , Anand Narayanan Krishnamoorthy +2 more | The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

High-performance OPVA/CMC hybrid biopolymer electrolyte with enhanced proton conductivity for SBPE applications

2025-06-24
Zoubaida Landolsi , Khaled Charradi , Walid Mabrouk +4 more | Emergent Materials

Prediction of Right Heart Failure in LVAD Candidates: Current Approaches and Future Directions

2025-06-23
Frederick Vogel , Zachary W. Sollie , Arman Kilic +1 more | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
Right heart failure is a condition where the right ventricle fails to pump blood into the pulmonary artery, and, in turn, the lungs. This condition frequently presents after the implantation … Right heart failure is a condition where the right ventricle fails to pump blood into the pulmonary artery, and, in turn, the lungs. This condition frequently presents after the implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Ventricular assist candidates who have LVADs implanted possess various pathophysiological and cardiovascular features that contribute to the later development of RHF. With LVADs serving as bridge-to-transplantation, bridge-to-candidacy, and destination therapies, it is imperative that the pre-operative indicators of RHF are identified and assessed. Multiple predictive models and parameters have been developed to quantify the risk of post-LVAD right heart failure. Clinical, laboratory, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic parameters have all been used to develop these predictive approaches. RHF remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after LVAD implantation. Predicting RHF helps clinicians assess treatment options, including biventricular support or avoiding high-risk surgery. In our review, we noted the varying definitions for RHF in recent models, which affected respective predictive accuracies. The pulmonary arterial pulsatile index (PAPi) and right ventricular longitudinal strain parameters were noted for their potential to enhance current models incrementally. Meanwhile, mechanistic and machine learning approaches present a more fundamental shift in the approach to making progress in this field.

Sensitivity analysis of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell cold start process with the numerical method

2025-06-23
Jia Wang , Zenghai Shan , Kai Wang | Ionics

Simulating Morphology and Degradation of PEMFC Cathode Catalyst Layers with Porous Carbon SupportsPart II: Effect of Ionomer and Relative Humidity on Catalyst Degradation

2025-06-23
Anne-Christine Scherzer , Patrick Schneider , Matthias Klingele +2 more | Journal of The Electrochemical Society
Abstract We present a physical degradation model which simulates the evolution of the cathode catalyst layer nanomorphology and associated catalyst surface area in the course of potential-induced ageing. By coupling … Abstract We present a physical degradation model which simulates the evolution of the cathode catalyst layer nanomorphology and associated catalyst surface area in the course of potential-induced ageing. By coupling to the morphology model featured in Part I, the effects of the pore, particle and ionomer distributions and resulting nanoscale interfaces in each individual material are taken into account. Specifically, the model discriminates between catalyst ageing on the support surface and inside primary pores of the support. For model validation, catalyst utilization data in terms of active surface area measured at varying relative humidity is used. These data are sensitive to a variety of electrode properties such as support porosity, catalyst loading and size and ionomer loading. Simulations are compared against data from 15 samples manufactured in-house using different materials and aged in different conditions. In-depth analysis of simulation results identifies the model as a valuable tool to establish a link between electrode composition and nanomorphology as well as between nanomorphology and expected degradation.

Machine Learning-Assisted Multiobjective Optimization of the Catalyst Layer in a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer

2025-06-23
Mei Liu , Mingyi Xu , Guangze Li +3 more | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

The effect of catalyst ink formulations and slot-die coating parameters on PEMFC GDE fabrication

2025-06-23
Cecil Felix , Iosif Vazirgiantzikis , Mphoma S. Matseke +2 more | Next Energy

Temperature and Current Density distributions in a 100 cm2 PEM Fuel Cell: Effects of flow field designs

2025-06-23
G.M. Cabello González , Baltasar Toharias , Felipe Rosa +2 more | Journal of Power Sources

Covalent Organic Frameworks for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

2025-06-23
Jiajia Si , Shuai Zhang , Shuang Zhao +3 more | Energy Material Advances

Performance Enhancement of a-C:Cr Thin Films Deposited on 316L Stainless Steel as Bipolar Plates via a Thin Ti Layer by Mid-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering for PEMFC Application

