Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Electric Motor Design and Analysis

Works Count: 95101

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the design, optimization, and application of electric motor drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It covers topics such as permanent magnet machines, thermal analysis, switched reluctance motors, torque ripple reduction, high-speed applications, magnetic gearing, cogging torque reduction, and motor design optimization.

Keywords

Electric Motor Drives; Permanent Magnet Machines; Thermal Analysis; Switched Reluctance Motors; Torque Ripple Reduction; High-Speed Applications; Hybrid Electric Vehicles; Magnetic Gearing; Cogging Torque Reduction; Motor Design Optimization

Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor Drives

2010-06-08

R. Krishnan

Despite two decades of massive strides in research and development on control strategies and their subsequent implementation, most books on permanent magnet motor drives still focus primarily on motor design, … Despite two decades of massive strides in research and development on control strategies and their subsequent implementation, most books on permanent magnet motor drives still focus primarily on motor design, providing only elementary coverage of control and converters. Addressing that gap with information that has largely been disseminated only in journals and at conferences, Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor Drives is a long-awaited comprehensive overview of power electronic converters for permanent magnet synchronous machines and control strategies for variable-speed operation. It introduces machines, power devices, inverters, and control, and addresses modeling, implementation, control strategies, and flux weakening operations, as well as parameter sensitivity, and rotor position sensorless control. Suitable for both industrial and academic audiences, this book also covers the simulation, low cost inverter topologies, and commutation torque ripple of PM brushless DC motor drives. Simulation of the motor drives system is illustrated with MATLAB® codes in the text. This book is divided into three parts—fundamentals of PM synchronous and brushless dc machines, power devices, inverters; PM synchronous motor drives, and brushless dc motor drives. With regard to the power electronics associated with these drive systems, the author: Explores use of the standard three-phase bridge inverter for driving the machine, power factor correction, and inverter control Introduces space vector modulation step by step and contrasts with PWM Details dead time effects in the inverter, and its compensation Discusses new power converter topologies being considered for low-cost drive systems in PM brushless DC motor drives This reference is dedicated exclusively to PM ac machines, with a timely emphasis on control and standard, and low-cost converter topologies. Widely used for teaching at the doctoral level and for industrial audiences both in the U.S. and abroad, it will be a welcome addition to any engineer's library.

Vector Control and Dynamics of AC Drives

1996-07-25

D.W. Novotny , T.Α. Lipo

Abstract This book presents a detailed but easily understood development of the complex variable form of the equations describing AC machines. These equations are then extended to incorporate inverter models … Abstract This book presents a detailed but easily understood development of the complex variable form of the equations describing AC machines. These equations are then extended to incorporate inverter models and a number of examples of inverter-machine dynamics are presented. A section on constant speed behaviour includes development of the conventional equivalent circuits and an extensive treatment of the constant speed eigenvalues and switching transients. Vector control and field orientation concepts are first introduced in terms of their steady state properties. This allows anyone with a basic understanding of steady state machine behaviour to understand and appreciate the potential of field orientation and to actually start using the book immediately. This is followed by a full dynamic analysis of vector controlled systems including conventional indirect and direct field orientation and less conventional systems that orient to air gap or stator flux rather than rotor flux. A chapter on the important types of current regulators is also included. The final two chapters deal with vector control and field orientation system performance in relation to tuning errors, saturation effects, selection of flux levels to optimize performance and the question of optimization in the field weakening mode.

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines

2008-01-01

Jacek F. Gieras , Rong‐Jie Wang , Maarten J. Kamper

Finite Element Analysis of Electrical Machines

1995-01-01

S. Salon

Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems

2013-06-17

Paul Krause , Oleg Wasynczuk , Scott D. Sudhoff

Preface.Basic Principles for Electric Machine Analysis.Direct--Current Machines.Reference--Frame Theory.Symmetrical Induction Machines.Synchronous Machines.Theory of Brushless dc Machines.Machine Equations in Operational Impedances and Time Constants.Linearized Machine Equations.Reduced--Order Machine Equations.Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 2--Phase Induction … Preface.Basic Principles for Electric Machine Analysis.Direct--Current Machines.Reference--Frame Theory.Symmetrical Induction Machines.Synchronous Machines.Theory of Brushless dc Machines.Machine Equations in Operational Impedances and Time Constants.Linearized Machine Equations.Reduced--Order Machine Equations.Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 2--Phase Induction Machines.Semicontrolled Bridge Converters.dc Machine Drives.Fully Controlled 3--Phase Bridge Converters.Induction Motor Drives.Brushless dc Motor Drives.Appendix: Trigonometric Relations, Constants and Conversion Factors, and Abbreviations.Index.

View PDF Chat

Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

2010-12-16

R. Krishnan

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE SWITCH RELUCTANCE MOTOR (SRM) Introduction Background Elementary Operation of the Switch Reluctance Motor Principle of Operation of the Switched Reluctance Motor Derivation of the Relationship … PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE SWITCH RELUCTANCE MOTOR (SRM) Introduction Background Elementary Operation of the Switch Reluctance Motor Principle of Operation of the Switched Reluctance Motor Derivation of the Relationship Between Inductance and Rotor Position Equivalent Circuit SRM Configurations Linear Switched Reluctance Machines References DERIVATION OF SRM CHARACTERISTICS Introduction Data for Performance Computation Analytic Method for the Computation of Machine Characteristics Computation of Unaligned Inductance Computation of Aligned Inductance Computation of Inductance vs. Rotor Position vs. Excitation Current Comparison of Measured, Analytic and Finite Element Results References DESIGN OF SRM Introduction Derivation of Output Equation Selection of Dimensions Design Verification Operational Limit Selection of Number of Phases Selection of Poles Ratio of Pole-Arc to Pole-Pitch Selection of Pole Base Selection of Pole-Arcs Measurement of Inductance Calculation of Torque Design of Linear Switched Reluctance Machine (LSRM) References CHAPTER 4: CONVERTERS FOR SRM DRIVES Converter Configurations Asymmetric Bridge Converter Asymmetric Converter Variation Single Switch per Phase Converters m Switches and 2m Diodes m Switches and 2m Diodes with Independent Phase Current Control (m+1) Switch and Diode Configurations One Common Switch Configuration Minimum Switch Topology With Variable DC Link Variable DC Link Voltage with Buck Boost Converter Topology 1.5m Switches and Diodes Configuration Comparison of Some Power Converters Two Stage Power Converter Resonant Converter Circuits for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives References CONTROL OF SRM DRIVE Introduction Control Principle Closed Loop Speed Controlled SRM Drive Design of Current Controllers Flux Linkage Controller Torque Control Design of the Speed Controller References MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SRM DRIVE SYSTEM Introduction Modeling Simulation References ACOUSTIC NOISE AND ITS CONTROL IN SRM Introduction Sources of Acoustic Noise in Electrical Machines Noise Sources Noise Mitigation Qualitative Design Measures to Reduce Noise Measurement of Acoustic Noise and Vibrations Future Directions Appendix-1: Derivation of First Mode Frequency of SRM References SENSORLESS OPERATION OF SRM DRIVES Introduction Current Sensing Rotor Position Measurement Methods Rotor Position Estimation References APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS Introduction Review of SRM Drive Features for Application Consideration Applications Emerging applications References

Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors

1995-04-27

J R Hendershot , TJE Miller

Abstract Brushless permanent-magnet motors provide simple, low maintenance, easily controlled motive power. New magnetic materials and digital power control techniques continue to widen the scope of their applications. Increasing automation … Abstract Brushless permanent-magnet motors provide simple, low maintenance, easily controlled motive power. New magnetic materials and digital power control techniques continue to widen the scope of their applications. Increasing automation is increasing demand. This book, written by two world leading experts, combines practical and academic experience to produce the most comprehensive and useful design manual for brushless PM motors ever. It will serve the modern computer-based generation of motor engineers in much the same way as the Electro-Craft Handbook served the previous generation on d.c. motors. The book goes hand-in-hand with modern software-based techniques for design and analysis. It covers all the topics of interest to the motor design engineer, and the system engineer, including electrical and magnetic design, materials, control, and many other topics.

