Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science

Social and Intergroup Psychology

Works Count: 47314

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers explores intergroup relations, social identity theories, implicit biases, stereotype threat, prejudice reduction, power dynamics, system justification, morality and justice, attitude change, and group dynamics in various social contexts.

Keywords

Intergroup Contact; Social Identity; Implicit Bias; Stereotype Threat; Prejudice Reduction; Power Dynamics; System Justification; Morality and Justice; Attitude Change; Group Dynamics

A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior

1991-01-01

Robert B. Cialdini , Carl A. Kallgren , Raymond R. Reno

Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control

1986-09-01

Icek Ajzen , Thomas J. Madden

A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation

1990-01-01

Susan T. Fiske , Steven L. Neuberg

The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

1986-01-01

Richard E. Petty , John T. Cacioppo

The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior

2004-01-09

Henri Tajfel , John Turner

This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the psychology of intergroup relations has … This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of renegade or traitor. The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of social groups are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an ideal type of stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.

Dual-process theories in social psychology

1999-01-01

Shelly Chaiken , Yaacov Trope

This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in … This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information.

A Relational Model of Authority in Groups

1992-01-01

Tom R. Tyler , E. Allan Lind

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

1995-01-01

Anthony G. Greenwald , Mahzarin R. Banaji

Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or … Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

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Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

1977-09-01

Icek Ajzen , Martin Fishbein

Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and … Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

Social identity and intergroup behaviour

1974-04-01

Henri Tajfel

Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women

1977-03-01

Rosabeth Moss Kanter

Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the … Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are extended to tokens of all kinds, and research issues are identified.

A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One's Social Identity

1992-06-01

Riia Luhtanen , Jennifer Crocker

Social identity theory as developed by Tajfel and Turner argues that there are two distinct aspects of the self-concept: personal identity and social identity (in American terminology, collective identity). Although … Social identity theory as developed by Tajfel and Turner argues that there are two distinct aspects of the self-concept: personal identity and social identity (in American terminology, collective identity). Although many self-esteem measures are available in the literature, they allfocus on individuals'evaluation of their personal identity, whether in private or interpersonal domains. No scale currently exists that assesses the positivity of one's social, or collective, identity. A scale was constructed to assess individual differences in collective, rather than personal, self-esteem, with four subscales (Membership esteem, Public collective self-esteem, Private collective self-esteem, and Importance to Identity). Evidence for reliability and validity of the scale was provided by three studies, suggesting that the scale can be a useful research tool. Implications for research and social identity theory are discussed.

Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence.

1979-11-01

Charles G. Lord , Lee Ross , Mark R. Lepper

People who hold strong opinions on complex social issues are likely to examine relevant empirical evidence in a biased manner. They are apt to accept evidence at face value while … People who hold strong opinions on complex social issues are likely to examine relevant empirical evidence in a biased manner. They are apt to accept evidence at face value while subjecting discontinuing evidence to critical evaluation, and as a result to draw undue support for their initial positions from mixed or random empirical findings. Thus, the result of exposing contending factions in a social dispute to an identical body of relevant empirical evidence may be not a narrowing of disagreement but rather an increase in polarization. To test these assumptions and predictions, subjects supporting and opposing capital punishment were exposed to two purported studies, one seemingly confirming and one seemingly disconfirming their existing beliefs about the deterrent efficacy of the death penalty. As predicted, both proponents and opponents of capital punishment rated those results and procedures that confirmed their own beliefs to be the more convincing and probative ones, and they reported corresponding shifts in their beliefs as the various results and procedures were presented. The net effect of such evaluations and opinion shifts was the postulated increase in attitude polarization. The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion draws all things else to support and agree with it. And though there be a greater number and weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet these it either neglects and despises, or else by some distinction sets aside and rejects, in order that by this great and pernicious predetermination the authority of its former conclusion may remain inviolate. (Bacon, 1620/1960)

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

2006-01-01

Thomas F. Pettigrew , Linda R. Tropp

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests … The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

The role of stereotyping in system‐justification and the production of false consciousness

1994-03-01

John T. Jost , Mahzarin R. Banaji

Although the concept of justification has played a significant role in many social psychological theories, its presence in recent examinations of stereotyping has been minimal. We describe and evaluate previous … Although the concept of justification has played a significant role in many social psychological theories, its presence in recent examinations of stereotyping has been minimal. We describe and evaluate previous notions of stereotyping as ego‐justification and group‐justification and propose an additional account, that of system‐justification , which refers to psychological processes contributing to the preservation of existing social arrangements even at the expense of personal and group interest. It is argued that the notion of system‐justification is necessary to account for previously unexplained phenomena, most notably the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves, and the consensual nature of stereotypic beliefs despite differences in social relations within and between social groups. We offer a selective review of existing research that demonstrates the role of stereotypes in the production of false consciousness and develop the implications of a system‐justification approach. [T]he rationalizing and justifying function of a stereotype exceeds its function as a reflector of group attributes—G. W. Allport (1958, p. 192).

Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance

1999-01-01

Steven J. Spencer , Claude M. Steele , Diane M. Quinn

Personal religious orientation and prejudice.

1967-01-01

Gordon W. Āllport , Janet Ross

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

2003-01-01

Anthony G. Greenwald , Brian A. Nosek , Mahzarin R. Banaji

In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A.G. Greenwald, D.E. McGhee, & J.L.K. Schwartz, 1998). … In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A.G. Greenwald, D.E. McGhee, & J.L.K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.

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A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1

1975-09-01

Ronald W. Rogers

Summary A protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be (a) the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event; (b) the … Summary A protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be (a) the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event; (b) the probability of that event's occurrence; and (c) the efficacy of a protective response. Each of these communication variables initiates corresponding cognitive appraisal processes that mediate attitude change. The proposed conceptualization is a special case of a more comprehensive theoretical schema: expectancy-value theories. Several suggestions are offered for reinterpreting existing data, designing new types of empirical research, and making future studies more comparable. Finally, the principal advantages of protection motivation theory over the rival formulations of Janis and Leventhal are discussed.

The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes

1977-05-01

Lee Ross , David Greene , Pamela House

The psychology of social impact.

1981-04-01

Bibb Latané

The author proposes a theory of social im- pact specifying the effect of other persons on an in- dividual. According to the theory, when other people are the source of … The author proposes a theory of social im- pact specifying the effect of other persons on an in- dividual. According to the theory, when other people are the source of impact and the individual is the target, impact should be a multiplicative function of the strength, immediacy, and number of other people. Fur- thermore, impact should take the form of a power func- tion, with the marginal effect of the Nth other person being less than that of the (N — l)th. Finally, when other people stand with the individual as the target of forces from outside the group, impact should be divided such that the resultant is an inverse power function of the strength, immediacy, and number of persons stand- ing together. The author reviews relevant evidence from research on conformity and imitation, stage fright and embarrassment, news interest, bystander interven- tion, tipping, inquiring for Christ, productivity in groups, and crowding in rats. He also discusses the unresolved issues and desirable characteristics of the theory.

The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?

