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Fatty Acid Research and Health

Works Count: 64347

Description

This cluster of papers explores the role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease, inflammation, dietary intake, fatty acid metabolism, neurodevelopment, and the synthesis of lipid mediators such as resolvins. It discusses the potential health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and their impact on chronic diseases.

Keywords

Omega-3 Fatty Acids; Cardiovascular Disease; Inflammation; Dietary Intake; Fatty Acid Metabolism; Neurodevelopment; Lipid Mediators; Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA); Resolvins; Chronic Diseases

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease

2011-11-01
Dariush Mozaffarian , Jason Wu

RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FAT IN FECES

1949-01-01
J. H. Van De Kamer , H. ten Bokkel Huinink , H. A. Weyers
Methods for the determination of the total amount of fat in feces and of the relative proportions of free and combined fatty acids are described. They are based on the … Methods for the determination of the total amount of fat in feces and of the relative proportions of free and combined fatty acids are described. They are based on the principle that fatty acids and fat can be extracted almost quantitatively with petroleum ether from an acidic, alcoholic solution of about 60 per cent ethanol, saturated with NaCl and containing a small amount of amyl alcohol. By these methods the fat in feces can be measured within 35 to 45 minutes with an error not exceeding 2 per cent.
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Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?

2012-07-06
Philip C. Calder
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to inhibit partly a number of … Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to inhibit partly a number of aspects of inflammation including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, production of inflammatory cytokines and T cell reactivity. In parallel, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonioc acid and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving resolvins and protectins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of n-3 fatty acids include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B so reducing expression of inflammatory genes, activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor NR1C3 (i.e. peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) and binding to the G protein coupled receptor GPR120. These mechanisms are interlinked. In adult humans, an EPA plus DHA intake greater than 2 g day⁻¹ seems to be required to elicit anti-inflammatory actions, but few dose finding studies have been performed. Animal models demonstrate benefit from n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Clinical trials of fish oil in patients with RA demonstrate benefit supported by meta-analyses of the data. Clinical trails of fish oil in patients with IBD and asthma are inconsistent with no overall clear evidence of efficacy.
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Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man.

1985-02-01
F.H. Mattson , Scott M. Grundy
Twenty patients consumed a liquid diet in which the predominant fatty acids were either saturated (Sat), monounsaturated (Mono), or polyunsaturated (Poly).The fats in these three diets comprised 40% of total … Twenty patients consumed a liquid diet in which the predominant fatty acids were either saturated (Sat), monounsaturated (Mono), or polyunsaturated (Poly).The fats in these three diets comprised 40% of total calories and consisted of palm oil, high-oleic sdower oil, and high-linoleic sdower oil, respectively.During the third and fourth week of each dietary period, multiple samples of blood were taken and were analyzed for plasma total cholesterol (E), triglycerides ('E), and cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions (VLDL-C, LDL-C, and HDL-C).Twelve of the patients had normal TG levels; in these patients, both Mono and Poly diets caused statistically significant and equal lowerings of plasma LDL-C, but the Poly diet lowered HDL-C levels more frequently than did the Mono diet.Neither diet changed the level of plasma TG.The proportions of total

Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development

1991-09-01
AP Simopoulos

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production

2000-01-01
Michael J James , Robert A. Gibson , Leslie G. Cleland

Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognized class of anticarcinogens

1992-09-01
S.F. Chin , Wu Liu , J. M Storkson +2 more

The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids

2002-10-01
Artemis P. Simopoulos

Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU study

2001-03-09
B. Vessby , M Uusitupa , Kjeld Hermansen +7 more
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Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors

1991-10-01
T. L. V. Ulbricht , D. A. T. Southgate

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FAT, FISH, AND FIBRE INTAKES ON DEATH AND MYOCARDIAL REINFARCTION: DIET AND REINFARCTION TRIAL (DART)

1989-09-01
M L Burr , James Gilbert , Ruth M. Holliday +5 more

Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance

2014-08-20
Philip C. Calder

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease

2014-11-12
Richard P. Bazinet , Sophie Layé

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake

2008-04-08
Leanne Hodson , C. Murray Skeaff , Barbara A. Fielding

Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end

2005-11-17
Charles N. Serhan , John Savill

The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases

2008-04-12
Artemis P. Simopoulos
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets … Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.

Blood Levels of Long-Chain n–3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death

2002-04-11
Christine M. Albert , Hannia Campos , Meir J. Stampfer +4 more
Experimental data suggest that long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish have antiarrhythmic properties, and a randomized trial suggested that dietary supplements of n–3 fatty acids may reduce the … Experimental data suggest that long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish have antiarrhythmic properties, and a randomized trial suggested that dietary supplements of n–3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of sudden death among survivors of myocardial infarction. Whether long-chain n–3 fatty acids are also associated with the risk of sudden death in those without a history of cardiovascular disease is unknown.
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Regulation of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids

2011-10-14
Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo , Hosana Gomes Rodrigues , Renato Tadeu Nachbar +1 more
The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C(2)), propionate (C(3)) and butyrate (C(4)) are the main metabolic products of anaerobic bacteria fermentation in the intestine. In addition to their important … The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C(2)), propionate (C(3)) and butyrate (C(4)) are the main metabolic products of anaerobic bacteria fermentation in the intestine. In addition to their important role as fuel for intestinal epithelial cells, SCFAs modulate different processes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as electrolyte and water absorption. These fatty acids have been recognized as potential mediators involved in the effects of gut microbiota on intestinal immune function. SCFAs act on leukocytes and endothelial cells through at least two mechanisms: activation of GPCRs (GPR41 and GPR43) and inhibiton of histone deacetylase (HDAC). SCFAs regulate several leukocyte functions including production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10), eicosanoids and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1 and CINC-2). The ability of leukocytes to migrate to the foci of inflammation and to destroy microbial pathogens also seems to be affected by the SCFAs. In this review, the latest research that describes how SCFAs regulate the inflammatory process is presented. The effects of these fatty acids on isolated cells (leukocytes, endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells) and, particularly, on the recruitment and activation of leukocytes are discussed. Therapeutic application of these fatty acids for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies is also highlighted.
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The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function

1984-01-01
Christopher D. Stubbs , Anthony D. Smith

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice

1997-08-01
Yeonhwa Park , Karen Albright , Wei Liu +3 more
Abstract The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition were investigated. ICR mice were fed a control diet containing 5.5% corn oil or a CLA‐supplemented diet (5.0% corn … Abstract The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition were investigated. ICR mice were fed a control diet containing 5.5% corn oil or a CLA‐supplemented diet (5.0% corn oil plus 0.5% CLA). Mice fed CLA‐supplemented diet exhibited 57% and 60% lower body fat and 5% and 14% increased lean body mass relative to controls ( P <0.05). Total carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased by dietary CLA supplementation in both fat pad and skeletal muscle; the differences were significant for fat pad of fed mice and skeletal muscle of fasted mice. In cultured 3T3‐L1 adipocytes CLA treatment (1×10 −4 M) significantly reduced heparin‐releasable lipoprotein lipase activity (−66%) and the intracellular concentrations of triacylglyceride (−8%) and glycerol (−15%), but significantly increased free glycerol in the culture medium (+22%) compared to control ( P <0.05). The effects of CLA on body composition appear to be due in part to reduced fat deposition and increased lipolysis in adipocytes, possibly coupled with enhanced fatty acid oxidation in both muscle cells and adipocytes.

Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease

1994-06-01
M. de Lorgeril , S. Renaud , Patricia Salen +6 more

Cardiovascular Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids

1988-03-03
Alexander Leaf , Christian Weber
ALTHOUGH earlier studies1 2 3 suggested that dietary fish had some properties that could potentially prevent coronary artery disease, it was not until the epidemiologic studies of Bang et al.4 … ALTHOUGH earlier studies1 2 3 suggested that dietary fish had some properties that could potentially prevent coronary artery disease, it was not until the epidemiologic studies of Bang et al.4 and Dyerberg et al.5 in the mid-1970s that the association became noteworthy. These researchers reviewed reports of a low prevalence of atherosclerosis among Eskimos in Greenland and subsequent documentation of an age-adjusted mortality from myocardial infarction among the Greenland Eskimos that was approximately 1/10th that among Danes6 or North Americans, despite a diet as high in fat and cholesterol as that of the Danes or Americans. The striking difference between the diets . . .

Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology

2014-06-03
Charles N. Serhan

Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease

1999-09-01
Artemis P. Simopoulos
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Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators

2008-04-25
Charles N. Serhan , Nan Chiang , Thomas E. Van Dyke

Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health

2006-10-17
Dariush Mozaffarian , Eric B. Rimm
ContextFish (finfish or shellfish) may have health benefits and also contain contaminants, resulting in confusion over the role of fish consumption in a healthy diet.Evidence AcquisitionWe searched MEDLINE, governmental reports, … ContextFish (finfish or shellfish) may have health benefits and also contain contaminants, resulting in confusion over the role of fish consumption in a healthy diet.Evidence AcquisitionWe searched MEDLINE, governmental reports, and meta-analyses, supplemented by hand reviews of references and direct investigator contacts, to identify reports published through April 2006 evaluating (1) intake of fish or fish oil and cardiovascular risk, (2) effects of methylmercury and fish oil on early neurodevelopment, (3) risks of methylmercury for cardiovascular and neurologic outcomes in adults, and (4) health risks of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish. We concentrated on studies evaluating risk in humans, focusing on evidence, when available, from randomized trials and large prospective studies. When possible, meta-analyses were performed to characterize benefits and risks most precisely.Evidence SynthesisModest consumption of fish (eg, 1-2 servings/wk), especially species higher in the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduces risk of coronary death by 36% (95% confidence interval, 20%-50%; P<.001) and total mortality by 17% (95% confidence interval, 0%-32%; P = .046) and may favorably affect other clinical outcomes. Intake of 250 mg/d of EPA and DHA appears sufficient for primary prevention. DHA appears beneficial for, and low-level methylmercury may adversely affect, early neurodevelopment. Women of childbearing age and nursing mothers should consume 2 seafood servings/wk, limiting intake of selected species. Health effects of low-level methylmercury in adults are not clearly established; methylmercury may modestly decrease the cardiovascular benefits of fish intake. A variety of seafood should be consumed; individuals with very high consumption (≥5 servings/wk) should limit intake of species highest in mercury levels. Levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish are low, and potential carcinogenic and other effects are outweighed by potential benefits of fish intake and should have little impact on choices or consumption of seafood (women of childbearing age should consult regional advisories for locally caught freshwater fish).ConclusionsFor major health outcomes among adults, based on both the strength of the evidence and the potential magnitudes of effect, the benefits of fish intake exceed the potential risks. For women of childbearing age, benefits of modest fish intake, excepting a few selected species, also outweigh risks.

Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease

2002-11-18
Penny M. Kris‐Etherton , William S. Harris , Lawrence J. Appel
HomeCirculationVol. 106, No. 21Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease HomeCirculationVol. 106, No. 21Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease

n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies

1997-05-01
WS Harris
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n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases

2006-06-01
Philip C. Calder

Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review.

1989-06-01
William S. Harris
Epidemiological studies in Greenland Eskimos led to the hypothesis that marine oils rich in n-3 fatty acids (also referred to as omega (omega)-3 fatty acids) are hypolipidemic and ultimately antiatherogenic. … Epidemiological studies in Greenland Eskimos led to the hypothesis that marine oils rich in n-3 fatty acids (also referred to as omega (omega)-3 fatty acids) are hypolipidemic and ultimately antiatherogenic. Metabolically controlled trials in which large amounts of fish oil were fed to normal volunteers and hyperlipidemic patients showed that these fatty acids (FAs) are effective at lowering plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Although more recent trials using smaller, more practical doses of fish oil supplements have confirmed the hypotriglyceridemic effect, they have shown little effect on total cholesterol levels; hypertriglyceridemic patients have even experienced increases in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of 10-20% while taking n-3 FA supplements. Discrepancies among fish oil studies regarding the effects of n-3 FAs on LDL-C levels may be understood by noting that, in the majority of studies reporting reductions in LDL-C levels, saturated fat intake was lowered when switching from the control diet to the fish oil diet. When fish oil is fed and saturated fat intake is constant, LDL-C levels either do not change or may increase. Levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol have been found to increase slightly (about 5-10%) with fish oil intake. Plasma apolipoprotein levels change in concert with their associated lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Although the decrease in triglyceride levels appears to result from an inhibition in hepatic triglyceride synthesis, the mechanisms leading to the increases in LDL and HDL have not been determined. Finally, fatty fish or linolenic acid may serve as alternative sources of long-chain n-3 FAs, but further studies will be needed to document their hypolipidemic and/or antiatherogenic effects.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA: Health Benefits Throughout Life

2012-01-01
Danielle Swanson , Robert Block , Shaker A. Mousa
Omega-3 [(n-3)] fatty acids have been linked to healthy aging throughout life. Recently, fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have been associated with fetal development, cardiovascular function, and Alzheimer's … Omega-3 [(n-3)] fatty acids have been linked to healthy aging throughout life. Recently, fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have been associated with fetal development, cardiovascular function, and Alzheimer's disease. However, because our bodies do not efficiently produce some omega-3 fatty acids from marine sources, it is necessary to obtain adequate amounts through fish and fish-oil products. Studies have shown that EPA and DHA are important for proper fetal development, including neuronal, retinal, and immune function. EPA and DHA may affect many aspects of cardiovascular function including inflammation, peripheral artery disease, major coronary events, and anticoagulation. EPA and DHA have been linked to promising results in prevention, weight management, and cognitive function in those with very mild Alzheimer's disease.
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases

2002-12-01
Artemis P. Simopoulos
Among the fatty acids, it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which possess the most potent immunomodulatory activities, and among the omega-3 PUFA, those from fish oil-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) … Among the fatty acids, it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which possess the most potent immunomodulatory activities, and among the omega-3 PUFA, those from fish oil-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--are more biologically potent than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Some of the effects of omega-3 PUFA are brought about by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, and other effects are elicited by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms, including actions upon intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity and gene expression. Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids. There have been a number of clinical trials assessing the benefits of dietary supplementation with fish oils in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and migraine headaches. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease

2006-04-12
Dariush Mozaffarian , Mira Katan , Alberto Ascherio +2 more
The intake of trans fat has been associated with coronary heart disease, sudden death from cardiac causes, and diabetes. This article reviews the evidence for physiological and cellular effects of … The intake of trans fat has been associated with coronary heart disease, sudden death from cardiac causes, and diabetes. This article reviews the evidence for physiological and cellular effects of trans fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration. The authors consider the feasibility and potential implications of reducing or eliminating the consumption of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in the United States.

Early Protection Against Sudden Death by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids After Myocardial Infarction

2002-04-23
Roberto Marchioli , Federica Barzi , Elena Bomba +7 more
Background — Our purpose was to assess the time course of the benefit of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on mortality documented by the GISSI-Prevenzione trial in patients surviving a … Background — Our purpose was to assess the time course of the benefit of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on mortality documented by the GISSI-Prevenzione trial in patients surviving a recent (<3 months) myocardial infarction. Methods and Results — In this study, 11 323 patients were randomly assigned to supplements of n-3 PUFAs, vitamin E (300 mg/d), both, or no treatment (control) on top of optimal pharmacological treatment and lifestyle advice. Intention-to-treat analysis adjusted for interaction between treatments was carried out. Early efficacy of n-3 PUFA treatment for total, cardiovascular, cardiac, coronary, and sudden death; nonfatal myocardial infarction; total coronary heart disease; and cerebrovascular events was assessed by right-censoring follow-up data 12 times from the first month after randomization up to 12 months. Survival curves for n-3 PUFA treatment diverged early after randomization, and total mortality was significantly lowered after 3 months of treatment (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.97; P =0.037). The reduction in risk of sudden death was specifically relevant and statistically significant already at 4 months (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.219 to 0.995; P =0.048). A similarly significant, although delayed, pattern after 6 to 8 months of treatment was observed for cardiovascular, cardiac, and coronary deaths. Conclusions — The early effect of low-dose (1 g/d) n-3 PUFAs on total mortality and sudden death supports the hypothesis of an antiarrhythmic effect of this drug. Such a result is consistent with the wealth of evidence coming from laboratory experiments on isolated myocytes, animal models, and epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials

