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Migration and Labor Dynamics

Works Count: 120240

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This cluster of papers explores the complex dynamics of migration networks, including the impacts of immigration on labor markets, the role of remittances in development, the formation and influence of transnational families, and the effects of brain drain. It also delves into topics such as social networks, human capital, gender aspects of migration, and the broader implications of globalization.

Keywords

Immigration; Remittances; Labor Market; Network Effects; Transnational Families; Human Capital; Gender and Migration; Social Networks; Brain Drain; Globalization

Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration

1990-01-01

Douglas S. Massey

This review culls disparate elements from the theoretical and research literature on human migration to argue for the construction of a theory of migration that simultaneously incorporates multiple levels of … This review culls disparate elements from the theoretical and research literature on human migration to argue for the construction of a theory of migration that simultaneously incorporates multiple levels of analysis within a longitudinal perspective. A detailed review of interconnections among individual behavior, household strategies, community structures, and national political economies indicates that inter-level and inter-temporal dependencies are inherent to the migration process and give it a strong internal momentum. The dynamic interplay between network growth and individual migration labor, migration remittances, and local income distributions all create powerful feedback mechanisms that lead to the cumulative causation of migration. These mechanisms are reinforced and shaped by macrolevel relationships within the larger political economy.

Consumption Smoothing, Migration, and Marriage: Evidence from Rural India

1989-08-01

Mark R. Rosenzweig , Oded Stark

A significant proportion of migration in low-income countries, particularly in rural areas, is composed of moves by women for the purpose of marriage. We seek to explain these mobility patterns … A significant proportion of migration in low-income countries, particularly in rural areas, is composed of moves by women for the purpose of marriage. We seek to explain these mobility patterns by examining marital arrangements among Indian households. In particular, we hypothesize that the marriage of daughters to locationally distant, dispersed yet kinship-related households is a manifestation of implicit interhousehold contractual arrangements aimed at mitigating income risks and facilitating consumption smoothing in an environment characterized by information costs and spatially covariant risks. Analysis of longitudinal South Indian village data lends support to the hypothesis. Marriage cum migration contributes significantly to a reduction in the variability of household food consumption. Farm households afflicted with more variable profits tend to engage in longer-distance marriage cum migration. The hypothesized and observed marriage cum migration patterns are in dissonance with standard models of marriage or migration that are concerned primarily with search costs and static income gains.

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Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey

2016-01-01

Michael J. Greenwood , Paul L. Burgess , James A. Chalmers +1 more

This study was begun while the author was on a Brookings Economic Policy Fellowship in the Office of Economic Research of the Economic Development Administration. Acknowledgements are due Paul L. … This study was begun while the author was on a Brookings Economic Policy Fellowship in the Office of Economic Research of the Economic Development Administration. Acknowledgements are due Paul L. Burgess, Richardj Cebula, James A. Chalmers, Herbert M. Kaufman, Todd Sandler, WalterJ Wadycki, and the referees for this journal, all of whom have made helpful comments on earlier drafts of the paper and none of whom bears any responsibility for remaining shortcomings.

Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe

2007-04-01

Jens Hainmueller , Michael Hiscox

Recent studies of individual attitudes toward immigration emphasize concerns about labor-market competition as a potent source of anti-immigrant sentiment, in particular among less-educated or less-skilled citizens who fear being forced … Recent studies of individual attitudes toward immigration emphasize concerns about labor-market competition as a potent source of anti-immigrant sentiment, in particular among less-educated or less-skilled citizens who fear being forced to compete for jobs with low-skilled immigrants willing to work for much lower wages. We examine new data on attitudes toward immigration available from the 2003 European Social Survey. In contrast to predictions based on conventional arguments about labor-market competition, which anticipate that individuals will oppose immigration of workers with similar skills to their own but support immigration of workers with different skill levels, we find that people with higher levels of education and occupational skills are more likely to favor immigration regardless of the skill attributes of the immigrants in question. Across Europe, higher education and higher skills mean more support for all types of immigrants. These relationships are almost identical among individuals in the labor force (that is, those competing for jobs) and those not in the labor force. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, then, the connection between the education or skill levels of individuals and views about immigration appears to have very little, if anything, to do with fears about labor-market competition. This finding is consistent with extensive economic research showing that the income and employment effects of immigration in European economies are actually very small. We find that a large component of the link between education and attitudes toward immigrants is driven by differences among individuals in cultural values and beliefs. More educated respondents are significantly less racist and place greater value on cultural diversity than do their counterparts; they are also more likely to believe that immigration generates benefits for the host economy as a whole.The authors would like to thank Beth Simmons, Shigeo Herano, Mike Tomz, James Alt, Jeffry Frieden, Ron Rogowski, Ken Scheve, Torben Iversen, Andy Baker, and Peter Gourevitch for helpful comments on earlier drafts.

Optimism and achievement: the educational performance of immigrant youth

1995-01-01

Grace Kao , Marta Tienda

Objective. The rise in the volume and diversity of immigrants to the U.S. since 1960 has increased concerns about whether assimilation benefits educational achievement. To address this issue we evaluate … Objective. The rise in the volume and diversity of immigrants to the U.S. since 1960 has increased concerns about whether assimilation benefits educational achievement. To address this issue we evaluate the relative merits of three hypotheses regarding generational status and scholastic performance: (1) straight-line assimilation; (2) accommodation without assimilation; and (3) immigrant optimism. Methods. Specifically we use the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) to examine the impact of generational status on three indicators of educational achievement: grades achievement test scores and college aspirations of 8th graders. Results. Overall our results are consistent with hypotheses (2) and (3) and suggest that behavioral differences between immigrant and native parents are essential ingredients in explaining the differential performance of immigrant and native youth. We also find however that the effects of generational status on scholastic outcomes differ by race and ethnic group such that parental nativity is most crucial for Asians and less so for Hispanics while childs birthplace is more decisive for educational achievement among blacks. Conclusions. Because foreign-born youth are at a slight disadvantage due to their limited English skills and because immigrant parents promote academic achievement second generation youth (i.e. native-born children of foreign- born parents) are best positioned to achieve scholastically. (authors)

The Economics of Immigration

2018-12-07

George J. Borjas

The early work of Gilles Grenier, and Walter McManus, William Gould, and Finis Welch concluded that US immigrants who are proficient in the English language have higher earnings than immigrants … The early work of Gilles Grenier, and Walter McManus, William Gould, and Finis Welch concluded that US immigrants who are proficient in the English language have higher earnings than immigrants who are not. In view of the post-1950 changes in the national origin mix of immigrant flows, it is not surprising that these changes "explain" the decline in relative wages across successive immigrant waves. The chapter explains the skill decline into a portion due to changes in the national origin mix. In 1992, Fernando Ramos analyzes the return migration decisions of Puerto Ricans living in the United States. There has been a resurgence of immigration in the United States and in many other countries. There were historic changes in the US wage structure during the 1980s and these changes did not affect all skill groups equally. Many studies have confirmed that there has been an overall decline in the relative skills of successive immigrant cohorts.

Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants

1985-10-01

George J. Borjas

This paper reexamines the empirical basis for two "facts" that seem to be found in most cross-section studies of immigrant earnings: (1) the earnings of immigrants grow rapidly as they … This paper reexamines the empirical basis for two "facts" that seem to be found in most cross-section studies of immigrant earnings: (1) the earnings of immigrants grow rapidly as they assimilate into the United States; and (2) this rapid growth leads to many immigrants' overtaking the earnings of the natives within 10-15 years after immigration. Using the 1970 and 1980 U.S. censuses, this paper studies the earnings growth experienced by specific immigrant cohorts during the period 1970-80. It is found that within-cohort growth is significantly smaller than the growth predicted by cross-section regressions for most immigrant groups. This differential is consistent with the hypothesis that there has been a secular decline in the "quality" of immigrants admitted to the United States.

