Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change

Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management

Works Count: 58419

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This cluster of papers explores the drivers, impacts, and governance of tropical deforestation, including topics such as payments for ecosystem services, community-based conservation, protected areas, and the relationship between deforestation and climate change. It also delves into the challenges and potential solutions related to biodiversity conservation in the context of land use change and global forest transition.

Keywords

Tropical Deforestation; Environmental Services; Protected Areas; Community-Based Conservation; Biodiversity Conservation; Payments for Ecosystem Services; Climate Change; Forest Governance; Land Use Change; Global Forest Transition

Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015

2015-09-01

Rodney J. Keenan , Gregory A. Reams , Frédéric Achard +3 more

The area of land covered by forest and trees is an important indicator of environmental condition. This study presents and analyses results from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (FRA … The area of land covered by forest and trees is an important indicator of environmental condition. This study presents and analyses results from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (FRA 2015) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FRA 2015 was based on responses to surveys by individual countries using a common reporting framework, agreed definitions and reporting standards. Results indicated that total forest area declined by 3%, from 4128 M ha in 1990 to 3999 M ha in 2015. The annual rate of net forest loss halved from 7.3 M ha y−1 in the 1990s to 3.3 M ha y−1 between 2010 and 2015. Natural forest area declined from 3961 M ha to 3721 M ha between 1990 and 2015, while planted forest (including rubber plantations) increased from 168 M ha to 278 M ha. From 2010 to 2015, tropical forest area declined at a rate of 5.5 M ha y−1 – only 58% of the rate in the 1990s – while temperate forest area expanded at a rate of 2.2 M ha y−1. Boreal and sub-tropical forest areas showed little net change. Forest area expanded in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, East Asia, and Western-Central Asia, but declined in Central America, South America, South and Southeast Asia and all three regions in Africa. Analysis indicates that, between 1990 and 2015, 13 tropical countries may have either passed through their forest transitions from net forest loss to net forest expansion, or continued along the path of forest expansion that follows these transitions. Comparing FRA 2015 statistics with the findings of global and pan-tropical remote-sensing forest area surveys was challenging, due to differences in assessment periods, the definitions of forest and remote sensing methods. More investment in national and global forest monitoring is needed to provide better support for international initiatives to increase sustainable forest management and reduce forest loss, particularly in tropical countries.

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The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being

2010-03-04

Roy Haines‐Young , Marion Potschin

The degradation of ecosystem services poses a significant barrier to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the MDG targets for 2015.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, p. 18 The degradation of ecosystem services poses a significant barrier to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the MDG targets for 2015.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, p. 18

A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective

2004-01-01

John M. Anderies , Marco A. Janssen , Элинор Остром

Anderies, J. M., M. A. Janssen and E. Ostrom 2004. A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective. Ecology and Society 9(1):18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00610-090118 Anderies, J. M., M. A. Janssen and E. Ostrom 2004. A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective. Ecology and Society 9(1):18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00610-090118

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Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis

1992-08-01

Edella Schlager , Элинор Остром

The term common-property is an example of a term repeatedly used to refer to property owned by a government or by no one. It is also used for property owned … The term common-property is an example of a term repeatedly used to refer to property owned by a government or by no one. It is also used for property owned by a community of resource users. Such usage leads to confusion in scientific study and policy analysis. In this paper we develop a conceptual schema for arraying property-rights regimes that distinguishes among diverse bundles of rights ranging from authorized user, to claimant, to proprietor, and to owner. We apply this conceptual schema to analyze findings from a variety of empirical settings including the Maine lobster industry.

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Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire

1999-04-01

Daniel C. Nepstad , Adalberto Verssimo , Ane Alencar +7 more

Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation

2002-01-01

Helmut Geist , Éric F. Lambin

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Reconciling Food Production and Biodiversity Conservation: Land Sharing and Land Sparing Compared

2011-09-01

Ben Phalan , Malvika Onial , Andrew Balmford +1 more

The question of how to meet rising food demand at the least cost to biodiversity requires the evaluation of two contrasting alternatives: land sharing, which integrates both objectives on the … The question of how to meet rising food demand at the least cost to biodiversity requires the evaluation of two contrasting alternatives: land sharing, which integrates both objectives on the same land; and land sparing, in which high-yield farming is combined with protecting natural habitats from conversion to agriculture. To test these alternatives, we compared crop yields and densities of bird and tree species across gradients of agricultural intensity in southwest Ghana and northern India. More species were negatively affected by agriculture than benefited from it, particularly among species with small global ranges. For both taxa in both countries, land sparing is a more promising strategy for minimizing negative impacts of food production, at both current and anticipated future levels of production.

Consequences of changing biodiversity

2000-05-01

F. Stuart Chapin , Erika S. Zavaleta , Valerie T. Eviner +7 more

Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources

2001-10-01

Arun Agrawal

Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado

2005-06-01

Carlos Augusto Klink , Ricardo B. Machado

Abstract: The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. In the last 35 years, more than 50% of its approximately 2 million km2 has been transformed into pasture and … Abstract: The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. In the last 35 years, more than 50% of its approximately 2 million km2 has been transformed into pasture and agricultural lands planted in cash crops. The Cerrado has the richest flora among the world's savannas (>7000 species) and high levels of endemism. Species richness of birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, and insects is equally high, whereas mammal diversity is relatively low. Deforestation rates have been higher in the Cerrado than in the Amazon rainforest, and conservation efforts have been modest: only 2.2% of its area is under legal protection. Numerous animal and plant species are threatened with extinction, and an estimated 20% of threatened and endemic species do not occur in protected areas. Soil erosion, the degradation of the diverse Cerrado vegetation formations, and the spread of exotic grasses are widespread and major threats. The use of fire for clearing land and to encourage new growth for pasture has also caused damage, even though the Cerrado is a fire-adapted ecosystem. Ecosystem experiments and modeling show that change in land cover is altering the hydrology and affecting carbon stocks and fluxes. Cerrado agriculture is lucrative, and agricultural expansion is expected to continue, requiring improvements in and extension of the transportation infrastructure, which will affect not only the Cerrado but also the Amazon forest. Large-scale landscape modification and threats to numerous species have led to renewed interest from various sectors in promoting the conservation of the Cerrado, particularly through strengthening and enlarging the system of protected areas and improving farming practices and thus the livelihoods of local communities. Resumen: El Cerrado es uno de los sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad global. En los últimos 35 años, más de 50% de sus aproximadamente 2 millones de km2 ha sido transformado en tierras agrícolas con cultivos comerciales y de pastoreo. El Cerrado tiene la flora más rica entre las sabanas del mundo (>7000 especies) y altos niveles de endemismo. La riqueza de especies de aves, peces, reptiles, anfibios e insectos es igualmente alta, mientras que la diversidad de mamíferos es relativamente baja. Las tasas de deforestación han sido mayores en el Cerrado que en la selva lluviosa del Amazonas, y los esfuerzos de conservación han sido modestos: solo 2.2% de su superficie esta legalmente protegido. Numerosas especies de animales y plantas están amenazadas de extinción, y se estima que 20% de las especies amenazadas y endémicas no existen en áreas protegidas. La erosión del suelo, la degradación de diversas formaciones vegetales y la expansión de pastos exóticos son las amenazas principales y generalizadas. El uso de fuego para desmontar terrenos y estimular pastura nueva también ha causado daño, a pesar de que el Cerrado es un ecosistema adaptado al fuego. Experimentos y modelos del ecosistema muestran que el cambio en la cobertura del suelo esta alterando la hidrología y afectando las reservas y flujos de carbono. La agricultura en el Cerrado es lucrativa, y se espera que la expansión agrícola continué, lo que requerirá de mejoras en y la extensión de la infraestructura de transporte, lo que no solo afectará al Cerrado sino también a la selva Amazónica. Debido a la modificación del paisaje a gran escala y las amenazas a numerosas especies, hay un renovado interés de varios sectores para promover la conservación del Cerrado, particularmente mediante el reforzamiento y expansión del sistema de áreas protegidas, el mejoramiento de las prácticas agrícolas y del medio de vida de las comunidades locales.

Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature

2014-01-03

William F. Laurance , Jeffrey Sayer , Kenneth G. Cassman

Social Capital and the Environment

2001-02-01

Jules Pretty , Hugh Ward

High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change

2013-11-14

Matthew C. Hansen , Peter Potapov , Rebecca Moore +7 more

Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss … Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.

Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community-Based Natural Resource Management

1999-02-01

Melissa Leach , Robin Mearns , Ian Scoones

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A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change

2012-05-01

David U. Hooper , E. Carol Adair , Bradley J. Cardinale +7 more

Effectiveness of Parks in Protecting Tropical Biodiversity

2001-01-05

Aaron Bruner , Raymond E. Gullison , Richard E. Rice +1 more

We assessed the impacts of anthropogenic threats on 93 protected areas in 22 tropical countries to test the hypothesis that parks are an effective means to protect tropical biodiversity. We … We assessed the impacts of anthropogenic threats on 93 protected areas in 22 tropical countries to test the hypothesis that parks are an effective means to protect tropical biodiversity. We found that the majority of parks are successful at stopping land clearing, and to a lesser degree effective at mitigating logging, hunting, fire, and grazing. Park effectiveness correlates with basic management activities such as enforcement, boundary demarcation, and direct compensation to local communities, suggesting that even modest increases in funding would directly increase the ability of parks to protect tropical biodiversity.

Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century

2010-02-07

Ruth DeFries , Thomas K. Rudel , María Uriarte +1 more

Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity

2011-09-13

Luke Gibson , Tien Ming Lee , Lian Pin Koh +7 more

The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital

1998-04-01

Robert Costanza , Ralph C. d’Arge , R.S. de Groot +7 more

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Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon

2007-11-30

Yadvinder Malhi , J. Timmons Roberts , Richard Betts +3 more

The forest biome of Amazonia is one of Earth's greatest biological treasures and a major component of the Earth system. This century, it faces the dual threats of deforestation and … The forest biome of Amazonia is one of Earth's greatest biological treasures and a major component of the Earth system. This century, it faces the dual threats of deforestation and stress from climate change. Here, we summarize some of the latest findings and thinking on these threats, explore the consequences for the forest ecosystem and its human residents, and outline options for the future of Amazonia. We also discuss the implications of new proposals to finance preservation of Amazonian forests.

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Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being

2006-08-08

Sandra Dı́az , Joseph Fargione , F. Stuart Chapin +1 more

The diversity of life on Earth is dramatically affected by human alterations of ecosystems [ 1]. Compelling evidence now shows that the reverse is also true: biodiversity in the broad … The diversity of life on Earth is dramatically affected by human alterations of ecosystems [ 1]. Compelling evidence now shows that the reverse is also true: biodiversity in the broad sense affects the properties of ecosystems and, therefore, the benefits that humans obtain from them. In this article, we provide a synthesis of the most crucial messages emerging from the latest scientific literature and international assessments of the role of biodiversity in ecosystem services and human well-being. Human societies have been built on biodiversity. Many activities indispensable for human subsistence lead to biodiversity loss, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. We clearly benefit from the diversity of organisms that we have learned to use for medicines, food, fibers, and other renewable resources. In addition, biodiversity has always been an integral part of the human experience, and there are many moral reasons to preserve it for its own sake. What has been less recognized is that biodiversity also influences human well-being, including the access to water and basic materials for a satisfactory life, and security in the face of environmental change, through its effects on the ecosystem processes that lie at the core of the Earth's most vital life support systems ( Figure 1). Figure 1 Biodiversity Is Both a Response Variable Affected by Global Change Drivers and a Factor That Affects Human Well-Being Three recent publications from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [ 2–4], an initiative involving more than 1,500 scientists from all over the world [ 5], provide an updated picture of the fundamental messages and key challenges regarding biodiversity at the global scale. Chief among them are: (a) human-induced changes in land cover at the global scale lead to clear losers and winners among species in biotic communities; (b) these changes have large impacts on ecosystem processes and, thus, human well-being; and (c) such consequences will be felt disproportionately by the poor, who are most vulnerable to the loss of ecosystem services.

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Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity

2011-02-14

Éric F. Lambin , Patrick Meyfroidt

A central challenge for sustainability is how to preserve forest ecosystems and the services that they provide us while enhancing food production. This challenge for developing countries confronts the force … A central challenge for sustainability is how to preserve forest ecosystems and the services that they provide us while enhancing food production. This challenge for developing countries confronts the force of economic globalization, which seeks cropland that is shrinking in availability and triggers deforestation. Four mechanisms—the displacement, rebound, cascade, and remittance effects—that are amplified by economic globalization accelerate land conversion. A few developing countries have managed a land use transition over the recent decades that simultaneously increased their forest cover and agricultural production. These countries have relied on various mixes of agricultural intensification, land use zoning, forest protection, increased reliance on imported food and wood products, the creation of off-farm jobs, foreign capital investments, and remittances. Sound policies and innovations can therefore reconcile forest preservation with food production. Globalization can be harnessed to increase land use efficiency rather than leading to uncontrolled land use expansion. To do so, land systems should be understood and modeled as open systems with large flows of goods, people, and capital that connect local land use with global-scale factors.

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Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges

1999-04-09

Элинор Остром , Joanna Burger , Christopher B. Field +2 more

In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which … In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival.

Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources

2003-12-11

Jules Pretty

The proposition that natural resources need protection from the destructive actions of people is widely accepted. Yet communities have shown in the past and increasingly today that they can collaborate … The proposition that natural resources need protection from the destructive actions of people is widely accepted. Yet communities have shown in the past and increasingly today that they can collaborate for long-term resource management. The term social capital captures the idea that social bonds and norms are critical for sustainability. Where social capital is high in formalized groups, people have the confidence to invest in collective activities, knowing that others will do so too. Some 0.4 to 0.5 million groups have been established since the early 1990s for watershed, forest, irrigation, pest, wildlife, fishery, and microfinance management. These offer a route to sustainable management and governance of common resources.

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Tropical Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite Data from 1978 to 1988

1993-06-25

David L. Skole , Compton J. Tucker

Landsat satellite imagery covering the entire forested portion of the Brazilian Amazon Basin was used to measure, for 1978 and 1988, deforestation, fragmented forest, defined as areas less than 100 … Landsat satellite imagery covering the entire forested portion of the Brazilian Amazon Basin was used to measure, for 1978 and 1988, deforestation, fragmented forest, defined as areas less than 100 square kilometers surrounded by deforestation, and edge effects of 1 kilometer into forest from adjacent areas of deforestation. Tropical deforestation increased from 78,000 square kilometers in 1978 to 230,000 square kilometers in 1988 while tropical forest habitat, severely affected with respect to biological diversity, increased from 208,000 to 588,000 square kilometers. Although this rate of deforestation is lower than previous estimates, the effect on biological diversity is greater.

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The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-two years later

1990-03-01

David Feeny , Fikret Berkes , Bonnie J. McCay +1 more

Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities

2006-07-06

Thomas M. Brooks , R. A. Mittermeier , Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca +6 more

The location of and threats to biodiversity are distributed unevenly, so prioritization is essential to minimize biodiversity loss. To address this need, biodiversity conservation organizations have proposed nine templates of … The location of and threats to biodiversity are distributed unevenly, so prioritization is essential to minimize biodiversity loss. To address this need, biodiversity conservation organizations have proposed nine templates of global priorities over the past decade. Here, we review the concepts, methods, results, impacts, and challenges of these prioritizations of conservation practice within the theoretical irreplaceability/vulnerability framework of systematic conservation planning. Most of the templates prioritize highly irreplaceable regions; some are reactive (prioritizing high vulnerability), and others are proactive (prioritizing low vulnerability). We hope this synthesis improves understanding of these prioritization approaches and that it results in more efficient allocation of geographically flexible conservation funding.