Comparative Study of Interior Permanent Magnet, Induction, and Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for EV and HEV Applications

2015-08-19

Zhi Yong Yang , Fei Shang , Ian Brown +1 more

With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive understanding of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presents the design and comparative evaluation for … With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive understanding of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presents the design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A fast finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design. To account for highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn-ON and turn-OFF angles with current chopping control and angular position control are found for SRM. Additional comparison including noise vibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted. Simulation and analytical results show that each motor topology demonstrates its own unique characteristic for EVs/HEVs. Each motor's highest efficiency region is located at different torque-speed regions for the criteria defined. Stator geometry, pole/slot combination, and control strategy differentiate NVH performance.

Overview of Electric Motor Technologies Used for More Electric Aircraft (MEA)

2011-08-25

Cao Wen-ping , B.C. Mecrow , Glynn Atkinson +2 more

This paper presents an overview of motor drive technologies used for safety-critical aerospace applications, with a particular focus placed on the choice of candidate machines and their drive topologies. Aircraft … This paper presents an overview of motor drive technologies used for safety-critical aerospace applications, with a particular focus placed on the choice of candidate machines and their drive topologies. Aircraft applications demand high reliability, high availability, and high power density while aiming to reduce weight, complexity, fuel consumption, operational costs, and environmental impact. New electric driven systems can meet these requirements and also provide significant technical and economic improvements over conventional mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems. Fault-tolerant motor drives can be achieved by partitioning and redundancy through the use of multichannel three-phase systems or multiple single-phase modules. Analytical methods are adopted to compare caged induction, reluctance, and PM motor technologies and their relative merits. The analysis suggests that the dual (or triple) three-phase PMAC motor drive may be a favored choice for general aerospace applications, striking a balance between necessary redundancy and undue complexity, while maintaining a balanced operation following a failure. The modular single-phase approach offers a good compromise between size and complexity but suffers from high total harmonic distortion of the supply and high torque ripple when faulted. For each specific aircraft application, a parametrical optimization of the suitable motor configuration is needed through a coupled electromagnetic and thermal analysis, and should be verified by finite-element analysis.

Electric Motor Drive Selection Issues for HEV Propulsion Systems: A Comparative Study

2006-11-01

Mounir Zeraoulia , Mohamed Benbouzid , Demba Diallo

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper describes a comparative study allowing the selection of the most appropriate electric-propulsion system for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This paper is based on … <para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper describes a comparative study allowing the selection of the most appropriate electric-propulsion system for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This paper is based on an exhaustive review of the state of the art and on an effective comparison of the performances of the four main electric-propulsion systems, namely the dc motor, the induction motor (IM), the permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the switched reluctance motor. The main conclusion drawn by the proposed comparative study is that it is the cage IM that better fulfills the major requirements of the HEV electric propulsion. </para>

View PDF Chat

Lumped parameter thermal model for electrical machines of TEFC design

1991-01-01

Phil Mellor , Donald W. Roberts , David R. Turner

A lumped-parameter thermal model is described which provides both a steady-state and transient solution to the temperatures within an electrical machine of the TEFC design. The model is sufficiently complex … A lumped-parameter thermal model is described which provides both a steady-state and transient solution to the temperatures within an electrical machine of the TEFC design. The model is sufficiently complex to identify the temperatures at most locations in the machine, including the peak temperatures in the endwinding and the surface temperatures of the rotor. It is formulated out of purely dimensional information and constant thermal coefficients and is therefore easily adapted to a range of frame sizes. The thermal behaviour of the TEFC machine is accurately described by the solution of just eight linear differential equations. The model is therefore suitable for application to online temperature estimation for protection and duty-cycle evaluation. The application of the thermal model to a medium (75 kW) and two small (5.5 kW) induction motors is described in detail. The model performance is confirmed by experimental temperature data obtained from varying load tests on each of the three induction motors.

Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

2007-04-01

Z. Q. Zhu , D. Howe

This paper reviews the relative merits of induction, switched reluctance, and permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines and drives for application in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, with particular emphasis on … This paper reviews the relative merits of induction, switched reluctance, and permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines and drives for application in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, with particular emphasis on PM brushless machines. The basic operational characteristics and design requirements, viz. a high torque/power density, high efficiency over a wide operating range, and a high maximum speed capability, as well as the latest developments, are described. Permanent-magnet brushless dc and ac machines and drives are compared in terms of their constant torque and constant power capabilities, and various PM machine topologies and their performance are reviewed. Finally, methods for enhancing the PM excitation torque and reluctance torque components and, thereby, improving the torque and power capability, are described

Automotive Electric Propulsion Systems With Reduced or No Permanent Magnets: An Overview

2014-01-31

Ion Boldea , Lucian Tutelea , Leila Parsa +1 more

Hybrid and electric vehicle technology has seen rapid development in recent years. The motor and the generator are at the heart of the vehicle drive and energy system and often … Hybrid and electric vehicle technology has seen rapid development in recent years. The motor and the generator are at the heart of the vehicle drive and energy system and often utilize expensive rare-earth permanent magnet (PM) material. This paper reviews and addresses the research work that has been carried out to reduce the amount of rare-earth material that is used while maintaining the high efficiency and performance that rare-earth PM machines offer. These new machines can use either less rare-earth PM material, weaker ferrite magnets, or no magnets; and they need to meet the high performance that the more usual interior PM synchronous motor with sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets provides. These machines can take the form of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines, induction machines, switched reluctance machines, wound rotor synchronous machines (claw pole or biaxially excited), double-saliency machines with ac or dc stator current control, or brushless dc multiple-phase reluctance machines.

A New Quick-Response and High-Efficiency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor

1986-09-01

Isao Takahashi , Toshihiko Noguchi

New quick-response and high-efficiency control of an induction motor, which is quite different from that of the field-oriented control is proposed. The most obvious differences between the two are as … New quick-response and high-efficiency control of an induction motor, which is quite different from that of the field-oriented control is proposed. The most obvious differences between the two are as follows. 1) The proposed scheme is based on limit cycle control of both flux and torque using optimum PWM output voltage; a switching table is employed for selecting the optimum inverter output voltage vectors so as to attain as fast a torque response, as low an inverter switching frequency, and as low harmonic losses as possible. 2) The efficiency optimization in the steady-state operation is also considered; it can be achieved by controlling the amplitude of the flux in accordance with the torque command. To verify the feasibility of this scheme, experimentation, simulation, and comparison with field-oriented control are carried out. The results prove the excellent characteristics for torque response and efficiency, which confirm the validity of this control scheme.

Overview of Stator-Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines

2011-03-07

Ming Cheng , Wei Hua , Jianzhong Zhang +1 more

Permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines having magnets and windings in stator (the so-called stator-PM machines) have attracted more and more attention in the past decade due to its definite advantages … Permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines having magnets and windings in stator (the so-called stator-PM machines) have attracted more and more attention in the past decade due to its definite advantages of robust structure, high power density, high efficiency, etc. In this paper, an overview of the stator-PM machine is presented, with particular emphasis on concepts, operation principles, machine topologies, electromagnetic performance, and control strategies. Both brushless ac and dc operation modes are described. The key features of the machines, including the merits and drawbacks of the machines, are summarized. Moreover, the latest development of the machines is also discussed.