The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-born Men

1978-10-01

Barry R. Chiswick

The earnings of foreign-born adult white men, as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, are analyzed through comparisons with the native born and among the foreign born by country … The earnings of foreign-born adult white men, as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, are analyzed through comparisons with the native born and among the foreign born by country of origin, years in the United States, and citizenship. Differences in the effects of schooling and postschool training are explored. Although immigrants initially earn less than the native born, their earnings rise more rapidly with U.S. labor market experience, and after 10 to 15 years their earnings equal, and then exceed, that of the native born. Earnings are unrelated to whether the foreign born are U.S. citizens.

Super-diversity and its implications

2007-09-27

Steven Vertovec

Abstract Abstract Diversity in Britain is not what it used to be. Some thirty years of government policies, social service practices and public perceptions have been framed by a particular … Abstract Abstract Diversity in Britain is not what it used to be. Some thirty years of government policies, social service practices and public perceptions have been framed by a particular understanding of immigration and multicultural diversity. That is, Britain's immigrant and ethnic minority population has conventionally been characterized by large, well-organized African-Caribbean and South Asian communities of citizens originally from Commonwealth countries or formerly colonial territories. Policy frameworks and public understanding – and, indeed, many areas of social science – have not caught up with recently emergent demographic and social patterns. Britain can now be characterized by ‘super-diversity,’ a notion intended to underline a level and kind of complexity surpassing anything the country has previously experienced. Such a condition is distinguished by a dynamic interplay of variables among an increased number of new, small and scattered, multiple-origin, transnationally connected, socio-economically differentiated and legally stratified immigrants who have arrived over the last decade. Outlined here, new patterns of super-diversity pose significant challenges for both policy and research. Keywords: DiversitymulticulturalismimmigrationUnited KingdomLondon Acknowledgements I am grateful to numerous colleagues for their generous and critical feedback surrounding the ideas and material in this article (although of course any remaining flaws are mine alone). These particularly include Robin Cohen, Alisdair Rogers, Susanne Wessendorf, Andreas Wimmer, Gerd Baumann, Danny Sriskandarajah, Sarah Kyambi, Dan Hiebert, David Ley and the staff and students of the ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford – where I also appreciate Alessio Cangiano's help with data. A joint fellowship from the Economic and Social Research Council (UK) and Social Science Research Council (USA) also importantly supported this work. Finally, for a range of helpful responses, I wish to thank participants in seminars at Harvard University and the University of British Columbia, and at conferences of the Swedish Anthropological Association and European Association of Social Anthropologists. Additional informationNotes on contributorsSteven VertovecSteven Vertovec is Professor of Transnational Anthropology at the University of Oxford and Director of the ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS)

Family and Personal Networks in International Migration: Recent Developments and New Agendas

1989-09-01

Mónica Boyd

Family, friendship, and community networks underlie much of the recent migration to industrial nations. Current interest in these networks accompany the development of a migration system perspective and the growing … Family, friendship, and community networks underlie much of the recent migration to industrial nations. Current interest in these networks accompany the development of a migration system perspective and the growing awareness of the macro and micro determinants of migration. This article presents an overview of research findings on the determinants and consequences of personal networks. In addition, it calls for greater specification of the role of networks in migration research and for the inclusion of women in future research.

The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth

1995-05-01

Rachel M. Friedberg , Jennifer Hunt

The popular belief that immigrants have a large adverse impact on the wages and employment opportunities of the native-born population of the receiving country is not supported by the empirical … The popular belief that immigrants have a large adverse impact on the wages and employment opportunities of the native-born population of the receiving country is not supported by the empirical evidence. A 10 percent increase in the fraction of immigrants in the population reduces native wages by 0-1 percent. Even those natives who are the closest substitutes with immigrant labor do not suffer significantly as a result of increased immigration. There is no evidence of economically significant reductions in native employment. The impact on natives’ per capita income growth depends crucially on the immigrants’ human capital levels.

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Family Migration Decisions

1978-10-01

Jacob Mincer

An economic definition of family ties relevant to migration decisions leads to the exploration of their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of … An economic definition of family ties relevant to migration decisions leads to the exploration of their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, and on family stability. It is shown that ties represent negative "personal" externalities which are usually, but not always, internalized by the family. ties tend to deter migration, to reduce the employment and earnings of migrating wives, and to increase the employment and earnings of their husbands. The growth of labor market attachment of women creates an increase in migration ties, which both deters migration and contributes to marital instability. Conversely, growing marital instability stimulates migration and reinforces the upward trends in women's labor force participation.

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The Latino mortality paradox: a test of the "salmon bias" and healthy migrant hypotheses.

1999-10-01

Ana F. Abraído‐Lanza , Bruce P. Dohrenwend , Daisy Ng‐Mak +1 more

Relative to non-Latino Whites, Latinos have a worse socioeconomic profile but a lower mortality rate, a finding that presents an epidemiologic paradox. This study tested the salmon bias hypothesis that … Relative to non-Latino Whites, Latinos have a worse socioeconomic profile but a lower mortality rate, a finding that presents an epidemiologic paradox. This study tested the salmon bias hypothesis that Latinos engage in return migration to their country of origin and are thereby rendered "statistically immortal" and the alternative hypothesis that selection of healthier migrants to the United States accounts for the paradox.National Longitudinal Mortality Study data were used to examine mortality rates of the following groups for whom the salmon hypothesis is not feasible: Cubans, who face barriers against return migration; Puerto Ricans, whose deaths in Puerto Rico are recorded in US national statistics; and US-born individuals, who are not subject to either salmon or healthy migrant effects.The sample included 301,718 non-Latino Whites and 17,375 Latino Whites 25 years or older. Cubans and Puerto Ricans had lower mortality than non-Latino Whites. Moreover, US-born Latinos had lower mortality than US-born non-Latino Whites.Neither the salmon nor the healthy migrant hypothesis explains the pattern of findings. Other factors must be operating to produce the lower mortality.

Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective

2010-03-01

Hein de Haas

The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, … The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies – which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels – this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development “from below”. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.

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A theory of migration

1966-03-01

Everett S. Lee

Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society.

1990-05-01

Ron Eyerman , Alberto Melucci , John Keane +1 more

What's Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis

1997-01-01

Douglas S. Massey , Kristin E. Espinosa

Using data gathered in 25 Mexican communities, the authors link individual acts of migration to 41 theoretically defined individual-, household-, community-, and macroeconomic-level predictors. The indicators vary through time to … Using data gathered in 25 Mexican communities, the authors link individual acts of migration to 41 theoretically defined individual-, household-, community-, and macroeconomic-level predictors. The indicators vary through time to yield a discrete-time event-history analysis. Over the past 25 years, probabilities of first, repeat, and return migration have been linked more to the forces identified by social capital theory and the new economics of migration than to the cost-benefit calculations assumed by the neoclassical model. The authors find that Mexico-U.S. migration stems from three mutually reinforcing processes: social capital formation, human capital formation, and market consolidation.

Motivations to Remit: Evidence from Botswana

1985-10-01

Oded Stark

Regimes of Mobility Across the Globe

2012-11-21

Nina Glick Schiller , Noël B. Salazar

Mobility studies emerged from a postmodern moment in which global 'flows' of capital, people and objects were increasingly noted and celebrated. Within this new scholarship, categories of migrancy are all … Mobility studies emerged from a postmodern moment in which global 'flows' of capital, people and objects were increasingly noted and celebrated. Within this new scholarship, categories of migrancy are all seen through the same analytical lens. This article and Regimes of Mobility: Imaginaries and Relationalities of Power, the special issue of JEMS it introduces, build on, as well as critique, past and present studies of mobility. In so doing, this issue challenges conceptual orientations built on binaries of difference that have impeded analyses of the interrelationship between mobility and stasis. These include methodological nationalism, which counterpoises concepts of internal and international movement and native and foreigner, and consequently normalises stasis. Instead, the issue offers a regimes of mobility framework that addresses the relationships between mobility and immobility, localisation and transnational connection, experiences and imaginaries of migration, and rootedness and cosmopolitan openness. The introduction highlights how, within this framework and its emphasis on social fields of differential power, the contributors to this collection ethnographically explore the disparities, inequalities, racialised representations and national mythscapes that facilitate and legitimate differential mobility and fixity. Although the authors examine nation-state building processes, their analysis is not confined by national boundaries.