2003-05-01
Ronald P. Mensink , Peter L. Zock , Arnold D.M. Kester +1 more

Importance of n−3 fatty acids in health and disease

2000-01-01
William E. Connor

Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis

2007-03-01
Mitsuhiro Yokoyama , Hideki Origasa , Masunori Matsuzaki +7 more

Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

2015-08-11
Russell J. de Souza , Andrew Mente , Adriana Maroleanu +7 more
<b>Objective</b> To systematically review associations between intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat and all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated … <b>Objective</b> To systematically review associations between intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat and all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated mortality, ischemic stroke, and type 2 diabetes. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, and CINAHL from inception to 1 May 2015, supplemented by bibliographies of retrieved articles and previous reviews. <b>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies</b> Observational studies reporting associations of saturated fat and/or trans unsaturated fat (total, industrially manufactured, or from ruminant animals) with all cause mortality, CHD/CVD mortality, total CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes. <b>Data extraction and synthesis</b> Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study risks of bias. Multivariable relative risks were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified. Potential publication bias was assessed and subgroup analyses were undertaken. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate quality of evidence and certainty of conclusions. <b>Results</b> For saturated fat, three to 12 prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (five to 17 comparisons with 90 501-339 090 participants). Saturated fat intake was not associated with all cause mortality (relative risk 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.09), CVD mortality (0.97, 0.84 to 1.12), total CHD (1.06, 0.95 to 1.17), ischemic stroke (1.02, 0.90 to 1.15), or type 2 diabetes (0.95, 0.88 to 1.03). There was no convincing lack of association between saturated fat and CHD mortality (1.15, 0.97 to 1.36; P=0.10). For trans fats, one to six prospective cohort studies for each association were pooled (two to seven comparisons with 12 942-230 135 participants). Total trans fat intake was associated with all cause mortality (1.34, 1.16 to 1.56), CHD mortality (1.28, 1.09 to 1.50), and total CHD (1.21, 1.10 to 1.33) but not ischemic stroke (1.07, 0.88 to 1.28) or type 2 diabetes (1.10, 0.95 to 1.27). Industrial, but not ruminant, trans fats were associated with CHD mortality (1.18 (1.04 to 1.33) <i>v</i> 1.01 (0.71 to 1.43)) and CHD (1.42 (1.05 to 1.92) <i>v</i> 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18)). Ruminant <i>trans</i>-palmitoleic acid was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (0.58, 0.46 to 0.74). The certainty of associations between saturated fat and all outcomes was "very low." The certainty of associations of trans fat with CHD outcomes was "moderate" and "very low" to "low" for other associations. <b>Conclusions</b> Saturated fats are not associated with all cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogeneous with methodological limitations. Trans fats are associated with all cause mortality, total CHD, and CHD mortality, probably because of higher levels of intake of industrial trans fats than ruminant trans fats. Dietary guidelines must carefully consider the health effects of recommendations for alternative macronutrients to replace trans fats and saturated fats.
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A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

1959-08-01
E. G. Bligh , W. J. Dyer
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure … Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.

Resolvins

2002-10-21
Charles N. Serhan , Song Hong , Karsten Gronert +4 more
Aspirin (ASA) is unique among current therapies because it acetylates cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enabling the biosynthesis of R-containing precursors of endogenous antiinflammatory mediators. Here, we report that lipidomic analysis of exudates … Aspirin (ASA) is unique among current therapies because it acetylates cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enabling the biosynthesis of R-containing precursors of endogenous antiinflammatory mediators. Here, we report that lipidomic analysis of exudates obtained in the resolution phase from mice treated with ASA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) produce a novel family of bioactive 17R-hydroxy-containing di- and tri-hydroxy-docosanoids termed resolvins. Murine brain treated with aspirin produced endogenous 17R-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid as did human microglial cells. Human COX-2 converted DHA to 13-hydroxy-DHA that switched with ASA to 17R-HDHA that also proved a major route in hypoxic endothelial cells. Human neutrophils transformed COX-2-ASA–derived 17R-hydroxy-DHA into two sets of novel di- and trihydroxy products; one initiated via oxygenation at carbon 7 and the other at carbon 4. These compounds inhibited (IC50 ∼50 pM) microglial cell cytokine expression and in vivo dermal inflammation and peritonitis at ng doses, reducing 40–80% leukocytic exudates. These results indicate that exudates, vascular, leukocytes and neural cells treated with aspirin convert DHA to novel 17R-hydroxy series of docosanoids that are potent regulators. These biosynthetic pathways utilize omega-3 DHA and EPA during multicellular events in resolution to produce a family of protective compounds, i.e., resolvins, that enhance proresolution status.
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Quantitative Effects of Dietary Fat on Serum Cholesterol in Man

1965-11-01
D.M. Hegsted , R B McGandy , Madge L. Myers +1 more

Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes

2007-06-01
Jan M. Schwab , Nan Chiang , Makoto Arita +1 more

Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2008-08-30
GISSI-HF investigators

Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction.

1986-11-01
Guy Lepage , Claudie Roy
Conventional techniques for the determination of fatty acid composition of lipids require solvent extraction, purification, hydrolysis, and derivatization procedures that are both lengthy and cumbersome.A 1-hr direct transesterification procedure carried … Conventional techniques for the determination of fatty acid composition of lipids require solvent extraction, purification, hydrolysis, and derivatization procedures that are both lengthy and cumbersome.A 1-hr direct transesterification procedure carried out in methanol-benzene 4:l with acetyl chloride circumvented all these steps and was applicable for analysis of both simple (triglycerides) and complex lipids (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids; and sphingomyelin).Recoveries ( > 95 %) of standards unaffected by the presence of 5% water and 200 mg of silica suggested that the technique could be used for the quantitative analysis of total fatty acids as well as of fatty acids in classes of lipids separated on silica from biological samples.When compared to the Folch procedure, the technique led to a 20.1% increase in total fatty acids for plasma, 3.9% for feces, 7.4% for bile, and 9.7% for rat liver.lWetherefore conclude that this one-step direct transesterification procedure is superior to currently used methods, not only because of its simplicity and speed, but also because of its added precision.-Lepage, G., and C. C. Roy.Direct transesterification of all classes of lipids in a one-step reaction.

An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity

2016-03-02
Artemis P. Simopoulos
In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid … In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid increased and the omega-3 fatty acid decreased, resulting in a large increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio from 1:1 during evolution to 20:1 today or even higher. This change in the composition of fatty acids parallels a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Experimental studies have suggested that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids elicit divergent effects on body fat gain through mechanisms of adipogenesis, browning of adipose tissue, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, and most importantly systemic inflammation. Prospective studies clearly show an increase in the risk of obesity as the level of omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids, whereas high omega-3 RBC membrane phospholipids decrease the risk of obesity. Recent studies in humans show that in addition to absolute amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in increasing the development of obesity via both AA eicosanoid metabolites and hyperactivity of the cannabinoid system, which can be reversed with increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is important for health and in the prevention and management of obesity.
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A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

1959-01-01
E. G. Bligh , W. J. Dyer
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure … Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.