2025-06-23
Yuxing Zhao , Li Song , Saiqiang Wang +5 more | Energies
Ti/a-C:Cr multilayer films were deposited on 316L stainless steel (SS316L) substrates using medium-frequency alternating current magnetron sputtering, with a single-layer a-C:Cr film also prepared on a titanium substrate. The influence … Ti/a-C:Cr multilayer films were deposited on 316L stainless steel (SS316L) substrates using medium-frequency alternating current magnetron sputtering, with a single-layer a-C:Cr film also prepared on a titanium substrate. The influence of sputtering pressure on the film’s structure and properties was systematically investigated. Film morphology and microstructure were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At a pressure of 1.4 MPa, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) of SS316L bipolar plates (BPPs) coated with the films reached as low as 3.30 mΩ·cm2, while that of titanium BPPs was 2.90 mΩ·cm2. Under simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode conditions (70 °C, 0.6 V vs. SCE, 0.5 M H2SO4, 5 ppm HF solution), the corrosion current density, Icorr, reached optimal values of 0.69 μA·cm−2 for SS316L and 0.62 μA·cm−2 for titanium. These results demonstrate that parameter optimization enables SS316L BPPs to functionally replace titanium counterparts, offering significant cost reductions for metal BPPs and accelerating the commercialization of PEMFC technology.

Sulfur‐Doped IrO<sub>2</sub> Enable Pathway Switch to Lattice Oxygen Mechanism with Enhanced Stability for Low Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis

2025-06-23
Chenlu Yang , Yanping Zhu , Fengru Zhang +7 more | Advanced Materials
Abstract Achieving high activity and stability while minimizing Ir usage poses a significant challenge in the industrialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein we report a sulfur‐doping strategy … Abstract Achieving high activity and stability while minimizing Ir usage poses a significant challenge in the industrialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein we report a sulfur‐doping strategy that enables the OER pathway on IrO 2 nanoparticles (IrO 2 /S) to switch from conventional adsorption evolution mechanism (AEM) to lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) while maintaining Ir─O bond stability, thus achieving a significant enhancement in both intrinsic activity and durability. Advanced spectroscopies and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ir─S coordination motif within the lattice increases the electron density of the Ir center and enhances Ir─O covalency, thus triggering the LOM pathway. Importantly, the lattice distortion and unsaturated Ir─O coordination within the IrO 2 /S generate the oxygen nonbonding state that acts as an electron sacrificial agent to preserve Ir─O bonds upon the LOM‐dominated OER process. As a result, PEMWE integrated with such IrO 2 /S electrocatalyst delivers a low cell voltage (1.769 V at 2.0 A cm −2 ) and long‐term stability (16.6 µV h⁻¹ over 1000 [email protected] A cm⁻ 2 ) while dramatically reducing Ir usage from 1.0 to 0.3 mg cm −2 . This work establishes S doping as a viable strategy to trigger LOM and stabilize lattice oxygen redox in Ir‐based catalysts, opening a new avenue for low‐Ir PEMWEs.

Designing a Waste Heat Recovery Heat Exchanger for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Operation in Medium-Altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2025-06-22
Juwon Jang , Jaehyung Choi , Seungjun Choi +1 more | Energies
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as the next-generation powertrain for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their high energy density and long operating duration. PEMFCs are subject … Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as the next-generation powertrain for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their high energy density and long operating duration. PEMFCs are subject to icing and performance degradation problems at sub-zero temperatures, especially at high altitudes. Therefore, an effective preheating system is required to ensure stable PEMFC operation in high-altitude environments. This study aimed to mathematically model a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that utilizes waste heat recovery to prevent internal and external PEMFC damage in cold, high-altitude conditions. The waste heat from the PEMFC is estimated based on the thrust of the MQ-9 Reaper, and the proposed heat exchanger must be capable of heating air to −5 °C. As the heat exchanger utilizes only waste heat, the primary energy consumption arises from the coolant pumping process. Calculation results indicated that the proposed heat exchanger design improved the overall system efficiency by up to 15.7%, demonstrating its effectiveness in utilizing waste heat under aviation conditions.

Acid-Adaptive Polymers Capable of Proton-Capturing and Matrix-Strengthening.