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Networks in the Modern Economy: Mexican Migrants in the U. S. Labor Market

2003-05-01

K. Munshi

This paper attempts to identify job networks among Mexican migrants in the U. S. labor market. The empirical analysis uses data on migration patterns and labor market outcomes, based on … This paper attempts to identify job networks among Mexican migrants in the U. S. labor market. The empirical analysis uses data on migration patterns and labor market outcomes, based on a sample of individuals belonging to multiple origin-communities in Mexico, over a long period of time. Each community's network is measured by the proportion of the sampled individuals who are located at the destination (the United States) in any year. We verify that the same individual is more likely to be employed and to hold a higher paying nonagricultural job when his network is exogenously larger, by including individual fixed effects in the employment and occupation regressions and by using rainfall in the origin-community as an instrument for the size of the network at the destination.

Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows, and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration

2001-01-01

David Card

This article uses 1990 census data to study the effects of immigrant inflows on occupation‐specific labor market outcomes. I find that intercity mobility rates of natives and earlier immigrants are … This article uses 1990 census data to study the effects of immigrant inflows on occupation‐specific labor market outcomes. I find that intercity mobility rates of natives and earlier immigrants are insensitive to immigrant inflows. However, occupation‐specific wages and employment rates are systematically lower in cities with higher relative supplies of workers in a given occupation. The results imply that immigrant inflows over the 1980s reduced wages and employment rates of low‐skilled natives in traditional gateway cities like Miami and Los Angeles by 1–3 percentage points.

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ACCULTURATION AND LATINO HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A Review of the Literature and its Sociopolitical Context

2005-03-11

Marielena Lara , Cristina Gamboa , M. Iya Kahramanian +2 more

This chapter provides an overview of the concept of acculturation and reviews existing evidence about the possible relationships between acculturation and selected health and behavioral outcomes among Latinos. The effect … This chapter provides an overview of the concept of acculturation and reviews existing evidence about the possible relationships between acculturation and selected health and behavioral outcomes among Latinos. The effect of acculturation on Latino health is complex and not well understood. In certain areas-substance abuse, dietary practices, and birth outcomes-there is evidence that acculturation has a negative effect and that it is associated with worse health outcomes, behaviors, or perceptions. In others-health care use and self-perceptions of health-the effect is mostly in the positive direction. Although the literature, to date, on acculturation lacks some breadth and methodological rigor, the public health significance of findings in areas in which there is enough evidence justifies public health action. We conclude with a set of general recommendations in two areas-public health practice and research-targeted to public health personnel in academia, community-based settings, and government agencies.

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Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers

2008-03-19

Michel Beine , Fredérić Docquier , Hillel Rapoport

Using new data on emigration rates by education level, we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive … Using new data on emigration rates by education level, we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital formation in a cross-section of 127 countries. For each country of the sample we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. Countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low emigration rates are shown to experience a ‘beneficial brain drain’, and conversely, there are more losers than winners, and the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain.

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Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal

1993-09-01

Douglas S. Massey , Joaquín Arango , Graeme Hugo +3 more

The configuration of developed countries has become today diverse and multiethnic due to international migration. A single coherent theoretical explanation for international migration is lacking. The aim of this discussion … The configuration of developed countries has become today diverse and multiethnic due to international migration. A single coherent theoretical explanation for international migration is lacking. The aim of this discussion was the generation and integration of current theories that clarify basic assumptions and hypotheses of the various models. Theories were differentiated as explaining the initiation of migration and the perpetuation of international movement. Initiation theories discussed were 1) macro theories of neoclassical economics; 2) micro theories of neoclassical economics; 3) the new economics with examples for crop insurance markets futures markets unemployment insurance and capital markets; 4) dual labor market theory and structural inflation motivational problems economic dualism and the demography of labor supply; and 5) world systems theory and the impacts of land raw materials labor material links ideological links and global cities. Perpetuation theories were indicated as network theories of declining risks and costs; institutional theory cumulative causation through distribution of income and land organization of agrarian production culture of migration regional distribution of human capital and social labeling factors; and migration systems theory. The assumptions and propositions of these theories although divergent were not inherently contradictory but had very different implications for policy formulation. The policy decisions over the next decades will be very important and carry with them the potential for misunderstanding and conflict. Policy options based on the explicated models range from regulation by changing wages and employment conditions in destination countries or promoting development in countries of origin to changing structural market economic relations.

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

1970-01-01

Larry A. Sjaastad

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Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

2010-02-01

Jens Hainmueller , Michael Hiscox

Past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear to generate anti-immigrant sentiment among native citizens: concerns about labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden on public … Past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear to generate anti-immigrant sentiment among native citizens: concerns about labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden on public services. We provide direct tests of both models of attitude formation using an original survey experiment embedded in a nationwide U.S. survey. The labor market competition model predicts that natives will be most opposed to immigrants who have skill levels similar to their own. We find instead that both low-skilled and highly skilled natives strongly prefer highly skilled immigrants over low-skilled immigrants, and this preference is not decreasing in natives' skill levels. The fiscal burden model anticipates that rich natives oppose low-skilled immigration more than poor natives, and that this gap is larger in states with greater fiscal exposure (in terms of immigrant access to public services). We find instead that rich and poor natives are equally opposed to low-skilled immigration in general. In states with high fiscal exposure, poor (rich) natives are more (less) opposed to low-skilled immigration than they are elsewhere. This indicates that concerns among poor natives about constraints on welfare benefits as a result of immigration are more relevant than concerns among the rich about increased taxes. Overall the results suggest that economic self-interest, at least as currently theorized, does not explain voter attitudes toward immigration. The results are consistent with alternative arguments emphasizing noneconomic concerns associated with ethnocentrism or sociotropic considerations about how the local economy as a whole may be affected by immigration.

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Growing Up American: The Challenge Confronting Immigrant Children and Children of Immigrants

1997-08-01

Min Zhou

Since the 1980s, immigrant children and children of immigrant parentage have become the fastest growing and the most extraordinarily diverse segment of America's child population. Until the recent past, however, … Since the 1980s, immigrant children and children of immigrant parentage have become the fastest growing and the most extraordinarily diverse segment of America's child population. Until the recent past, however, scholarly attention has focused on adult immigrants to the neglect of their offspring, creating a profound gap between the strategic importance of the new second generation and the knowledge about its socioeconomic circumstances. The purpose of this article is to pull together existing studies that bear directly or indirectly on children's immigrant experiences and adaptational outcomes and to place these studies into a general framework that can facilitate a better understanding of the new second generation. The article first describes the changing trends in the contexts of the reception the new second generation has encountered. The article then discusses the ways in which conventional theoretical perspectives about immigrant adaptation are being challenged and alternative frameworks are being developed. Thirdly, it examines empirical findings from recent research and evaluates their contribution to the sociology of immigration. Finally, it highlights the main conclusions from prior research and their theoretical and practical implications for future studies.

The New Economics of Labour Migration and the Role of Remittances in the Migration Process

1999-03-01

Edward J. Taylor

This analysis considers international migration remittances and their impact on development in migrant-sending areas. The new economics of labor migration (NELM) posit that remittances lessen production and market constraints faced … This analysis considers international migration remittances and their impact on development in migrant-sending areas. The new economics of labor migration (NELM) posit that remittances lessen production and market constraints faced by households in poor developing countries. The article states that remittances may be a positive factor in economic development, which should be nurtured by economic policies. The impact of remittances and migration on development varies across locales and is influenced by migrants' remittance behavior and by economic contexts. Criteria for measuring development gains may include assessments of income growth, inequity, and poverty alleviation. It is hard to gauge the level of remittances, especially when remittances may not flow through formal banking systems. The International Monetary Fund distinguishes between worker remittances sent home for over 1 year; employee compensation including the value of in-kind benefits for under 1 year; and the net worth of migrants who move between countries. This sum amounted to under $2 billion in 1970 and $70 billion in 1995. The cumulative sum of remittances, employee compensation, and transfers was almost $1 trillion, of which almost 66% was worker remittances, 25% was employee compensation, and almost 10% was transfers during 1980-95. Total world remittances surpass overseas development assistance. Remittances are unequally distributed across and between countries. Migration research does not adequately reveal the range and complexity of impacts. Push factors can limit options for use of remittances to stimulate development.