1999-01-01

Marilynn B. Brewer

Allport (1954) recognized that attachment to one's ingroups does not necessarily require hostility toward outgroups. Yet the prevailing approach to the study of ethnocentrism, ingroup bias, and prejudice presumes that … Allport (1954) recognized that attachment to one's ingroups does not necessarily require hostility toward outgroups. Yet the prevailing approach to the study of ethnocentrism, ingroup bias, and prejudice presumes that ingroup love and outgroup hate are reciprocally related. Findings from both cross‐cultural research and laboratory experiments support the alternative view that ingroup identification is independent of negative attitudes toward outgroups and that much ingroup bias and intergroup discrimination is motivated by preferential treatment of ingroup members rather than direct hostility toward outgroup members. Thus to understand the roots of prejudice and discrimination requires first of all a better understanding of the functions that ingroup formation and identification serve for human beings. This article reviews research and theory on the motivations for maintenance of ingroup boundaries and the implications of ingroup boundary protection for intergroup relations, conflict, and conflict prevention.

The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time

1991-10-01

Marilynn B. Brewer

Mfost of social psychology's theories of the self fail to take into account the significance of social identification in the definition of self. Social identities are self-definitions that are more … Mfost of social psychology's theories of the self fail to take into account the significance of social identification in the definition of self. Social identities are self-definitions that are more inclusive than the individuated self-concept of most American psychology. A model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others. According to this model, individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships. Social identity and group loyalty are hypothesized to be strongest for those self-categorizations that simultaneously provide for a sense of belonging and a sense of distinctiveness. Results from an initial laboratory experiment support the prediction that depersonalization and group size interact as determinants of the strength of social identification.

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

1997-01-01

Claude M. Steele

A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that … A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups (offering a new interpretation of group differences in standardized test performance), that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.

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A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.

2002-06-01

Susan T. Fiske , Amy J. C. Cuddy , Peter Glick +1 more

Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 … Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

2009-07-01

Anthony G. Greenwald , T. Andrew Poehlman , Eric Luis Uhlmann +1 more

This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r = .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. … This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r = .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (i.e., self-report) measures, available in 156 of these samples (13,068 subjects), also predicted effectively (average r = .361), but with much greater variability of effect size. Predictive validity of self-report was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses. For 32 samples with criterion measures involving Black-White interracial behavior, predictive validity of IAT measures significantly exceeded that of self-report measures. Both IAT and self-report measures displayed incremental validity, with each measure predicting criterion variance beyond that predicted by the other. The more highly IAT and self-report measures were intercorrelated, the greater was the predictive validity of each.

Measuring Global Self-Esteem: Construct Validation of a Single-Item Measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

2001-02-01

Richard W. Robins , Holly M. Hendin , Kali H. Trzesniewski

Four studies examined the construct validity of two global self-esteem measures. In Studies 1 through 3, the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) showed strong convergent … Four studies examined the construct validity of two global self-esteem measures. In Studies 1 through 3, the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) showed strong convergent validity for men and women, for different ethnic groups, and for both college students and community members. The SISE and the RSE had nearly identical correlations with a wide range of criterion measures, including domain-specific self-evaluations, self-evaluative biases, social desirability, personality, psychological and physical health, peer ratings of group behavior, academic outcomes, and demographic variables. Study 4 showed that the SISE had only moderate convergent validity in a sample of children. Overall, the findings support the reliability and validity of the SISE and suggest it can provide a practical alternative to the RSE in adult samples. More generally, the findings contribute to the research literature by further elaborating the nomological network of global self-esteem.

Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior

2004-08-01

Fritz Strack , Roland Deutsch

This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as a joint function of reflective and impulsive processes. In particular, it is assumed that social behavior is controlled by … This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as a joint function of reflective and impulsive processes. In particular, it is assumed that social behavior is controlled by 2 interacting systems that follow different operating principles. The reflective system generates behavioral decisions that are based on knowledge about facts and values, whereas the impulsive system elicits behavior through associative links and motivational orientations. The proposed model describes how the 2 systems interact at various stages of processing, and how their outputs may determine behavior in a synergistic or antagonistic fashion. It extends previous models by integrating motivational components that allow more precise predictions of behavior. The implications of this reflective-impulsive model are applied to various phenomena from social psychology and beyond. Extending previous dual-process accounts, this model is not limited to specific domains of mental functioning and attempts to integrate cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms.

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Social Identity and Self-Categorization Processes in Organizational Contexts

2000-01-01

Michael A. Hogg , Deborah J. Terry

Although aspects of social identity theory are familiar to organizational psychologists, its elaboration, through self-categorization theory, of how social categorization and prototype-based depersonalization actually produce social identity effects is less … Although aspects of social identity theory are familiar to organizational psychologists, its elaboration, through self-categorization theory, of how social categorization and prototype-based depersonalization actually produce social identity effects is less well known. We describe these processes, relate self-categorization theory to social identity theory, describe new theoretical developments in detail, and show how these developments can address a range of organizational phenomena. We discuss cohesion and deviance, leadership, subgroup and sociodemographic structure, and mergers and acquisitions.

Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.

1989-01-01

Patricia G. Devine

University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I supported the model's … University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I supported the model's assumption that high- and low-prejudice persons are equally knowledgeable of the cultural stereotype. The model suggests that the stereotype is automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of the stereotyped group and that Iow-prejudiee responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically activated stereotype. Study 2, which examined the effects of automarie stereotype activation on the evaluation of ambiguous stereotype-relevant behaviors performed by a race-unspecified person, suggested that when subjects' ability to consciously monitor stereotype activation is precluded, both high- and low-prejudice subjects produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviors. Study 3 examined high- and low-prejudice subjects' responses in a consciously directed thought-listing task. Consistent with the model, only low-prejudice subjects inhibited the automatically activated stereotype-congruent thoughts and replaced them with thoughts reflecting equality and negations of the stereotype. The relation between stereotypes and prejudice and implications for prejudice reduction are discussed.

A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism

1999-01-01

Paul C. Stern , Thomas Dietz , Troy D. Abel +2 more

We present a theory of the basis of support for a social movement. Three types of support (citizenship actions, policy support and acceptance, and personal-sphere behaviors that accord with movement … We present a theory of the basis of support for a social movement. Three types of support (citizenship actions, policy support and acceptance, and personal-sphere behaviors that accord with movement principles) are empirically distinct from each other and from committed activism. Drawing on theoretical work on values and norm-activation processes, we propose a value-belief-norm (VBN) theory of movement support. Individuals who accept a movement’s basic values, believe that valued objects are threatened, and believe that their actions can help restore those values experience an obligation (personal norm) for pro-movement action that creates a predisposition to provide support; the particular type of support that results is dependent on the individual’s capabilities and constraints. Data from a national survey of 420 respondents suggest that the VBN theory, when compared with other prevalent theories, offers the best available account of support for the environmental movement.