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A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas

2007-09-20

Элинор Остром

The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or … The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources. Moving beyond panaceas to develop cumulative capacities to diagnose the problems and potentialities of linked SESs requires serious study of complex, multivariable, nonlinear, cross-scale, and changing systems. Many variables have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. A step toward developing a diagnostic method is taken by organizing these variables in a nested, multitier framework. The framework enables scholars to organize analyses of how attributes of ( i ) a resource system (e.g., fishery, lake, grazing area), ( ii ) the resource units generated by that system (e.g., fish, water, fodder), ( iii ) the users of that system, and ( iv ) the governance system jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place. The framework also enables us to organize how these attributes may affect and be affected by larger socioeconomic, political, and ecological settings in which they are embedded, as well as smaller ones. The framework is intended to be a step toward building a strong interdisciplinary science of complex, multilevel systems that will enable future diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in a social–ecological context.

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Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty

2004-11-11

William M. Adams , Ros Aveling , Dan Brockington +6 more

It is widely accepted that biodiversity loss and poverty are linked problems and that conservation and poverty reduction should be tackled together. However, success with integrated strategies is elusive. There … It is widely accepted that biodiversity loss and poverty are linked problems and that conservation and poverty reduction should be tackled together. However, success with integrated strategies is elusive. There is sharp debate about the social impacts of conservation programs and the success of community-based approaches to conservation. Clear conceptual frameworks are needed if policies in these two areas are to be combined. We review the links between poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation and present a conceptual typology of these relationships.

Participatory Exclusions, Community Forestry, and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework

2001-10-01

Bina Agarwal

The IPBES Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people

2014-12-20

Sandra Dı́az , Sebsebe Demissew , Julia Carabias +7 more

The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all … The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of society.

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Rethinking Community‐Based Conservation

2004-05-10

Fikret Berkes

Abstract: Community‐based conservation (CBC) is based on the idea that if conservation and development could be simultaneously achieved, then the interests of both could be served. It has been controversial … Abstract: Community‐based conservation (CBC) is based on the idea that if conservation and development could be simultaneously achieved, then the interests of both could be served. It has been controversial because community development objectives are not necessarily consistent with conservation objectives in a given case. I examined CBC from two angles. First, CBC can be seen in the context of paradigm shifts in ecology and applied ecology. I identified three conceptual shifts—toward a systems view, toward the inclusion of humans in the ecosystem, and toward participatory approaches to ecosystem management—that are interrelated and pertain to an understanding of ecosystems as complex adaptive systems in which humans are an integral part. Second, I investigated the feasibility of CBC, as informed by a number of emerging interdisciplinary fields that have been pursuing various aspects of coupled systems of humans and nature. These fields—common property, traditional ecological knowledge, environmental ethics, political ecology, and environmental history—provide insights for CBC. They may contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary conservation science with a more sophisticated understanding of social‐ecological interactions. The lessons from these fields include the importance of cross‐scale conservation, adaptive comanagement, the question of incentives and multiple stakeholders, the use of traditional ecological knowledge, and development of a cross‐cultural conservation ethic.

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Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster

2004-09-18

Navjot S. Sodhi , Lian Pin Koh , Barry W. Brook +1 more

Beyond Deforestation: Restoring Forests and Ecosystem Services on Degraded Lands

2008-06-12

Robin L. Chazdon

Despite continued forest conversion and degradation, forest cover is increasing in countries across the globe. New forests are regenerating on former agricultural land, and forest plantations are being established for … Despite continued forest conversion and degradation, forest cover is increasing in countries across the globe. New forests are regenerating on former agricultural land, and forest plantations are being established for commercial and restoration purposes. Plantations and restored forests can improve ecosystem services and enhance biodiversity conservation, but will not match the composition and structure of the original forest cover. Approaches to restoring forest ecosystems depend strongly on levels of forest and soil degradation, residual vegetation, and desired restoration outcomes. Opportunities abound to combine ambitious forest restoration and regeneration goals with sustainable rural livelihoods and community participation. New forests will require adaptive management as dynamic, resilient systems that can withstand stresses of climate change, habitat fragmentation, and other anthropogenic effects.

Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s

2010-08-31

Holly K. Gibbs , A. S. Ruesch , Frédéric Achard +4 more

Global demand for agricultural products such as food, feed, and fuel is now a major driver of cropland and pasture expansion across much of the developing world. Whether these new … Global demand for agricultural products such as food, feed, and fuel is now a major driver of cropland and pasture expansion across much of the developing world. Whether these new agricultural lands replace forests, degraded forests, or grasslands greatly influences the environmental consequences of expansion. Although the general pattern is known, there still is no definitive quantification of these land-cover changes. Here we analyze the rich, pan-tropical database of classified Landsat scenes created by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to examine pathways of agricultural expansion across the major tropical forest regions in the 1980s and 1990s and use this information to highlight the future land conversions that probably will be needed to meet mounting demand for agricultural products. Across the tropics, we find that between 1980 and 2000 more than 55% of new agricultural land came at the expense of intact forests, and another 28% came from disturbed forests. This study underscores the potential consequences of unabated agricultural expansion for forest conservation and carbon emissions.

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Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation

1999-04-01

Arun Agrawal , Clark C. Gibson

The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths

2001-12-01

Éric F. Lambin , B. L. Turner , Helmut Geist +7 more

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A Theory of Access*

2003-06-01

Jesse Ribot , Nancy Lee Peluso

Abstract The term “access” is frequently used by property and natural resource analysts without adequate definition. In this paper we develop a concept of access and examine a broad set … Abstract The term “access” is frequently used by property and natural resource analysts without adequate definition. In this paper we develop a concept of access and examine a broad set of factors that differentiate access from property. We define access as “the ability to derive benefits from things,” broadening from property's classical definition as “the right to benefit from things.” Access, following this definition, is more akin to “a bundle of powers” than to property's notion of a “bundle of rights.” This formulation includes a wider range of social relationships that constrain or enable benefits from resource use than property relations alone. Using this framing, we suggest a method of access analysis for identifying the constellations of means, relations, and processes that enable various actors to derive benefits from resources. Our intent is to enable scholars, planners, and policy makers to empirically “map” dynamic processes and relationships of access.

REDISCOVERY OF TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AS ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

2000-10-01

Fikret Berkes , Johan Colding , Carl Folke

Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international literature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological … Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international literature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in monitoring, responding to, and managing ecosystem processes and functions, with special attention to ecological resilience. Case studies revealed that there exists a diversity of local or traditional practices for ecosystem management. These include multiple species management, resource rotation, succession management, landscape patchiness management, and other ways of responding to and managing pulses and ecological surprises. Social mechanisms behind these traditional practices include a number of adaptations for the generation, accumulation, and transmission of knowledge; the use of local institutions to provide leaders/stewards and rules for social regulation; mechanisms for cultural internalization of traditional practices; and the development of appropriate world views and cultural values. Some traditional knowledge and management systems were characterized by the use of local ecological knowledge to interpret and respond to feedbacks from the environment to guide the direction of resource management. These traditional systems had certain similarities to adaptive management with its emphasis on feedback learning, and its treatment of uncertainty and unpredictability intrinsic to all ecosystems.

Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscapes

2005-12-08

David Lamb , Peter D. Erskine , John A. Parrotta

The current scale of deforestation in tropical regions and the large areas of degraded lands now present underscore the urgent need for interventions to restore biodiversity, ecological functioning, and the … The current scale of deforestation in tropical regions and the large areas of degraded lands now present underscore the urgent need for interventions to restore biodiversity, ecological functioning, and the supply of goods and ecological services previously used by poor rural communities. Traditional timber plantations have supplied some goods but have made only minor contributions to fulfilling most of these other objectives. New approaches to reforestation are now emerging, with potential for both overcoming forest degradation and addressing rural poverty.

