Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science

Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity

Works Count: 85924

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This cluster of papers focuses on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils, particularly their potential applications in food preservation. It covers topics such as the mode of action, in vitro evaluation, and synergistic interactions with food matrix components. Additionally, it explores the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils derived from medicinal plants.

Keywords

Essential Oils; Antimicrobial Activity; Food Preservation; Antibacterial Agents; Medicinal Plants; Mode of Action; In Vitro Evaluation; Phytochemicals Screening; Antioxidant Activity; Natural Products

The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)

2001-12-25

Sean D. Cox , C.M. Mann , J.L. Markham +4 more

S.D. COX, C.M. MANN, J.L. MARKHAM, H.C. BELL, J.E. GUSTAFSON, J.R. WARMINGTON and S.G. WYLLIE.2000.The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) exhibits broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity. Its mode of action … S.D. COX, C.M. MANN, J.L. MARKHAM, H.C. BELL, J.E. GUSTAFSON, J.R. WARMINGTON and S.G. WYLLIE.2000.The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) exhibits broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity. Its mode of action against the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli AG100, the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325, and the yeast Candida albicans has been investigated using a range of methods. We report that exposing these organisms to minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of tea tree oil inhibited respiration and increased the permeability of bacterial cytoplasmic and yeast plasma membranes as indicated by uptake of propidium iodide. In the case of E. coli and Staph. aureus, tea tree oil also caused potassium ion leakage. Differences in the susceptibility of the test organisms to tea tree oil were also observed and these are interpreted in terms of variations in the rate of monoterpene penetration through cell wall and cell membrane structures. The ability of tea tree oil to disrupt the permeability barrier of cell membrane structures and the accompanying loss of chemiosmotic control is the most likely source of its lethal action at minimum inhibitory levels.

Stability of Essential Oils: A Review

2013-01-01

Claudia Turek , Florian C. Stintzing

Abstract In recent years, consumers have developed an ever‐increasing interest in natural products as alternatives for artificial additives or pharmacologically relevant agents. Among them, essential oils have gained great popularity … Abstract In recent years, consumers have developed an ever‐increasing interest in natural products as alternatives for artificial additives or pharmacologically relevant agents. Among them, essential oils have gained great popularity in the food, cosmetic, as well as the pharmaceutical industries. Constituting an array of many lipophilic and highly volatile components derived from a great range of different chemical classes, essential oils are known to be susceptible to conversion and degradation reactions. Oxidative and polymerization processes may result in a loss of quality and pharmacological properties. Despite their relevance for consumers, there is a paucity of information available addressing this issue. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on possible changes in essential oils and factors affecting their stability. Focusing on individual essential oils, the various paths of degradation upon exposure to extrinsic parameters are outlined. Especially temperature, light, and oxygen availability are recognized to have a crucial impact on essential oil integrity. Finally, analytical methods to assess both genuine as well as altered essential oil profiles are evaluated with respect to their suitability to track chemical alterations. It is believed that only a careful inspection of essential oils by a set of convenient methods allows profound quality assessment that is relevant to producers and consumers alike.

Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil

2003-10-24

Tea Kulišić , Ani Radonić , Višnja Katalinić +1 more

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts

1999-06-01

Katherine A. Hammer , Christine F. Carson , T. V. Riley

The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly … The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of ≤2·0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2·0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0·03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0·008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts

1970-03-01

Gerald Cohen , Dorothy Dembiec , Judith Marcus

Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants?

1998-02-01

J.N. Eloff

An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs

2001-07-01

Mircea Vînătoru

Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review

2015-01-28

Juliany Rivera Calo , Philip G. Crandall , Corliss A. O’Bryan +1 more

Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria

2013-11-25

Filomena Nazzaro , Florinda Fratianni , Laura De Martino +2 more

The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional chemicals and drugs is a serious and evident worldwide problem that has prompted research into the identification of new biocides with broad activity. … The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional chemicals and drugs is a serious and evident worldwide problem that has prompted research into the identification of new biocides with broad activity. Plants and their derivatives, such as essential oils, are often used in folk medicine. In nature, essential oils play an important role in the protection of plants. Essential oils contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are capable of inhibiting or slowing the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Essential oils and their components have activity against a variety of targets, particularly the membrane and cytoplasm, and in some cases, they completely change the morphology of the cells. This brief review describes the activity of essential oils against pathogenic bacteria.