Nature and Operation of Attitudes

2001-02-01

Icek Ajzen

This survey of attitude theory and research published between 1996 and 1999 covers the conceptualization of attitude, attitude formation and activation, attitude structure and function, and the attitude-behavior relation. Research … This survey of attitude theory and research published between 1996 and 1999 covers the conceptualization of attitude, attitude formation and activation, attitude structure and function, and the attitude-behavior relation. Research regarding the expectancy-value model of attitude is considered, as are the roles of accessible beliefs and affective versus cognitive processes in the formation of attitudes. The survey reviews research on attitude strength and its antecedents and consequences, and covers progress made on the assessment of attitudinal ambivalence and its effects. Also considered is research on automatic attitude activation, attitude functions, and the relation of attitudes to broader values. A large number of studies dealt with the relation between attitudes and behavior. Research revealing additional moderators of this relation is reviewed, as are theory and research on the link between intentions and actions. Most work in this context was devoted to issues raised by the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. The present review highlights the nature of perceived behavioral control, the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms, the utility of adding more predictors, and the roles of prior behavior and habit.

Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.

1998-01-01

Anthony G. Greenwald , Debbie E. McGhee , Jordan L. K. Schwartz

An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute. The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task (2-choice task (e.g., flower vs. insect names), … An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute. The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task (2-choice task (e.g., flower vs. insect names), and the attribute in a 2nd task (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute). When instructions oblige highly associated categories (e.g., flower + pleasant) to share a response key, performance is faster than when less associated categories (e.g., insect & pleasant) share a key. This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute. In 3 experiments, the IAT was sensitive to (a) near-universal evaluative differences (e.g., flower vs. insect), (b) expected individual differences in evaluative associations (Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects).

Social Identity Theory and the Organization

1989-01-01

Blake E. Ashforth , Fred A. Mael

It is argued that (a) social identification is a perception of oneness with a group of persons; (b) social identification stems from the categorization of individuals, the distinctiveness and prestige … It is argued that (a) social identification is a perception of oneness with a group of persons; (b) social identification stems from the categorization of individuals, the distinctiveness and prestige of the group, the salience of outgroups, and the factors that traditionally are associated with group formation; and (c) social identification leads to activities that are congruent with the identity, support for institutions that embody the identity, stereotypical perceptions of self and others, and outcomes that traditionally are associated with group formation, and it reinforces the antecedents of identification. This perspective is applied to organizational socialization, role conflict, and intergroup relations.

INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY

1998-02-01

Thomas F. Pettigrew

Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. … Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalization-decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.

Inequity In Social Exchange

1965-01-01

J. Stacy Adams

Social categorization and intergroup behaviour

1971-04-01

Henri Tajfel , M. G. Billig , R. P. Bundy +1 more

Abstract The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing … Abstract The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series of experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution of real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other ‘objective’ advantages. The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to a ‘generic’ norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.

Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence

2006-12-23

Susan T. Fiske , Amy J. C. Cuddy , Peter Glick

Human agency in social cognitive theory.

1989-01-01

Albert Bandura

The present article examines the nature and function of human agency within the conceptual model of triadic reciprocal causation. In analyzing the operation of human agency in this interactional causal … The present article examines the nature and function of human agency within the conceptual model of triadic reciprocal causation. In analyzing the operation of human agency in this interactional causal structure, social cognitive theory accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-reflective, and self-regulatory processes. The issues addressed concern the psychological mechanisms through which personal agency is exercised, the hierarchical structure of self-regulatory systems, eschewal of the dichotomous construal of self as agent and self as object, and the properties of a nondualistic but nonreductional conception of human agency. The relation of agent causality to the fundamental issues of freedom and determinism is also analyzed.

Bad is Stronger than Good

2001-12-01

Roy F. Baumeister , Ellen Bratslavsky , Catrin Finkenauer +1 more

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. … The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.

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Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.

1994-10-01

Felicia Pratto , Jim Sidanius , Lisa M. Stallworth +1 more

Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced.On the basis of social dominance theory, it is shown that (a) men are more social … Social dominance orientation (SDO), one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is introduced.On the basis of social dominance theory, it is shown that (a) men are more social dominance-oriented than women, (b) high-SDO people seek hierarchy-enhancing professional roles and low-SDO people seek hierarchy-attenuating roles, (c) SDO was related to beliefs in a large number of social and political ideologies that support group-based hierarchy (e.g., meritocracy and racism) and to support for policies that have implications for intergroup relations (e.g., war, civil rights, and social programs), including new policies.SDO was distinguished from interpersonal dominance, conservatism, and authoritarianism.SDO was negatively correlated with empathy, tolerance, communality, and altruism.The ramifications of SDO in social context are discussed.

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In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.

1979-03-01

Marilynn B. Brewer

Experimental research on intergroup discrimination in favor of one's own group is reviewed in terms of the basis of differentiati on between in-group and outgroup and in terms of the … Experimental research on intergroup discrimination in favor of one's own group is reviewed in terms of the basis of differentiati on between in-group and outgroup and in terms of the response measure on which in-group bias is assessed. Results of the research reviewed suggest that (a) factors such as intergroup competition, similarity, and status differentials affect in-group bias indirectly by influencing the salience of distinctions between in-group and out-group, (b) the degree of intergroup differentiation on a particular response dimension is a joint function of the relevance of intergroup distinctions and the favorableness of the in-group's position on that dimension, and (c) the enhancement of in-group bias is more related to increased favoritism toward in-group members than to increased hostility toward out-group members. The implications of these results for positive applications of group identification are discussed. In 1906, sociologist William Sumner articulated a functionalist approach to the nature of intergroup attitudes in his exposition of the concept of ethnocentrism . The differentiation of peoples into distinct ethnic groups originates, according to Sumner, in context of the conditions of the struggle for existence. At the individual level, the psychological consequences of this differentiation both reflect and sustain the basic state of conflict between the in-group (or we-group) and out-groups (or others-groups):

Moral Identity and Developmental Theory

2015-01-01

Daniel K. Lapsley

This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized … This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework.

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Advances In Experimental Social Psychology

2022-01-01

The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

1986-01-01

Reuben M. Baron , David A. Kenny

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Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.

1995-11-01

Catriona M. Steele , J. Aronson

Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult … Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to Whites in the ability-diagnostic condition but not in the nondiagnostic condition (with Scholastic Aptitude Tests controlled). Study 3 validated that ability-diagnosticity cognitively activated the racial stereotype in these participants and motivated them not to conform to it, or to be judged by it. Study 4 showed that mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic. The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed.

The chameleon effect: The perception–behavior link and social interaction.

1999-01-01

Tanya L. Chartrand , John A. Bargh

An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict

2000-03-18

Henri Tajfel , John Turner

Abstract The initial stimulus for the theorizing presented here was provided by certain experimental investigations of intergroup behavior. The laboratory analog of real-world ethnocentrism is in-group bias—that is, the tendency … Abstract The initial stimulus for the theorizing presented here was provided by certain experimental investigations of intergroup behavior. The laboratory analog of real-world ethnocentrism is in-group bias—that is, the tendency to favor the in-group over the out-group in evaluations and behavior. Not only are incompatible group interests not always sufficient to generate conflicts but there is a good deal of experimental evidence that these conditions are not always necessary for the development of competition and discrimination between groups (for example, Ferguson & Kelley, 1964; Rabbie & Wilkens, 1971; Doise & Sinclair, 1973; Doise & Weinberger, 1973).