A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes

2009-07-16

Claudia Pahl‐Wostl

Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas

2006-06-05

Paige West , James Igoe , Dan Brockington

This review examines the social, economic, and political effects of environmental conservation projects as they are manifested in protected areas. We pay special attention to people living in and displaced … This review examines the social, economic, and political effects of environmental conservation projects as they are manifested in protected areas. We pay special attention to people living in and displaced from protected areas, analyze the worldwide growth of protected areas over the past 20 years, and offer suggestions for future research trajectories in anthropology. We examine protected areas as a way of seeing, understanding, and producing nature (environment) and culture (society) and as a way of attempting to manage and control the relationship between the two. We focus on social, economic, scientific, and political changes in places where there are protected areas and in the urban centers that control these areas. We also examine violence, conflict, power relations, and governmentality as they are connected to the processes of protection. Finally, we examine discourse and its effects and argue that anthropology needs to move beyond the current examinations of language and power to attend to the ways in which protected areas produce space, place, and peoples.

Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity

2012-06-01

Bradley J. Cardinale , J. Emmett Duffy , Andrew Gonzalez +7 more

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Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines

2010-04-30

Stuart H. M. Butchart , Matt Walpole , Ben Collen +7 more

Global Biodiversity Target Missed In 2002, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) committed to a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. There has been widespread conjecture … Global Biodiversity Target Missed In 2002, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) committed to a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. There has been widespread conjecture that this target has not been met. Butchart et al. (p. 1164 , published online 29 April) analyzed over 30 indicators developed within the CBD's framework. These indicators include the condition or state of biodiversity (e.g., species numbers, population sizes), the pressures on biodiversity (e.g., deforestation), and the responses to maintain biodiversity (e.g., protected areas) and were assessed between about 1970 and 2005. Taken together, the results confirm that we have indeed failed to meet the 2010 targets.

Guidelines for applying protected area management categories

2008-01-01

Nigel Dudley

IUCNs Protected Areas Management Categories, which classify protected areas according to their management objectives, are today accepted as the benchmark for defining, recording and classifying protected areas.They are recognized by … IUCNs Protected Areas Management Categories, which classify protected areas according to their management objectives, are today accepted as the benchmark for defining, recording and classifying protected areas.They are recognized by international bodies such as the United Nations as well as many national governments. As a result, they are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation. These guidelines provide as much clarity as possible regarding the meaning and application of the Categories. They describe the definition of the Categories and discuss application in particular biomes and management approaches.

Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach

2017-02-23

Unai Pascual , Patricia Balvanera , Sandra Dı́az +7 more

Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, … Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledge–policy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and NCP.

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Classifying drivers of global forest loss

2018-09-13

Philip G. Curtis , Christy M. Slay , Nancy L. Harris +2 more

Global maps of forest loss depict the scale and magnitude of forest disturbance, yet companies, governments, and nongovernmental organizations need to distinguish permanent conversion (i.e., deforestation) from temporary loss from … Global maps of forest loss depict the scale and magnitude of forest disturbance, yet companies, governments, and nongovernmental organizations need to distinguish permanent conversion (i.e., deforestation) from temporary loss from forestry or wildfire. Using satellite imagery, we developed a forest loss classification model to determine a spatial attribution of forest disturbance to the dominant drivers of land cover and land use change over the period 2001 to 2015. Our results indicate that 27% of global forest loss can be attributed to deforestation through permanent land use change for commodity production. The remaining areas maintained the same land use over 15 years; in those areas, loss was attributed to forestry (26%), shifting agriculture (24%), and wildfire (23%). Despite corporate commitments, the rate of commodity-driven deforestation has not declined. To end deforestation, companies must eliminate 5 million hectares of conversion from supply chains each year.

China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management

2019-02-11

Chi Chen , Taejin Park , Xuhui Wang +7 more

Species Assemblages and Indicator Species: The Need for a Flexible Asymmetrical Approach

1997-08-01

Marc Dufrêne , Pierre Legendre

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Land cover changes in buffer zones and the effectiveness of this conservation strategy: Case study of Southeastern Brazil

2025-06-24

Bartira Rodrigues Guerra , Patrícia Abrantes , Victor Eduardo Lima Ranieri | Land Use Policy

Locating Traces of Arboreal Beings: Connecting the Tree and the Woodblock

2025-06-24

Julian Laffan | Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania

ABSTRACT Woodblocks for printmaking are multi‐perspectival communicators inscribed with layered narratives. The artistic process of cutting excavates the surface of a woodblock, making visible lesser‐seen traces of the past, reflective … ABSTRACT Woodblocks for printmaking are multi‐perspectival communicators inscribed with layered narratives. The artistic process of cutting excavates the surface of a woodblock, making visible lesser‐seen traces of the past, reflective of the practice of archaeology. Printmakers and carvers make arboreal alterations as they gouge into surfaces of woodblocks, modifying them for cultural and communicative purposes. These artefacts also retain more‐than‐human marks from burrowing, clawing and gnawing of insects, marsupials and birds. The printable visual narrative of a woodblock simultaneously uncovers the life of a tree as an arboreal being, revealing traces of growth and past alterations. The continuing substantive presence of a tree is made evident through woodgrain, visible within a woodblock, transferred via the corresponding print. Through collecting and printing discarded or broken wooden fragments, I explore creative processes to unearth past histories of salvaged woodblocks. The marks trace multiple narratives of the life of the woodblock, conveying the wear of time and connection to living trees. Investigating exploratory methods that bridge the tactile connectivity of the living tree with its remnants is a reparative action. Cutting, inking and printing subjectively connect fragments with life to inform an understanding of our arboreal ancestors through a material understanding of wood.

Conflict Between Conservation and Livelihood: Gender‐Specific Impacts of a Fishing Ban on Erhai Lake, China

2025-06-24

Shengming Tang , Kyoko Kusakabe | Fisheries Management and Ecology

ABSTRACT Fishing bans are an important regulation for fishery management, but the gender‐specific impact of fishing bans has rarely been studied on traditional fishing communities. We aimed to quantify how … ABSTRACT Fishing bans are an important regulation for fishery management, but the gender‐specific impact of fishing bans has rarely been studied on traditional fishing communities. We aimed to quantify how women and men from a traditional Bai fishing community around Erhai Lake, China, were affected by a year‐round fishing ban implemented in 2017. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods, we quantified gendered impacts of the fishing ban on various aspects of life. The fishing ban excluded women from fishing and also decreased their household income, which increased women's burden to manage household finances. Poorer women were affected more than better‐off women because they had fewer resources. Men fishers indulged in mahjong gambling to release their stress during the fishing ban, thereby increasing women's stress. Our findings highlight the importance of intersectional gender analysis and coping strategies of fishers when analyzing socioeconomic effects of fishing bans.

Are traditional agroforestry systems nature-based carbon sinks? Empirical evidence from Tanzania

2025-06-24

Samora M. Andrew , Eziacka Mathew Mpelangwa , Anthony A. Kimaro | Agroforestry Systems

Beyond Reducing Deforestation: Impacts of a REDD+ Project on Household Livelihoods

2025-06-24

Gabriela Demarchi , Julie Subervie , Cauê Dias Carrilho +2 more | The Journal of Development Studies

Effectiveness of Management of Conservation Units from the Experiences of the State of Pará: An Integrative Review

2025-06-24

Shislene Rodrigues de Souza , Alzira Almeida de Araújo , Lucyana Barros Santos +1 more | Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental

Objective: The present work aims to investigate how Conservation Units in the state of Pará are approached in terms of management effectiveness Theoretical Framework: Conservation Units (CU) make up Protected … Objective: The present work aims to investigate how Conservation Units in the state of Pará are approached in terms of management effectiveness Theoretical Framework: Conservation Units (CU) make up Protected areas or even spaces called specially protected territorial spaces (ETEP). Given the potential to contain part of the wealth of natural resources in the Amazon biome, Pará began its leading role in the protection process in the 1980s with the 1989 State Constitution bringing the first textual mentions in the UC logic. Despite time, most UCs still have difficulties in consolidating Method: Qualitative and analytical in nature, the methodology adopted for this research comprises the integrative review technique. Results and Discussion: It was observed that there is a certain lack of research regarding the discussion on the way in which Nature CU in the state of Pará are being resolved, and the challenges encountered over time, in the aspect relating to the effectiveness of management of the areas, given the representativeness of the territory designated for protection Research Implications: The research involves deepening and viewing practices and theories that can strengthen the dynamics of governance, planning and management of CU, in a regionalized manner, within the State of Pará. Originality/Value: The relevance and value of this research lies in bringing discussions that are being addressed in the literature on management effectiveness, focused exclusively on the Nature Conservation Units of Pará, as the state presents unique characteristics, such as: high socio-environmental diversity, diverse economic pressures, but mainly problems linked to deforestation, in addition to strategic importance for the conservation of the Amazon.