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Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria

2013-03-12

Anabela Borges , Carla Ferreira , María José Saavedra +1 more

The increased resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is frequently attributed to the extreme and inadequate use of antibiotics and transmission of resistance within and between individuals. To counter the emergence of … The increased resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is frequently attributed to the extreme and inadequate use of antibiotics and transmission of resistance within and between individuals. To counter the emergence of resistant microorganisms, considerable resources have been invested in the search for new antimicrobials. Plants synthesize a diverse array of secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) known to be involved in defense mechanisms, and in the last few years it is recognized that some of these molecules have health beneficial effects, including antimicrobial properties. In this study, the mechanism of action of gallic (GA) and ferulic (FA) acids, a hydroxybenzoic acid and a hydroxycinnamic acid, was assessed on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The targets of antimicrobial action were studied using different bacterial physiological indices: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), membrane permeabilization, intracellular potassium release, physicochemical surface properties, and surface charge. It was found that FA and GA had antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested with MIC of 500 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa, 1500 μg/mL for E. coli, 1750 μg/mL for S. aureus, and 2000 μg/mL for L. monocytogenes with GA; 100 μg/mL for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, 1100 μg/mL and 1250 μg/mL for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with FA. The MBC for E. coli was 2500 μg/mL (FA) and 5000 (GA), for S. aureus was 5000 μg/mL (FA) and 5250 μg/mL (GA), for L. monocytogenes was 5300 μg/mL (FA) and 5500 μg/mL (GA), and 500 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa, with both phytochemicals. GA and FA led to irreversible changes in membrane properties (charge, intra and extracellular permeability, and physicochemical properties) through hydrophobicity changes, decrease of negative surface charge, and occurrence of local rupture or pore formation in the cell membranes with consequent leakage of essential intracellular constituents. The overall study emphasizes the potential of plant-derived molecules as a green and sustainable source of new broad spectrum antimicrobial products.

A Sensitive and Quick Microplate Method to Determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Plant Extracts for Bacteria

1998-12-01

J.N. Eloff

Agar diffusion techniques are used widely to assay plant extracts for antimicrobial activity, but there are problems associated with this technique. A micro-dilution technique was developed using 96-well microplates and … Agar diffusion techniques are used widely to assay plant extracts for antimicrobial activity, but there are problems associated with this technique. A micro-dilution technique was developed using 96-well microplates and tetrazolium salts to indicate bacterial growth, p-lodonitrotetrazolium violet [0.2 mg/ml] gave better results than tetrazolium red or thiazolyl blue. The method is quick, worked well with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli and with non-aqueous extracts from many different plants. The method gave reproducible results; required only 10-25 µl of extract to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations, distinguished between microcidal and microstatic effects, and provided a permanent record of the results. Using S. aureus, and a Combretum molle extract, the technique was 32 times more sensitive than agar diffusion techniques and was not sensitive to culture age of the test organism up to 24 hours. The S. aureus culture could be stored up to 10 days in a cold room with little effect on the assay results. This method was useful in screening plants for antimicrobial activity and for the bioassay-guided isolation of antimicrobial compounds from plants. MIC values determined for sulfisoxazole, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and nitrofuratoin were similar to values indicated in the literature but values obtained with trimethroprim and ampicillin were higher with some bacteria.

Essential oils: From extraction to encapsulation

2015-02-13

Abdelhafed El Asbahani , Karim Miladi , Waisudin Badri +7 more

A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils

2014-09-16

Jayant S. Raut , Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil

A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol

2001-09-12

R.J.W. Lambert , Panagiotis Skandamis , Peter J. Coote +1 more

Aims: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil (OEO) and two of its principle components, i.e. thymol and carvacrol, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by … Aims: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil (OEO) and two of its principle components, i.e. thymol and carvacrol, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by using an innovative technique. The mechanism of action of the above substances was also investigated. Methods and Results: The applied technique uses 100‐well microtitre plate and collects turbidimetric growth data. To produce the inhibition profiles, a wide range of concentrations were tested for each of the three compounds, as well as for carvacrol–thymol mixtures. Following a specific mathematical analysis of the observed inhibition profiles from all compounds, it was suggested that mixtures of carvacrol and thymol gave an additive effect and that the overall inhibition by OEO can be attributed mainly to the additive antimicrobial action of these two compounds. Addition of low amounts of each additive: (a) increased permeability of cells to the nuclear stain EB, (b) dissipated pH gradients as indicated by the CFDA‐SE fluorescent probe irrespective of glucose availability and (c) caused leakage of inorganic ions. Conclusions: Mixing carvacrol and thymol at proper amounts may exert the total inhibition that is evident by oregano essential oil. Such inhibition is due to damage in membrane integrity, which further affects pH homeostasis and equilibrium of inorganic ions. Significance and Impact of the Study: The knowledge of extent and mode of inhibition of specific compounds, which are present in plant extracts, may contribute to the successful application of such natural preservatives in foods, since certain combinations of carvacrol–thymol provide as high inhibition as oregano essential oil with a smaller flavour impact.

Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems

2000-05-01

Giuseppe Ruberto , M. Tiziana Baratta

Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils

2002-03-25

Pascal Delaquis

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils

1999-08-01

Sofia Cosentino , Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso , Maria Barbara Pisano +4 more

Essential oils and their components are becoming increasingly popular as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Thymus essential oils and of … Essential oils and their components are becoming increasingly popular as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Thymus essential oils and of their main components were determined. Three essential oils obtained from different species of Thymus growing wild in Sardinia and a commercial sample of Thymus capitatus oil were analysed. The essential oil components were identified by GC/MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the oils and components was determined against a panel of standard reference strains and multiple strains of food-derived spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, using a broth microdilution method. The GC/MS analysis showed that the major constituents of the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes, but the concentration of these compounds varied greatly among the oils examined. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that essential oils extracted from Sardinian Thymus species have an antimicrobial activity comparable to the one observed in other thyme oils. It seems also confirmed that the antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oils are mainly related to their high phenolic content. Among the single compounds tested carvacrol and thymol turned out to be the most efficient against both reference strains and food-derived bacteria. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using thyme essential oils or some of their components in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria and extend the shelf-life of processed foods.

Antimicrobial herb and spice compounds in food

2010-02-13

Mehrdad Tajkarimi , Salam A. Ibrahim , Dean O. Cliver

Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials

2004-12-13

Richard A. Holley , Dhaval Patel

Preservative agents in foods Mode of action and microbial resistance mechanisms

1999-09-15

Stanley Brul , Peter J. Coote

Essential Oils in Combination and Their Antimicrobial Properties

2012-04-02

Imaël Henri Nestor Bassolé , H. Rodolfo Juliani

Essential oils (EOs) have been long recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. They are widely used in medicine and the food industry for these purposes. The … Essential oils (EOs) have been long recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. They are widely used in medicine and the food industry for these purposes. The increased interest in alternative natural substances is driving the research community to find new uses and applications of these substances. EOs and their components show promising activities against many food-borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms when tested in vitro. In food systems, higher concentrations of EOs are needed to exert similar antibacterial effects as those obtained in in vitro assays. The use of combinations of EOs and their isolated components are thus new approaches to increase the efficacy of EOs in foods, taking advantage of their synergistic and additive effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the antimicrobial efficacy of these combinations. A survey of the methods used for the determination of the interactions and mechanisms involved in the antimicrobial activities of these combinations are also reported.

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Natural products as antimicrobial agents

2014-06-08

Rabin Gyawali , Salam A. Ibrahim

Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity

2005-06-20

José Luis Rı́os , M. Carmen Recio

Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils

2008-05-16

A. Cristina Figueiredo , José G. Barroso , Luís G. Pedro +1 more

Abstract The presence, yield and composition of secondary metabolites in plants, viz. the volatile components and those occurring in essential oils, can be affected in a number of ways, from … Abstract The presence, yield and composition of secondary metabolites in plants, viz. the volatile components and those occurring in essential oils, can be affected in a number of ways, from their formation in the plant to their final isolation. Several of the factors of influence have been studied, in particular for commercially important crops, to optimize the cultivation conditions and time of harvest and to obtain higher yields of high‐quality essential oils that fit market requirements. In addition to the commercial importance of the variability in yield and composition, the possible changes are also important when the essential oils and volatiles are used as chemotaxonomic tools. Knowledge of the factors that determine the chemical variability and yield for each species are thus very important. These include: (a) physiological variations; (b) environmental conditions; (c) geographic variations; (d) genetic factors and evolution; (e) political/social conditions; and also (f) amount of plant material/space and manual labour needs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Essential Oils in Food Preservation: Mode of Action, Synergies, and Interactions with Food Matrix Components

2012-01-01

Morten Hyldgaard , Tina Mygind , Rikke Louise Meyer

Essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. The chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defence as they often possess … Essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. The chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defence as they often possess antimicrobial properties. The interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling for more effective preservation strategies. The antibacterial properties of essential oils and their constituents have been documented extensively. Pioneering work has also elucidated the mode of action of a few essential oil constituents, but detailed knowledge about most of the compounds' mode of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important to predict their effect on different microorganisms, how they interact with food matrix components, and how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds. The main obstacle for using essential oil constituents as food preservatives is that they are most often not potent enough as single components, and they cause negative organoleptic effects when added in sufficient amounts to provide an antimicrobial effect. Exploiting synergies between several compounds has been suggested as a solution to this problem. However, little is known about which interactions lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. Such knowledge could contribute to design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and to understand the interplay between the constituents of crude essential oils. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antibacterial properties and antibacterial mode of action of essential oils and their constituents, and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of essential oils as natural preservatives in foods.

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Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods

2004-09-30

Gianni Sacchetti , Silvia Maietti , Mariavittoria Muzzoli +4 more

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations

2008-01-19

Abdullah Ijaz Hussain , Farooq Anwar , Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi +1 more

Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products

2007-06-01

Cleidson Valgas , Simone Machado de Souza , Elza F. A. Smânia +1 more

The emergence of new infectious diseases, the resurgence of several infections that appeared to have been controlled and the increase in bacterial resistance have created the necessity for studies directed … The emergence of new infectious diseases, the resurgence of several infections that appeared to have been controlled and the increase in bacterial resistance have created the necessity for studies directed towards the development of new antimicrobials. Considering the failure to acquire new molecules with antimicrobial properties from microorganisms, the optimization for screening methods used for the identification of antimicrobials from other natural sources is of great importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate technical variants used in screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Thus, a varied range of natural products of plant, fungi and lichen origin were tested against two bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, by two variants of the agar diffusion method (well and disc), two variants of the bioautographic method (direct and indirect) and by microdilution assay. We concluded that the well-variant of the diffusion method was more sensitive than the disc-variant, whilst the direct-variant of the bioautographic method exhibited a greater sensitivity if compared to indirect-variant. Bioautographic and diffusion techniques were found to have similar sensitivity; however the latter technique provided more suitable conditions for the microbial growth. In this study, we also discussed the best conditions for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration.