Variable-speed switched reluctance motors

1980-01-01

P.J. Lawrenson , J.M. Stephenson , N.N. Fulton +2 more

The paper explores the theory and potential of a family of doubly salient electronically-switched reluctance motors. It is demonstrated that the machine provides the basis for fully-controllable variable-speed systems, which … The paper explores the theory and potential of a family of doubly salient electronically-switched reluctance motors. It is demonstrated that the machine provides the basis for fully-controllable variable-speed systems, which are shown to be superior to conventional systems in many respects. The motor retains all the advantages normally associated with induction motors and brings significant economy in the drive electronics. The basic modes of operation, analysis, design considerations and experimental results from a range of prototype motors up to 15 kW at 750 rev/min are described. The most recent prototype has achieved a continuous rating which is 1.4 times that of the equivalent induction motor.

Solving the More Difficult Aspects of Electric Motor Thermal Analysis in Small and Medium Size Industrial Induction Motors

2005-08-16

D.A. Staton , Aldo Boglietti , Andrea Cavagnino

With the ever-increasing pressure on electric motor manufacturers to develop smaller and more efficient electric motors, there is a need for more thermal analysis in parallel with the traditional electromagnetic … With the ever-increasing pressure on electric motor manufacturers to develop smaller and more efficient electric motors, there is a need for more thermal analysis in parallel with the traditional electromagnetic design. Attention to the thermal design can be rewarded by major improvements in the overall performance. Technical papers published to date highlight a number of thermal design issues that are difficult to analyze. This paper reviews some of these issues and gives advice on how to deal with them when developing algorithms for inclusion in design software.

View PDF Chat

Evolution and Modern Approaches for Thermal Analysis of Electrical Machines

2009-03-01

Aldo Boglietti , Andrea Cavagnino , D.A. Staton +3 more

In this paper, the authors present an extended survey on the evolution and the modern approaches in the thermal analysis of electrical machines. The improvements and the new techniques proposed … In this paper, the authors present an extended survey on the evolution and the modern approaches in the thermal analysis of electrical machines. The improvements and the new techniques proposed in the last decade are analyzed in depth and compared in order to highlight the qualities and defects of each. In particular, thermal analysis based on lumped-parameter thermal network, finite-element analysis, and computational fluid dynamics are considered in this paper. In addition, an overview of the problems linked to the thermal parameter determination and computation is proposed and discussed. Taking into account the aims of this paper, a detailed list of books and papers is reported in the references to help researchers interested in these topics.

View PDF Chat

Synthesis of high performance PM motors with concentrated windings

2002-06-01

J. Cros , P. Viarouge

The windings concentrated around the teeth offer obvious advantages for the electrical machines with radial air-gap, because the volume of copper used in the end-windings can be reduced. The Joule … The windings concentrated around the teeth offer obvious advantages for the electrical machines with radial air-gap, because the volume of copper used in the end-windings can be reduced. The Joule losses are decreased, and the efficiency is improved. These machines are still limited to applications of sub-fractional power and they generally present a reduced number of phases. In the three-phase machines, the concentrated winding is too often restricted to a winding with a short pitch of 120 electrical degrees, i.e., to a winding with performances reduced compared to the traditional structures. But there is a significant number of three-phase structures which can support a concentrated winding if the number of poles is increased. In this article, the authors present a synthesis of the structures of three-phase machines with concentrated windings. (1) In the first part, the structures with a regular distribution of the slots are presented. A systematic method is proposed to determine the windings and the performances are discussed. (2) In the second part, the authors present original structures of three-phase machines with concentrated windings which use an irregular distribution of the slots. A specific method to identify these structures is described, and a comparative analysis of the performances of the original and traditional structures is performed by using a field calculation software.

Analytical calculation of magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap of a surface permanent-magnet motor using complex relative air-gap permeance

2006-06-28

Damir Žarko , Drago Ban , T.Α. Lipo

We present an analytical method for calculation of no-load magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap of a surface permanent-magnet (PM) motor with radial or parallel magnetization. The method … We present an analytical method for calculation of no-load magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap of a surface permanent-magnet (PM) motor with radial or parallel magnetization. The method introduces the notion of complex relative air-gap permeance, calculated from the conformal transformation of the slot geometry, to take into account the effect of slotting. As a result, an accurate solution of both radial and tangential components of the flux density can be obtained which shows excellent agreement with the results of finite-element simulations. As an example of the effectiveness of the model, we present calculations of the back electromotive force and the cogging torque waveforms in a surface PM motor.

Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Windings Synchronous Permanent Magnet Machines: Opportunities and Challenges

2009-09-04

Ayman El‐Refaie

Fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) synchronous permanent magnet (PM) machines have been gaining interest over the last few years. This is mainly due to the several advantages that this type of windings … Fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) synchronous permanent magnet (PM) machines have been gaining interest over the last few years. This is mainly due to the several advantages that this type of windings provides. These include high-power density, high efficiency, short end turns, high slot fill factor particularly when coupled with segmented stator structures, low cogging torque, flux-weakening capability, and fault tolerance. This paper is going to provide a thorough analysis of FSCW synchronous PM machines in terms of opportunities and challenges. This paper will cover the theory and design of FSCW synchronous PM machines, achieving high-power density, flux-weakening capability, comparison of single- versus double-layer windings, fault-tolerance rotor losses, parasitic effects, comparison of interior versus surface PM machines, and various types of machines. This paper will also provide a summary of the commercial applications that involve FSCW synchronous PM machines.

Flux-Weakening Regime Operation of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive

1987-07-01

Thomas M. Jahns

The interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor is compatible with extended-speed-range constant-power operation by means of flux-weakening control. Flux weakening uses stator current components to counter the fixed-amplitude magnetic airgap … The interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor is compatible with extended-speed-range constant-power operation by means of flux-weakening control. Flux weakening uses stator current components to counter the fixed-amplitude magnetic airgap flux generated by the rotor magnets, performing a role similar to field weakening in a separately excited dc motor. The nature of current regulator saturation caused by the finite inverter dc source voltage is described, marked by premature torque and power degradation at high speeds in the absence of flux-weakening control. This is followed by presentation of a new flux-weakening control algorithm developed as a modification of an established feedforward IPM torque control algorithm described previously in the literature. Attractive features of this new algorithm include smooth drive transitions into and out of the flux-weakening mode, fast response, as well as automatic adjustment to changes in the dc source voltage. Simulation and empirical test results from a 3-hp laboratory IPM motor drive are used to confirm the constant-power operating envelope achieved using the new flux-weakening control algorithm.

Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives

1988-01-01

Pragasen Pillay , R. Krishnan

Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drives, which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless DC motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the induction … Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drives, which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless DC motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM has a sinusoidal back EMF and requires sinusoidal stator currents to produce constant torque while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back EMF and requires rectangular stator currents to produce constant torque. The PMSM is very similar to the wound rotor synchronous machine except that the PMSM that is used for servo applications tends not to have any damper windings and excitation is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a field winding. Hence the d, q model of the PMSM can be derived from the well-known model of the synchronous machine with the equations of the damper windings and field current dynamics removed. Because of the nonsinusoidal variation of the mutual inductances between the stator and rotor in the BDCM, it is also shown that no particular advantage exists in transforming the abc equations of the BCDM to the d, q frame. Hence the solution of the original abc equations is proposed for the BDCM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>

Design techniques for reducing the cogging torque in surface-mounted PM motors

2002-09-01

Nicola Bianchi , Silverio Bolognani

Several techniques may be adopted in designing surface-mounted permanent-magnet motors in order to reduce the cogging torque. This paper describes various classical and innovative techniques, giving a theoretical justification for … Several techniques may be adopted in designing surface-mounted permanent-magnet motors in order to reduce the cogging torque. This paper describes various classical and innovative techniques, giving a theoretical justification for each of them. To this aim, a simple original model of the cogging torque mechanism and a Fourier analysis are introduced. As a result, it is highlighted that some techniques are not always utilizable, and some of them may even be deprecatory when not used correctly. In addition, effects of cogging torque elimination on back electromotive force are discussed.