The moderating role of dispositional empathy on the association between political ideology and support for gun control

2025-06-24

M. Crawford Young , Travis N. Ray , Michael Schmidt +1 more | Personality and Individual Differences

Conformity to gender norms and denial of LGBTQ+ discrimination: The mediating role of anti-LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs

2025-06-24

Nadia Valsecchi , Valeria De Cristofaro , Valerio Pellegrini +2 more | Personality and Individual Differences

Using Markov Chains to Detect Careless Responding in Survey Research

2025-06-24

Torsten Biemann , Irmela Koch‐Bayram , Madleen Meier‐Barthold +1 more | Organizational Research Methods

Careless responses by survey participants threaten data quality and lead to misleading substantive conclusions that result in theory and practice derailments. Prior research developed valuable precautionary and post-hoc approaches to … Careless responses by survey participants threaten data quality and lead to misleading substantive conclusions that result in theory and practice derailments. Prior research developed valuable precautionary and post-hoc approaches to detect certain types of careless responding. However, existing approaches fail to detect certain repeated response patterns, such as diagonal-lining and alternating responses. Moreover, some existing approaches risk falsely flagging careful response patterns. To address these challenges, we developed a methodological advancement based on first-order Markov chains called Lazy Respondents (Laz.R) that relies on predicting careless responses based on prior responses. We analyzed two large datasets and conducted an experimental study to compare careless responding indices to Laz.R and provide evidence that its use improves validity. To facilitate the use of Laz.R, we describe a procedure for establishing sample-specific cutoff values for careless respondents using the “kneedle algorithm” and make an R Shiny application available to produce all calculations. We expect that using Laz.R in combination with other approaches will help mitigate the threat of careless responses and improve the accuracy of substantive conclusions in future research.

How Liberal-Conservative Friendship Diversity Could Improve Interpolitical Relations in the United States

2025-06-24

Kyle Anderson , Grace Flores‐Robles , Daryl A. Wout | Social Psychological and Personality Science

Using three online experimental studies of liberals and conservatives in the United States ( N = 696), we explore whether an interaction partner’s political friendship diversity could reduce people’s experience … Using three online experimental studies of liberals and conservatives in the United States ( N = 696), we explore whether an interaction partner’s political friendship diversity could reduce people’s experience of social identity threat. In the first two studies, liberal and conservative participants who were exposed to a political outgroup member with a politically diverse friendship network (vs. a politically homogeneous friendship network or control condition) had improved meta-perception concerns and increased friendship interest. In the third study, having a partner with a politically diverse network of friends, compared with the homogeneous condition, largely led liberal and conservative participants to have improved meta-perceptions, increased friendship interest, improved perceptions, increased interest in learning about their partner, believed their partner was more interested in learning about them, and lessened dehumanization of their interaction partner. This research suggests that interpolitical friendship diversity has the potential to improve interpolitical relations.

To Cancel or Not to Cancel. That Is the Question. The Role of Quest for Significance and Significance Loss in Cancel Culture

2025-06-22

Pedro Altungy , Margarida Ribeiro , Sara Liébana +3 more | Social Science Quarterly

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The phenomenon of cancellation is gaining in social impact and significance in the last decade. There is significant research from political science about this topic, but little is … ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The phenomenon of cancellation is gaining in social impact and significance in the last decade. There is significant research from political science about this topic, but little is yet known from a psychological perspective. The aim of the present research was to analyze how significance loss and personality traits might influence people's attitudes in supporting or rejecting cancel culture attitudes and behaviors. METHOD In an experimental study with 122 Portuguese people (70.5% women, mean age: 28.59 years), significance levels were manipulated to test their impact on cancel culture support, controlling the influence of personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeability, neuroticism), and political orientation. RESULTS Analyses showed that those identifying themselves are more left‐wing oriented (β = ‐0.43; p < 0.001) and who experienced a higher quest for significance ( β = 0.19; p = 0.017) were those more prone to support cancel culture attitudes and behaviors (R 2 adjusted = 0.313; p = 0.005). Personality traits showed no significant impact on cancel culture, and neuroticism showed a significant one when considered alone ( β = 0.18; p = 0.049; R 2 adjusted = 0.024; p = 0.049). CONCLUSION These findings provide an initial conceptualization of cancel culture from a psychological perspective, opening the door to socio‐clinical intervention and prevention programs.

From “what” and “when” to “how” and “why”: Moving the study of psychological dispositions and political preferences forward

2025-06-22

Christopher M. Federico , Ariel Malka | Political Psychology

Paths to peaceful and violent action: Identity fusion and group identification

2025-06-20

Zafer Özkan , Sofián El‐Astal , Hüseyin Çakal | British Journal of Social Psychology

Abstract Across three studies, we examined the associations between group identification, identity fusion and pro‐group action in national (Study 1: Palestinians), religious (Study 2: Muslims in response to the Charlie … Abstract Across three studies, we examined the associations between group identification, identity fusion and pro‐group action in national (Study 1: Palestinians), religious (Study 2: Muslims in response to the Charlie Hebdo attacks) and non‐political (Study 3: football fandom) contexts. We first tested models in which group identification was related to pro‐in‐group outcomes, followed by models incorporating identity fusion to assess its additional associations. Group identification was consistently associated with peaceful pro‐group action, while identity fusion was more strongly linked to violent pro‐group action across all contexts. In Study 1, identity fusion was negatively associated with endorsement of a peaceful solution, a pattern not observed in the other studies. In the football fandom context, identity fusion was positively associated with both peaceful and violent pro‐group action, with a stronger association with peaceful action. These findings suggest that identity fusion and group identification, while related, capture different psychological processes relevant to collective action. The study extends research on identity fusion to new cultural contexts and highlights the importance of examining identification processes in diverse real‐world contexts.

Moral Reframing and Transgender Athlete Bans: In-groups, Out-groups, and a Future Research Agenda

2025-06-20

Kimberly Martin , Elizabeth Rahilly | PS Political Science & Politics

ABSTRACT Scholars have long touted the power of moral convictions in shaping political attitudes. Moral reframing involves designing messages that align with an opponent’s moral convictions with the goal of … ABSTRACT Scholars have long touted the power of moral convictions in shaping political attitudes. Moral reframing involves designing messages that align with an opponent’s moral convictions with the goal of increasing their willingness to adopt that position. Using lessons from the literature on political psychology, we examine the rhetoric used by legislators supporting and opposing transgender athlete bans in US states to determine how moral reframing was used. We find that the moral convictions of both sides, coupled with their emphasis on in-groups and out-groups, lead legislators to interpret the fundamental principles of the bills differently. This dynamic renders it challenging to reframe moral arguments in a manner that might sway opponents. Additional research is needed to study the efficacy of moral reframing in legislative debates on transgender-related policies.