Traditional agroforestry systems in Timor-Leste can store large amounts of carbon in both soil and biomass

2025-06-24

Camille Piponiot , Marguerite Cogné , Vincent Freycon +3 more | Agroforestry Systems

Pathways to just conservation: A crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis of environmental defender mobilization in conservation conflicts

2025-06-23

Raphael Anammasiya Ayambire , Jeremy Pittman , Gideon Abagna Azunre +5 more | Global Environmental Change

Ecosystem Services, Carbon Sequestration, Management and Species Preference of Parkland Agroforestry in Ethiopia: A Review

2025-06-23

Addisu Wolde , Sisay Desalegn | Journal of Sustainable Forestry

Engaging with Coastal Ecosystems: Communities' Perception of Mangroves in Kigamboni, Tanzania

2025-06-23

Gideon Bulengela , Rose Irene Mbwete | Journal of research and academic writing.

Mangroves are among the coastal ecosystems that benefit the environment and communities. How communities interact and relate with this vital resource is critical for sustainability. This study aimed to explore … Mangroves are among the coastal ecosystems that benefit the environment and communities. How communities interact and relate with this vital resource is critical for sustainability. This study aimed to explore community members' perceptions of mangroves. A qualitative approach was applied. Data were generated through interviews, focus group discussions, and observation. Twenty-nine (29) informants from three communities in Kigamboni district were involved in the study. Data analysis was done using content analysis. Findings indicate that community members possessed valuable knowledge of the ecosystem benefits of the mangroves. Such benefits include the provision of habitat, feeding, and breeding services, acting as a natural protector of the coastal area, and improving water quality. Respondents also mentioned several ways in which they utilized the mangroves. Additionally, though some community members participated in mangrove management, the study revealed a limited involvement of community members in mangrove conservation. This study calls on mangrove managers to consider coastal communities' knowledge and perceptions and use it as capital for involving them in mangrove conservation for improved resource management.

Local people in both frontier and intensifying landscapes in Ecuador desire forest restoration that provides multiple benefits

2025-06-23

Gabriela Barragán , Jeanine M. Rhemtulla | People and Nature

Abstract Forest restoration is being promoted globally as an action that addresses multiple challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss and poverty. But restoration projects will only persist over the long … Abstract Forest restoration is being promoted globally as an action that addresses multiple challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss and poverty. But restoration projects will only persist over the long term if their goals are aligned with local people's interests and priorities. Few projects, however, assess local interests, or how these might be influenced by factors, such as local landscape condition and need for ecosystem services (ES). We hypothesized that inhabitants in highly degraded, intensifying landscapes, would prefer the restoration of regulating and cultural ES to improve ecological function and relational values, whereas people in fast‐changing frontier landscapes with large areas of remaining intact ecosystems would prefer provisioning ES. We surveyed local community members in both intensifying and frontier landscapes in Ecuador, which has been implementing an ambitious national reforestation programme, to assess local preferences and priorities for restoration. Participants selected and ranked potential restoration sites and explained their selection criteria. We categorized these criteria by ES classes to analyse local intentions, interests (frequency of ES) and priorities (ranking) at local and landscape scales. At a landscape scale, contrary to our expectations, inhabitants in both landscapes showed higher interest and priority for regulating and cultural ES than for provisioning ES. Interest in regulating ES was higher in the intensifying landscape (56%) than in the frontier (46%), whereas interest in provisioning ES was higher in the frontier (26%) than in the intensifying (15%). At a local scale (by site type), interest and priority of ES varied within landscapes. Our results show that local communities are motivated to engage in restoration to recover scarce ES. Moreover, the results invoke a pro‐active precautionary ‘Ecosystem service enhancement‐path’ to enhance and prevent ES scarcity. Framing interest and priorities through the lens of ES can help local communities and stakeholders formulate restoration goals that align with the particular socio‐ecological contexts of their landscapes, thereby improving local well‐being while meeting the ambitious global climate targets for restoration. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Assessing Carbon Sequestration and Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry Practices in Madhupur Garh of Bangladesh for Climate Change Mitigation

2025-06-21

Md. Shakhawat Hossain , S. M. Kamran Ashraf , Md. Habibur Rahman +5 more | Journal of Agroforestry and Environment

Agroforestry has emerged as a sustainable land-use strategy to combat climate change while supporting livelihoods in tropical regions. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services of agroforestry … Agroforestry has emerged as a sustainable land-use strategy to combat climate change while supporting livelihoods in tropical regions. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services of agroforestry systems in Madhupur Garh, Bangladesh, to assess their role in climate change mitigation and socio-ecological resilience. Through field measurements and farmer surveys, the research analyzed ten dominant tree species for their carbon storage capacity and explored the multidimensional benefits these systems provide to local communities. The findings reveal substantial variation in carbon sequestration across species. Shorea robusta (Sal) demonstrated the highest capacity (1878.18 lbs CO₂ per tree), followed by Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), and Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany), all of which are characterized by high biomass, height, and diameter. These species act as effective carbon sinks. In contrast, fruit trees like Litchi chinensis and Areca catechu (Betel nut) sequestered less carbon but enhanced agroforestry diversity and household nutrition. Beyond carbon sequestration, agroforestry systems provided vital ecosystem services. About 58% of farmers reported improved food security, while 62% observed better forest resilience through soil erosion control and biodiversity enhancement. Cultural and aesthetic benefits were also noted—50% valued the scenic beauty of agroforestry landscapes, 40% practiced traditional land rituals, and 38% experienced improved mental well-being. However, challenges persist, including limited awareness of sustainable practices (only 36.67% showed high knowledge) and low participation in ecological monitoring (just 20%). The study recommends emphasizing high-carbon species while preserving species diversity to ensure multifunctionality. Policy actions should support farmer training, incentivize best practices, and integrate indigenous knowledge into forest governance. This research offers a practical framework for scaling agroforestry as a nature-based solution, advancing both climate resilience and rural development in Bangladesh and comparable tropical regions.

An assessment of forest degradation in the Sonitpur East Forest division, Assam, India using object-based image analysis

2025-06-21

Subhash Medhi , Kunal Chanda , Sourav Chetia +2 more | Australian Geographer

Exploring the Ecological Value and Current Status of Ancient Tree Conservation: A Case Study of Singapore and a Comparison with France and the United Kingdom

2025-06-20

Jiaxin Liu | Theoretical and Natural Science

Ancient trees are not only key nodes in ecosystems but also composite carriers of cultural, historical, and social values. With the intensification of global climate change and the acceleration of … Ancient trees are not only key nodes in ecosystems but also composite carriers of cultural, historical, and social values. With the intensification of global climate change and the acceleration of urbanisation, ancient trees face existential threats, and their conservation has become a critical issue in ecological governance systems. This paper takes Singapore as a core case study to systematically explore the ecological value and management mechanisms of ancient tree conservation. Comparing the policy practices of France and the United Kingdom, it reveals the different paths chosen by countries in ancient tree conservation and the effectiveness of their implementation. In terms of research methods, this paper combines literature analysis with questionnaire surveys to collect feedback from relevant practitioners and policy implementers in Singapore on the effectiveness of ancient tree conservation, public participation, and policy response mechanisms. The study found that Singapore has strong advantages in refined management, legal mechanism construction, and public participation, but there is still room for improvement in multi-scale ecological value assessment and the integration of historical and cultural values. France emphasises the continuity of historical landscapes, while the United Kingdom relies on institutionalised citizen science and a national ancient tree database system. Both countries have distinctive features in multi-stakeholder governance and data transparency. This paper aims to provide experience and policy recommendations for ancient tree protection policies in Asian regions, particularly in tropical cities, through cross-national comparisons and data analysis.