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Characterization of the Action of Selected Essential Oil Components on Gram-Negative Bacteria

1998-08-11

Ilkka M. Helander , Hanna‐Leena Alakomi , Kyösti Latva‐Kala +5 more

Carvacrol, (+)-carvone, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde were tested for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, their toxicity to Photobacterium leiognathi was determined, utilizing a bioluminescence … Carvacrol, (+)-carvone, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde were tested for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, their toxicity to Photobacterium leiognathi was determined, utilizing a bioluminescence assay. Their effects on the cell surface were investigated by measuring the uptake of 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN), by measuring their sensitization of bacterial suspensions toward detergents and lysozyme, and by analyzing material released from cells upon treatment by these agents. Carvacrol, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibited E. coli and S. typhimurium at 1−3 mM, whereas (+)-carvone was less inhibitory. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was the most inhibitory component toward P. leiognathi. Carvacrol and thymol disintegrated the outer membrane and released outer membrane-associated material from the cells to the external medium; such release by (+)-carvone or trans-cinnamaldehyde was negligible. Of the tested components, carvacrol and thymol decreased the intracellular ATP pool of E. coli and also inreased extracellular ATP, indicating disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane. Keywords: Essential oils; carvacrol; carvone; cinnamaldehyde; thymol; antimicrobial activity; outer membrane; lipopolysaccharide

The Phenolic Hydroxyl Group of Carvacrol Is Essential for Action against the Food-Borne Pathogen Bacillus cereus

2002-04-01

A. Ultee , M.H.J. Bennik , Roy Moezelaar

ABSTRACT The natural antimicrobial compound carvacrol shows a high preference for hydrophobic phases. The partition coefficients of carvacrol in both octanol-water and liposome-buffer phases were determined (3.64 and 3.26, respectively). … ABSTRACT The natural antimicrobial compound carvacrol shows a high preference for hydrophobic phases. The partition coefficients of carvacrol in both octanol-water and liposome-buffer phases were determined (3.64 and 3.26, respectively). Addition of carvacrol to a liposomal suspension resulted in an expansion of the liposomal membrane. Maximum expansion was observed after the addition of 0.50 μmol of carvacrol/mg of l -α-phosphatidylethanolamine. Cymene, a biological precursor of carvacrol which lacks a hydroxyl group, was found to have a higher preference for liposomal membranes, thereby causing more expansion. The effect of cymene on the membrane potential was less pronounced than the effect of carvacrol. The pH gradient and ATP pools were not affected by cymene. Measurement of the antimicrobial activities of compounds similar to carvacrol (e.g., thymol, cymene, menthol, and carvacrol methyl ester) showed that the hydroxyl group of this compound and the presence of a system of delocalized electrons are important for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. Based on this study, we hypothesize that carvacrol destabilizes the cytoplasmic membrane and, in addition, acts as a proton exchanger, thereby reducing the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting collapse of the proton motive force and depletion of the ATP pool eventually lead to cell death.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils

2006-11-30

Seenivasan Prabuseenivasan , M. Jayakumar , S. Ignacimuthu

Abstract Background: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of 21 plant essential oils against six bacterial species. Methods: The selected essential oils were screened against four gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli … Abstract Background: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of 21 plant essential oils against six bacterial species. Methods: The selected essential oils were screened against four gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proteus vulgaris ) and two gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at four different concentrations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20) using disc diffusion method. The MIC of the active essential oils were tested using two fold agar dilution method at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 25.6 mg/ml. Results: Out of 21 essential oils tested, 19 oils showed antibacterial activity against one or more strains. Cinnamon, clove, geranium, lemon, lime, orange and rosemary oils exhibited significant inhibitory effect. Cinnamon oil showed promising inhibitory activity even at low concentration, whereas aniseed, eucalyptus and camphor oils were least active against the tested bacteria. In general, B. subtilis was the most susceptible. On the other hand, K. pneumoniae exhibited low degree of sensitivity. Conclusion: Majority of the oils showed antibacterial activity against the tested strains. However Cinnamon, clove and lime oils were found to be inhibiting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cinnamon oil can be a good source of antibacterial agents.