The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market

2003-11-01

George J. Borjas

Immigration is not evenly balanced across groups of workers that have the same education but differ in their work experience, and the nature of the supply imbalance changes over time.This … Immigration is not evenly balanced across groups of workers that have the same education but differ in their work experience, and the nature of the supply imbalance changes over time.This paper develops a new approach for estimating the labor market impact of immigration by exploiting this variation in supply shifts across education-experience groups.I assume that similarly educated workers with different levels of experience participate in a national labor market and are not perfect substitutes.The analysis indicates that immigration lowers the wage of competing workers: a 10 percent increase in supply reduces wages by 3 to 4 percent.

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From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration

1995-01-01

Nina Glick Schiller , Linda Basch , Cristina Szanton Blanc

Contemporary immigrants can not be characterized as the uprooted. Many are transmigrants, becoming firmly rooted in their new country but maintaining multiple linkages to their homeland. In the United States … Contemporary immigrants can not be characterized as the uprooted. Many are transmigrants, becoming firmly rooted in their new country but maintaining multiple linkages to their homeland. In the United States anthropologists are engaged in building a transnational anthropology and rethinking their data on immigration. Migration proves to be an important transnational process that reflects and contributes to the current political configurations of the emerging global economy. In this article we use our studies of migration from St. Vincent, Grenada, the Philippines, and Haiti to the U.S. to delineate some of the parameters of an ethnography of transnational migration and explore the reasons for and the implications of transnational migrations. We conclude that the transnational connections of immigrants provide a subtext of the public debates in the U.S. about the merits of immigration. [transnationalism, immigration, nation-state, nationalism, identity]

The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World

2005-12-01

Stephen Castles , Mark J. Miller , Giuseppe Ammendola

Introduction -- The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities -- International Migration before 1945 -- Migration to Highly-Developed Countries since 1945 -- The Next Waves: The Globalisation of … Introduction -- The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities -- International Migration before 1945 -- Migration to Highly-Developed Countries since 1945 -- The Next Waves: The Globalisation of International Migration -- New Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region -- Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force -- The Migratory Process: A Comparison of Australia and Germany -- New Ethnic Minorities and Society -- Immigrant Politics -- Conclusion: Migration in the New World Order.

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Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy

2001-02-01

Kenneth F. Scheve , Matthew J. Slaughter

This paper uses three years of individual-level data to analyze the determinants of individual preferences over immigration policy in the United States. We have two main empirical results. First, less-skilled … This paper uses three years of individual-level data to analyze the determinants of individual preferences over immigration policy in the United States. We have two main empirical results. First, less-skilled workers are significantly more likely to prefer limiting immigrant inflows into the United States. Our finding suggests that, over the time horizons that are relevant to individuals when evaluating immigration policy, individuals think that the U.S. economy absorbs immigrant inflows at least partly by changing wages. Second, we find no evidence that the relationship between skills and immigration opinions is stronger in high-immigration communities.

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Who Is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants

2006-08-01

Anna Maria Mayda

This paper empirically analyzes economic and noneconomic determinants of individual attitudes toward immigrants, within and across countries. The two survey data sets used, covering a wide range of developed and … This paper empirically analyzes economic and noneconomic determinants of individual attitudes toward immigrants, within and across countries. The two survey data sets used, covering a wide range of developed and developing countries, make it possible to test for interactive effects between individual characteristics and country-level attributes. In particular, theory predicts that the correlation between pro-immigration attitudes and individual skill should be related to the skill composition of natives relative to immigrants in the destination country. Skilled individuals should favor immigration in countries where natives are more skilled than immigrants and oppose it otherwise. Results based on direct and indirect measures of the relative skill composition are consistent with these predictions. Noneconomic variables also are correlated with immigration attitudes, but they don't alter significantly the labor-market results.

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RETHINKING THE EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION ON WAGES

2011-10-25

Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano , Giovanni Peri

This paper calculates the effects of immigration on the wages of native US workers of various skill levels in two steps. In the first step we use labor demand functions … This paper calculates the effects of immigration on the wages of native US workers of various skill levels in two steps. In the first step we use labor demand functions to estimate the elasticity of substitution across different groups of workers. Second, we use the underlying production structure and the estimated elasticities to calculate the total wage effects of immigration in the long run. We emphasize that a production function framework is needed to combine own-group effects with cross-group effects in order to obtain the total wage effects for each native group. In order to obtain a parsimonious representation of elasticities that can be estimated with available data, we adopt alternative nested-CES models and let the data select the preferred specification. New to this paper is the estimate of the substitutability between natives and immigrants of similar education and experience levels. In the data-preferred model, there is a small but significant degree of imperfect substitutability between natives and immigrants which, when combined with the other estimated elasticities, implies that in the period from 1990 to 2006 immigration had a small effect on the wages of native workers with no high school degree (between 0.6% and +1.7%). It also had a small positive effect on average native wages (+0.6%) and a substantial negative effect (−6.7%) on wages of previous immigrants in the long run.

Family Migration Decisions

1977-08-01

Jacob Mincer

An economic definition of family ties relevant to migration decisions leads to the exploration of their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of … An economic definition of family ties relevant to migration decisions leads to the exploration of their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, and on family stability. It is shown that ties represent negative personal externalities which are usually, but not always, internalized by the family. ties tend to deter migration, to reduce the employment and earnings of migrating wives, and to increase the employment and earnings of their husbands. The growth of labor market attachment of women creates an increase in migration ties, which both deters migration and contributes to marital instability. Conversely, growing marital instability stimulates migration and reinforces the upward trends in women's labor force participation.

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Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows, and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration

1997-02-01

David Card

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The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

1962-10-01

Larry A. Sjaastad

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International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador

2003-10-09

Alejandra Cox Edwards , Manuelita Ureta

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The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market

1989-08-01

David Card

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami labor market, focusing on the wages and unemployment rates of less-skilled workers.The Mariel immigrants … This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effect of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami labor market, focusing on the wages and unemployment rates of less-skilled workers.The Mariel immigrants increased the population and labor force of the Miami metropolitan area by 7 percent.Most of the immigrants were relatively unskilled: as a result, the proportional increase in labor supply to less-skilled occupations and industries was much greater.Nevertheless, an analysis of wages of non-Cuban workers over the 1979-85 period reveals virtually no effect of the Mariel influx.Likewise, there is no indication that the Boatlift lead to an increase in the unemployment rates of less-skilled blacks or other non-Cuban workers.Even among the Cuban population wages and unemployment rates of earlier immigrants were not substantially effected by the arrival of the Mariels.

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International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks

2008-03-19

Dean Yang

Journal Article International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks Get access Dean Yang Dean Yang University of Michigan Search for other works by this … Journal Article International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks Get access Dean Yang Dean Yang University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 118, Issue 528, 1 April 2008, Pages 591–630, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02134.x Published: 19 March 2008 Article history Received: 01 February 2005 Accepted: 01 January 2007 Published: 19 March 2008

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The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market

2003-06-01

George J. Borjas

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Remittances, financial development, and growth

2008-11-08

Paola Giuliano , Marta Ruiz-Arranz

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Lose your mother: a journey along the Atlantic slave route

2007-09-01

Children of Global Migration

2005-03-25

Rhacel Salazar Parreñas

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

2008-09-09

A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market

1972-10-01

Edna Bonacich

The Economic Analysis of Immigration

1999-01-01

George J. Borjas

Reluctant ‘Tiger’ Parents? The (Inconsistent) Parenting Discourse of Middle-Class Chinese Immigrant Parents in Singapore

2025-06-25

Peidong Yang , XinTong Chen , Lee Tat Chow | Journal of Intercultural Studies

Social Position and Migrant Networks in International Migration from Africa to Europe

2025-06-25

Sorana Toma , Mao‐Mei Liu | International Migration Review

Ample prior research shows that social capital is contingent on a person's position in society and is, consequently, a significant factor in perpetuating and amplifying social inequalities. In contrast, migration … Ample prior research shows that social capital is contingent on a person's position in society and is, consequently, a significant factor in perpetuating and amplifying social inequalities. In contrast, migration scholarship is relatively quiet about how social position may stratify the role of migrant networks, and instead conceptualizes migrant networks as broadening access to migration. This paper integrates theoretical insights from these two lines of research to offer a novel contribution on the interplay between social stratification and migrant networks. We examine three pathways—network access, network mobilization, and network returns—through which social position may shape migrant networks and, as such, reinforce inequalities in migration. To do so, we employ retrospective data from the multi-sited Migration between Africa and Europe survey that allows us to account for the dynamic nature of migrant networks and to distinguish among these pathways. Our study highlights significant stratification in access, mobilization, and returns to migrant networks among individuals in different social positions, operationalized as educational attainment. In a context of positive educational selectivity such as sub-Saharan African migration to Europe, access to migrant networks increases substantially with higher social position. And while lower-educated individuals rely more financially on migrant networks, which offer them larger relative gains, these networks ultimately exacerbate initial advantages and amplify social inequalities in migration opportunities.