2025-06-22
Haixu Du , Haoxiang Deng , Di Liu +1 more | PubMed
Biological systems exhibit a remarkable ability to turn destructive environmental stressors into constructive factors for adaptation and survival-a capability rarely observed in engineering materials. Conventional polymers, for instance, degrade in … Biological systems exhibit a remarkable ability to turn destructive environmental stressors into constructive factors for adaptation and survival-a capability rarely observed in engineering materials. Conventional polymers, for instance, degrade in acidic environments as chemical bond cleavage leads to significant loss of stiffness and strength. In contrast, acid-resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis neutralize protons and undergo biochemical adaptations to withstand acidity. Inspired by natural acid adaptation, we develop an acid-adaptive polymer with exceptional acid resistance and a unique acid-triggered mechanical restoration behavior. By incorporating sodium carboxylate and amino functional groups, the polymer effectively neutralizes protons, mitigating acid-induced degradation. Besides, invading acids facilitate amidation reactions at temperatures as low as 40°C, forming secondary crosslinks within the polymer matrix. This process enhances the material's stiffness and strength by 119% and 101%, respectively. With its dual functionality of proton neutralization and strength restoration, this polymer offers a transformative solution for defense, chemical processing, and automotive applications requiring durability in harsh acidic environments.

Comprehensive Characteristic Evaluation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Novel Flow Field Configuration Design Based on Perforation under the Ridge

2025-06-22
Fan Fan , Shengjun Tang , Miao Wang +2 more | Energy Technology
This study focuses on the multiparameter regulation mechanism of perforated structures under the ridges in the single‐channel serpentine flow field. A systematic analysis of geometric shapes, positions, sizes, and arrangement … This study focuses on the multiparameter regulation mechanism of perforated structures under the ridges in the single‐channel serpentine flow field. A systematic analysis of geometric shapes, positions, sizes, and arrangement strategies reveals a synergistic optimization path for mass transfer, water drainage, and pressure drop. Initially, by introducing semicircular perforations beneath the ridges, the gas diffusion efficiency is significantly enhanced. Subsequently, maintaining a consistent cross‐sectional area of the perforations, it is found that the isosceles triangular perforation performs optimally in high current density regions. Furthermore, the effects of perforation placement beneath the ridge versus at the middle of the ridge are investigated. Simulation results indicate that perforations located beneath the ridge significantly reduce concentration losses and decrease the pressure drop by 44.58%. In the study of perforation cross‐sectional geometry, data shows a nonmonotonic trend in cell performance as the perforation cross‐sectional area increases, with performance first improving and then declining. The optimal gas transfer efficiency and disturbance effect occur when the perforation area reaches a critical value (0.2512 mm 2 ). Finally, various perforation distribution strategies along the ridge are considered. It is indicated that uniformly distributing perforations along the entire ridge structure results in optimal overall performance.

Interactions between reinforced membrane durability and gas diffusion layer and flow field plate designs in fuel cells

2025-06-21
Yixuan Chen , Nitish Kumar , MohammadAmin Bahrami +7 more | Journal of Power Sources

Ionomer Dispersions: Solvent Addition Sequence Matters

2025-06-21
Marc Ayoub , Maximilian Wagner , Krishnaveni Anjala +5 more | ACS Applied Energy Materials

Nanoscale X-ray tomographic imaging of liquid water in fuel cell electrode materials

2025-06-21
Sara Abouali , Bharathy S. Parimalam , Fabusuyi Akindele Aroge +3 more | Journal of Power Sources

Characteristic times in the infinite charge landscape of the universal capacitor

2025-06-21
Enrique Hernández‐Balaguera , Anis Allagui | Journal of Power Sources

Design and Optimization of an Uneven Wave-like Protrusion Channel in the Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell Based on the Taguchi Design