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Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils

2003-05-01

Danuta Kalemba , Alina Kunicka‐Styczyńska

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of … In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavouring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been known for many centuries. In recent years (1987-2001), a large number of essential oils and their constituents have been investigated for their antimicrobial properties against some bacteria and fungi in more than 500 reports. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for the evaluation of essential oils antibacterial and antifungal activities. The agar diffusion method (paper disc and well) and the dilution method (agar and liquid broth) as well as turbidimetric and impedimetric monitoring of microorganism growth in the presence of tested essential oils are described. Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils and the mechanisms of essential oils action on microorganisms are reported. This paper gives an overview on the susceptibility of human and food-borne bacteria and fungi towards different essential oils and their constituents. Essential oils of spices and herbs (thyme, origanum, mint, cinnamon, salvia and clove) were found to possess the strongest antimicrobial properties among many tested. Keywords: essential oils, monoterpenes, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, dilution method

Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils

2000-02-01

H. J. Damien Dorman , Stanley G. Deans

The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum … The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids

2011-04-25

T.P. Tim Cushnie , Andrew J. Lamb

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Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens

2001-02-01

Iqbal Ahmad , Arina Z. Beg

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria

2000-10-01

Gislene G. F. Nascimento , Juliana Locatelli , Paulo Chanel Deodato de Freitas +1 more

The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant microorganisms. In addition, the possible synergistic effects when associated with antibiotics were studied. Extracts from … The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant microorganisms. In addition, the possible synergistic effects when associated with antibiotics were studied. Extracts from the following plants were utilized: Achillea millifolium (yarrow), Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove), Melissa offficinalis (lemon-balm), Ocimun basilucum (basil), Psidium guajava (guava), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Salvia officinalis (sage), Syzygyum joabolanum (jambolan) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme). The phytochemicals benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, eugenol and farnesol were also utilized. The highest antimicrobial potentials were observed for the extracts of Caryophyllus aromaticus and Syzygyum joabolanum, which inhibited 64.2 and 57.1% of the tested microorganisms, respectively, with higher activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (83.3%). Sage and yarrow extracts did not present any antimicrobial activity. Association of antibiotics and plant extracts showed synergistic antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results obtained with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was particularly interesting, since it was inhibited by clove, jambolan, pomegranate and thyme extracts. This inhibition was observed with the individual extracts and when they were used in lower concentrations with ineffective antibiotics.

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Biological effects of essential oils – A review

2007-10-01

Fadil Bakkali , Simone Averbeck , D. Averbeck +1 more

Melaleuca alternifolia(Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties

2006-01-01

Christine F. Carson , Katherine A. Hammer , T. V. Riley

SUMMARY Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia … SUMMARY Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.

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Pharmaceutical and therapeutic Potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review

2007-01-02

Amr E. Edris

Abstract Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used widely to prevent and treat human disease. The possible role and mode of action of these natural products is discussed with … Abstract Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used widely to prevent and treat human disease. The possible role and mode of action of these natural products is discussed with regard to the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as their bioactivity as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Their application as natural skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery and the therapeutic properties of essential oils in aroma and massage therapy will also be outlined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bactericidal Activities of Plant Essential Oils and Some of Their Isolated Constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica

2002-10-01

Mendel Friedman , Philip R. Henika , Robert E. Mandrell

Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens

1998-02-01

Smith-Palmer , Stewart , Fyfe

The antimicrobial properties of 21 plant essential oils and two essences were investigated against five important food-borne pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The … The antimicrobial properties of 21 plant essential oils and two essences were investigated against five important food-borne pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The oils of bay, cinnamon, clove and thyme were the most inhibitory, each having a bacteriostatic concentration of 0.075% or less against all five pathogens. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oils than the Gram-negative bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni was the most resistant of the bacteria investigated to plant essential oils, with only the oils of bay and thyme having a bacteriocidal concentration of less than 1%. At 35 degrees C, L. monocytogenes was extremely sensitive to the oil of nutmeg. A concentration of less than 0.01% was bacteriostatic and 0.05% was bacteriocidal, but when the temperature was reduced to 4 degrees, the bacteriostatic concentration was increased to 0.5% and the bacteriocidal concentration to greater than 1%.

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Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review

2004-06-09

Sara A. Burt

Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’

2006-04-19

Paul Cos , Arnold Vlietinck , Dirk Vanden Berghe +1 more

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action of Three Monoterpenes