Protected areas can provide net benefits without reducing the loss of ecosystem area

2025-06-20

Wumeng He , Brian C. Murray , Kaichao Chang +6 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Evaluations of protected areas (PAs) commonly measure PA effectiveness by the avoided loss of ecosystem area, with many reporting a lack of effectiveness according to this measure. Here, we … <title>Abstract</title> Evaluations of protected areas (PAs) commonly measure PA effectiveness by the avoided loss of ecosystem area, with many reporting a lack of effectiveness according to this measure. Here, we present evidence that avoided area loss can be a misleading measure of PA effectiveness, because it does not account for spatial variation in conservation benefits and costs. We evaluate PAs in India’s coastal mangrove forests against both an avoided deforestation measure and alternative measures that account for spatially varying carbon stocks and agricultural land values. We find that the PA system did not significantly reduce overall deforestation during 1990–2015, yet it provided significant net climate benefits because carbon stocks were greater in areas where forest cover increased than in areas where it decreased. This favorable climate impact depends, however, on the carbon price used in the evaluation being sufficiently high to offset protection’s opportunity cost. Our findings imply that PA evaluations should shift toward using more complete measures of effectiveness than avoided area loss.

Enabling conditions for conservation on Indigenous and community lands

2025-06-19

Stephanie Brittain , Andrea Alatorre , Leigh‐Anne Bullough +1 more | Conservation Biology

Abstract Despite increasing evidence and general acceptance in global environmental policy of the significant role of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IP&LC) in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, an … Abstract Despite increasing evidence and general acceptance in global environmental policy of the significant role of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IP&LC) in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, an implementation gap remains between global policy and how conservation plays out on the ground. One reason for this discrepancy may be the lack of a coherent evidence base on how best to support the contributions of IP&LC to conservation. Enabling conditions are often discussed in conservation policy, but the diverse factors that may enable or disable Indigenous and community conservation are frequently not considered in empirical studies of conservation outcomes. We explored the enabling conditions and ecological outcomes of conservation that are measured or reported in the literature on forested lands held by IP&LC and identified gaps and biases in the current knowledge base. We searched 3 bibliographic databases and screened the results for relevance against predefined inclusion criteria, reviewing 182 articles. Articles examined the effects of 20 enabling conditions on 11 ecological outcomes. The more frequently explored links were between the enabling conditions—governance and law and policy—and the outcomes—forest cover and forest quality. Key knowledge gaps were the impacts of enabling conditions on species‐level outcomes and certain ecosystem services, such as soil and water quality and carbon sequestration. Priorities for future reviews include in‐depth examinations of the linkages we identified and the quality of evidence that exists. Understanding how IP&LC can best be supported is a critical step in promoting rights‐based approaches, as set out in the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.

Rethinking scaling-out processes in community-based natural resource governance

2025-06-19

Clare Barnes | Biological Conservation

Biodiversity-Climate-Society Nexus assessment through Participatory System Dynamics Model. The case study of Amazon forest-based value chain

2025-06-19

Stefania Santoro , Alessandro Pagano , Wendy Francesconi +2 more | The Science of The Total Environment

The Biodiversity-Climate-Society (BCS) Nexus arises from the awareness of defining the integration of social, ecological and climate dimensions to address complex global challenges. The complexity related to feedback loops and … The Biodiversity-Climate-Society (BCS) Nexus arises from the awareness of defining the integration of social, ecological and climate dimensions to address complex global challenges. The complexity related to feedback loops and combined interactions at spatial, temporal and organisational scales highlights the need for innovative and transdisciplinary analytical tools that consider local contexts, multi-scale interactions and social and political dimensions. To this aim, this study offers a methodological framework based on the Participatory System Dynamics Model (PSDM) to analyse and map the complex interaction of Nexus. The model-building process also integrates local knowledge, Ecosystem Services (ES), and value chain impacts. Using this method in Rondônia's forest-based value chain, the study shows how forest cover changes and unstainable activities threaten vital ecosystem services, especially for Indigenous communities. Through a participatory approach including local communities and stakeholders, the study generated shared knowledge and promoted dialogue to identify the main challenges toward transformative change.

Woodlands as refuges and resources for paddy spider communities: Varying importance with land consolidation intensity

2025-06-19

Pengyao Li , Ruxia Qin , M.-H. Herman Shen +5 more | Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment

Land Use, Sustainability, and Democratic Backsliding

2025-06-19

Patrick Meyfroidt | EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)

Land use and land systems, i.e. how human societies manage and interact with land through social-ecological systems, are at the core of sustainability issues. Democratic backsliding, i.e. the decline or … Land use and land systems, i.e. how human societies manage and interact with land through social-ecological systems, are at the core of sustainability issues. Democratic backsliding, i.e. the decline or degradation of the institutions and social norms that sustain democratic societies, is a widespread and impactful trend, with strong but understudied two-ways linkages with land use dynamics. From protests instrumentalized by the far right against agricultural, nature restoration and land management policies, to regimes rejecting democracy and furthering extractivist economies based on mining, logging and large-scale investments, to right-wing populist discourses and movements blending denial of sustainability issues and nationalism, or authoritarian regimes spearheading tropical deforestation, the articulation between democratic backsliding and land use unsustainability is a massive challenge for contemporary societies and nature. Novel and robust scientific knowledge on these linkages is crucial to unlock this feedback loop and identify pathways to reconcile land use sustainability and democracy. In this paper, I argue that we need key contributions to understanding the linkages between these issues, with (i) explicit articulation and embedding of democratic backsliding concerns and knowledge within land system and sustainability science – moving beyond a focus of democratic backsliding research on social, economic and political aspects, and beyond a focus of sustainability science on policy rather than politics – ; (ii) spatial, quantitative causal analyses of linkages between multiple forms of democratic backsliding and land use changes and related environmental impacts – moving beyond mostly qualitative, political analyses – ; (iii) syntheses and theory building on these two-way interactions.

“There's a Lot of Public Beaches, So There's No Reason Anyone Can't Go Out if They Want To”: Conservation Stakeholders’ View of Access in the Iowa Great Lakes

2025-06-19

Austin Holland | Journal of Park and Recreation Administration

There is little understanding of how conservation managers conceptualize, much less manage for, public access to natural resources. This is particularly true within privatized agricultural landscapes facing environmental pressures such … There is little understanding of how conservation managers conceptualize, much less manage for, public access to natural resources. This is particularly true within privatized agricultural landscapes facing environmental pressures such as the Iowa Great Lakes (IGL) region. This research uses Ribot and Peluso's A Theory of Access as a framework for analyzing interviews with IGL conservation actors to examine how actors conceptualize access and how they manage it. While the semi-structured interviewees conceive of access in diverse ways, most understand public access as a structural-relational issue, and identify capital, technology, and knowledge as the principal mechanisms that mediate the public’s ability to access the IGLs. Respondents nonetheless feel limited in their capacity to enhance access given their conservation work is on private lands. Despite these feelings, participants expressed practical steps that could help improve access in the IGL. We summarize these practical steps and those from previous studies to improve access management in the IGL and elsewhere. These include increased multilingual signage, recreational programming centered around access, and increased communication with key stakeholders. Finally, this study highlights how others can use Ribot and Peluso's (2003) mechanisms of access as a framework when addressing access issues.