Effect of Dietary trans Fatty Acids on High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Subjects

1990-08-16
Ronald P. Mensink , Mira Katan
Fatty acids that contain a trans double bond are consumed in large amounts as hydrogenated oils, but their effects on serum lipoprotein levels are unknown. Fatty acids that contain a trans double bond are consumed in large amounts as hydrogenated oils, but their effects on serum lipoprotein levels are unknown.
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Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on in Vitro Neutrophil and Monocyte Leukotriene Generation and Neutrophil Function

1985-05-09
TH Lee , Richard L. Hoover , John D. Williams +7 more
The effects of dietary fish-oil fatty acids on the function of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of peripheral-blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes were determined in seven normal subjects who supplemented their usual … The effects of dietary fish-oil fatty acids on the function of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of peripheral-blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes were determined in seven normal subjects who supplemented their usual diet for six weeks with daily doses of triglycerides containing 3.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.2 g of docosahexaenoic acid. The diet increased the eicosapentaenoic acid content in neutrophils and monocytes more than sevenfold, without changing the quantities of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. When the neutrophils were activated, the release of [3H]arachidonic acid and its labeled metabolites was reduced by a mean of 37 per cent, and the maximum generation of three products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway was reduced by more than 48 per cent. The ionophore-induced release of [3H]arachidonic acid and its labeled metabolites from monocytes in monolayers was reduced by a mean of 39 per cent, and the generation of leukotriene B4 by 58 per cent. The adherence of neutrophils to bovine endothelial-cell monolayers pretreated with leukotriene B4 was inhibited completely, and their average chemotactic response to leukotriene B4 was inhibited by 70 per cent, as compared with values determined before the diet was begun and six weeks after its discontinuation. We conclude that diets enriched with fish-oil–derived fatty acids may have antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in neutrophils and monocytes and inhibiting the leukotriene B4–mediated functions of neutrophils. (N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1217–24.)

The Inverse Relation between Fish Consumption and 20-Year Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease

1985-05-09
Daan Kromhout , Edward B. Bosschieter , Cor de Lezenne Coulander
The low death rate from coronary heart disease among the Greenland Eskimos has been ascribed to their high fish consumption. We therefore decided to investigate the relation between fish consumption … The low death rate from coronary heart disease among the Greenland Eskimos has been ascribed to their high fish consumption. We therefore decided to investigate the relation between fish consumption and coronary heart disease in a group of men in the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands. Information about the fish consumption of 852 middle-aged men without coronary heart disease was collected in 1960 by a careful dietary history obtained from the participants and their wives. During 20 years of follow-up 78 men died from coronary heart disease. An inverse dose–response relation was observed between fish consumption in 1960 and death from coronary heart disease during 20 years of follow-up. This relation persisted after multiple logistic-regression analyses. Mortality from coronary heart disease was more than 50 per cent lower among those who consumed at least 30 g of fish per day than among those who did not eat fish. We conclude that the consumption of as little as one or two fish dishes per week may be of preventive value in relation to coronary heart disease. (N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1205–9.)

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with n—3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Synthesis of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor by Mononuclear Cells

1989-02-02
Stefan Endres , Reza Ghorbani , V E Kelley +7 more
We examined whether the synthesis of interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor, two cytokines with potent inflammatory activities, is influenced by dietary supplementation with n—3 fatty acids. Nine healthy volunteers added … We examined whether the synthesis of interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor, two cytokines with potent inflammatory activities, is influenced by dietary supplementation with n—3 fatty acids. Nine healthy volunteers added 18 g of fish-oil concentrate per day to their normal Western diet for six weeks. We used a radioimmunoassay to measure interleukin-1 (IL-1β and IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor produced in vitro by stimulated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. With endotoxin as a stimulus, the synthesis of IL-1β was suppressed from 7.4±0.9 ng per milliliter at base line to 4.2±0.5 ng per milliliter after six weeks of supplementation (43 percent decrease; P = 0.048). Ten weeks after the end of n-3 supplementation, we observed a further decrease to 2.9±0.5 ng per milliliter (61 percent decrease; P = 0.005). The production of IL-1α and tumor necrosis factor responded in a similar manner. Twenty weeks after the end of supplementation, the production of IL-1βIL-1α, and tumor necrosis factor had returned to the presupplement level. The decreased production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor was accompanied by a decreased ratio of arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid in the membrane phospholipids of mononuclear cells. We conclude that the synthesis of IL-1β, IL-1α, and tumor necrosis factor can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with long-chain n—3 fatty acids. The reported antiinflammatory effect of these n—3 fatty acids may be mediated in part by their inhibitory effect on the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. (N Engl J Med 1989;320:265–71.)
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Dietary Omega-3 fatty acids inversely associated with systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI): a population-based analysis of NHANES 2005–2018

2025-06-25
Xinglan Liang , Liangqin Luo , Juan Lu +1 more | Frontiers in Nutrition
Background Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the relationship between Omega-3 intake and the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) remains unclear. This study aimed … Background Omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the relationship between Omega-3 intake and the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the potential association between Omega-3 fatty acid intake and SIRI. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using comprehensive data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2005–2018, assessing total Omega-3 fatty acid intake and SIRI among adults. SIRI was calculated using the formula monocyte × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count. The total dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids was calculated by summing the intakes of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Subgroup analysis, smoothed curve fitting, and segmented linear regression were employed to investigate the relationship between SIRI and Omega-3 fatty acid consumption across genders. Results A total of 26,416 participants were included in the study. Participants were classified into quartiles of Omega-3 fatty acid intake: 0–0.014, 0.015–0.037, 0.037–0.093, and 0.093–5.215. The participants’ SIRI ranged from 1.242 ± 0.916, with levels decreasing as Omega-3 fatty acid intake quartiles increased (Q1: 1.27 ± 0.88; Q2: 1.27 ± 1.01; Q3: 1.25 ± 0.91; Q4: 1.18 ± 0.87, P for trend &amp;lt; 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, total Omega-3 fatty acid consumption was negatively correlated with SIRI (β: −0.05; 95% CI: −0.09, −0.01). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests indicated no significant correlation between this negative association and age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary heart disease ( p &amp;gt; 0.05 for all interactions). A “J”-shaped curve was observed in male participants, with an inflection point at 2.7 g Omega-3 fatty acid intake. On the left side of the inflection point, a negative correlation was observed (β: −0.07; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.00), whereas a positive and statistically significant correlation was found on the right side (β: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.80; Logarithmic likelihood ratio test P = 0.014. Conclusion A negative association may exist between SIRI and the consumption of omega-3 fatty. Further extensive studies are still needed to analyze their interaction.

Timing of Dietary Fatty Acids to Optimize Reduced Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from China Health and Nutrition Survey

2025-06-24
Hao Ye , Yuqi Wu , Pan Zhuang +7 more | Nutrients
Background/Objectives: Chrononutrition highlights the significance of temporal consumption behavior for a healthy dietary pattern. This study investigated the relationship between dietary fatty acid (FA) intake timing and type 2 diabetes … Background/Objectives: Chrononutrition highlights the significance of temporal consumption behavior for a healthy dietary pattern. This study investigated the relationship between dietary fatty acid (FA) intake timing and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. Methods: A total of 14,518 participants in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991–2015) were recruited. Dietary intake and mealtime were collected via three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were employed to estimate the association between FA intake at meals and T2DM risk. Differences in FA intake between dinner and breakfast (Δ = dinner-breakfast) were calculated for each type of FA intake. Sensitivity analyses considering the effects of snacks, the sum of different types of FAs, and other confounding factors were performed. The isocaloric substitution model was used to view the risk changes according to the shifted mealtime. Results: During an average of 10.1-year follow-up, 1048 T2DM cases occurred. T2DM risk was inversely associated with n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (n-3 PUFAs) (p trend = 0.032) and plant-sourced monounsaturated FAs (P-MUFAs) (p trend = 0.002) intake at dinner versus breakfast. The highest category of Δ n-3 PUFAs and Δ P-MUFAs were respectively linked to a 19% and 29% reduced T2DM risk. Unanimous associations were found for the difference between lunch and breakfast rather than dinner and lunch. Isocalorically switching 1 standard deviation (SD) of n-3 PUFAs or MUFAs intake at breakfast with the corresponding type of FAs at dinner was associated with a 22% and 20% lower risk of T2DM, respectively. Conclusions: Timely consumption of dietary FAs, particularly n-3 PUFAs and plant-based MUFAs at dinner versus breakfast, is crucial for T2DM prevention.