2005-05-25

Domenico Trombetta , Francesco Castelli , Maria Grazia Sarpietro +6 more

In the present paper, we report the antimicrobial efficacy of three monoterpenes [linalyl acetate, (+)menthol, and thymol] against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. For … In the present paper, we report the antimicrobial efficacy of three monoterpenes [linalyl acetate, (+)menthol, and thymol] against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. For a better understanding of their mechanisms of action, the capability of these three monoterpenes to damage biomembranes was evaluated by monitoring the release, following exposure to the compounds under study, of the water-soluble fluorescent marker carboxyfluorescein from unilamellar vesicles with different lipidic compositions (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine [9:1], phosphatidylcholine/stearylamine [9:1], and phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin [9:1]). Furthermore, the interaction of the terpenes tested with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles as model membranes was monitored by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, the results were related to the relative lipophilicity and water solubility of the compounds examined. Taken together, our findings lead us to speculate that the antimicrobial effect of (+)menthol, thymol, and linalyl acetate may result, at least partially, from a perturbation of the lipid fraction of microorganism plasma membrane, resulting in alterations of membrane permeability and in leakage of intracellular materials. Besides being related to physicochemical characteristics of the drugs (such as lipophilicity and water solubility), this effect seems to be dependent on lipid composition and net surface charge of microbial membranes. Furthermore, the drugs might cross the cell membranes, penetrating into the interior of the cell and interacting with intracellular sites critical for antibacterial activity.

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Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases

2002-10-01

Fabíola Holetz , Greisiele Lorena Pessini , Neviton Rogério Sanches +3 more

Extracts of 13 Brazilian medicinal plants were screened for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts. Of these, 10 plant extracts showed varied levels of antibacterial activity. Piper regnellii presented … Extracts of 13 Brazilian medicinal plants were screened for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts. Of these, 10 plant extracts showed varied levels of antibacterial activity. Piper regnellii presented a good activity against Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a moderate activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a weak activity against Escherichia coli. Punica granatum showed good activity on S. aureus and was inactive against the other standard strains. Eugenia uniflora presented moderate activity on both S. aureus and E. coli. Psidium guajava,Tanacetum vulgare, Arctium lappa, Mikania glomerata, Sambucus canadensis, Plantago major and Erythrina speciosa presented some degree of antibacterial activity. Spilanthes acmella, Lippia alba, and Achillea millefolium were considered inactive. Five of the plant extracts presented compounds with Rf values similar to the antibacterial compounds visible on bioautogram. Of these, three plants belong to the Asteraceae family. This may mean that the same compounds are responsible for the antibacterial activity in these plants. Anticandidal activity was detected in nine plant extracts (P. guajava, E. uniflora, P. granatum, A. lappa, T. vulgare, M. glomerata, L. alba, P. regnellii, and P. major). The results might explain the ethnobotanical use of the studied species for the treatment of various infectious diseases.

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Essential Oils’ Chemical Characterization and Investigation of Some Biological Activities: A Critical Review

2016-09-22

Wissal Dhifi , Sana Bellili , Sabrine Jazi +2 more

This review covers literature data summarizing, on one hand, the chemistry of essential oils and, on the other hand, their most important activities. Essential oils, which are complex mixtures of … This review covers literature data summarizing, on one hand, the chemistry of essential oils and, on the other hand, their most important activities. Essential oils, which are complex mixtures of volatile compounds particularly abundant in aromatic plants, are mainly composed of terpenes biogenerated by the mevalonate pathway. These volatile molecules include monoterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpens), and also sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpens). Furthermore, they contain phenolic compounds, which are derived via the shikimate pathway. Thanks to their chemical composition, essential oils possess numerous biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc…) of great interest in food and cosmetic industries, as well as in the human health field.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils—Present Status and Future Perspectives

2017-08-08

Sonam Chouhan , Kanika Sharma , Sanjay Guleria

Extensive documentation on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their constituents has been carried out by several workers. Although the mechanism of action of a few essential oil components … Extensive documentation on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their constituents has been carried out by several workers. Although the mechanism of action of a few essential oil components has been elucidated in many pioneering works in the past, detailed knowledge of most of the compounds and their mechanism of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important for the determination of the effect of essential oils on different microorganisms, how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, and their interaction with food matrix components. Also, recent studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with essential oils have significant antimicrobial potential against multidrug- resistant pathogens due to an increase in chemical stability and solubility, decreased rapid evaporation and minimized degradation of active essential oil components. The application of encapsulated essential oils also supports their controlled and sustained release, which enhances their bioavailability and efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In the recent years, due to increasingly negative consumer perceptions of synthetic preservatives, interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified. Moreover, the development of resistance to different antimicrobial agents by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, etc. is a great challenge to the medical field for treating the infections caused by them, and hence, there is a pressing need to look for new and novel antimicrobials. To overcome these problems, nano-encapsulation of essential oils and exploiting the synergies between essential oils, constituents of essential oils, and antibiotics along with essential oils have been recommended as an answer to this problem. However, less is known about the interactions that lead to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. A contributing role of this knowledge could be the design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and understanding of the interplay between the components of crude essential oils. This review is written with the purpose of giving an overview of current knowledge about the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their mechanisms of action, components of essential oils, nano-encapsulated essential oils, and synergistic combinations of essential oils so as to find research areas that can facilitate applications of essential oils to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms.