Group Evidence, Group Belief, and Group Responsibility Transmission

2025-06-20

Mona Simion , Christoph Kelp , Glen Pettigrove | Routledge eBooks

Unpacking the role of in‐group bias in US public opinion on human rights violations

2025-06-20

Rebecca Cordell | American Journal of Political Science

Abstract Which actor identities and social and political cleavages drive public opinion on human rights violations? While in‐group bias is known to influence public responses to government abuses, the relative … Abstract Which actor identities and social and political cleavages drive public opinion on human rights violations? While in‐group bias is known to influence public responses to government abuses, the relative impact of different identity characteristics has not been directly tested. Building on social identity theory and moral typecasting theory, I use a conjoint survey experiment in the United States of 3,200 respondents to examine the causal effects of in‐group bias across multiple actor identities (perpetrator, target, and elite cue giver) and social and political divides (partisanship, race, religion, and citizenship). Party loyalty to the perpetrator dominates other group identities; simply changing the perpetrator's political identity can be an important determinant for whether respondents oppose violations. Surprisingly, the target's race, religion, and citizenship has mixed impact, and partisan cues have little effect. These findings highlight when group loyalty outweighs human rights concerns and where public demand for government accountability may be reduced.

The Identity Game

2025-06-20

Liz Hathaway , Lauren Greenspoon | ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal

How classroom composition affects social trust in secondary schools: The role of attribute alignment

2025-06-20

Andrea Wingen , Clemens Kroneberg | Journal of Trust Research

Nonviolent alternatives reduce external support for rebel groups: Evidence from two cross-national survey experiments

2025-06-19

Matthew Cebul , Jonathan Pinckney | Journal of Peace Research

How do nonviolent alternatives affect international support for violent rebel groups? Armed rebellions are often sustained by outside sympathy and support, which conditions global coordination to end intrastate conflict. Studies … How do nonviolent alternatives affect international support for violent rebel groups? Armed rebellions are often sustained by outside sympathy and support, which conditions global coordination to end intrastate conflict. Studies on reducing such support largely neglect how the emergence of alternative, nonviolent resistance groups impacts international support for violent resistance. Nonviolent alternatives could plausibly increase support for armed rebellion by legitimizing the cause of resistance or reduce support by delegitimizing the means of violent rebellion relative to nonviolent alternatives. To examine this puzzle, we conducted two online survey experiments across more than 30 countries using a pre-post design to capture changes in attitudes toward a hypothetical violent rebel group before and after the emergence of an alternative resistance group. We randomly vary both the presence and features of the alternative group, including explicitly nonviolent rhetoric, government repression and concessions, and short descriptors meant to signal the alternative group’s capacity to fill psychological needs for agency, justice, and belonging. We find that alternative resistance options consistently reduce support for armed rebellion, including among those originally most supportive of it, and that respondents strongly prefer explicitly nonviolent alternatives, yet neither the material efficacy nor the emotional resonance of those alternatives have a substantial additional effect.

Quality or Complexion? Experience and Skin Tone as Determinants of Electoral Success in Mexico

2025-06-19

René Rejón , Sergio Bárcena Juárez | Social Science Quarterly

ABSTRACT Objective Recent research suggest that skin color discrimination influences electoral outcomes. This article tests the empirical robustness and generalizability of these findings, incorporating candidates’ quality as an alternative explanation … ABSTRACT Objective Recent research suggest that skin color discrimination influences electoral outcomes. This article tests the empirical robustness and generalizability of these findings, incorporating candidates’ quality as an alternative explanation for electoral success. Methods We examine data from the 2024 General Election in Mexico. In addition to the variables considered by others before (i.e., human‐coded complexion, incumbency, college degree, sex, age, party), we include one machine‐coded skin tone measure, education level and, notably, disaggregate experience variables (government, legislative, and partisan). Results Our results indicate little, if any, support for the idea that skin tone is a significant predictor for electoral outcomes in Mexico. Conversely, legislative experience and partisanship appear to be the most significant determinants of electoral success. Conclusions Rather than disproving the existence of skin tone discrimination in Mexico, our findings reveal that electoral contests are not the best site to test the political salience of skin color in Mexico.

COVID-19 Vaccination Policy Compliance in Italy and Switzerland: The Mediating Effect of Trust in Scientists

2025-06-19

Johanna Hornung | Political Studies

Scientists gained relevance and visibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, but how trust in scientists affected compliance with COVID-19 policy measures is understudied. This article asks to what extent trust in … Scientists gained relevance and visibility during the COVID-19 pandemic, but how trust in scientists affected compliance with COVID-19 policy measures is understudied. This article asks to what extent trust in scientists influences (intended) compliance with COVID-19 vaccination policy and whether and how it acts as a mediator of the effects of cultural worldviews, partisanship, and ideology. Using data from the latest round of the European Social Survey, it applies multigroup path analysis to outline the mediating influence of trust in scientists in two countries differently affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: Italy and Switzerland. The results indicate that trust in scientists is related to (intended) compliance, but that there are cross-country differences in the explanatory models: While ideological and party-related influences on COVID-19 vaccine uptake become visible in Switzerland, cultural worldviews better explain the intention to get a COVID-19 vaccine in Italy.

Exploring the Motivations of the MAGA Movement

2025-06-19

Christopher S. Parker , Rachel Blum | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract The Make America Great Again (MAGA) movement burst on the scene with the most recent candidacy of Donald Trump in 2016. Many believe MAGA to be sui generis, something … Abstract The Make America Great Again (MAGA) movement burst on the scene with the most recent candidacy of Donald Trump in 2016. Many believe MAGA to be sui generis, something unseen prior to the current moment in American politics. This isn’t the position of the authors. Drawing on original survey data, this essay explores long-standing hypotheses on what drives the reactionary right in America. Materialist, class-based hypotheses are pitted against ones rooted in preference for social conformity (authoritarianism), and more symbolic explanations rooted in identity (e.g., racism, status threat, Christian nationalism). The authors find that at least here, explanations emphasizing class and social conformity have no explanatory power once identities related to symbolic politics are taken into account. The results add to the rapidly emerging literature on the social psychology of reactionary movements, further clarifying the declining position of class-based explanations when it comes to right-wing movements. More important for the present volume, the results support the claim in the conservative dilemma that symbolic politics are a more useful means of animating the mass public on the right than economic concerns.

Biases about Chinese People in English Language Use: Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination

2025-06-18

Han‐Wu‐Shuang Bao , Peter Gries | The China Quarterly

Abstract StopAsianHate protests arose in the West during the COVID-19 pandemic, opposing a perceived increase in hate incidents directed against Asians in general and Chinese people in particular. These events … Abstract StopAsianHate protests arose in the West during the COVID-19 pandemic, opposing a perceived increase in hate incidents directed against Asians in general and Chinese people in particular. These events raise a question: what is the nature of attitudinal biases about Chinese people in the English-speaking world today? Here, we seek answers with AI and big data. Using BERT language models pre-trained on massive English-language corpora (books, news articles, Wikipedia, Reddit and Twitter) and a new method for measuring natural-language propositions (the Fill-Mask Association Test, FMAT), we examined three components of attitudinal biases about Chinese people: stereotypes (cognitive beliefs), prejudice (emotional feelings) and discrimination (behavioural tendencies). The FMAT uncovered relative semantic associations between Chinese people and (1) cognitive stereotypes of low warmth (less moral/trustworthy and less sociable/friendly) and somewhat low competence (less assertive/dominant but equally capable/intelligent); (2) affective prejudice of contempt (vs admiration); and (3) behavioural discrimination of active/passive harm (vs help/cooperation). These findings advance our understanding of attitudinal biases towards Chinese people in the English-speaking world.