Drivers of migration flows in the European Union: Earnings or unemployment?

2025-06-25

António Afonso , José Alves , Krzysztof Beck | International Labour Review

In this article, we analyse the drivers of international migration in the European Union (EU) using data from 23 EU countries in Bayesian model averaging and quantile regression. Our findings … In this article, we analyse the drivers of international migration in the European Union (EU) using data from 23 EU countries in Bayesian model averaging and quantile regression. Our findings reveal that the association between differences in earnings and migration is twice as strong as that of unemployment and a robust feature in the data. Nevertheless, we find that economic factors play a secondary role, with cultural proximity and the “friends and relatives” effect taking precedence. Our results indicate a limited role for labour mobility as an adjustment mechanism within the EU.

Isolation, Indifference and Suspicion

2025-06-25

| Cambridge University Press eBooks

Geolegal distance: success and separation in gambian transnational families

2025-06-25

Martin Aucoin , Cynthia S. Gorman | GeoJournal

Migrant remittances, international capital flows, and economic growth: a short-run Keynesian model applied to the emerging economies

2025-06-25

Ibrahim Shaikh , Dinesh Gajurel , Muhammad Rashid +1 more | Journal of Economic Studies

Purpose Economic models highlight that migrant remittances contribute to the “Dutch disease” by appreciating the real exchange rate and reducing export competitiveness. However, empirical evidence demonstrates cases where remittance inflows … Purpose Economic models highlight that migrant remittances contribute to the “Dutch disease” by appreciating the real exchange rate and reducing export competitiveness. However, empirical evidence demonstrates cases where remittance inflows are associated with exchange rate depreciation. In this study, we develop an economic model showing how remittances can lead to real exchange rate depreciation and promote economic growth when managed through monetary and fiscal policy. Design/methodology/approach We design a short-term Keynesian macroeconomic model incorporating the international bond market and remittances. We demonstrate that remittances may generate real exchange rate depreciation and boost exports through an enhanced international credit flow channel. We also examine the implications of government borrowing, monetary sterilization, and foreign direct investment (FDI) within this framework to understand their influence on remittance flow macroeconomic dynamics. Findings Our model presents four cases that shed light on how our hypothesized remittance-induced credit channel can impact economic growth in an emerging economy under a large value of (a) the international portfolio investment coefficient, f, (b) a small value of f, (c) a complete sterilization in the monetary sector, and (d) a partial sterilization in the monetary sector. We show that government borrowing and FDI are critical in moderating remittance effects on domestic interest and exchange rates. The findings highlight how central bank and government policy responses influence the extent to which remittances impact economic growth. Originality/value We present a new theoretical explanation for how remittances can lead to real exchange rate depreciation through the monetary and financial sectors. By incorporating government financing decisions and FDI, we clarify the macroeconomic effects of remittances for theory. The findings from the four cases have important policy implications, especially for open emerging economies that rely on remittances and seek to mitigate the risks of the Dutch disease while using remittances to promote economic growth.

Girls’ Irregular Migration, Return, and Reintegration in Somaliland

2025-06-24

Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract The chapter looks at how gender norms and expectations influence the migration experience of migrant girls in Somaliland. Migrant girls face unique risks, gender-specific vulnerabilities, and risks of exploitation, … Abstract The chapter looks at how gender norms and expectations influence the migration experience of migrant girls in Somaliland. Migrant girls face unique risks, gender-specific vulnerabilities, and risks of exploitation, abuse, and trafficking during their journeys. The chapter acknowledges that girl migrants have their own story to tell; they give meaning to their journey and justify their arduous journey for a new life. Knowing their story and their perspective brings the inclusion of migrant girls’ voices in understanding their agency and decision to migrate and designing interventions for their protection, return, and reintegration. The chapter examines that poverty is not only the contributory factor in decision-making and the capabilities of girls to migrate using irregular means. Girls’ decisions also depend on state policies and regulations, community settings, culture, and traditions, as well as their family and individual circumstances. Therefore, these factors need to be considered in designing child-centered migrant policies.

Can Temporary Migration Programs Be Reformed?

2025-06-24

Anna Stilz | Journal of Social Philosophy

Reversing brain drain to brain gain: Examining the drive of educated Sudanese migrants to return and contribute to their home country

2025-06-24

Chiemi Kurokawa , Tatsuya Kusakabe | International Journal of Educational Development

Famine and Diaspora

2025-06-24

| Yale University Press eBooks

A Case Study Exploring the Integration Experiences of Child Migrants in Malaysia

2025-06-24

Thavamalar Thuraisingam , Jason James Turner , Kelly Tee Pei Leng | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract As a response to the practitioner and academic debate surrounding refugees, migrant labor, and migrant integration across the globe, this research explores the lived experiences of child migrants in … Abstract As a response to the practitioner and academic debate surrounding refugees, migrant labor, and migrant integration across the globe, this research explores the lived experiences of child migrants in Malaysia. Focusing on the Klang Valley, a popular location for displaced families coming to Malaysia, the primary objective of the research is to uncover the psychological and socio-cultural adjustments of child migrants transitioning to another country. This qualitative study interviewed fifteen respondents aged between 11 and 17 years from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, with the data collection process employing a unique combination of two child-centered participatory approaches conducted in two phases. Phase I utilized lifelines that emphasized significant life incidents and transition points through every child’s migratory journey. The lifelines were then used as stimuli to generate insightful focus group discussions to elicit information on the challenges faced, identifying common themes related to the psychological and socio-cultural adjustments: emotional well-being, identity development, life satisfaction, language and culture, support and future aspirations, friendships and social life, perceptions and prejudice (Phase II). The findings both consolidate and take research forward concerning child migrants and their experiences as they navigate integration and acceptance from Malaysian society.

Paths to Subjective Poverty Among Midlife and Older Russian‐Speaking Migrants: A Data Mining Approach Using the General Unary Hypotheses Automaton

2025-06-24

Lily Nosraty , Erja Turunen , Anne Kouvonen +1 more | International Migration

ABSTRACT In the Nordic countries, older migrants experience higher poverty rates compared with the majority population. Research on this issue highlights a gap in understanding the complex interplay of ageing, … ABSTRACT In the Nordic countries, older migrants experience higher poverty rates compared with the majority population. Research on this issue highlights a gap in understanding the complex interplay of ageing, migration and poverty risks. Using the General Unary Hypotheses Automaton (GUHA) data mining approach, we identified various factor combinations that contribute to subjective poverty experiences. We analysed data from the 2019 Care, Health, and Ageing of the Russian‐Speaking Minority (CHARM) study in Finland ( N = 1082, 57% men), which covers migration‐related, socio‐demographic, health and behavioural domains. Our findings reveal 37 distinct paths to subjective poverty involving 13 factors, including health limitations, multi‐morbidity, receipt of housing benefit, religious affiliation, poor self‐rated health, immigration age of 36–55, discrimination and living alone. While health‐related factors predominated, our results highlight the intersection of multiple disadvantages in shaping subjective poverty, providing new insights on the dynamics of migrant poverty.