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Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids

2018-10-06

Ireneusz Górniak , Rafał Bartoszewski , Jarosław Króliczewski

Flavonoids are one of the largest classes of small molecular secondary metabolites produced in different parts of the plant. They display a wide range of pharmacological and beneficial health effects … Flavonoids are one of the largest classes of small molecular secondary metabolites produced in different parts of the plant. They display a wide range of pharmacological and beneficial health effects for humans, which include, among others, antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention and antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Hence, flavonoids are gaining high attention from the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Notably, plants synthesize flavonoids in response to microbial infection, and these compounds have been found to be a potent antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. Antimicrobial action of flavonoids results from their various biological activities, which may not seem very specific at first. There are, however, promising antibacterial flavonoids that are able not only to selectively target bacterial cells, but also to inhibit virulence factors, as well as other forms of microbial threats, e.g. biofilm formation. Moreover, some plant flavonoids manifest ability to reverse the antibiotic resistance and enhance action of the current antibiotic drugs. Hence, the development and application of flavonoid-based drugs could be a promising approach for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review aims to improve our understanding of the biological and molecular roles of plant flavonoids, focusing mostly on their antimicrobial activities.

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The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants

2020-01-07

Yanqun Li , Dexin Kong , Ying Fu +2 more

Secondary metabolites (SMs) of medicinal plants are the material basis of their clinically curative effects. They are also important indicators for evaluating the quality of medicinal materials. However, the synthesis … Secondary metabolites (SMs) of medicinal plants are the material basis of their clinically curative effects. They are also important indicators for evaluating the quality of medicinal materials. However, the synthesis and accumulation of SMs are very complex, which are affected by many factors including internal developmental genetic circuits (regulated gene, enzyme) and by external environment factors (light, temperature, water, salinity, etc.). Currently, lots of literatures focused on the effect of environmental factors on the synthesis and accumulation of SMs of medicinal plants, the effect of the developmental growth and genetic factors on the synthesis and accumulation of SMs still lack systematic classification and summary. Here, we have given the review base on our previous works on the morphological development of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites, and systematically outlined the literature reports how different environmental factors affected the synthesis and accumulation of SMs. The results of our reviews can know how developmental and environmental factors qualitatively and quantitatively influence SMs of medicinal plants and how these can be integrated as tools to quality control, as well as on the improvement of clinical curative effects by altering their genomes, and/or growth conditions.

<scp>Pantoea agglomerans</scp> in Equine Ulcerative Keratitis: Prevalence and Comparative Efficacy of Four Topical Antiseptics

2025-06-25

Frederik Heun , Jessica Meißner , Ann‐Kathrin Schieder +2 more | Veterinary Ophthalmology

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and effective contact time of four topical antiseptics—polyhexanide, povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC)—against Pantoea agglomerans , a pathogen … ABSTRACT Objective To determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and effective contact time of four topical antiseptics—polyhexanide, povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC)—against Pantoea agglomerans , a pathogen frequently isolated in equine ulcerative keratitis. Animals Studied Over a 17‐month sampling period, clinical isolates were collected from horses with ulcerative keratitis. The most frequently isolated strain ( Pantoea agglomerans , n = 14) was selected for in vitro analysis. Procedure(s) All isolates were used to determine the MBCs of the four antiseptics. Each was tested in triplicate at serial dilutions per isolate. Additionally, the requisite contact time for a bactericidal effect was evaluated at a supratherapeutic dilution for each substance with each isolate at defined time points ranging from 15 s to 5 min. Results The MBCs of polyhexanide, PVP‐I, HOCL, and NAC were 3.2 ppm (0.00032%), 16 ppm (0.0016%), 0.8 ppm (0.00008%), and 3200 ppm (0.32%), respectively. Polyhexanide (6.4 ppm), PVP‐I (64 ppm), and HOCL (6.4 ppm) were effective within 15 s. NAC (6400 ppm) required 1–2 min to achieve bactericidal effects. Conclusions All antiseptics tested demonstrated efficacy against P. agglomerans . Polyhexanide, PVP‐I, and HOCl achieved rapid bactericidal activity, while NAC required higher concentrations and longer exposure. These results support the use of these agents—particularly the faster‐acting three—as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treating equine ulcerative keratitis. They may aid the reduction of antibiotic use in line with the One Health approach.

Carvacrol induces apoptosis in Aspergillus niger through ROS burst

2025-06-25

Qingchao Gao , Zhiruo Feng , Zuli Wang +2 more | World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Enhancing dispersion stability of nano zinc oxide with rhamnolipids and evaluating antibacterial activity against harmful corn fungi