The mediating role of intergroup anxiety in the relationship between meta-stereotype and achievement motive among adolescents in rural–urban integration areas: a cross-sectional study

2025-06-18

Chuanyong Guo , Minghua Li , Limin Hou | Frontiers in Psychology

Background Adolescence is a crucial period for identity formation and the development of achievement motivation. In the context of rural–urban integration, adolescents encounter diverse social, cultural, and economic dynamics, which … Background Adolescence is a crucial period for identity formation and the development of achievement motivation. In the context of rural–urban integration, adolescents encounter diverse social, cultural, and economic dynamics, which complicate their developmental processes through intergroup relations and perceptions. Meta-stereotypes represent a key factor that influences adolescent motivation and behavior. This study aims to examine the mediating role of intergroup anxiety in the relationship between meta-stereotypes and achievement motivation among adolescents in rural–urban integration areas. Methods This cross-sectional study included 396 adolescents (aged 12–15 years; mean age = 13.89, SD = 0.98; 48.74% female) from a middle school in the rural–urban integration area. Participants completed self-report measures assessing intergroup anxiety, achievement motivation, and meta-stereotype activation. A mediation analysis with a bias-corrected bootstrapping procedure (5,000 draws) was conducted to assess whether intergroup anxiety mediates the relationship between meta-stereotypes and achievement motivation. Results Achievement motivation was negatively correlated with meta-stereotypes ( r = −0.12, p = 0.009), age ( r = −0.13, p = 0.004), years of education ( r = −0.14, p = 0.002), and intergroup anxiety ( r = −0.30, p &lt; 0.001). Intergroup anxiety was positively correlated with meta-stereotypes ( r = 0.22, p &lt; 0.001) and sex ( r = 0.08, p = 0.047). Across all participants, meta-stereotype activation significantly increased intergroup anxiety ( p &lt; 0.001) and significantly decreased achievement motivation ( p = 0.019). Rural adolescents exhibited the same pattern, while urban adolescents did not show significant changes. The 95% bootstrap confidence interval for the indirect effect of intergroup anxiety was [−0.201, −0.065], indicating a significant mediation effect. Subgroup analysis revealed no mediating effect among urban adolescents, while rural adolescents demonstrated significant partial mediation by intergroup anxiety on both the motivation to approach success and the motivation to avoid failure. Conclusion This study explored the interplay among meta-stereotypes, intergroup anxiety, and achievement motivation in adolescents from rural–urban integration areas in China. The findings offer important insights for educational strategies and psychological interventions aimed at enhancing interpersonal relationships and academic confidence among rural adolescents in these areas.

Individuals with Dysphoria Judge Negative Information to be More Recallable than Positive Information: Evidence for Emotional Salience Effect

2025-06-18

Yoshifumi Takahashi | The Japanese Journal of Personality

Harmony in Political Discourse? The Impact of High-Quality Listening on Speakers’ Perceptions Following Political Conversations

2025-06-18

Guy Itzchakov , Niv Navon , Jarret T. Crawford +2 more | Media and Communication

Conversations with people who hold opposite partisan attitudes can elicit defensiveness, reinforce extreme attitudes, and undermine relationships with those with opposing views. However, this might not be the case when … Conversations with people who hold opposite partisan attitudes can elicit defensiveness, reinforce extreme attitudes, and undermine relationships with those with opposing views. However, this might not be the case when speakers experience high-quality (attentive, understanding, and non-judgmental) listening from their conversation partners. We hypothesized that high-quality listening would increase speakers’ positive views toward, and their willingness to further interact with, others who hold politically opposed attitudes, and that these effects would be mediated by greater state openness. We conducted three experiments using different modalities to manipulate listening. In Study 1 (N = 379), participants recalled a conversation with an opposing political party member, with listening quality described as high-quality, low-quality, or control. Study 2 (N = 269) used imagined interactions, with participants reading vignettes describing either high-quality listening or a control condition. In Study 3 (preregistered; N = 741), participants watched a video of a listener modeling high-quality or moderate-quality listening and imagined themselves engaging in a similar interaction. Across studies, we found that high-quality listening consistently increased speakers’ state openness to politically opposed others but did not change political attitudes. We found inconsistent evidence for speakers’ increased willingness to engage in future interactions (meta-analytic effect: = 0.20, p = 0.015). However, we observed a consistent indirect effect of listening on positive attitudes and willingness for future interactions through increased openness.

Sustainable Leadership in the Norwegian Police Education: Experiencing an Almost Complete Lack of Research and Curriculum Literature Creating Unforeseen Challenges for Education and Learning

2025-06-18

Benja Stig Fagerland , Ole Boe , S Madsen | Athens Journal of Education

The Norwegian Police University College (NPUC) is introducing sustainability leadership as a part of its police leadership studies. At present, the NPUC has no curriculum that contains any literature on … The Norwegian Police University College (NPUC) is introducing sustainability leadership as a part of its police leadership studies. At present, the NPUC has no curriculum that contains any literature on sustainable leadership in the police. Thus, our two research questions were: 1. What has been written in the research literature about sustainable leadership in the police? 2. How is the concept of sustainable leadership in the police used in learning and education of police students? We decided to conduct a systematic literature review using the search terms sustainable leadership and police. We searched the databases Academic Search Premier, Criminal Justice Abstract with Full Text, PsycInfo and Scopus as they seemed to be the most relevant databases in order to answer our research questions. The results from this search were only eight unique studies that dealt with our topic of interest. The identification of studies via databases and registers was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We draw the conclusion that there is an almost complete lack of research and curriculum literature on sustainable leadership in the police that probably will lead to unforeseen challenges for education and learning for NPUC´s students. Keywords: sustainable leadership, police, learning, education, systematic review

Negative Stereotypical Evaluation from Male Increase Female’s Cyber Aggression Behaviors: The Intergroup Sensitivity Effect

2025-06-18

Yating Yang , Jingjing Song | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Background The intergroup sensitivity effect refers to the negative evaluation come from outgroup members will induce more negative emotions and aggression behaviors compared with the negative evaluation come from … <title>Abstract</title> Background The intergroup sensitivity effect refers to the negative evaluation come from outgroup members will induce more negative emotions and aggression behaviors compared with the negative evaluation come from ingroup members. This study aimed to focus on female group, explored the intergroup sensitivity effect in the internet situation, and further analyzed its mechanism. Methods In study 1, we manipulated the negative stereotypical evaluation source, and measured the cyber aggression behavior towards the evaluator. Study 2 explored the influence mechanism of the intergroup sensitivity effect. We measured the participants’ negative emotion, discrimination perception and gender system justice. Results The results showed that the negative stereotypical evaluation from male induced female more cyber aggression towards the evaluator than that from female, negative emotion and discrimination perception played a mediation role in this relationship, and these mediation effects were only significant for the female individual with high gender system justice. Conclusion In summary, negative emotion, discrimination perception, and gender system justice could partly explain the internal mechanism of the intergroup sensitivity effect.