A novel high-performance magnetic gear

2001-07-01

Kais Atallah , D. Howe

Mechanical gearboxes are used extensively to match the operating speed of prime-movers to the requirements of their loads. Although, high system torque densities can be achieved, gear lubrication and cooling … Mechanical gearboxes are used extensively to match the operating speed of prime-movers to the requirements of their loads. Although, high system torque densities can be achieved, gear lubrication and cooling are often required, whilst noise, vibration and reliability can be significant issues. The paper describes the design and performance of a magnetic gear, which employs rare-earth magnets, which simulation studies have shown to have a transmitted torque density exceeding 100 kNm/m/sup 3/.

Overview of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2008-05-29

K. T. Chau , C.C. Chan , Chunhua Liu

With ever-increasing concerns on our environment, there is a fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) from automakers, governments, and customers. As electric drives are the … With ever-increasing concerns on our environment, there is a fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) from automakers, governments, and customers. As electric drives are the core of both EVs and HEVs, it is a pressing need for researchers to develop advanced electric-drive systems. In this paper, an overview of permanent-magnet (PM) brushless (BL) drives for EVs and HEVs is presented, with emphasis on machine topologies, drive operations, and control strategies. Then, three major research directions of the PM BL drive systems are elaborated, namely, the magnetic-geared outer-rotor PM BL drive system, the PM BL integrated starter-generator system, and the PM BL electric variable-transmission system.

View PDF Chat

Modeling, simulation, and analysis of permanent-magnet motor drives. II. The brushless DC motor drive

1989-01-01

Pragasen Pillay , R. Krishnan

For pt.I see ibid., vol.25, no.2, p.265-73 (1989). The authors develop a phase variable model of the BDCM (brushless DC motor) and use it to examine the performance of a … For pt.I see ibid., vol.25, no.2, p.265-73 (1989). The authors develop a phase variable model of the BDCM (brushless DC motor) and use it to examine the performance of a BDCM speed servo drive system when fed by hysteresis and pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) current controllers. Particular attention was paid to the motor large-signal and small-signal dynamics and motor torque pulsations. The simulation included the state-space model of the motor and speed controller and real-time model of the inverter switches. Every instance of a power device turning on or off was simulated to calculate the current oscillations and resulting torque pulsations. The results indicate that the small- and large-signal responses are very similar. This result is only true when the timing of the input phase currents with the back EMF (electromotive force) is correct. The large-signal and small-signal speed response is the same whether PWM or hysteresis current controllers are used. This is because, even though the torque pulsations may be different due to the use of different current controllers, the average value which determines the overall speed response is the same.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>

Linear electric actuators and generators

1999-01-01

Ion Boldea , Syed A. Nasar

Linear electric actuators and generators (LEAGs) are electromagnetic devices which develop directly short-travel progressive (or oscillatory) linear motion. Machine tool sliding tables, pen recorders and free piston power machines are … Linear electric actuators and generators (LEAGs) are electromagnetic devices which develop directly short-travel progressive (or oscillatory) linear motion. Machine tool sliding tables, pen recorders and free piston power machines are typical industrial applications for LEAGs. Their recent revival in applications in compressors, pumps, electromagnetic valve actuators, active shock absorbers, vibrators, etc. Prompts this review, which presents main LEAGs configurations, their principles of operations, comparative performance evaluation, motion control and existing as well as potential applications.

View PDF Chat

Pulsating torque minimization techniques for permanent magnet AC motor drives-a review

1996-04-01

Thomas M. Jahns , Wen L. Soong

Permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor drives are finding expanded use in high-performance applications where torque smoothness is essential. This paper reviews a wide range of motor- and controller-based design techniques … Permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor drives are finding expanded use in high-performance applications where torque smoothness is essential. This paper reviews a wide range of motor- and controller-based design techniques that have been described in the literature for minimizing the generation of cogging and ripple torques in both sinusoidal and trapezoidal PMAC motor drives. Sinusoidal PMAC drives generally show the greatest potential for pulsating torque minimization using well-known motor design techniques such as skewing and fractional slot pitch windings. In contrast, trapezoidal PMAC drives pose more difficult trade-offs in both the motor and controller design which may require compromises in drive simplicity: and cost to improve torque smoothness. Controller-based techniques for minimizing pulsating torque typically involve the use of active cancellation algorithms which depend on either accurate tuning or adaptive control schemes for effectiveness. In the end, successful suppression of pulsating torque ultimately relies on an orchestrated systems approach to all aspects of the PMAC machine and controller design which often requires a carefully selected combination of minimization techniques.

Two-reaction theory of synchronous machines generalized method of analysis-part I

1929-07-01

R. H. Park

Starting with the basic assumption of no saturation or hysteresis, and with distribution of armature phase m. m. f. effectively sinusoidal as far as regards phenomena dependent upon rotor position, … Starting with the basic assumption of no saturation or hysteresis, and with distribution of armature phase m. m. f. effectively sinusoidal as far as regards phenomena dependent upon rotor position, general formulas are developed for current, voltage, power, and torque under steady and transient load conditions. Special detailed formulas are also developed which permit the determination of current and torque on three-phase short circuit, during starting, and when only small deviations from an average operating angle are involved. In addition, new and more accurate equivalent circuits are developed for synchronous and asynchronous machines operating in parallel, and the domain of validity of such circuits is established. Throughout, the treatment has been generalized to include salient poles and an arbitrary number of rotor circuits. The analysis is thus adapted to machines equipped with field pole collars, or with amortisseur windings of any arbitrary construction. It is proposed to continue the analysis in a subsequent paper.

Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors. I. Open-circuit field

1993-01-01

Z. Q. Zhu , D. Howe , Ekkehard Bolte +1 more

An analytical technique for predicting the instantaneous magnetic field distribution in the airgap region of radial-field topologies of brushless permanent-magnet DC motors, under any specified load condition and accounting implicitly … An analytical technique for predicting the instantaneous magnetic field distribution in the airgap region of radial-field topologies of brushless permanent-magnet DC motors, under any specified load condition and accounting implicitly for the stator winding current waveform and the effect of stator-slot-openings, has been developed. It is based on the superposition of the component fields due to the permanent magnet and the stator excitation. A 2D analytical method for predicting the open-circuit airgap field distribution in both internal and external rotor radial-field motor topologies is presented. It involves the solution of the governing field equations in polar coordinates in the annular airgap/magnet region of a multipole slotless motor in which the magnets are assumed to have uniform radial magnetization and a constant relative recoil permeability. Results for various radial-field motors are compared with predictions from corresponding finite element analyses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>

Expansion of operating limits for permanent magnet motor by current vector control considering inverter capacity

1990-01-01

Shigeo Morimoto , Yoichi Takeda , Takao Hirasa +1 more

The current vector control method of PM (permanent magnet) motors is examined to expand the operating limits associated with inverter capacity. This control method is optimum in the sense of … The current vector control method of PM (permanent magnet) motors is examined to expand the operating limits associated with inverter capacity. This control method is optimum in the sense of deriving maximum output torque within the voltage and current constraints. The effects of motor parameters are examined by computer simulation. The operating limits are greatly expanded by controlling the d- and q-axis components of the armature current according to the rotor speed. The operating limits are examined considering the demagnetization of the permanent magnet. If the permanent magnet has a straight demagnetization curve, like a rare-earth permanent magnet, the PM motor can be safely operated until the demagnetizing coefficient becomes 1.0. If wide speed range or constant power operation is desirable, a permanent magnetic with a high coercivity and a linear demagnetization curve must be used for the PM motor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>

High-Speed Electrical Machines: Technologies, Trends, and Developments

2013-10-22

David Gerada , Abdeslam Mebarki , Neil L. Brown +3 more

This paper reviews the current technologies used in high-speed electrical machines through an extensive survey of different topologies developed and built in the industry and academia for several applications. Developments … This paper reviews the current technologies used in high-speed electrical machines through an extensive survey of different topologies developed and built in the industry and academia for several applications. Developments in materials and components, including electrical steels and copper alloys, are discussed, and their impact on the machines' operating physical boundaries is investigated. The main application areas pulling the development of high-speed machines are also reviewed to better understand the typical performance requirements.