A proof-of-concept model of Australia’s overseas migration system: projecting temporary and permanent populations, visa switching, and visa-specific migration flows

2025-06-24

Tom Wilson , Jeromey Temple , Aude Bernard +1 more | Journal of Population Research

Labour migration, occupational segregation, and equality

2025-06-24

Jamie Draper | Politics Philosophy & Economics

Labour migration from low- to high-income states displays striking patterns of occupational segregation. Occupational segregation in labour migration generates what I call the distributive–relational dilemma : on the one hand, … Labour migration from low- to high-income states displays striking patterns of occupational segregation. Occupational segregation in labour migration generates what I call the distributive–relational dilemma : on the one hand, labour migration can promote global distributive equality; on the other hand, labour migration can create or exacerbate relational inequalities within the receiving society. This conflict between distributive and relational equality can be attenuated to some degree, but it is difficult to eliminate entirely. Faced with the distributive–relational dilemma, relational egalitarians might conclude that they should support immigration restrictions to reduce domestic relational inequalities. In this paper, I argue that relational egalitarians should resist this conclusion. First, I argue that restricting immigration to protect domestic relational equality fails as a justification for exclusion, because it involves members of receiving societies treating their own hostility towards immigrant workers as a reason for their exclusion. Second, I argue that excluding would-be immigrants in order to maintain domestic relational equality reproduces inegalitarian social hierarchies at the global level, because it reinforces a global regime of migration governance that expresses racialised inequalities in social status. These arguments suggest that relational egalitarians have the theoretical resources that they need to resist the conclusion that they should support restrictive immigration policies in response to the distributive–relational dilemma.

Ghanaian Transnational Households and the Children “Left Behind”

2025-06-24

Michael Boampong , Jahan Foster Zabit | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract The children of migrants who do not live with their biological parents are often labeled as “at risk,” vulnerable to “psychological impacts,” and assumed to experience multiple adversities because … Abstract The children of migrants who do not live with their biological parents are often labeled as “at risk,” vulnerable to “psychological impacts,” and assumed to experience multiple adversities because of parental migration. Representations of these “left-behind children” project a sense of neglect yet are largely understood within an individualistic, Western form of childhood that treats other forms of childhood as non-normative. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnographic study of Ghanaian transnational households, including child-adult kin and kin-like relationships, this chapter highlights how intergenerational relationships and everyday practices of love, care, and solidarity are central to how children negotiate family separation, reunion, and cultural identities. Children’s ability to engage in relational and transient local and transnational practices cannot be understood merely as “fictive” given their embeddedness in extended family relations and social networks. Rather they are generated and sustained through daily practices, including telephone calls, domestic work, schooling, remittances, living together, and routine life celebrations within social spaces. Such activities are critical to establishing a sense of family feeling and closeness.

Income Aspirations and Migration: Evidence From Rural Tajikistan

2025-06-24

Jeffrey R. Bloem , Isabel Lambrecht , Kamiljon T. Akramov | International Migration Review

In places with limited employment opportunities, households aspiring to increase their income are mainly left with two options: either (a) invest locally in their farm or non-farm enterprises, or (b) … In places with limited employment opportunities, households aspiring to increase their income are mainly left with two options: either (a) invest locally in their farm or non-farm enterprises, or (b) earn income elsewhere via migration. With survey data from 1,705 respondents from rural Tajikistan, we analyze the relationship between income aspirations and household investment strategies, and we contrast this to the relationship between income aspirations and international migration. We find evidence of a strong link between the income aspirations gap and international migration, but, strikingly, we do not observe any association between the income aspirations gap and local investment in farm or non-farm assets. These results suggest that households do not view local investment as a viable strategy for increasing income. Exploring heterogeneity, we find that these results can vary by household poverty status and household land endowments, but not by the respondent's gender. Given the prominence of migration in the study area, this also suggests that remittances commonly serve different purposes than farm or non-farm investments — such as supporting households in their day-to-day expenditures or funding major ritual events.

Caught in Citizenship Limbo: Lessons from the 2025 International Student Visa Crisis in the U.S

2025-06-23

Jinke He | Critical Internationalization Studies Review

The Impact of Youth Population on Labor Market Dynamics and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: An Economic Demography Perspective

2025-06-23

Kalthoum Sfar | Deleted Journal

The effect of growth in the youth population, education level, and population dependency on the labour market and economic growth has been discussed in this research. The study seeks to … The effect of growth in the youth population, education level, and population dependency on the labour market and economic growth has been discussed in this research. The study seeks to analyse the complex interaction between population growth of the youths, education, employment and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative method and statistical analysis were used to analyse the results of the survey of 400 respondents. The study reveals that there exists a positive relationship between youth population growth and labour market conditions and economic growth. The respondents also achieved academic success that is also associated with labor market conditions and the economic environment, and such factors as the population dependency ratio are also linked to economic growth. The study indicated that focusing on the reduction of youth unemployment and dependency can help Saudi Arabia launch the process of economic development for sustainable growth.

Correction to: “Location and Visa‐Category Determinants of Naturalization in Australia”

2025-06-23

| International Migration

The Evaluation of Germany’s Immigration Policies in Terms of Securitization

2025-06-23

Gülşah Özdemir , Bedri Şahin | Özgür Yayınları eBooks

Germany has been known as a migrant magnet in the last century. Especially following World War II, the country required so much workforce that many people in Asia, Europe, and … Germany has been known as a migrant magnet in the last century. Especially following World War II, the country required so much workforce that many people in Asia, Europe, and Africa migrated to Germany for a better life and future. According to the 2020 statistics, it has 1.5 migrants per 1,000 people. 13% of the country’s population is composed of ethnic groups, including Turkish (1.8%), Polish (1%), and Syrian (1%). Germany has introduced a new skilled immigration act passed in the senate in early 2020 because of the shortage of skilled workers in the country. This study aimed to investigate Germany’s immigration policies and approaches in terms of securitization in the last century. In this perspective, recent studies on Germany’s immigration policies, the theory of securitization policies and migrants, and Germany’s and the European Union’s securitization policies were critically investigated and discussed. The findings were also elaborated in order to evaluate Germany’s immigration policies in terms of securitization.

International Immigration and Security Policies

2025-06-23

Aykut Karahan , Sibel Yanık Aslan , Emine Yılmaz +2 more | Özgür Yayınları eBooks

The twenty-first century is a period in which migration movements have become a central issue, not only in terms of humanitarian and socioeconomic concerns but also in terms of security, … The twenty-first century is a period in which migration movements have become a central issue, not only in terms of humanitarian and socioeconomic concerns but also in terms of security, identity, authority, and international relations. In the current global situation, marked by global crises, the increasing influence of non-state actors, fragile regimes, and populist waves, migration has been placed at the center of security politics, both as a result and a cause. This book examines the multidimensional transformations shaped around the axis of "International Migration and Security Policies" through an interdisciplinary approach, casting a critical lens on various aspects of the field. In the first section, Aykut Karahan discusses how migration intersects with knowledge regimes and crises of belonging through the concepts of ontological security and epistemic violence in his study titled "Immigration, Epistemic Violence, and Ontological Security: The Crisis of Knowledge and Belonging." This section provides a theoretical ground that examines the philosophical and social dimensions of the migration phenomenon in depth. In the second section, Sibel Yanık Aslan, with her study titled "From State Collapse to Chaos: Security Vacuum and Migration Dynamics in Libya," examines the relationship between state collapse, security vacuum, and migration in Libya and shows how regional security is disintegrating and how this affects migration flows. In the third section, Erkan Yılmaz, in his study titled "Religion as a Security Issue in Azerbaijan-Iran Relations," analyzes the cross-border effects of religious identities as a security issue in Iran-Azerbaijan relations. The impact of sectarian differences on foreign policy and security perceptions is addressed remarkably in this section. In the fourth section, Gülşah Özdemir's study titled "Anti-Immigration, Populism and Security Discourses: The Rising Far-Right in Europe" demonstrates examples of how the rising right-wing populism throughout Europe constructs securitizing discourses through anti-immigration sentiment. This analysis is significant in explaining the influence of political discourse on security policies. In the fifth chapter, Gülşah Özdemir and Bedri Şahin, in their study titled "The Evaluation of Germany's Immigration Policies in Terms of Securitization," evaluate Germany's migration policies based on Barry Buzan's securitization theory, analyzing the security-centered transformations, especially in the post-2015 period. The sixth and final chapter includes Bedri Şahin's study titled "The Impact of Migration from Conflict Zones to Germany on the Rise of Anti-Immigrant Political Parties: An Analytical Review of AfD and BSW". In this chapter, the impact of migration from crisis regions, such as Syria and Ukraine, on far-right parties in Germany is analyzed in an analytical manner, and the political and social effects are evaluated through the examples of the AfD and BSW. This work reveals that migration is not only a "mobility" phenomenon but also a "security politics" issue. The book is a comprehensive resource, covering both theoretical and practical aspects, for academics, policymakers, students, and all researchers working in the field of migration security. While each chapter prompts the reader to rethink the relationship between migration and security in a different context, when evaluated holistically, it successfully demonstrates the analytical depth and critical approach that are the book's primary goals. I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to the creation of the book, as well as our academic advisors who supported the evaluation process. I hope that it will provide new intellectual perspectives to our readers.