2025-06-20
Zhong-Liang Feng , Tianjun Zhou , Shen Xu +3 more | Energies
The design of channel geometry plays a critical role in the performance of proton exchange membrane electrolytic cells (PEMECs), particularly in addressing challenges such as bubble accumulation and pressure drop, … The design of channel geometry plays a critical role in the performance of proton exchange membrane electrolytic cells (PEMECs), particularly in addressing challenges such as bubble accumulation and pressure drop, which hinder efficient hydrogen production. This study introduces an innovative uneven wave-like protrusion channel structure for PEMECs, designed to optimize mass transfer and bubble removal while minimizing energy losses. A combination of three-dimensional numerical simulations and the Taguchi design method is employed to systematically investigate the impact of protrusion height, width, and spacing on key performance metrics, including pressure drop, oxygen output, and volumetric gas content. The effects of different water supply flow rates and temperatures on the electrolytic cell were also investigated through visualization experiments. The results show that the channel with inhomogeneous waveform protrusions has superior PEMEC performance compared with the conventional single serpentine channel. In addition, the waveforms of the waveform protrusions were optimized using the Taguchi design method. The results obtained further optimized the PEMEC performance by increasing the outlet oxygen volume by 8.97%, reducing the average pressure drop by 4.4%, and decreasing the volumetric gas content by 20.26%.

Bimetallic Ir-Sn Non-Carbon Supported Anode Catalysts for PEM Water Electrolysis

2025-06-20
Iveta Boshnakova , E. Lefterova , G. Borisov +2 more | Inorganics
Nanostructured bimetallic IrSn composites deposited on the natural aluminosilicate montmorillonite were synthesized and evaluated as anode electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs). The test series prepared via the … Nanostructured bimetallic IrSn composites deposited on the natural aluminosilicate montmorillonite were synthesized and evaluated as anode electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs). The test series prepared via the sol–gel method consisted of samples with 30 wt. % total metal content and varying Ir:Sn ratio. The performed X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution transmission electron icroscopy registered very fine nanostructure of the composites with metal particles size of 2–3 nm homogeneously dispersed on the support surface and also intercalated in the basal space of its layered structure. The electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and steady-state polarization techniques. The initial screening was performed in 0.5 M H2SO4. Then, the catalysts were integrated as anodes in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and tested in a custom-made PEMEC. The electrochemical tests revealed that the catalysts with Ir:Sn ratio 15:15 and 18:12 wt. % demonstrated high efficiency toward the oxygen evolution reaction during repetitive potential cycling and sustainable performance with current density in the range 140–120 mA cm−2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE during long-term stability tests. The results obtained give credence to the studied IrSn/MMT nanocomposites to be considered promising, cost-efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

Harmonizing Ruthenium Atom-Cluster Moieties for Stable Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

2025-06-20
Chengli Rong , Jun Jia , Weiwei Li +6 more | ACS Catalysis

FSI and Non-FSI Investigations on Diagonal Functionally-Graded Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel Micro-valve

2025-06-20
Hashem Mazaheri , Parisa Bayati , Amin Khodabandehloo +1 more | International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Impact of Log-Normal Particle Size Distribution in Holby–Morgan Degradation Model on Aging of Pt/C Catalystin PEMFC

2025-06-20
Victor A. Kovtunenko | Technologies
The Holby–Morgan model of electrochemical degradation in platinum on a carbon catalyst is studied with respect to the impact of particle size distribution on aging in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel … The Holby–Morgan model of electrochemical degradation in platinum on a carbon catalyst is studied with respect to the impact of particle size distribution on aging in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The European Union harmonized protocol for testing by non-symmetric square-wave voltage is applied for accelerated stress cycling. The log-normal distribution is estimated using finite size groups which are defined by two parameters of the median and standard deviation. In the non-diffusive model, the first integral of the system is obtained which reduces the number of differential equations. Without ion diffusion, it allows to simulate platinum particles shrank through platinum dissolution and growth by platinum ion deposition. Numerical tests of catalyst degradation in the diffusion model demonstrate the following changes in platinum particle size distribution: broadening for small and shrinking for large medians with tailing towards large particles; the possibility of probability decrease as well as increase for each size group; and overall, a drop in the platinum particle size takes place, which is faster for the small median owing to the Gibbs–Thompson effect.