Quantitative analysis of seven free short-chain fatty acids in infant formula using GC–MS/MS

2025-06-24
Yunxiao Zhu , Yang Liu , Qiu Sun +4 more | Food Chemistry

Influencia del contenido de arazá y alga Chlorella en la calidad proteica del yogur

2025-06-24
Melany Cristina Calderón Ganchozo , Flor Marena Peñarrieta Loor , Guilber Enrique Vergara Vélez | Revista Ciencia y Tecnología El Higo
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la influencia del contenido de arazá y alga Chlorella en la calidad proteica del yogur. La elaboración del yogur se realizó con … El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la influencia del contenido de arazá y alga Chlorella en la calidad proteica del yogur. La elaboración del yogur se realizó con las directrices establecidas por la norma NTE INEN 2395. Para su medición se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con un arreglo factorial AxB, con seis tratamientos y tres réplicas, obteniendo un total de 18 unidades experimentales. Los tratamientos fueron analizados bromatológicamente aplicando la NTE INEN 2593:2011, mediante el método de ensayo NTE INEN 12, que consiste en el método Kjeldahl, el cual se ejecuta en tres etapas: digestión, destilación y titulación, requisito estipulado por la NTE INEN 2395:2011. Para esto, se utilizaron 15 mL de muestra por cada tratamiento a una temperatura de 20 °C. Se pudo evidenciar que el T1 (5% de jalea + 0.1% de alga) se posicionó como el tratamiento con la menor media de proteína, mientras que el T6 (9% de jalea + 0.2% de alga) presentó la mayor media para esta variable dependiente. Como tendencia, se identificó que el nivel b2 (0.2% de alga Chlorella) fue el factor determinante en la diferencia entre tratamientos, aportando las mayores concentraciones de proteína al yogur.

Maternal Electronic Cigarette Exposure Induces Dysregulation of Autophagy via Oxidative Stress/DNA Methylation in Pulmonary Hypertension Offspring

2025-06-24
Zewen Chen , Yifan Li , Hongbin Qiu +6 more | Current Medical Science
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) differ from traditional tobacco smoke but may contribute to cardiopulmonary remodeling. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), characterized by pulmonary artery and right ventricle remodeling, poses a significant risk of … Electronic cigarettes (ECs) differ from traditional tobacco smoke but may contribute to cardiopulmonary remodeling. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), characterized by pulmonary artery and right ventricle remodeling, poses a significant risk of mortality in infants, children, and adolescents. However, the impact of maternal EC exposure on PH development in offspring remains unclear. To address this, we established a PH rat model with maternal EC exposure. Maternal EC exposure was initiated on gestation day 12 via electronic nicotine delivery systems. Offspring were administered monocrotaline (MCT) at 6 weeks of age (6-wo) to induce PH. Mechanistic experiments were conducted at 10-week-old (10-wo). Protein expression of NADPH oxidases, DNA methyltransferases, and autophagy-related markers was analyzed by Western blot. Morphological changes and the severity of PH were evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and echocardiography, respectively. Furthermore, the involvement of the oxidative stress/DNA methylation/autophagy axis in response to maternal EC exposure was confirmed through a combination of ELISA, Western blot, HE staining, and echocardiography. Additionally, ATG5 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR. Compared with control conditions, maternal EC exposure significantly worsened MCT-induced PH in male offspring. This was associated with increased oxidative stress, DNA hypomethylation, and anomalous autophagy in the offspring. In vivo treatment with chloroquine inhibited autophagy and ameliorated PH development in offspring exposed to maternal EC. Furthermore, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, attenuated maternal EC exposure-induced oxidative stress, DNA hypomethylation, and excessive autophagy, thereby improving PH. DNA hypermethylation also reversed PH development, accompanied by reduced oxidative stress and suppressed autophagy. ATG5, a key regulator of autophagy, was identified as a potential therapeutic target, as its repression mitigated PH in maternal EC-exposed offspring. Maternal EC exposure induces oxidative stress and DNA hypomethylation in offspring, leading to anomalous autophagy and exacerbation of PH development. Targeting ATG5-mediated autophagy may represent a novel therapeutic approach for improving PH outcomes in offspring exposed to maternal EC.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate high-fat-diet-induced structural and functional impairments of testicular tissue via ER stress inhibition

2025-06-22
J Ju , Shuangli Wen , Xuan Zhao +3 more | Transgenic Research

Red Blood Cell Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Biomarkers of Inflammation in the Framingham Offspring Study

2025-06-22
Heidi Lai , Nathan Ryder , Nathan Tintle +3 more | Nutrients
Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammation is recognized as an important risk factor for a variety of health disorders. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), particularly linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), have … Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammation is recognized as an important risk factor for a variety of health disorders. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), particularly linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), have been shown to be either pro- or anti-inflammatory, and researchers have advocated both for and against reducing their dietary intake. This study sought to correlate the levels of ten inflammation-related biomarkers across multiple pathways with red blood cell (RBC) membrane levels of the major dietary and circulating n-6 PUFAs. Methods: We included 2777 participants (mean age: 66 ± 9 years, 54% women, 9.8% minorities) from the Framingham Offspring and minority-enriched Omni cohorts, and calculated partial correlation coefficients. Results: After multivariable adjustment, RBC LA was inversely correlated (all p ≤ 0.05) with five markers of inflammation, receptors, or pathways: C-reactive protein (r = −0.06); soluble interleukin-6 (r = −0.15); intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (r = −0.09); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (r = −0.07); and P-selectin (r = −0.07). RBC AA was inversely correlated (all p ≤ 0.05) with soluble interleukin-6 (r = −0.10); intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (r = −0.14); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and (r = −0.06); and osteoprotegerin (r = −0.07). Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 mass and activity, urinary isoprostanes, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 were not significantly correlated with LA or AA. Conclusions: In our large community-based study, we observed weak but statistically significant inverse associations between several types of inflammatory biomarkers with RBC n-6 PUFAs. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that omega-6 fatty acids are pro-inflammatory.

Differential effects of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids on appetitive memory

2025-06-21
José Alfredo Tirado Méndez , Mariana Dorantes-Gilardi | Metabolic Brain Disease

Growth-independent CLA production by Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 and the potential transcriptional regulatory role of TetR in linoleic acid isomerase expression

2025-06-21
Arxel G. Elnar , Geun‐Bae Kim | Microbial Cell Factories
Microbial production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered wide attention for the possibility to increase the CLA content in food products, therefore achieving higher concentrations of beneficial compounds for … Microbial production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered wide attention for the possibility to increase the CLA content in food products, therefore achieving higher concentrations of beneficial compounds for consumers. However, this approach has only been done using metabolically active cells, particularly in Bifidobacterium spp., thus being a major limitation given the anaerobic and fastidious nature of bifidobacteria. In this study, we aimed to investigate the capacity of Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 (KACC81214BP) to convert free linoleic acid (LA) into CLA using growing cells and postbiotic preparations (washed cells and crude protein extracts) as catalysts. Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 demonstrated high CLA production as early as 6 h and continued to increase until 12-15 h of incubation. Moreover, CLA production was observed in JKL2022 washed cells (97.42 ± 3.64%) and crude protein fractions (33.87 ± 4.05%- 103.65 ± 2.70%) obtained after cell lysis, highlighting its superior CLA-converting activity compared to the B. breve JCM strains. In vitro CLA reaction conditions were optimal at pH 7.0, following the first-order kinetics within the first 5 min of reaction, and the extraction efficiency of the isopropanol-hexane protocol increased after adjusting the pH to 5.0-5.5. Finally, RT-qPCR and in silico analysis revealed a strong correlation between the expression levels of lai (JKL2022_00014) and tetR (JKL2022_00217) genes, suggesting the potential role of TetR in upregulating the lai gene expression in JKL2022 that could explain the LA conversion in washed JKL2022 cells. The ability of B. breve JKL2022 strain to convert free LA to CLA during growth, as well as using washed cells and crude protein extracts, suggests strain specificity and superior enzymatic activity. In addition to its potential application as a probiotic strain with CLA-enhancing properties, washed JKL2022 cells or crude protein extracts can be developed as postbiotic preparations for the same purpose.