African Wood and Sustainable Ambitions

2025-06-19

Fabrice Pirolli | Routledge eBooks

CONTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT GROUPS TO EFFECTIVE FOREST CONSERVATION. A CASE STUDY OF THE MWAMBA COMMUNITY FOREST IN KASAMA, ZAMBIA

2025-06-19

B. Chirwa , Anthony Phiri | Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment

Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. … Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. Effective forest management is key to food security and stability of national economies. The quest for efficient and sustainable management of forested areas has led to the surge in research exploring the involvement of local people in forest management. This study aimed to assess the contribution of community forest management groups in effective forest conservation. Several research questions were asked to explore the subject: What are the approaches used to sustainably manage the Mwamba Community Forest and how effective are they? What challenges are faced to achieve sustainable forest management? What strategies are used to overcome the challenges faced in managing forests in a sustainable manner? This study targeted 127 household respondents living around the Mwamba Community Forest, together with key informants. The mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was used. Questionnaires were administered to collect data from respondents. The variable parameters were analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS statistic 26. The effectiveness of the approaches in managing the natural resources in the forest were confirmed by 84% of the respondents, but 11% disagreed, and 5% were indecisive. The study also revealed various forest management activities being practiced, such as woodlot management, beekeeping, and gardening. The study recommends that the government build capacity in the local communities through training, financial empowerment, and incentives.

Assessment of Wildlife Conservation in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserved in Sardauna Local Government Area, Taraba State

2025-06-19

E.B. Bwadi , F. D. Ezekiel , Musa David Garkida +6 more | Environmental Technology and Science Journal

The global concern over wildlife conservation highlights the need for continuous education and community involvement, particularly in Nigeria, to address challenges in perception and ensure sustainable practices. The study assessed … The global concern over wildlife conservation highlights the need for continuous education and community involvement, particularly in Nigeria, to address challenges in perception and ensure sustainable practices. The study assessed the wildlife conservation in the Ngel-Nyaki forest reserve, Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State. Descriptive research design and a random sampling technique were used to select 400 people in Yelwa community and Ngel forest reserved workers from a population of 327,000. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using mean score with a benchmark of 2.50. The results from the analysis revealed that the people of Ngel-Nyaki community are aware of wildlife conservation. However, there are no efforts made by the government towards the conservation of wildlife in Ngel Nyaki forest reserve. More so, analysis from the study also shows that deforestation, indiscriminate hunting of wild animals, and climate change are the major factors affecting wildlife conservation in Ngel Nyaki forest reserve. The study recommended government involvements towards the conservation of wildlife in Ngel-Nyaki forest reserve and the prohibition of deforestation, and indiscriminate hunting of wild animals in the forest reserved.

Recovery of forest land cover due to forest landscape restoration of the Bunduki gap in the Uluguru Nature Forest Reserve, Morogoro, Tanzania

2025-06-18

Abdulkadiri M. Ramiya , Emmanuel F. Nzunda , Charles Joseph Kilawe +2 more | Arabian Journal of Geosciences

Forest Resource Management for Potential Carbon Sequestration through Local Self-Governance by Communities

2025-06-18

Christian Kofi Anthonio , Egya Ndede Yankey , Frederick Leo Sossah +2 more | IntechOpen eBooks

Forest ecosystems worldwide have been dominated, shaped and influenced by anthropogenic activities for the past centuries. Deforestation has far-reaching consequences for soil quality, biodiversity and water resources. This activity not … Forest ecosystems worldwide have been dominated, shaped and influenced by anthropogenic activities for the past centuries. Deforestation has far-reaching consequences for soil quality, biodiversity and water resources. This activity not only undermines ecological integrity but also poses threats to sustainable agriculture, water supply, and biodiversity conservation. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts to protect remaining forest areas, restore degraded lands, and implement sustainable land management practices that balance environmental and developmental needs. Local governance of forest ecosystems has, in many cases, been very instrumental and effective at producing improved environmental, economic and social outcomes. This approach must be encouraged for the remaining forest ecosystems to be protected. Another approach to forest resource management utilizes silviculture to alter the composition, structure, and/or growth of the forest by integrating it with other tree species. Meanwhile, there is the need to act in response to the negative impacts of emissions through greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). Following this, sustainable ways to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere must be explored to mitigate this menace. However, agroecosystems that involve coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) plantations have been identified as one of the means that could significantly sequester CO2 from the atmosphere. This strategy will potentially reduce concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Coconut plantations exhibit similar characteristics and functions as in tropical forests but could potentially sequester carbon better. However, this strategy could only materialize if deliberate steps that promote local self-governance of Ghana’s forest resources are considered.

Book Review Forum: Landscape Citizenships

2025-06-18

Laura Menatti , Emma Waterton , Michael Lechuga +5 more | Landscape Research

The politics of interdependence in community-led landscape restoration

2025-06-18

Stefan Laxness | Landscape Research

Amazon Basin shows reduced forest loss but increased forest spatial fragmentation in 1992–2020

2025-06-18

Yiqing Du , Guangyao Gao , Xue Ma +2 more | The Science of The Total Environment

Land degradation neutrality: a pathway to achieving sustainable development goals and ecosystem resilience

2025-06-18

Shyamal K. Nandi , S. Das , Subrata Gorain +3 more | Discover Soil.

Beyond imperfect maps: Evidence for <scp>EUDR</scp>‐compliant agroforestry

2025-06-18

Meine van Noordwijk , Sonya Dewi , Peter A. Minang +7 more | People and Nature

Abstract Not all good intentions lead to effective and fair policy designs, as their implementation creates new problems. The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) may be an example. In targeting … Abstract Not all good intentions lead to effective and fair policy designs, as their implementation creates new problems. The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) may be an example. In targeting ‘deforestation‐free’ trade, it forces a complex social–ecological reality into an oversimplified forest–non‐forest representation. The forest definition used refers to tree cover but excludes farmer‐managed agroforestry (AF). Not all tree cover indicates forest, as forest‐like forms of agriculture (AF) exist, for example producing much of the worlds' cacao, coffee and rubber. The EUDR design trusts maps and relies on detailed spatial data to verify the deforestation‐free claims needed for access to EU markets. Tree cover is observable in remote sensing; the intended exclusion of AF is not. No map is perfect but for global forest maps prepared for EUDR use there is 18% chance a forest pixel is considered non‐forest in other data, all supposedly based on the same forest definition and cut‐off date. Map errors imply two types of risk: non‐compliant imports to the EU (that ‘fraud prevention’ tries to avoid) or unjustified exclusion (collateral damage). Globally, the EUDR maps claim 12% more forest in 2020 than national data compiled by FAO suggests; in specific countries, the gap is wider. The probability that an AF garden producing coffee cocoa or rubber is (erroneously) mapped as forest is two‐thirds for a study in Indonesia. Elsewhere similar problems have been noted. Data sources beyond direct earth observation will be needed to legally establish pre‐2021 agroforestry as a source of EUDR‐compliant commodity trade. We present a typology for such evidence. Evidence can be based on direct observations on the ground or remotely, based on what people say and on accounts of what they did. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Biomass Dynamics in Land Uses of the Upper Amazon: Perspectives for Sustainability

2025-06-17

Winston Franz Ríos-Ruiz , Luis Alberto Ordóñez-Sánchez | IntechOpen eBooks

The sustainable management of biomass in the Upper Amazon is essential for environmental conservation and agricultural productivity. Strategies such as sustainable crop management, the expansion of forested areas, and erosion … The sustainable management of biomass in the Upper Amazon is essential for environmental conservation and agricultural productivity. Strategies such as sustainable crop management, the expansion of forested areas, and erosion control have been shown to improve soil fertility, mitigate climate change, and strengthen ecosystem resilience. The use of beneficial microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing legumes supports the recovery of degraded soils, while the implementation of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems optimises carbon storage and ecological stability. The efficient utilisation of agricultural and forestry residues, through their conversion into inputs to enhance soil quality, reduces pollution and promotes the regeneration of degraded soils. Additionally, biological pest and disease control fosters more sustainable agriculture by minimising the use of agrochemicals. In this context, public policies such as the conservation of buffer strips, the regulation of agrochemical use, and rainwater harvesting ensure biomass sustainability and the protection of natural resources. The integration of these strategies and policies is crucial for balancing agricultural production with environmental conservation, ensuring the sustainability of agroecological systems in the Amazon region.