Spridningen av rasistiska stereotyper i politisk satir i Finland

2025-06-17

Sandra Waller | Tahiti

I artikeln behandlas en karikatyr av drottning Ranavalona III, som har kopierats till den svenskspråkiga skämttidningen Fyren från en samtida fransk skämttidning. Skämtteckningar används som historiska källor för att analysera … I artikeln behandlas en karikatyr av drottning Ranavalona III, som har kopierats till den svenskspråkiga skämttidningen Fyren från en samtida fransk skämttidning. Skämtteckningar används som historiska källor för att analysera nationalistiska diskurser och ras som ett ideologiskt begrepp. Syftet med artikeln är att med ett postkolonialt perspektiv belysa Finlands ideologiska deltagande i kolonialismen under slutet av 1800-talet. Genom att tillämpa diskursanalys på karikatyrer undersöks vilket syfte Ranavalona-karikatyren fyller i en finländsk nationell kontext, vilka rasmarkörer som förekommer och vilka nationalistiska diskurser som karikatyrenförmedlar. Analysen visar att rasifierade skämtteckningar i allmänhet, och karikatyren av Ranavalona i synnerhet, utgör en byggsten i det koloniala kunskapsbygget som definierar nationalitet utifrån ras och visuella rasmarkörer. Den finländska politiska skämtpressen bidrog till detta kunskapsbygge i syfte att befästa en nationell och civiliserad finländsk identitet.

Can followers detect political leaders who cheat? Testing an evolutionary position

2025-06-17

Yi Yang , Liang Meng , B. Wang | Political Science Research and Methods

Abstract Researchers applying evolutionary theory to political psychology discover that in democracies, most citizens struggle to select political leaders based on their ideologies. Rather, they tend to concentrate on procedural … Abstract Researchers applying evolutionary theory to political psychology discover that in democracies, most citizens struggle to select political leaders based on their ideologies. Rather, they tend to concentrate on procedural fairness during public decision-making when evaluating their leaders. We re-examine such evolutionary propositions in China using eight Wason selection experiments. In autocracies, where accountability systems are weak or absent, little is known about how citizens judge politicians’ ideologies and their cheating behaviors. Our findings show that Chinese citizens are incapable of identifying political leaders’ ideological orientations; instead, they rely on a cheater-detection mechanism, evaluating leaders based on their adherence to procedural fairness. These results contribute to our understanding of democratic competence and the cognitive mechanisms of political judgment in autocratic contexts.

Who Sees Race as a Choice?

2025-06-17

Raj Ghoshal | Sociological Forum

ABSTRACT Due to shifting understandings of race and identity, the number of people who see one's race as rooted fully or partly in self‐identification, rather than solely in ancestry or … ABSTRACT Due to shifting understandings of race and identity, the number of people who see one's race as rooted fully or partly in self‐identification, rather than solely in ancestry or social appraisals, may be on the rise. This study uses a survey of over 1100 Americans to map the prevalence and distribution of “racial voluntarism”—that is, the view that a person's race is up to that person. I find that support for racial voluntarism is modest, but not trivial: about a quarter of Americans support it, and another quarter are neutral. People who see their race as hard for others to assess, those who report uncertainty about their own multiraciality, and dark‐skinned individuals are more likely than others to think of race as “up to each person.” I also find some interactions between respondents' race, multiraciality, and skin tone. Findings are mostly consistent with racial contestation perspectives that highlight the threats that contestation poses to identity and status. I consider the implications of these patterns.

The Role of Stereotypes in Jurors’ Indian Status Determinations and Guilt Decisions

2025-06-16

Kimberly Schweitzer , Dan Lewerenz | Behavioral Sciences

In the United States, courts say a jury must determine whether a defendant is an Indian subject to federal jurisdiction; however, jurors are provided little guidance regarding what to consider … In the United States, courts say a jury must determine whether a defendant is an Indian subject to federal jurisdiction; however, jurors are provided little guidance regarding what to consider in their Indian status determinations. Given the jurisdictional and legal defense implications Indian status decisions have, we tested whether jurors consider two easily accessible potential indicators of Indian race: appearance and name. We examined whether mock jurors' (N = 825) stereotypes of Indians influenced their determinations of whether a defendant is an Indian and whether that defendant is guilty of the crime alleged using a fully crossed 3 (defendant photo Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) × 3 (defendant name Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) between-participants design, controlling for participants' feelings toward Indians as a group and internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice. In general, neither the defendant's name nor photo stereotypicality predicted Indian status determinations, but jurors who thought the defendant was an Indian were more likely to find the defendant guilty. Thus, mock jurors consider factors other than the defendant's name and appearance when deciding whether the defendant is Indian, but if the defendant is considered Indian, mock jurors are more likely to find the defendant guilty.

Cognitive Liberalisation Through a Different Lens: Intergroup Contact Attenuates the Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Intergroup Bias Across Three Contexts

2025-06-16

Deborah Shulman , Richard J. Crisp , Rose Meleady +1 more | Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology

ABSTRACT Researchers in the field of intergroup contact recently proposed that contact can broaden the mind, a process referred to as cognitive liberalisation. Under the right conditions, contact can increase … ABSTRACT Researchers in the field of intergroup contact recently proposed that contact can broaden the mind, a process referred to as cognitive liberalisation. Under the right conditions, contact can increase flexible and creative thinking, as well as encourage the adoption of less rigid worldviews. The current research takes a novel approach by exploring whether contact can also “liberalise” people from the need to rely on intergroup bias to manage discomfort with uncertainty. We draw on Uncertainty‐Identity Theory to argue that intergroup contact can ameliorate the regulatory function of intergroup bias for reducing subjective uncertainty. Using three large‐scale Project Implicit datasets ( N total = 25,046), we tested whether contact moderates the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and intergroup bias and found that intolerance of uncertainty was associated with intergroup bias among people who do not experience contact with gay, transgender, or disabled people, but this association was generally weaker or non‐significant among people who experience contact. These results add to growing support for the liberalising impact of intergroup contact by elucidating a new benefit: Reduced reliance on intergroup bias as a means of managing subjective uncertainty.

The malleability of reliance on race or ethnic vs. gender stereotypes in implicit person perception in the presence of counterstereotypic individuating information: A registered report

2025-06-16

Rachel Rubinstein , Lee Jussim | Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Ageist attitudes are already evident in pre‐ and early‐school children: A multi‐method examination

2025-06-16

Jenny Jaquet , Lena‐Emilia Schenker , Jennifer A. Bellingtier +2 more | British Journal of Developmental Psychology

Abstract We examined age‐related attitudes in 56 German children ( M age = 6.5, 4–8 years; 55% female) using newly developed behavioural (seating and team formation task), explicit (picture rating) … Abstract We examined age‐related attitudes in 56 German children ( M age = 6.5, 4–8 years; 55% female) using newly developed behavioural (seating and team formation task), explicit (picture rating) and implicit [single‐target implicit association test (ST‐IAT)] measures. Stimuli comprised pictures of younger and older adults. Children placed younger adults closer to themselves and placed more older adults in an opposing team, rated pictures of younger adults more positively than those of older adults, and evinced more favourable implicit evaluations of younger than older targets. This shows that already young children evaluate younger and older adults differently, underscoring the need for further research on the development of age‐related attitudes in childhood.