Associations between serum pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) levels and hypertension: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data

2025-06-20
T. Chen , Jing Luo , Shuai Li +5 more | Lipids in Health and Disease
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) are considered to have protective effects on cardiovascular health. However, research on the relationship between C15:0 and C17:0 levels and hypertension remains limited. … Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) are considered to have protective effects on cardiovascular health. However, research on the relationship between C15:0 and C17:0 levels and hypertension remains limited. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between serum levels of odd-chain fatty acids (C15:0 and C17:0) and prevalent hypertension. Data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used for this study. Multiple logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, saturation threshold effect analysis, and interaction effect tests were employed to analyze the relationship between serum C15:0 and C17:0 levels and prevalent hypertension. A total of 4,775 participants (C15:0 analysis group) and 4,718 participants (C17:0 analysis group) were included in this study. The prevalence of hypertension in the two groups is 46.99% and 46.82%, respectively. To improve the distribution and comparability of the data, the primary analysis used the per mille of total fatty acids (C15:0‰ and C17:0‰). After adjusting for multiple confounders, both C15:0‰ and C17:0‰ levels were significantly inversely associated with the odds of prevalent hypertension. In the fully adjusted model, an increase in C15:0‰ and C17:0‰ levels was associated with a lower odds of prevalent hypertension (C15:0‰: OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93, P = 0.0063; C17:0‰: OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.93, P = 0.0074). Further restricted cubic splines analysis showed a significant nonlinear relationship between C15:0‰ level and prevalent hypertension. Saturation threshold effect analysis revealed that when C15:0‰ level was below 1.5‰, the inverse association with the odds of prevalent hypertension was stronger (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.23-0.77, P = 0.0052), while the relationship weakened when C15:0‰ level was above 1.5‰ (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.74-1.07, P = 0.2158). Interaction effect tests indicated that, in the subgroup with C15:0‰ level ≥ 1.5‰, age modified the relationship between C15:0‰ level and prevalent hypertension. In the population aged ≥ 65 years, C15:0‰ level was inversely associated with the odds of prevalent hypertension (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.79, P = 0.0384), while no significant association was observed in the population aged < 65 years (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.68-1.02, P = 0.1032). Serum C15:0 and C17:0 levels are significantly inversely associated with the odds of prevalent hypertension, suggesting that serum C15:0 and C17:0 levels may serve as potential biomarkers for hypertension monitoring.

Analysis of fatty acid profiles of micronutrients and pharmaceuticals based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid extracts from natural sources

2025-06-20
I. Yu. Torshin , О. А. Громова , A. A. Garanin | FARMAKOEKONOMIKA Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology
Background . Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFA) are an important factor in somatic and reproductive health. Micronutrient and pharmaceutical preparations based on ω3-PUFA are widely used for cardioprotection (prevention of … Background . Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFA) are an important factor in somatic and reproductive health. Micronutrient and pharmaceutical preparations based on ω3-PUFA are widely used for cardioprotection (prevention of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, excessive thrombus formation), support of reproductive function during pregnancy and improvement of neurological development of children. The effectiveness of ω3-PUFA preparations is determined by their fatty acid composition: the amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other types of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Objective : To analyze the fatty acid composition of micronutrient and pharmaceutical preparations of ω3-PUFA. Material and methods . The fatty acid composition of 16 ω3-PUFA preparations was studied. The method of quantitative chromatographic determination of more than 50 fatty acids, their derivatives and other compounds was used. Results . Previously obtained pharmacomarkers of fatty acid composition were confirmed and new ones were obtained, allowing with high reliability to separate drugs with a high degree of standardization for ω3-PUFA (Omacor ® , NFO Omega-3 Premium ® , NFO ® Omega-3 Strong DHA, NFO ® Omega-3 Ultima, etc.) from less standardized drugs (Fish oil-Teva ® , Omeganol ® , etc.). New, more effective criteria for assessing the quality of the fatty acid composition of ω3-PUFA drugs were proposed. In particular, the feasibility of the criteria "ω11&lt;3%", "EPA+DHA&gt;55%" corresponds to more standardized drugs with better purification quality. The usefulness of our proposed "standardization coefficient" of preparations, assessing the compliance of measured ω3-PUFA levels with the content declared by the manufacturer, has been confirmed. Conclusion . The feasibility of the criteria “ω11&lt;3%”, “EPA+DHA&gt;55%” corresponds to more standardized preparations. Preparations with a very high degree of standardization for ω3-PUFA (NFO ® Omega-3 Ultima, NFO ® Omega-3 Strong DHA, Omacor ® ) have been identified. The identification of highly standardized preparations allows physicians and patients to make informed choices when considering ω3-PUFA supplementation.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Neuroinflammation

2025-06-20
Priyadharshini Priyadharshini R , Sreelakshmi Sreelakshmi S , Tanuvarthini Tanuvarthini S B +3 more | Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice

The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

2025-06-19
Chengyan Li , Yueh-Tung Chen , Tossapol Moonmanee +2 more | Animals
The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels … The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.

Chia (<i>Salvia hispanica</i> L.) Seed Oil Supplementation to the Diet: Effects on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Lipid Biohydrogenation

2025-06-19
Selma Büyükkılıç Beyzi̇ , Murat Say | Veterinary Medicine and Science
ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of chia seed oil supplementation on the diet with different levels of in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation and fermentation. The treatment groups were control (no … ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of chia seed oil supplementation on the diet with different levels of in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation and fermentation. The treatment groups were control (no additional oil) or the addition of 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of chia seed oil in the diet as DM based. The treatment groups were incubated using a batch culture technique, and the fermentation terminated after 6, 12, and 24 h. The biohydrogenation rate of unsaturated fatty acids varied between 71% and 98% after 24‐h incubation. Biohydrogenation of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids decreased in treatment groups. The C18:0, t11 C18:1 and c9 c12 C18:2 n‐6, total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA fatty acids increased linearly with chia seed oil supplementation. In addition, the highest CLA content was obtained from the 20, and 30 g/kg of chia seed oil‐supplemented groups. The chia seed oil supplementation did not affect ruminal fermentation parameters. Under the current in vitro study conditions, chia seed oil supplementation to diet increased linearly the ruminal biohydrogenation intermediate products such as total CLA and trans‐11 C18:1 fatty acid and decreased linearly the ruminal biohydrogenation ratio of C18:3 n‐3 fatty acid. Supplementing chia seed oil can be a useful nutritional tool for increasing CLA, vaccenic acid, and n‐3 PUFA fatty acids potentially beneficial to human health.

Serum lipidomic analysis identifies potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration

2025-06-18
Lumi Zhang , Duanbin Li , Na Zhao +1 more | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Introduction Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) may attenuate age-related cognitive decline, but their direct association with neurodegeneration biomarkers and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods This cross-sectional study examined … Introduction Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) may attenuate age-related cognitive decline, but their direct association with neurodegeneration biomarkers and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods This cross-sectional study examined associations between circulating fatty acid profiles, neurodegeneration (assessed by serum neurofilament light chain, NfL), cognitive function, and hypertension in 1,677 U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014. Advanced statistical methods including weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), quantile g-computation (Qgcomp), and formal mediation analyses were employed. Results The VLSFA mixture demonstrated significant inverse associations with serum NfL (β = −0.044, 95% CI: -0.076, -0.011) and the prevalence of hypertension (OR = 0.788, 95% CI: 0.672, 0.923). This association with NfL was non-linear, exhibiting a more pronounced protective effect at lower VLSFA concentrations. Higher VLSFA levels were significantly correlated with better cognitive performance, particularly in processing speed (Digit-Symbol Substitution Test) and memory (delayed recall). Hypertension was positively associated with NfL (β=4.133, 95% CI: 1.705, 6.562), an effect driven primarily by systolic blood pressure. Mediation analysis revealed that hypertension accounted for approximately 15–20% of the total association between VLSFAs and NfL. Discussion Circulating VLSFAs are inversely associated with the neurodegeneration biomarker NfL and positively correlated with cognitive performance. This neuroprotective association appears to be partially mediated by blood pressure regulation pathways. These findings identify VLSFAs as a potential therapeutic target, warranting further longitudinal and interventional studies to confirm their role in mitigating neurodegeneration.