Emerging Voices in Landscape Research

2025-06-17

Vanicka Arora , Paul Brindley , Emma Waterton | Landscape Research

Beyond biomass: how interactions shape species' importance for ecosystem functioning

2025-06-16

Alice Nadia Ardichvili , Michel Loreau , Thomas Onimus +4 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Assessing the functional role of species in a changing world is critical for effectively preserving ecosystems. Intuitively, this role should relate to how the loss of a species impacts a … Assessing the functional role of species in a changing world is critical for effectively preserving ecosystems. Intuitively, this role should relate to how the loss of a species impacts a function. We develop a general approach to define the functional contribution of a species that interacts with others. Using experimental data from a ciliate microcosm experiment, we infer species dynamic contribution based on the observed functional impact of their removal. Using both model simulations and empirical data, we demonstrate that dynamic contributions are generically unrelated to their biomasses and traits associated with the function, but rather reflect a species' overall effect on others, and the level of functioning in the community without that species. Our novel characterization of the functional contribution of species reveals that, due to biotic interactions, rare species that do not possess unique functional traits are just as likely as any other species to be functionally important.

Multilevel Decision‐Making and Protected Area Prioritization

2025-06-15

Paul R. Armsworth , Bistra Dilkina , Heather Bird Jackson +2 more | Natural Resource Modeling

ABSTRACT Conservation initiatives depend on interactions among organizations and communities that have different goals. Multilevel hierarchies provide a common decision‐making structure with different actors responsible for conservation decisions over nested … ABSTRACT Conservation initiatives depend on interactions among organizations and communities that have different goals. Multilevel hierarchies provide a common decision‐making structure with different actors responsible for conservation decisions over nested spatial scales. We examine consequences of hierarchical decision‐making for spatial prioritization of new protected areas. We combine insights from general theory, an algebraic example, and a numerical application, the latter motivated by federal‐to‐state grant‐giving in the western United States. Working through a decision‐making hierarchy means fewer species can be protected for a given budget than suggested by analyses that ignore the role of conservation institutions in decision‐making. This efficiency cost results from higher level decision‐makers—the federal government in our numerical application—giving up control to lower level actors—state governments in this case. Ensuring close agreement over spatial priorities between actors can limit potential losses in how much biodiversity can be protected. By reallocating funds among lower level actors, the higher level actor can mitigate remaining losses. Spatial optimization approaches that ignore the integral role of institutions in conservation, like decision‐making hierarchies, overestimate what protected area programs can achieve and risk misallocating limited conservation funds. Accounting for multilevel decision‐making reveals where building consensus among actors will be particularly important and suggests alternative strategies that conservation funders can pursue.

Contested forests: access, exclusion, and adaptation in the conservation Area of Mount Ciremai National Park

2025-06-14

Asmanah Widarti , Ari Nurlia , Rusman Nurjaman +3 more | Environmental Sociology

Open Border Ecosystems: Against Globalised Laissez-Faire Conservation

2025-06-13

Christopher Hunter Lean | Cambridge Prisms Extinction

How Gardening Can Work towards Combatting the Biodiversity Crisis

2025-06-13

Tamás Lakatos , Patrícia Andresz-Dérer , Dorota Kotowska +1 more | CRC Press eBooks

Reshaping environmental governance through women forest protectors in West Bengal

2025-06-13

Patatri Baidya | Human Organization

Estudios de caso sobre valores sociales compartidos asociados al manejo de bosques

2025-06-13

Andrés M. Urcuqui-Bustamante | Madera y Bosques

El manejo planificado del bosque es una estrategia esencial para alcanzar objetivos de conservación y restauración de ecosistemas. Dentro de este, los programas de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) se … El manejo planificado del bosque es una estrategia esencial para alcanzar objetivos de conservación y restauración de ecosistemas. Dentro de este, los programas de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) se han consolidado como una política pública predominante para promover la conservación forestal y, más recientemente, para el control de vectores zoonóticos. Sin embargo, los PSA suelen fundamentar su diseño en metodologías económicas que priorizan el valor de mercado de los ecosistemas, excluyendo valores no económicos (sociales y culturales) que las comunidades atribuyen a su entorno natural. Este artículo presenta dos casos de estudio en los que se implementaron herramientas de investigación deliberativa para identificar valores no económicos asociados a los ecosistemas. En Veracruz, México, se diseñó un programa hipotético de PSA, mientras que, en Maine, Estados Unidos, se exploraron decisiones sobre el manejo de vectores de enfermedades zoonóticas, incluyendo un programa de PSA. Ambos casos revelaron la importancia de considerar valores no económicos dentro del diseño de PSA y otras estrategias de manejo de bosque, como por ejemplo la protección ambiental, la responsabilidad compartida, la confianza entre actores sociales e institucionales, y el valor intrínseco del bosque y los recursos naturales. En este trabajo se discute cómo las metodologías deliberativas pueden fomentar la identificación de estrategias de manejo forestal alineadas con los valores locales. Asimismo, se resalta la necesidad de incluir la participación de actores locales en el diseño e implementación de PSA para abordar problemáticas ambientales y de salud pública.

The inter-community domain of commons governance: A framework for analyzing collaborative management of shared environmental resources

2025-06-13

Godfreyb Ssekajja | Journal of Environmental Management

Quantifying Firewood Extraction in a Protected Forest: Local Dependence and Policy Challenges in Lake Malawi National Park

2025-06-13

T. Hayashi , James Banda , Patrick Chinguwo +6 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Firewood continues to be the dominant energy source for rural communities across Sub-Saharan Africa, with significant implications for forest conservation, especially in protected areas. This study presents a rare … <title>Abstract</title> Firewood continues to be the dominant energy source for rural communities across Sub-Saharan Africa, with significant implications for forest conservation, especially in protected areas. This study presents a rare quantitative assessment of firewood extraction within the Cape Maclear Peninsula (CMP) forest of Lake Malawi National Park (LMNP), a recognized World Heritage Site. Drawing on household surveys, carefully calibrated with direct measurements, we estimated an overall annual firewood collection of 11,976.34 megagrams—or 3.07 m³ per hectare each year—across 11 communities. Our findings clearly indicate strong community dependence on these protected forests, with 88% of households using firewood and 77% gathering it themselves. Even with the Resource Use Programme (RUP) established to regulate access, the firewood extraction rate per unit area significantly exceeds those documented in comparable ecosystems. The study also identified household size, reliance on biomass, and a lack of off-park alternatives as key drivers of this extraction. Our results underscore the urgent need to integrate tree planting and agroforestry initiatives into conservation policy and to encourage the adoption of improved cookstoves. Introducing alternative livelihood sources will also help ease pressure on the natural resources of LMNP. Consequently, this study offers crucial evidence to help balance biodiversity and ecosystem conservation with the energy needs of surrounding communities, demonstrating the importance of localized, data-driven strategies for protected area management.

The values of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas in eastern and southern <scp>Africa</scp>

2025-06-12

Falko Buschke , Claudia Capitani | Conservation Science and Practice

Abstract Conservation policies often take for granted the importance of protected areas for supplying ecosystem services. The first edition of the State of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and … Abstract Conservation policies often take for granted the importance of protected areas for supplying ecosystem services. The first edition of the State of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and Southern Africa report contained limited information on ecosystem services, so for the 2nd edition we statistically compared 561 standardized economic values of various types of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas. We found that data from local and sub‐national case studies in the Ecosystem Service Valuation Database were biased geographically, highlighting major evidence gaps for most of the region. For well‐studied countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), the value of ecosystem services varied considerably across different types of services but were—on average—three to six times higher outside protected areas. This trend was not universal, however, given that opportunities for recreation and tourism tended to be higher within protected areas. Combined, these findings suggest that conservation authorities across Eastern and Southern Africa (1) prioritize ecosystem service valuation studies; (2) expand the focus of ecosystem service policies to include wider landscapes beyond protected area boundaries; and (3) avoid generic assumptions about ecosystem services by identifying the services that are most compatible with the broader goals of protected areas.