View PDF Chat

Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors. III. Effect of stator slotting

1993-01-01

Z. Q. Zhu , D. Howe

For pt.II see ibid., vol.29, no.1, p.136-142 (1993). A method for modeling the effect of stator slotting on the magnetic field distribution in the airgap/magnet region of a radial-field brushless … For pt.II see ibid., vol.29, no.1, p.136-142 (1993). A method for modeling the effect of stator slotting on the magnetic field distribution in the airgap/magnet region of a radial-field brushless permanent-magnet DC motor equipped with a surface-mounted magnet rotor is presented to allow the analytical prediction of the open-circuit, armature-reaction, and consultant magnetic field distribution under any specified load condition. It is shown that the conventional 1D relative permeance model, which is used extensively in the analysis of induction and synchronous machines, is inappropriate for permanent magnet motors, for which the proposed analytical method accounts for stator slot openings by the application of the conformal transformation method and a 2-D relative permanence function. The results of predictions from the analysis are compared with corresponding finite element analyses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>

Influence of design parameters on cogging torque in permanent magnet machines

2000-01-01

Z. Q. Zhu , D. Howe

The influence of various design parameters on the cogging torque developed by permanent magnet machines is investigated. It is shown that the slot and pole number combination has a significant … The influence of various design parameters on the cogging torque developed by permanent magnet machines is investigated. It is shown that the slot and pole number combination has a significant effect on the cogging torque, and influences the optimal value of both skew angle and magnet arc, as well as determining the optimal number of auxiliary teeth/slots. A simple factor, which is proportional to the slot number and the pole number and inversely proportional to their smallest common multiple, has been introduced to indicate the "goodness"/spl beta/ of the slot and pole number combination. In general, the higher the "goodness" factor the larger the cogging torque.

View PDF Chat

Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors for Adjustable-Speed Drives

1986-07-01

Thomas M. Jahns , G.B. Kliman , Thomas Neumann

Interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous motors possess special features for adjustable-speed operation which distinguish them from other classes of ac machines. They are robust high powerdensity machines capable of operating at … Interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous motors possess special features for adjustable-speed operation which distinguish them from other classes of ac machines. They are robust high powerdensity machines capable of operating at high motor and inverter efficiencies over wide speed ranges, including considerable ranges of constant-power operation. The magnet cost is minimized by the low magnet weight requirements of the IPM design. The impact of the buried-magnet configuration on the motor's electromagnetic characteristics is discussed. The rotor magnetic circuit saliency preferentially increases the quadrature-axis inductance and introduces a reluctance torque term into the IPM motor's torque equation. The electrical excitation requirements for the IPM synchronous motor are also discussed. The control of the sinusoidal phase currents in magnitude and phase angle with respect to the rotor orientation provides a means for achieving smooth responsive torque control. A basic feedforward algorithm for executing this type of current vector torque control is discussed, including the implications of current regulator saturation at high speeds. The key results are illustrated using a combination of simulation and prototype IPM drive measurements.

Analysis of electromagnetic performance of flux-switching permanent-magnet Machines by nonlinear adaptive lumped parameter magnetic circuit model

2005-11-01

Z. Q. Zhu , Y. Pang , D. Howe +3 more

A nonlinear adaptive lumped parameter magnetic circuit model is developed to predict the electromagnetic performance of a flux-switching permanent-magnet machine. It enables the air-gap field distribution, the back-electromotive force (back-EMF) … A nonlinear adaptive lumped parameter magnetic circuit model is developed to predict the electromagnetic performance of a flux-switching permanent-magnet machine. It enables the air-gap field distribution, the back-electromotive force (back-EMF) waveform, the winding inductances, and the electromagnetic torque to be calculated. Results from the model are compared with finite-element predictions and validated experimentally. The influence of end effects is also investigated, and optimal design parameters, such as the rotor pole width, the stator tooth width, and the ratio of the inner to outer diameter of the stator, are discussed.

Design of Rotating Electrical Machines

2013-10-10

Juha Pyrhönen , Tapani Jokinen , Valéria Hrabovcová

View PDF Chat

Brushless Permanent-Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives

1990-01-01

J.E. Gilliam

Electronic Control of Switched Reluctance Machines

2001-01-01

T.J.E. Miller

High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals

2000-01-01

Design of Rotating Electrical Machines

2008-12-16

Juha Pyrhönen , Tapani Jokinen , Valéria Hrabovcová

View PDF Chat

Improved torque ripple minimization of SynRM with optimal multi-frequency harmonic current tracking

2025-06-24

Yuanzhe Zhao , Zhaowei Ren , L. Zhang +4 more | Electrical Engineering

Design and Analysis of Low-Speed External Frame Motors with Halbach-Type and Olive-Shaped Magnet Structures

2025-06-24

Rana Md Sohel , Yiming Shen , Runze Ji +1 more | World Electric Vehicle Journal

This study examined the design and optimization of low-speed external frame motors featuring Halbach-type and olive-shaped magnet structures to improve performance in spacecraft control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). Our research was … This study examined the design and optimization of low-speed external frame motors featuring Halbach-type and olive-shaped magnet structures to improve performance in spacecraft control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). Our research was driven by the urgent need for precise, high-torque, low-speed motors in CMGs, where conventional designs, including Halbach-type and traditional radial magnet configurations, are hindered by manufacturing complexity and excessive torque pulsation. This study focused on optimizing rotor pole configurations to enhance efficiency and torque stability. An olive-shaped magnet structure provides a more uniform magnetic field distribution in the air gap, substantially reducing magnetic field harmonics and minimizing cogging torque and torque pulsation—critical performance factors for low-speed applications. Comparative analysis reveals that the olive-shaped motor achieves a peak torque of 0.312 N·m with a torque pulsation of 0.9 mN·m, maintaining an amplitude below 0.3%. This demonstrates a 20% improvement compared to the Halbach-type motor’s torque pulsation of 1.15 mN·m. Moreover, the olive-shaped motor exhibits superior stability in air-gap magnetization under different loads, ensuring high efficiency and robust operation. By streamlining magnet assembly while enhancing electromagnetic performance, this study offers a cost-effective, high-precision solution for CMG systems. These findings underscore the olive-shaped magnet motor’s potential to advance motor technology for aerospace applications.

Analysis and optimization of the demagnetization performance of permanent magnets of the hybrid excitation starter generator

2025-06-23

Jinbin Xu | Archives of Electrical Engineering

The hybrid excitation starter generator (HESG) of range-extended electric vehi-cles is at risk of permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization under overload conditions. Therefore, this paper analyzes the operating process of PMs … The hybrid excitation starter generator (HESG) of range-extended electric vehi-cles is at risk of permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization under overload conditions. Therefore, this paper analyzes the operating process of PMs and the impact of armature reaction fields on PM operating points and demagnetization under various operating condi-tions. The variation patterns of average flux density operating points and minimum flux density values in the HESG under different load conditions are derived. The demagnetiza-tion points of each PM and their contributing factors are determined. Furthermore, the pa-rameters of the magnetic isolation air gap between the PMs are optimized while considering leakage flux and demagnetization at the ends of the PMs. The simulation analysis and pro-totype test results show that a reasonable design and optimization of the ends of PMs can effectively enhance the demagnetization resistance of PMs and improve the output perfor-mance of HESG.