Recent advances in crocodilian oil research: bioactive components and potential therapeutic applications

2025-06-18
Yu‐Xi Huang , Xinyue Zheng , Xingchen Ming +7 more | Frontiers in Medicine
The economic value of crocodilian farming has risen substantially in recent years, drawing increasing attention to crocodilian oil as a traditional natural remedy rich in diverse bioactive constituents. Despite its … The economic value of crocodilian farming has risen substantially in recent years, drawing increasing attention to crocodilian oil as a traditional natural remedy rich in diverse bioactive constituents. Despite its therapeutic potential, crocodilian fat remains underutilized, and its nutritional and medicinal properties have not been widely recognized. This review provides a bibliometric analysis of past research trends and highlights current developments related to crocodilian oil. Recent advances in the characterization of its physicochemical properties and health-related applications are summarized. The primary biological activities of this oil are attributed to its high unsaturated fatty acid and stearic acid contents. Emerging evidence supports its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and scar-reducing effects mediated through key signaling pathways, including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Reported benefits include improvements in skin conditions and the modulation of energy metabolism. Potential applications encompass adjunctive treatment for Candida albicans infections, topical anti-inflammatory agents, moisturizers, and permeability enhancers in cosmetic formulations, and dietary oil substitutes for managing hypertriglyceridaemia and metabolic disorders affecting the liver and brain. Challenges and future research directions in this field are also discussed.

Association of Maternal Lipid Profile with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study

2025-06-17
Alankaar Sharma , Paridhi Garg , V P Rahul +1 more | International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ω9 Monounsaturated and Saturated Colostrum Fatty Acids May Benefit Newborns in General and Subtle Hypothyroid Stages

2025-06-17
Meric A. Altinöz , Muhittin Serdar , Serdar Altınöz +4 more | Nutrients
Objectives: This study analyzed correlations of colostrum fatty acids (FAs), newborns' and mothers' thyroid hormones (THs), and birth weight, all crucially important in neonatal health. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used to … Objectives: This study analyzed correlations of colostrum fatty acids (FAs), newborns' and mothers' thyroid hormones (THs), and birth weight, all crucially important in neonatal health. Methods: LC-MS/MS was used to measure 22 FAs in the colostrum of 78 healthy mothers who delivered term babies. FT3, FT4, and TSH levels were determined in the mothers' serum, and newborns' TSH was measured in heel-pricked specimens. Correlations were defined in the whole cohort and the subsets, which were separated according to ranges of birth weight, thyroid hormones, and mothers' body mass index. Phyton Software was used for statistics. Results: The colostrum's total FA content was highly variable and correlated positively with the percentage values of arachidic, gondoic, and nervonic acids. Five FAs all positively correlated with birth weight for the entire cohort-including ω9 gondoic, erucic, and nervonic acids as well as saturated behenic and lignoceric acids-all produced with the same elongases. These correlations were relevant to gondoic, nervonic, behenic, and lignoceric acids when mothers with low FT4 levels were evaluated separately and to erucic acid in the subset comprising mothers with high TSH values. Conclusions: The priming of breast epithelia to adjust the colostrum quality starts prenatally, whose regulatory mechanisms partially overlap with fetal fat accretion. Thus, colostrum content may undergo modifications to compensate for the harm of subtle TH deficiencies on neonates' thermoregulation and development. Considering the previous findings showing that milk ω9 FAs are highest in colostrum, and even higher when mothers deliver preterm, our current results indicate their possible protective functions.

Protective effects of lipid mediators, obtained from docosahexaenoic acid via soybean lipoxygenase, on lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury through the NF‑κB and Nrf2/HO‑1 signaling pathways

2025-06-17
Yan Su , Hack Sun Choi , Soon Seog Kwon +6 more | Molecular Medicine Reports
Acute lung injury (ALI), marked by acute and chronic inflammation, causes damage to alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial cells. The present study investigated lipid mediators (LM) effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced … Acute lung injury (ALI), marked by acute and chronic inflammation, causes damage to alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial cells. The present study investigated lipid mediators (LM) effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced RAW264.7 cells and ALI mice. LM, comprising 17S‑monohydroxy docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resolvin D5 and protectin DX (in a 3:47:50 ratio), were derived from DHA via soybean lipoxygenase and demonstrated anti‑inflammatory properties. In vitro experiments revealed that LM decreased nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels caused by LPS via downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2. Additionally, LM inhibited the inflammation by suppressing NF‑κB signaling. The results also indicated that LM reduced oxidative stress by lowering reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while enhancing glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, probably through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) signaling pathway. Moreover, the benefits of LM on inflammation and oxidative stress were reversed when pretreated with ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor. In vivo studies revealed that LM reduced the lung wet/dry ratio, increased GSH, catalase and SOD activities, along with lowered myeloperoxidase and MDA levels. In addition, LM reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mechanistically, LM inhibited NF‑κB signaling and activated Nrf2/HO‑1 signaling pathways.

Formulations based on milk fat globule membrane as delivery systems for DHA and lutein: effects on lipid composition and immunomodulatory properties

2025-06-16
María Señoráns , María V. Calvo , Javier Fontecha +1 more | European Food Research and Technology

Corrigendum to: Antarctic krill oil alleviates exercise-induced muscle inflammation by modulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling in mice

2025-06-16
Yi Liu , Simeng Yang , Zetian Wang +1 more | Physiology International

POSTPRANDIAL INVESTIGATION ON PLANT AND ANIMAL DERIVED PALMITIC ACID VERSUS OLEIC ACID-RICH HIGH FAT DIETS ON ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION BIOMARKERS IN HEALTHY MEN: A PILOT STUDY

2025-06-16
Gowri Nagapan | Journal of Oil Palm Research

Fat Replacers in Modern Diets: Classification, Functional Roles, and Health Implications

2025-06-15
| Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences

Inverse association between eicosapentaenoic acid and incident colorectal cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of twenty-six independent prospective cohorts

2025-06-14
Wei Chen , Zebin Dai , Qingyan Jiang +7 more | European Journal of Nutrition

Bilayer-Dependent Recognition of Docosahexaenoic Acid by the Transmembrane Domain of FATP3

2025-06-13
Yi Ding , Yonghua Wang , Wen Chen | Research Square (Research Square)
<title>Abstract</title> Fatty acid Transport Protein 3 (FATP3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein implicated in the uptake and intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids, yet the molecular contribution of its transmembrane … <title>Abstract</title> Fatty acid Transport Protein 3 (FATP3) is a single-pass transmembrane protein implicated in the uptake and intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids, yet the molecular contribution of its transmembrane domain (TMD) remains poorly defined. Here, we establish an efficient and reproducible strategy for heterologous expression, purification, and in-vitro reconstitution of FATP3-TMD. FATP3-TMD was over-expressed in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> as a TrpLE fusion, liberated by cyanogen-bromide cleavage and polished by one-step reverse-phase HPLC, yielding milligram quantities of highly pure peptide. <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>15</sup>N HSQC spectroscopy revealed a well-folded FATP3-TMD in both Fos-choline-14 micelles and DMPC/DHPC bicelles. Strikingly, titration with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) induced residue-specific chemical-shift perturbations exclusively in bicelles. These data demonstrate that a bilayer-like lipid context is essential for functional recognition of ω-3 fatty acids by the FATP3-TMD and provide a robust platform for mechanistic dissection of FATP3 mediated lipid transport.

Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA Ratio Modulates Inflammation-Related Gene Expression and Influences Improvements in Biochemical Parameters in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

2025-06-13
Alejandro Gutierrez-Guerra , Diego Cambrón-Mora , Roberto Rodriguez‐Echevarría +5 more | Nutrients
Background: An unbalanced dietary intake of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the … Background: An unbalanced dietary intake of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet with an n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 5:1 on body composition, biochemical parameters, and the gene expression of cytokines and antioxidant enzymes in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Methods: A diet-induced obesity model was established in C57BL6/J mice over 17 weeks. Mice were then fed different diets for 8 weeks: a control diet (chow), a high-fat diet with a 30:1 n-6:n-3 ratio (HFD-30:1), and a high-fat diet enriched with n-3 fatty acids, with a 5:1 n-6:n-3 ratio (HFD-5:1). Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout this study. Biochemical parameters were measured, and the expression of antioxidant enzymes and cytokine genes was analyzed by qPCR. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software. Results: The HFD-5:1 group exhibited a significant reduction in body weight (p = 0.0182), liver tissue weight (p = 0.01), serum glucose levels (p = 0.010), area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.0161), cholesterol (p &lt; 0.0001), and triglycerides (p = 0.0069) compared to the HFD-30:1 group. The body weight in the HFD-5:1 group decreased to levels comparable to the control group. Additionally, the expression of the inflammatory cytokine genes Ccl2 (p = 0.0389) and Tgfb1 (p = 0.0226) was significantly reduced. Conclusions: These findings suggest that adjusting the dietary n-6:n-3 ratio to 5:1 modulates inflammation-related gene expression and improves metabolic markers in obese mice, supporting its potential relevance for future translational research.