From Aspiration to Participation? Understanding Why Syrian Women Who Want to Work, Do Not

2025-06-23

Roos van der Zwan , Nella Geurts , Araa al Jaramani | Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies

Warmth of the welcome: Immigration and local housing price dynamics

2025-06-23

Xun Bian , N. Edward Coulson , Xiaojin Sun | Real Estate Economics

Abstract We examine the impact of immigration on local housing price dynamics in the United States. Leveraging a newly developed instrument for US county‐level non‐European immigration, we find that immigration … Abstract We examine the impact of immigration on local housing price dynamics in the United States. Leveraging a newly developed instrument for US county‐level non‐European immigration, we find that immigration affects both county‐level housing price appreciation and within‐county spatial dispersion in housing price changes. Our estimates suggest that, on average, an immigration inflow equal to 1% of a county's initial population raises housing price appreciation by approximately 6.8 percentage points and lowers within‐county dispersion by about 1.5 percentage points. Importantly, these effects vary across counties and appear to be shaped by local attitudes toward immigrants. Using several county‐level proxies for such attitudes, we find that immigration increases housing price appreciation and reduces within‐county dispersion only in counties where residents are more educated, younger, and less racially biased. Overall, our findings highlight that the impact of immigration on housing price dynamics is highly dependent on the local social and demographic context, particularly natives' attitudes toward immigrants.

Halting Deportation Through Protest at Home: The Political Remittances of Transnational Gambian Anti‐Deportation Activism

2025-06-22

Judith Altrogge | Global Networks

ABSTRACT The government of The Gambia, a small West African nation with high emigration rates towards Europe, refused to accept deportations from the European Union for over 3 years. This … ABSTRACT The government of The Gambia, a small West African nation with high emigration rates towards Europe, refused to accept deportations from the European Union for over 3 years. This deportation moratorium announced in March 2019 was preceded by public protests in Germany and The Gambia. The article traces how this contributed to the halt of deportations. Combining scholarly approaches on migrant activism and remittances, it applies the concept of transnational political remittances, which links the activism's impact to The Gambia's recent struggles for democratization after dictatorship. The analysis reveals how the conducted activism traverses common understandings of both remittances and migrant anti‐deportation protest. Through its multidirectional transnationality, it reached political influence on the domestic and international levels. The analysis is based on qualitative data collected among civil society, government representatives and current and former migrants in Germany and The Gambia between 2017 and 2024, as well as document analysis.

Parental Effect of Higher Education on Attitudes Towards Immigrants: A Family Approach

2025-06-22

Victoria Donnaloja , Magda Borkowska | British Journal of Sociology

ABSTRACT People with higher education hold more positive attitudes towards immigrants than those without. Previous studies have attempted to net out selection mechanisms to examine whether there is a causal … ABSTRACT People with higher education hold more positive attitudes towards immigrants than those without. Previous studies have attempted to net out selection mechanisms to examine whether there is a causal effect of higher education on attitudes towards immigrants. However, parental higher education has been largely neglected as a likely source of this selection. Using UKHLS data on individuals and their parents for the UK and employing the khb decomposition model, we examine if and why parental education influences attitudes towards immigrants. First, we show that, net of individual educational attainment, individuals whose parents have a university degree are more likely to have more positive attitudes towards immigrants. More highly educated people have more positive attitudes, but parental education reinforces this association or compensates for low educational attainment. Second, we illustrate that the relationship between parental higher education and attitudes towards immigrants is mediated by two mechanisms: parental socialisation and individual education. In contrast, socio‐economic positioning while growing up makes a negligible contribution. Our findings suggest that formative years are crucial for the development of attitudes towards immigrants later in life and that educational inequalities of today affect the attitudes towards immigrants of tomorrow.

(L)earning ‘belonging’: processes of inclusion and exclusion in Malta’s migrant integration programme

2025-06-21

Kirstin Sonne | Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

Multi-directional migration, land ownership and livelihood strategies in the Peruvian Andes: conceptualising urban-rural return flows during the COVID-19 pandemic

2025-06-20

Céline Delmotte , Conny Davidsen , Emmanuelle Piccoli | Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

The Impact of Youth Immigration on Unemployment: Macro and Micro Evidence from Europe

2025-06-20

Monica Roman , Smaranda Cimpoeru | ECONOMIC COMPUTATION AND ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Regional analysis of patterns and determinants of migration in india: insights from post-pandemic period and future implications

2025-06-20

Vijay Kumar , Kalandi Charan Pradhan | Journal of Population Research

The Heterogeneities of Immigrant Poverty in the U.S.

2025-06-20

David Brady , Alexis Bocanegra , Diana Cervantes +2 more | Population Research and Policy Review

Abstract Immigrants are now more than one-fifth of the poor in the U.S. Yet, despite some valuable literature, immigrant poverty remains arguably understudied. This study builds on the larger literatures … Abstract Immigrants are now more than one-fifth of the poor in the U.S. Yet, despite some valuable literature, immigrant poverty remains arguably understudied. This study builds on the larger literatures on immigrant attainment and poverty, and the smaller literature on immigrant poverty. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), we provide an improved descriptive demographic portrait of immigrant poverty from 1993 to 2023, across 51 states (including D.C.), and within 2019–2023 ( N = 760,026). There is considerable heterogeneity over time. After declining for several decades, immigrant poverty increased substantially in recent years. Immigrant poverty also varies enormously across states. States’ immigrant poverty rates are moderately negatively correlated with states’ immigrant share of the population and strongly positively correlated with states’ non-immigrant poverty. There are large heterogeneities by nation of origin as well. While immigrants from India have among the lowest poverty of any group in the U.S., Honduran immigrant poverty is 6–7 times higher. While especially being a non-citizen immigrant increases poverty, heterogeneities in immigrant poverty are driven more by the major risks of poverty than the immigrant characteristics of being a citizen, years of residence, or mixed status households. That said, heterogeneities by nation of origin are explained by varying mixes of risks, immigrant characteristics and educational selectivity. Ultimately, we demonstrate immigrant poverty is not one coherent phenomenon. Indeed, the heterogeneities within immigrant poverty are perhaps even more important than the heterogeneities in poverty between immigrants and non-immigrants.