Investigation of critical operating ranges in the rotor dynamics of axial flux machines using fourier methods

2025-06-23

Philipp Altoé , Ulrich J. Römer , Alexander Fidlin | Forschung im Ingenieurwesen

Trade-off design for high-frequency vibration reduction in variable-frequency drive permanent magnet synchronous motors

2025-06-23

Minghu Yu , Yuqiu Zhang | Electrical Engineering

VARIASI GEOMETRI DESAIN ELEKTROMAGNETIK GENERATOR PERMANEN MAGNET 12SLOT 8POLE 500 WATT MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE BERBASIS FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ( FEM )

2025-06-22

Jumiyatun Jumiyatun , Ratih Mar’atus Solihah , Ahsanul Hisbullah +2 more | Foristek

One of the main components of wind power plants that can be developed is the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). In this research, PMSG design will be carried out using … One of the main components of wind power plants that can be developed is the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). In this research, PMSG design will be carried out using Finite element method software with Geometry Variations of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with a combination of 12 8-pole slots which will then be modeled on Finite element method software. In one variation of this generator geometry has been successfully created with good efficiency. This model will argue for the specifications of variations 1, 2 and 3 and are analyzed by comparison test scenarios and loading with load R. The generator with a no-load test simulation produces between variations in variation 1 of 10.93 volts, variation 2 of 12.67 volts, variation 3 of 13.77 volts. When testing load with load resulted in an efficiency of variation 1 of 20.5%, variation 2 of 19.6%, and variation 3 of 33.4%.

Research on power factor enhancement of a multi-condition variable leakage flux PM motor utilizing inverse-saliency-ratio effect

2025-06-20

Xue Zhou , Zixuan Xiang | Electrical Engineering

Design Optimization and Experimental Validation of Five Phase Non-Overlapped Wound Field Flux Switching Machines

2025-06-20

Muhammad Yousuf , Faisal Khan , Ahmed Tameemi +2 more | Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology

Thermal analysis of direct-drive offshore permanent magnet synchronous generator with peak–valley heat sinks

2025-06-20

Weili Li , Xiaoke Liu , Dan Li +3 more | Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Design of an Unequal-Teeth Stator Structure for a Low-Vibration Noise Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Considering Teeth Modulation

2025-06-20

Liyan Guo , Xiangyi Li , Huatuo Zhang +3 more | World Electric Vehicle Journal

To address the high vibration and noise in fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines for electric vehicles, this study focuses on a 30-pole, 36-slot fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machine. … To address the high vibration and noise in fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines for electric vehicles, this study focuses on a 30-pole, 36-slot fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machine. These issues are mainly caused by the modulation of high-order radial electromagnetic forces into low-order radial electromagnetic forces, known as the teeth modulation effect. The characteristics of radial electromagnetic forces are analyzed using the Maxwell stress tensor method, and the modulation process is examined. A novel unequal-teeth stator structure is proposed to reduce vibration and noise. Finite element simulations are performed to investigate how this structure affects the amplitude of modulated low-order radial electromagnetic forces. The optimal ratio of the unequal-teeth design is identified to effectively suppress the modulation effect. Simulation results indicate that an appropriately chosen unequal-teeth proportion leads to significant improvements in the machine’s vibration and noise performance across various operating conditions, providing a preliminary validation of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed unequal-teeth design methodology.

Harmonic Current Controller based on Multiple Synchronous Reference Frame Considering saliency and Flux saturation in IPMSMs

2025-06-19

Yun-Jae Lee , Hwigon Kim , Sung-Ho Kim +1 more | The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics

Enhanced Current and MTPA Control Performance Utilizing FEM-Based Flux linkage 3D-LUT for Vector-Controlled IPMSM

2025-06-19

Nisar Ahmed , Said M. Allam , Mohamed A. Almozayen | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> The Interior PMSM drive systems pose several challenges, including managing magnetic saturation, cross-coupling between the d and q axes current controllers, and other nonlinearities, which can lead to poor … <title>Abstract</title> The Interior PMSM drive systems pose several challenges, including managing magnetic saturation, cross-coupling between the d and q axes current controllers, and other nonlinearities, which can lead to poor control responsiveness. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a finite element-based flux linkage 3D lookup table (3D-LUT) for both d-q axis flux linkages through an iterative co-simulation process between the circuit solver and the FEM solver integrated with a maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) control technique to enhance the overall dynamic performance. The 3D-LUTs are also utilized to establish an offline circuit-field coupled simulation model with high accuracy to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to the classical MTPA. The results show that the proposed method managed to refine the MTPA trajectory and the current control accuracy by considering the effect of magnetic saturation and minimizing the parameter mismatch.

A Review of Electromagnetic (EM) Methods

2025-06-19

O.P. Mishra , D.C. Naskar | CRC Press eBooks

Electromagnetic Design of an Energy Efficient BLDC Motor Using Altair Flux—A Review

2025-06-19

M R Sindhu , K. Meghana , Dutta Rohan +1 more | CRC Press eBooks

Innovative Concept of Dual-Stator Dual-Rotor Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor

2025-06-19

Aishwarya Bura , Divya Kiran , K.C. Ganesh +1 more | CRC Press eBooks

Enhancing Grasshopper Techniques to Reduce Torque Ripples in Switched Reluctance Motor

2025-06-19

N. Deepa , K. Krishnaveni , G. Mallesham | CRC Press eBooks

Thermal–Flow Coupling Simulation and Performance Analysis for Self-Starting Permanent Magnet Motors

2025-06-19

J.Z. Liu , Yunbo Shi , Yang Zheng +1 more | Electronics

In practical applications, the fully enclosed structure is always required by self-starting permanent magnet synchronous motors for safety. However, internal heat dissipation can be obstructed as a result, which affects … In practical applications, the fully enclosed structure is always required by self-starting permanent magnet synchronous motors for safety. However, internal heat dissipation can be obstructed as a result, which affects operational reliability. To resolve the issue, this study takes a 3 kW self-starting permanent magnet synchronous motor as the research object. Based on fluid dynamics and fluid solid coupling heat transfer theory, the model is reasonably simplified according to the characteristics of the structure of motor cooling, and basic assumptions and boundary conditions are given to establish a three-dimensional, whole machine solution domain model. The finite element method is used to numerically analyze and calculate under rated conditions. The fluid flow characteristics, heat transfer characteristics, motion trajectories of the cooling medium on the surface of the external casing, fan, and internal stator and rotor domains, and winding ends are analyzed. Therefore, the internal rheological characteristics and temperature rise distribution law of the self-starting permanent magnet synchronous motor can be revealed. Based on the aforementioned research, a novel method to design the wind spur structure on the surface of the rotor end is proposed. By comparing the simulation results of the fluid field and temperature field of the motor under wind spur structures with different lengths and equidistant distributions in the circumferential direction of the rotor end, the influence of the convective heat characteristics can be systematically studied. Lastly, the accuracy of the calculation results and the rationality of the solution method are verified through experiments of temperature rise, and the flow temperature distribution characteristics of the motor can be optimized by the wind spur structure, which can be used in practical applications.