1555-P: High Maternal Dietary Omega-6–to–Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratios Predispose Offspring Adipose Tissue to Inflammation by Shifting Macrophages Away from Resolving Phenotypes

2025-06-13
Kaitlyn Hill , Kurt A. Zimmerman , Michael C. Rudolph +3 more | Diabetes
Introduction and Objective: High levels of omega-6 (n6) fatty acids (FA) relative to omega-3 (n3) FA correlate with increased adipose (AT) accumulation during development and enhanced obesity risk in later … Introduction and Objective: High levels of omega-6 (n6) fatty acids (FA) relative to omega-3 (n3) FA correlate with increased adipose (AT) accumulation during development and enhanced obesity risk in later life. Intriguingly, AT macrophages (ATMs), vital for tissue development, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation, are dysregulated during adult obesity. In vitro, n3 FA promote anti-inflammatory cytokine production while n6 FA promote inflammatory cytokine production; however, how perinatal FA exposures shape ATM phenotypes is unclear. We hypothesize that elevated maternal dietary n6:n3 FA predisposes offspring AT to enhanced inflammation by shifting ATM away from pro-resolving phenotypes. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were provided n6-rich or balanced control diets at pairing through lactation. On post-natal day 12 (PND12), inguinal AT was dissected from pups for flow cytometry and GC-MS lipidomics, and a separate cohort was used for whole AT global gene expression at PND14. Results: Flow cytometry revealed a 5.2-fold reduction in Tim4+/CD206+ ATMs (p&amp;lt;0.0001), a nearly 1.8-fold increase in CD9+/MHC2+/CD11c+ ATMs (p=0.0386), and a strong trend toward lower levels of patrolling monocytes (p=0.0551) relative to controls. Lipidomics showed an elevated n6:n3 FA, driven by reduced n3-FA bioactive precursors. Global gene expression of subcutaneous adipose from high n6 pups indicated significant enrichment in macrophage activation, cytokine signaling, and fibrosis pathways compared to controls. Conclusion: Elevated maternal dietary n6:n3 FA in the perinatal window shifts offspring ATM away from resolving phenotypes with a loss of critical resolving lipid precursors, potentially predisposing AT for impaired responses to metabolic stress and exaggerated inflammation. Further studies will assess the mRNA signatures and role of ATMs in AT programming and later life metabolic dysfunction. Our data confirm that ATM populations are sensitive to developmental n6-FA. Disclosure K.B. Hill: None. K.A. Zimmerman: None. M. Rudolph: None. G.P. Mullen: None. R. Varshney: None. G. Kyere-Davies: None. Funding OCASCR, Research Grant 2024-2025PHF-HHDC, Team Science, Bridge Fund, and Equipment Grants 2022-2024R01 HD117197, NIH NICHD (4th Percentile); COMAA, College of Medicine Alumni Association Award 2024

Circulating short chain fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional observational study

2025-06-12
Moira Marizzoni , Luigi Coppola , Cristina Festari +7 more | Journal of Alzheimer s Disease
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced mainly by gut microbes, might play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the SCFAs profile in 28 individuals with … Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced mainly by gut microbes, might play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the SCFAs profile in 28 individuals with cognitive impairment due to AD (CI-AD), 29 with cognitive impairment not due to AD (CI-NAD), and 10 cognitively unimpaired (CU). CI-AD showed higher levels of acetate and valerate and lower levels of butyrate than CU and CI-NAD (p &lt; 0.018). Acetate separated CI-AD from CI-NAD with AUC = 0.95 while the best neurodegeneration-related biomarker was GFAP with AUC = 0.79. SCFAs use for diagnosis and as treatment target in AD deserve further studies.

The relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: evidence from cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses

2025-06-11
Daisy C P Crick , Sarah L. Halligan , George Davey Smith +2 more | PubMed
Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are thought to have anti- and pro-inflammatory roles, respectively, and influence the risk of various chronic diseases. However, it is unclear … Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are thought to have anti- and pro-inflammatory roles, respectively, and influence the risk of various chronic diseases. However, it is unclear whether these associations are causal. We examined the associations of dietary polyunsaturated FAs with biomarkers of systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in two cohort datasets-Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 2802) and UK Biobank (N = 12 401)-by using multivariable analyses. We investigated causality by using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). In addition to the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, we used sensitivity analyses to strengthen the causal inference. We conducted multivariable MR (MVMR) to investigate the causal effects of n-3 and n-6 on inflammation, accounting for the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, monounsaturated FAs, and saturated FAs. Cohort analyses show a positive association between the n-6:n-3 ratio and each biomarker. Total n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were associated with higher GlycA levels [mean difference = 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29, 0.36, and 0.52; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.55, respectively]. The MR results suggest that total n-3 FAs cause higher circulating CRP (IVW = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.16) and GlycA levels (0.12; 95% CI = 0.04, 0.21). The positive association between n-3 FAs and GlycA remained in the MVMR analysis after accounting for LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, monounsaturated FAs, and saturated FAs. We find no convincing evidence of a simple pro- and anti-inflammatory dichotomy regarding the function of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of PUFAs on specific immune biomarkers.

Insights into lipid oxidation during pasteurized milk storage based on chemical and non-targeted lipidomics analysis

2025-06-01
Haixia Yan , You‐Zhi Zhang , Na Chen +3 more | Food Chemistry

Corrigendum to “FABP5+ macrophages contribute to lipid metabolism dysregulation in type A aortic dissection” [Int. Immunopharmacol. 143(Part 2) (2024) 113438]

2025-06-01
Xin Chen , Ruoshi Chen , Yuefeng Wu +7 more | International Immunopharmacology

Alpha‐Linolenic Acid and Mortality Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From Two National Cohorts

2025-06-01
Boyang Chen , Qi Wu , Sibo Liu +7 more | Journal of Diabetes
ABSTRACT Background Dietary alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) regulates lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but few studies have investigated the association between ALA and the risk of mortality among adults with type … ABSTRACT Background Dietary alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) regulates lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but few studies have investigated the association between ALA and the risk of mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study examines whether increasing dietary ALA intake contributes to the long‐term survival of adults with T2D. Methods This cohort study included 9603 participants with T2D, including 7953 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1999–2018) and 1650 adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS; 1997–2011). Dietary information was collected through 24‐h dietary recalls. Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mortality from all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results During 75 535 person‐years of follow‐up, a total of 2468 deaths were documented. After multivariate adjustment, the pooled HRs (95% CIs) of all‐cause mortality were 1.00, 0.87 (0.76–0.99), and 0.79 (0.67–0.94) across tertiles of ALA ( p trend = 0.01). There was a linear inverse relationship between ALA intake and all‐cause mortality, demonstrating a 9% (HR: 0.91;95% CI: 0.85_0.97) lower risk of all‐cause mortality with each 1 g/day increase of dietary ALA intake in the pooled analysis ( p nonlinear &gt; 0.05). In addition, ALA intake was inversely associated with CVD mortality, and HR comparing the highest with the lowest tertile was 0.68 (0.50–0.91; p trend = 0.01). Consistent results were observed in both the stratified and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Higher dietary ALA intake was associated with a lower risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality among adults with T2D.

Neuroticism, omega-3 fatty acids, and risk of incident dementia

2025-06-01
Yaqing Gao , Cornelia M. van Duijn , Thomas J. Littlejohns +1 more | Journal of Affective Disorders