From who we are to what we are willing to do for social change: The action‐bound role of efficacy perceptions

2025-06-16

Alice Lucarini , Veronica Margherita Cocco , Loris Vezzali +2 more | British Journal of Social Psychology

Abstract Two cross‐sectional studies conducted in Chile (Study 1, N = 587) and Italy (Study 2, N = 438) investigated the action‐bound role of perceived efficacy in explaining the association … Abstract Two cross‐sectional studies conducted in Chile (Study 1, N = 587) and Italy (Study 2, N = 438) investigated the action‐bound role of perceived efficacy in explaining the association between politicized (Studies 1 and 2) and non‐politicized identity (Study 2) with normative and non‐normative collective action (CA) intentions. We comparatively explored different efficacy perceptions: internal locus of control (i.e., individual agency), group efficacy (i.e., ingroup agency), normative and non‐normative collective action efficacy (i.e., action efficacy). Both identity types were positively associated with normative CA intentions via increased perceptions of group and normative CA efficacy (Studies 1–2). Regarding non‐normative CA intentions, beyond observing positive associations with politicized identity via increased group (Study 1) and non‐normative CA efficacy (Study 1–2), we also found a negative indirect effect of politicized identity via increased normative CA efficacy (Study 1) and a negative indirect effect of non‐politicized identity via decreased non‐normative CA efficacy (Study 2). These findings highlight the key role of efficacy perceptions in translating identity into action, emphasizing both group agency and the perceived efficacy of specific forms of action. Moreover, they suggest that the type of social identity can promote or inhibit more radical forms of CA, shaping pathways to social change.

How Economic Inequality Affects Ingroup Stereotypes Among the Economically Disadvantaged Individuals

2025-06-16

Keke Zhu , Toon Kuppens , Yasin Koç +1 more | Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology

ABSTRACT Previous research has found a link between economic inequality and stereotypes. However, little is known whether inequality affects perceived stereotypes among poor people because no studies have specifically focused … ABSTRACT Previous research has found a link between economic inequality and stereotypes. However, little is known whether inequality affects perceived stereotypes among poor people because no studies have specifically focused on this group. To address this gap, we conducted a series of experiments to examine the impact of economic inequality on ingroup stereotypes among economically disadvantaged individuals. Participants were randomly assigned to high or low inequality conditions, and then rated ingroup stereotypes. Results of three experiments revealed that participants who were exposed to high (vs. low) inequality conditions perceived the ingroup as less competent. In Experiment 3, those who reported doing less (vs. more) downward comparison in daily life perceived their ingroup as less competent in the high (vs. low) inequality condition. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to high economic inequality decreases ingroup competence stereotypes among the economically disadvantaged group. Surprisingly, we identified downward social comparison, rather than upward comparison, as a key moderator. As the first study to examine the influence of economic inequality on ingroup stereotypes, our research enhances understanding of how individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds respond to and are affected by economic inequality.

Do Personality Traits Predict Voter Attitudes When Politics Is Structured Around Conflict? Lessons from Israel

2025-06-15

Naama Rivlin-Angert , Alon Yakter , Lior Sheffer | Public Opinion Quarterly

Abstract The relationship between personality traits and political attitudes has been studied extensively. However, existing accounts largely study personality’s links to liberal-conservative divisions on social and economic issues. We know … Abstract The relationship between personality traits and political attitudes has been studied extensively. However, existing accounts largely study personality’s links to liberal-conservative divisions on social and economic issues. We know far less about its attitudinal influences when politics is organized around other issue domains, particularly ethnonational conflicts. Addressing this gap, we examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits, policy preferences, and political orientation in Israel, where the main ideological cleavage involves the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Using original survey data, we find that the known relationships with social and economic attitudes operate only partly and more weakly in this context. Unlike these domains, conflict-related preferences in Israel correlate primarily with greater conscientiousness, largely through authoritarian tendencies. General Left-Right orientations mimic this relationship, reflecting conflict-related views rather than social or economic inclinations. These findings expand the scope of current debates about personality and political attitudes and underscore the importance of national ideological contexts for future research.

Inclusive MOOCs as an antidote to stereotype threat in education: state of the art and future directions

2025-06-12

Katharina-Maria Illgen , Lorena Göritz , Daniel Stattkus +2 more | Discover Education

Abstract This study examines the potential of inclusive design in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) to address the impact of stereotype threat, a significant barrier encountered by underrepresented groups, particularly … Abstract This study examines the potential of inclusive design in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) to address the impact of stereotype threat, a significant barrier encountered by underrepresented groups, particularly in STEM education. As online learning opportunities grow, the demographic composition of course participants frequently does not reflect broader societal diversity, with women and racial minorities remaining underrepresented in fields such as computer science and mathematics. This phenomenon reflects societal stereotypes that shape perceptions and constrain study choices. MOOCs, given their global reach, flexible structure, and often anonymous nature, have the potential to challenge these stereotypes when designed inclusively. This work synthesizes existing research and provides a broader perspective on strategies for fostering inclusivity in MOOCs through a systematic literature review, focusing on methods to counteract stereotype threat. The aim is to propose practical solutions for inclusive course design to empower marginalized learners and promote equitable education, enhancing the representation of marginalized learners in both educational and professional spheres. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicate the necessity for further investigation into the design of inclusive MOOCs, providing a future research agenda. This work contributes to the academic discourse on the potential of MOOCs to foster an integrated approach toward inclusive digital transformation in education, thereby enabling supportive digital inclusive learning environments. Moreover, it is of significant societal and organizational relevance, particularly in promoting diversity within STEM fields and beyond and creating a more equitable future where learners can flourish, regardless of background or prevailing stereotypes.

How Do Children Think About Groups?

2025-06-12

| Cambridge University Press eBooks

Testing the effects of political rhetoric towards muslims as a facilitator and barrier for intergroup contact

2025-06-12

John Shayegh , Becky L. Choma | Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

How Convincing Is a Crowd? Quantifying the Persuasiveness of a Consensus for Different Individuals and Types of Claims

2025-06-11

Manikya Alister , Keith Ransom , Saoirse Connor Desai +3 more | Psychological Science

A powerful cue when reasoning is whether an apparent consensus has been reached. However, we do not yet know how the strength of this cue varies between different individuals and … A powerful cue when reasoning is whether an apparent consensus has been reached. However, we do not yet know how the strength of this cue varies between different individuals and types of claims. In the current study (N = 78 U.S. adults, recruited from Prolific), we evaluated this with a realistic mock social-media paradigm in which each participant evaluated 60 diverse, real-world claims based on posts from people who either disagreed with each other, formed a consensus independently, or formed a consensus using shared sources. Almost all participants revised their beliefs to align with the consensus; many also qualitatively changed their minds. A consensus was also more persuasive for claims more likely to have a ground truth (i.e., more knowable claims). Although most people were insensitive to consensus independence, some were more persuaded by a consensus formed independently, whereas some were equally convinced by a consensus formed using the same sources.