The Effect of Magnetic Slot Wedges on the Vibration of High-Voltage Line-Starting Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

2025-06-17

Zexing Li , Chunwei Yuan , Si Chen +4 more | Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology

Low-Power Constant Current Driver for Stepper Motors in Aerospace Applications

2025-06-17

Leijie Jiang , Lixun Zhu , Chuande Liu | Energies

Stepper motors are used in satellites for various drive operations that are achieved by custom designs. This paper presents a stepper motor driver for satellite systems. It takes rotor position … Stepper motors are used in satellites for various drive operations that are achieved by custom designs. This paper presents a stepper motor driver for satellite systems. It takes rotor position and phase current as inputs and employs a current subdivision method with back-propagation neural network (BPNN) to achieve constant current control of the motor. The driver can ensure the smooth operation and the positioning accuracy of the motor with a filter wheel that is 0.1944 kg·m2 in the moment of inertia and satisfy self-adaption of the load without system parameter identification. Compared to the previous scheme, the proposed scheme can reduce the power consumption by about 21.15% when the motor runs at 2 r/s, which is beneficial to the reduction in the size and the mass of some power supply modules. The performances of the developed driver are implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit board. The experimental results are conducted to verify the claims presented. The proposed scheme can be extended to other stepper motor systems with large moment of inertia loads within spacecraft.

Stryker Guide Wire with Ruler Tube

2025-06-16

| Biomedical Safety & Standards

Electromagnetic Analysis of Cylinders

2025-06-16

Kotaro Kajikawa , Takayuki Okamoto | CRC Press eBooks

DESIGN OF PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER FOR THE CLAW-POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS UNDER NON-LINEAR LOADING

2025-06-14

Yusuf Toprak , Oktay Karakaya , Şevket Cantürk +1 more | İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

In this study, firstly, the harmonic distortions of terminal voltage and current of a three-phase 1,5 kVA, 150V, 50 Hz, and four poles permanent magnet excited Claw Pole Synchronous Generator … In this study, firstly, the harmonic distortions of terminal voltage and current of a three-phase 1,5 kVA, 150V, 50 Hz, and four poles permanent magnet excited Claw Pole Synchronous Generator (CPSG) supplying a 6-pulse rectifier load are simulated using its 3D Finite Element Model (FEM) in Ansys Maxwell software environment. Then, various low-pass passive filters are designed with a practical approach to reduce the terminal voltage and winding current harmonics in the analysis system. Finally, the terminal voltage and current harmonic distortions, losses, torque oscillations, and efficiency of the modelled CPSG are evaluated when the designed filter is connected to the system. According to the numerical results obtained, the best-performing filter among the designed ones is determined. It is also concluded that with the help of this best-performing filter, the terminal voltage harmonic distortion, losses, torque oscillations, and efficiency of the CPSG are considerably improved.

ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC MACHINES AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING IN COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 6.2.

2025-06-14

R T Emelyanov , А Д Данилов , Dmitry Zhelonin | Transport engineering

The paper deals with the use of electromagnets in the field of mechanical engineering, as well as the example of a rotor and stator with poles of electromagnetic coils. The … The paper deals with the use of electromagnets in the field of mechanical engineering, as well as the example of a rotor and stator with poles of electromagnetic coils. The possibility of redirection and shielding of electromagnetic fluxes is analyzed, and the description of electric and magnetic fields arising around any conductor with electric current, which are an integral component of almost all electrical machines, is given. It is shown that there are no natural materials that have zero magnetic permeability, that is, they do not completely pass through a magnetic field. The results of shielding of the magnetic flux created by electromagnets are considered. Rotating Machinery, Magnetic module was used for the analysis, in which formulations based on vector and scalar magnetic potentials are available, as well as a Moving Mesh tool. To shield the magnetic flux generated by electromagnets, the choice of the most effective method depends on the type of electromagnet (direct current or alternating current), its operation frequency, the intensity of the magnetic field and the requirements for shielding. One of the most effective methods is combined shielding using ferrimagnetic and conductive materials.

Design optimization of surface-inset-type-PMSM using scalarization and novel metaheuristic algorithm for two-post lift application

2025-06-14

Monika Verma | COMPEL The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Purpose This study aims to propose technique for reducing overall design cost of traction motor for two-post lift (2PL) application, by altering the geometry of the motor. This process is … Purpose This study aims to propose technique for reducing overall design cost of traction motor for two-post lift (2PL) application, by altering the geometry of the motor. This process is efficiently fit for improving the overall performance of the motor, by diminishing the unwanted cogging torque and ripple torque. Design/methodology/approach This work presents a mutualism-based novel metaheuristic algorithm for solving real-world motor design optimization problem. To simplify the formulation of complex problem of motor design, surrogate modeling technique (SRT) is implemented. The SRT helps for obtaining the mathematical modeling of output response in terms of input design parameters. Findings The analysis process helps in finding out the optimal design parameters of motor model, at which the motor has improved performance and geometry of motor has reduced cost. Research limitations/implications The proposed study presents a panoramic view of solving motor-model design (MMD) problem from scratch design to reach out to optimized design, using the metaheuristic algorithm. The study has the limitations of inclusiveness of the electrical constraints due to 2PL application in designing the problem. Practical implications The new surface inset type permanent magnet synchronous motor model geometry can be used to further analyze the dynamic behavior as well as vibration analysis impact over the 2PL performance. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the authorized optimization algorithm. Also, the implementation of proposed algorithm is to solve complex MMD problem, which efficiently explores as well as exploits the design parameters under a specified range.

COMPARISON OF TWO BI-PHASE HYBRID STEPPER MOTORS, ONE WITH A SOLID AND THE OTHER WITH A LAMINATED STATOR

2025-06-14

Ovidiu Craiu , TEDOR-IONUŢ ICHIM | REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE

The authors modelled and compared two hybrid stepper motors (HSM) sharing identical geometrical characteristics, phase resistance, and supply voltage. One motor features a solid stator, while the other is equipped … The authors modelled and compared two hybrid stepper motors (HSM) sharing identical geometrical characteristics, phase resistance, and supply voltage. One motor features a solid stator, while the other is equipped with a laminated stator. The paper details the implementation of a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) model, which includes the calculation of the equivalent magnetic permeability in the direction perpendicular to the laminated stack. The solid motor produces higher torque than the laminated motor, making it a better choice for applications requiring high torque density at low speeds. Experimental results confirmed the findings from the numerical simulations. After calibrating the FEM model based on the numerical results, an optimisation of both motor versions was conducted.

ESTIMATION OF FLUX LINKAGE OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR USING KALMAN FILTER

2025-06-14

Partha Ghosh , ALOK KUMAR SHRIVASTA , Raju Basak | REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE

The real flux linkage value on the rotor side of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) determines the field control performance of the motor. The flux linkage in the rotor … The real flux linkage value on the rotor side of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) determines the field control performance of the motor. The flux linkage in the rotor side is taken into consideration as a constant parameter for half of the full order observer and stator flux estimate. However, realistically speaking, flux linkage can vary across a large range. A new set of variables is established for internal permanent magnet synchronous motors, or IPMSMs. A third order Kalman filter is developed by taking into account a set of additional variables as well as the state variables of the rotor flux linkage. By using Ld=Lq, the flux linkage of the rotor side for a surface-mounted PMSM may be shown. The model is simulated using FEM to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The computed findings indicate the precision of the flux linkage on the rotor side.

Optimization research on electromagnetic noise of EMU traction motors

2025-06-14

Guowei He , Xiaowen Jiang , Yongjiang Liu +2 more | Transportation Safety and Environment

Abstract The comfort assessment for high-speed train passengers is becoming increasingly stringent, with noise being a key indicator. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of noise exceeding standards in a … Abstract The comfort assessment for high-speed train passengers is becoming increasingly stringent, with noise being a key indicator. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of noise exceeding standards in a specific high-speed train, conducting noise testing research to identify the traction system noise as the major contributor. By optimizing the design of the traction motor and its control strategy, considering the motor slot coordination and control strategies, the noise caused by electromagnetic forces leading to motor resonance radiation was eliminated. The optimization results were significant, providing experiential guidance for noise optimization in other high-speed train motors.