Social media in the lives of young connected migrants: making and unmaking boundaries

2025-06-20

John Milnes-Smith | Journal of Cyber Policy

Ethnolinguistic affiliation and migration: evidence from multigenerational population registers

2025-06-20

Rosa Weber , Jan Saarela | European Societies

Abstract The empirical base for understanding how cultural and linguistic proximity shape international migration remains limited. Here, we assess how individuals’ migration and return migration behavior differs by own and … Abstract The empirical base for understanding how cultural and linguistic proximity shape international migration remains limited. Here, we assess how individuals’ migration and return migration behavior differs by own and parental ethnolinguistic affiliation, using Finnish longitudinal population register data that cover the years 1987–2020 (N=1,822,484). Information on two generations allows us to distinguish between Finnish-born individuals with uniform and mixed backgrounds. Finnish and Swedish speakers with mixed backgrounds are particularly informative, because they have similar observable characteristics but differ in mother tongue and thus often attend distinct school systems (either the Finnish-speaking or the Swedish-speaking school system). Results from piecewise constant exponential models reveal a clear ethnolinguistic gradient in the likelihood of migrating, which is magnified for migration to linguistically and/or culturally proximate countries. Swedish speakers with Swedish-speaking parents are the most likely to migrate to Sweden and the other Nordic countries, followed by those with mixed backgrounds. Finnish speakers with Finnish-speaking parents are the least likely to migrate. Patterns for return migration provide the mirror image. The findings remain largely consistent when we control for socioeconomic characteristics and the ethnolinguistic composition of the municipality. These results underscore the important role of ethnolinguistic affiliation in migration behavior.

“It’s Just Not the Same as Being There”: African Immigrant Women and Their Perspectives on Transnational Mothering

2025-06-19

Bertranna A. Muruthi , Amanda Stafford McRell , Reid E. Thompson Cañas +2 more | Women & Therapy

Filipino technical interns and specified skilled workers in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic: A typology of (im)mobility patterns

2025-06-19

Romeo Jumao-as Toring | Asian and Pacific migration journal

This study investigates the varied circumstances of Filipino temporary labor migrants in Japan under the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) and the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) visa during the COVID-19 … This study investigates the varied circumstances of Filipino temporary labor migrants in Japan under the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) and the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) visa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among Filipino communities in Japan since April 2022, this article analyzes developments during the state of emergency, such as travel bans and the abrupt implementation of the SSW visa. Utilizing the approach of the “mobility paradigm” pioneered by Sheller and Urry (2006), this study proposes a framework to analyze the interplay of (im)mobility patterns with respect to positionality, temporality and perceptionality. By exploring how travel bans affected the socioeconomic and geophysical standing of labor migrants vis-à-vis the timing of their entry to Japan and how they viewed their lives during the pandemic, this article introduces five (im)mobility patterns: Oblivious, upward, suspended, revamped and rebooted. This typology of (im)mobility patterns enhances understanding of the experiences of Filipino temporary labor migrants in Japan and the effects of sudden (im)mobility disruptions.

Building a new life: migrant women’s experience of home

2025-06-19

Irem Oruc | The History of the Family

Young migrants, “integration” and the local: critical reflections from European stakeholders

2025-06-19

Izabela Grabowska , Christina Hansen , Agata Jastrzębowska +5 more | Comparative Migration Studies

STUDY ON WORK ENVIRONMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MIGRANT WORKERS FOCUSING ON NEW RECIPIENT COUNTRIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

2025-06-19

Rumiko Sasaki , Tomoyuki Gondo , Fuka KOMINE +1 more | AIJ Journal of Technology and Design

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF MIGRANT REMITTANCES AND GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

2025-06-19

Olabode Eric Olabisi , Kemi Funlayo Akeju | European Journal of Economic and Financial Research

The previous studies in the relationship between inflows of migrant remittances, gross fixed capital formation, and economic growth in the literature have increased the mixed empirical outcomes in the field … The previous studies in the relationship between inflows of migrant remittances, gross fixed capital formation, and economic growth in the literature have increased the mixed empirical outcomes in the field of economics. However, very little attention has been given to the interactive effect of migrant remittances and gross fixed capital formation on economic growth, especially in the case of Nigeria. As such, this study mainly examined the long-run interactive effect of migrant remittances and gross fixed capital formation on the economic growth in Nigeria over the period of 1990 to 2023 in a multivariate framework. To avoid spurious results, the study tested the stationarity properties of the variables with the Autoregressive Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) methods that allow for more complex models in the regression equation. Next, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags Model (ARDL) bounds co-integration test was used to examine the extent of the long-run relationship among the variables used in the study. Also, the econometric technique of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) was used to investigate the coefficients of the explanatory variables on economic growth. Findings show that both migrant remittances and gross fixed capital formation promote the economic growth of Nigeria. JEL: O40, O49, F30 Article visualizations:<img src="/-counters-/soc/0105/a.php" alt="Hit counter" />

Magnified precarity, re-enhanced agency: The COVID-19 pandemic experiences of Filipino migrant workers in different contexts

2025-06-19

Itaru Nagasaka , Asuncion Fresnoza‐Flot | Asian and Pacific migration journal

New Zealandʼs Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme: Pathways and Prospects

2025-06-19

Charlotte Emma Bedford , Richard Bedford | Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies

ABSTRACT Managed temporary labour migration from the Pacific has grown in importance in recent years as New Zealand and Australia seek to fill seasonal labour shortages and strengthen regional relationships … ABSTRACT Managed temporary labour migration from the Pacific has grown in importance in recent years as New Zealand and Australia seek to fill seasonal labour shortages and strengthen regional relationships by providing cash‐earning opportunities to citizens of Pacific Island countries. This paper provides an overview of New Zealandʼs Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme, a circular migration programme to support the countryʼs horticulture and viticulture industries. The scheme began in 2007 and now allows over 20,000 RSE workers a year to enter the country for seasonal work. This paper outlines how the RSE scheme operates, including trends in employersʼ recruitment from the Pacific, and features of employer and worker participation over time. The scheme has been transformative for the horticultural sector due to the certainty of labour it provides during peak seasons. It is also a significant foreign policy tool, helping to continually reaffirm New Zealandʼs long‐standing partnerships with Pacific Island countries.

Nexus Between Diaspora Remittances and Economic Growth

2025-06-18

Sanderson Abel , Kenneth Chiwakaya , Courage Mutonhori +2 more | International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues

There has been a proliferation of studies seeking to understand the relationship between remittances and economic growth albeit with contradicting outcomes. The study evaluated the impact of remittance inflows on … There has been a proliferation of studies seeking to understand the relationship between remittances and economic growth albeit with contradicting outcomes. The study evaluated the impact of remittance inflows on economic growth in Zimbabwe. The Autoregressive Distributed lag model with time series data from 1980 to 2020 was utilised. Apart from remittance inflows the model also included other variables that impact economic growth. Variables such as fixed capital formation, private consumption, foreign direct investment, and private consumption were included as explanatory variables. The results indicated that remittance inflows positively impact economic growth in the short and long run. Fixed capital formation hurts economic growth in the short run, while private consumption was found to have a negative impact on economic growth both in the long run and short run. As the results indicated that remittance inflows spur economic growth, policy concern should focus on increasing remittance inflows in Zimbabwe to promote economic growth.

Remittances and Their Socioeconomic Effects on Rural Bangladesh: A Case Study of Migrants in Malaysia

2025-06-18

Gazi Abu Horaira , Rabiul Islam , Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin | International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues

International migration has notable socioeconomic impacts, particularly through remittance transfers sent by migrant workers to their home countries. Since the mid-1970s, labor migration has significantly affected the socioeconomic conditions of … International migration has notable socioeconomic impacts, particularly through remittance transfers sent by migrant workers to their home countries. Since the mid-1970s, labor migration has significantly affected the socioeconomic conditions of numerous Bangladeshi households. The flow of remittances is a complex phenomenon that influences economic, social, legal, and cultural aspects at both national and global levels. Many developing countries have studied the consequences of this phenomenon, and this research focuses on the influence of the household head’s connection to the migrant in rural Bangladesh. The study was conducted using microeconomic data collected from a survey of 350 rural households in 15 villages. The survey was conducted between September 2023 and August 2024. Statistical analysis was used to explore the relationship between the household head’s connection to the migrant and the factors that influence remittances, as well as the socioeconomic effects on the receiving households. The analysis revealed that the relationship between the household head and the migrant—whether father, mother, spouse, or brother—showed variability in both the motivations for sending remittances and the socioeconomic impacts in the rural areas. The factors affecting remittances and their resulting impacts varied depending on the household head’s relationship with the migrant and the community’s connections. Discrimination based on the household head’s local relationships also influenced the socioeconomic effects of the remittances.