Impact of through-plane gas diffusion layer holes on fuel cell membrane durability deciphered by four-dimensional in-situ X-ray computed tomography visualization

2025-06-20
Yixuan Chen , MohammadAmin Bahrami , Nitish Kumar +7 more | Journal of Power Sources

Data-driven fault diagnosis with Markov transition field and deep learning for water management of automotive PEMFC power system

2025-06-19
Yan Pu , Junxiong Chen , Xia Sheng +3 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Current Density–Voltage Relationships of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Depending on the Cell Components of Porous Transport Layers and Cell Sealings

2025-06-19
Miyuki Nara , Katsushi Fujii , Takeharu Murakami +2 more | Energy & Fuels

Poly(biphenyl piperidinium)/Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Blended Anion Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cell Application

2025-06-19
A Jeevitha , Iyappan Arunkumar , Arun Asaithambi +3 more | ACS Applied Polymer Materials

Investigating the Impact of Obstacle Aspect Ratio on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance: A Comprehensive Numerical and Sensitivity Analysis

2025-06-19
I. Khazaee , Mohammadhadi Maghsoudniazi , AmirReza Ghiabi | Research Square (Research Square)
<title>Abstract</title> In a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), the geometry of the flow channels plays a critical role in mass transport, electrochemical current distribution, and water management. The objective … <title>Abstract</title> In a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), the geometry of the flow channels plays a critical role in mass transport, electrochemical current distribution, and water management. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the obstacle aspect ratio (AR) in the cathode channel on cell performance under various operating conditions (temperature 333–363 K, pressure 1–4 atm, and anode/cathode relative humidity 0–100%). To this end, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed, and the governing equations for species transport, energy, and electric current were solved using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the finite-volume method. The geometric parameters included AR = 0 to 1 for rectangular obstacles in both the cathode and anode channels, and boundary conditions corresponding to temperature, pressure, and humidity were simulated independently. The results showed that intermediate-sized obstacles with AR ≈ 0.25–0.50 significantly enhance oxygen mass transport and reduce concentration losses; for example, at mid-range temperatures (343–353 K) and pressures of 1–2 atm, the power density increased by more than 20%. Specifically, at 343 K and AR = 0.75, the power density rose from 0.3769 to 0.5289 W/cm². At higher pressures (3–4 atm), however, the benefit of small obstacles diminished, and ultimately at 4 atm the obstacle-free configuration (AR = 0) exhibited the highest power density of 0.9134 W/cm². Moreover, AR ≈ 0.25 promoted a more uniform distribution of product water and prevented local water accumulation; as a result, under all humidity levels (0–100% RH) an approximately 15–20% performance improvement was observed compared to the baseline case. These findings provide a foundation for the optimal design of cathode channel geometry in PEMFCs, indicating that AR ≈ 0.25–0.50 covers a wide range of operating conditions with maximum efficiency.

Catalytic synergy of PtCo alloy nanoparticles anchored on S, P-doped hierarchical carbon nitrides for efficient and durable oxygen reduction in high-temperature PEMFCs

2025-06-19
Balamurali Ravichandran , Naresh Narayanan , Huiyuan Liu +3 more | Fuel

GITT Limitations and EIS Insights into Kinetics of NMC622

2025-06-19
Intizar Abbas , Huyen Tran Tran , Thanh Toan Tran +7 more | Batteries
Conventional applications of the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) and EIS for estimating chemical diffusivity in battery electrodes face issues such as insufficient relaxation time to reach equilibrium, excessively long … Conventional applications of the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) and EIS for estimating chemical diffusivity in battery electrodes face issues such as insufficient relaxation time to reach equilibrium, excessively long pulse durations that violate the short-time diffusion assumption, and the assumption of sequential electrode reaction and diffusion processes. In this work, a quasi-equilibrium criterion of 0.1 mV h−1 was applied to NMC622 electrodes, yielding 8–9 h relaxations below 3.8 V, but above 3.8 V, voltage decayed linearly and indefinitely, even upon discharging titration, showing unusual nonmonotonic relaxation behavior. The initial 36-second transients of a 10-minute galvanostatic pulse and diffusion impedance in series with the electrode reaction yielded consistent diffusivity values. However, solid-state diffusion in spherical active particles within porous electrodes, where ambipolar diffusion occurs in the pore electrolyte with t+=0.3, requires a physics-based three-rail transmission line model (TLM). The corrected diffusivity may be three to four times higher. An analytic two-rail TLM approximating the three-rail numerical model was applied to temperature- and frequency-dependent EIS data. This approach mitigates parameter ambiguity and unphysical correlations in EIS. Physics-based EIS enables the identification of multistep energetics and the diagnosis of performance and degradation mechanisms.