Direct-Phase Variables Performance Analysis of Concentrated Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Capacitive Assistance

2025-06-14

Emmanuel C. Obuah , Uche C. Eze , Benjamine Akinloye | The American Journal of Engineering And Technology

The dynamic and transient performance analysis of a three-phase interior rotor concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (CW-IPMSG) with was presented. In this paper. The study was done in direct-phase … The dynamic and transient performance analysis of a three-phase interior rotor concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (CW-IPMSG) with was presented. In this paper. The study was done in direct-phase variables concentering only the fundamental magneto-motive force (MMF). The machine’s inductance was determined using winding function theory (WFT). The derived inductance was used to determine performance characteristics of the machine’s variables such as phase current, load current and electromagnetic torque. The study was validated in MATLAB/Simulink to observe the performance of the characteristics of the generator. The study was carried out at no-load condition, under load perturb, as well as increase and decrease of capacitor. It was observed that the permanent magnet synchronous generator had slightly better output performance with capacitor assistance.

Research on the Oil Cooling Structure Design Method of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicles

2025-06-14

Shijun Chen , Cheng Miao , Xin‐Yu Chen +2 more | Energies

Permanent magnet synchronous motors for electric vehicles (EVs) prioritize high power density and lightweight design, leading to elevated thermal flux density. Consequently, cooling methods and heat conduction in stator windings … Permanent magnet synchronous motors for electric vehicles (EVs) prioritize high power density and lightweight design, leading to elevated thermal flux density. Consequently, cooling methods and heat conduction in stator windings become critical. This paper proposes a compound cooling structure combining direct oil spray cooling on stator windings and housing oil channel cooling (referred to as the winding–housing composite oil cooling system) for permanent synchronous motors in EVs. A systematic design methodology for oil jet nozzles and housing oil channels is investigated, determining the average convective heat transfer coefficient on end-winding surfaces and the heat dissipation factor of the oil channels. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate the thermal field of a 48-slot 8-pole oil-cooled motor, with further analysis on the effects of oil temperature and flow rate on motor temperature. Based on these findings, an optimized oil-cooled structure is proposed, demonstrating enhanced thermal management efficiency. The results provide valuable references for the design of cooling systems in oil-cooled motors for EV applications.

Battery-Powered Motor-Car Rolling Stock

2025-06-13

Halyna Omelianenko , V.I. Omelyanenko , Оleksandr Demydov +2 more | NTU KhPI Bulletin Power and heat engineering processes and equipment

The article considers the use of energy storage in motor-car rolling stock. The article analyses the rolling stock of European and Japanese manufacturers, which uses energy storage to provide power … The article considers the use of energy storage in motor-car rolling stock. The article analyses the rolling stock of European and Japanese manufacturers, which uses energy storage to provide power supply when moving through non-electrified areas. The types of energy storage devices used in motor-car rolling stock are considered, the use of energy storage is proposed, and the parameters of the energy storage device for autonomous movement of a motor-car train between the stations Merchyk and Bohodukhiv, where the railway section is not electrified, are determined. By solving traction problems, it is determined that the total energy consumption when driving on this section and in the opposite direction is 175 kWh. It is proposed to use LTO cells in energy storage devices, which will ensure their long service life. The use of energy storage devices on motor-car rolling stock will improve the quality of passenger service, reduce operating costs, and reduce environmental impact.

Analysis and Assessment of a Brushless DC Outrunner Motor for Agriculture Drones Using JMAG

2025-06-12

Javier de la Cruz , Jose J. Gascon-Avalos , Jesse Y. Rumbo‐Morales +7 more | Applied System Innovation

Designing propulsion systems for agricultural drones involves a repetitive process that is both expensive and time-intensive. At the same time, conducting comprehensive experimental tests demands specialized equipment and strict safety … Designing propulsion systems for agricultural drones involves a repetitive process that is both expensive and time-intensive. At the same time, conducting comprehensive experimental tests demands specialized equipment and strict safety protocols. In this work, the design and assessment of the propulsion system (propeller, motor, and battery) for large-sized drones in agricultural applications are conducted using numerical methods. To properly predict and validate the performance of a brushless direct current motor, a three half-bridge inverter circuit, featuring a trapezoidal commutation, is implemented and constructed. First, the propeller is studied using the finite volume method, obtaining a maximum variation of 6.32% for thrust and 10.1% for torque. Additionally, an electromagnetic analysis on a commercial brushless direct current motor (BLDC) using JMAG software from JSOL corporation (JMAG designer 23.2, Cd.Obregón, México) resulted in 4.43% deviation from experimental electrical measurements. The selected propulsion system is implemented in a 30 kg drone, where motor performance is evaluated for two instants of time in a typical agriculture trajectory. The findings demonstrate that numerical methods provide valuable insights in large-sized unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) design, decreasing the experimental tests conducted and accelerating implementation time.

Design and Optimization of a Magnetic Geared Permanent Magnet Machine with Iron Pieces Rotor

2025-06-12

Sadegh Mollaei Saghin , Aghil Ghaheri , Ebrahim Afjei | Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology

Special Use of Switched Reluctance Motors for Industrial Applications: Design and Electromagnetic Performance Evaluation

2025-06-12

Imed Mahmoud , Adel Khedher | WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS

Thanks to their many advantages, which enable them to be used in a wide range of fields and applications, Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have recently come to dominate the field … Thanks to their many advantages, which enable them to be used in a wide range of fields and applications, Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have recently come to dominate the field of variable speed electric drives. Compared with other families of actuators, Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) is distinguished by its simple robust construction, high reliability, absence of rare-earth magnets, fast dynamic response and cost-effectiveness. Given the importance of accurately predicting the electromagnetic performance of SRMs at the design stage It is with this in mind that our research work, developed in this paper, is situated. The first step is to define SRM categories and parameters. Next, finite element modelling is presented as a key technique for characterization. Finally, the paper examines rotary and linear variants of SRMs used in industries requiring motion-controlled solutions. The study focuses on design strategies for adapting Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) to the needs of different industrial sectors.

Multi-Physics Coupling Analysis of Hybrid Stator Permanent Magnet Vernier Motor for Electric Vehicle Based on Halbach Array

2025-06-11

Wang Xiu-ping , YU Jing-quan , Xu Dong +2 more | SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles

<div>In order to improve the output torque and power density of the in-wheel motor, a hybrid stator permanent magnet vernier motor (HSPMVM) is proposed based on the traditional single-tooth permanent … <div>In order to improve the output torque and power density of the in-wheel motor, a hybrid stator permanent magnet vernier motor (HSPMVM) is proposed based on the traditional single-tooth permanent magnet vernier motor (PMVM-I) and split-tooth permanent magnet vernier motor (PMVM-II). With the help of analytical method and finite element method, the three motors of PMVM-I, PMVM-II, and HSPMVM are compared and analyzed. It is proved that HSPMVM has higher output torque and lower torque ripple, and the amount of permanent magnet is also significantly reduced. In order to further improve the operating performance, the Halbach array is applied to the HSPMVM to form a new hybrid stator Halbach array permanent magnet vernier motor (HSHPMVM). The analysis results show that the HSHPMVM has a significant magnetic concentration effect, the torque is increased by 61.96%, and the torque ripple is reduced by 22.47%. The magneto-thermal two-way coupling analysis of HSHPMVM under rated conditions shows that the maximum temperature is 103.28°C, and the maximum temperature of permanent magnet is 71.295°C, which meets the requirements of normal operation of the motor. Finally, the temperature rise experiment was carried out by using the prototype to verify the accuracy of the magneto-thermal two-way coupling.</div>