2025-06-25

Ben Niu , Qiao Shan , Yiming Sun +1 more | Frontiers in Microbiology

Objective Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have strong antifungal activity against major harmful fungi in corn kernels. However, due to the high surface energy prone to agglomeration, the residual synthetic surfactants … Objective Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have strong antifungal activity against major harmful fungi in corn kernels. However, due to the high surface energy prone to agglomeration, the residual synthetic surfactants from conventional chemical synthesis may trigger cytotoxicity, whereas rhamnolipids, as a green, safe, non-toxic, and easily degradable biosurfactant, can effectively regulate the size and morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their antifungal activity and dispersibility. Methods and results The products were characterized by one-way experiments with nanoparticle size, zeta potential, ultraviolet-visible spectrum, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to determine the optimization conditions. The results showed that when the concentration of RLs was 1.0 mg/mL, the reaction temperature was 60°C, the concentration of zinc acetate was 0.7 mol/L, and the calcination temperature was 500 °C, the average particle size of RLs-ZnONPs was smaller about 45-50 nm compared with that of the unmodified N-ZnONPs, which had good dispersion and high stability. The antifungal performance of RLs-ZnONPs was evaluated using spore germination rate, mycelial biomass inhibition rate, ergosterol content, and leakage of intracellular contents. It was observed that at a concentration of 4.096 mg/mL, RLs-ZnONPs inhibited the mycelial biomass of four types of fungi by over 76.14%. At the same concentration, spore germination inhibition rates for the same fungi exceeded 86.56%, which interfered with the metabolic activities of the spores and inhibited the germination process. Additionally, RLs-ZnONPs disrupted the stability and integrity of fungal cell membranes, leading to leakage of intracellular electrolytes, nucleic acids, and proteins, thereby suppressing fungal growth. Conclusion These research findings indicate that rhamnolipids can significantly improve the dispersibility of nanoscale zinc oxide and effectively reduce its particle size, thereby substantially enhancing its antifungal activity.

Chemotypic and Seasonal Variations in Essential Oils from Mespilodaphne cymbarum (Kunth) Trofimov and Their Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities

2025-06-24

Amanda Galdi Boaretto , Darlene Gris , J Scherer +5 more | Plants

This study investigated the essential oils (EOs) from leaf, bark, and fruit of Mespilodaphne cymbarum (Kunth) Trofimov (Lauraceae), focusing on their chemical composition and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. EOs were … This study investigated the essential oils (EOs) from leaf, bark, and fruit of Mespilodaphne cymbarum (Kunth) Trofimov (Lauraceae), focusing on their chemical composition and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. EOs were extracted from plants collected in the Amazon during dry and flood seasons and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Although chemical differences were evident among plant organs and chemotypes, the influence of seasonality was not pronounced. Fruit EO was dominated by α- and β-santalene and limonene. Bark EO was rich in phenylpropanoids, including methyl eugenol, myristicin, and elemicin. Leaf EO showed the greatest metabolic diversity, with chemotype-specific variations. Leaf and bark EOs demonstrated superior antibacterial and antibiofilm activities compared to fruit EO, especially against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus. Chemotype-1 leaf and bark EOs inhibited S. epidermidis biofilm formation, while chemotype-2 reduced bacterial growth. The leaf EOs from both chemotypes reduced bacterial growth against S. aureus, and bark EO decreased biofilm formation. All leaf and bark EOs showed antibiofilm activity against M. luteus. These findings highlight the potential of M. cymbarum EOs as natural sources of bioactive compounds and emphasize the importance of chemotype and plant organ selection for optimized applications.

Comparative analysis of lipophilic phytochemicals in seed oils of six aromatic plant species

2025-06-24

Anna Grygier , Suryakant Chakradhari , Magdalena Rudzińska +5 more | European Food Research and Technology

Nothing New Under the Sun?: Sunflower Oil Shows No Cross‐Reactivity With Nickel or Compositae Allergens

2025-06-24

Sarah Karels , Sara A. Hylwa , Solvieg Ophaug +2 more | Contact Dermatitis

A Study on Combined Effect of Monoterpenoid Essential Oils and Polyphenols from Grape Pomace on Selected Pathogenic and Probiotic Bacteria Strains

2025-06-24

Haona Bao , Cosmas Mwendwa Muasya , Fur‐Chi Chen +2 more | Processes

In the current study, the combined effects of essential oils (EOs) and polyphenols (PPs) were investigated as potential antibiotic alternatives. Thymol and carvacrol at a ratio of 1:1 was used … In the current study, the combined effects of essential oils (EOs) and polyphenols (PPs) were investigated as potential antibiotic alternatives. Thymol and carvacrol at a ratio of 1:1 was used as the EO due to their well-proven synergistic antimicrobial effect. The PPs were an extracted and freeze-dried product from grape pomace. The treatment solutions were prepared at the EO to PP ratios of 0:10, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, and 10:0, at total concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm. The minimum inhibition concentrations were examined on the pathogenic bacteria strains, namely Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Enterococcus cloacae, and a probiotic bacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The mixed EOs and PPs exhibited varied levels of antibacterial effect against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The MIC of EO and the EO/PP ratio of 10:0 was the best, followed by 7:3 and 5:5 of EO/PP mixed ratios. For the probiotic bacterium, the PP and EO/PP mixed solutions exhibited promoting effects on the growth of L. plantarum at certain concentrations. The results have demonstrated that the combined EOs and PPs could maximize antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria while stimulating the growth of the tested probiotic bacterium. This finding will provide useful insights for developing antibiotic alternatives while minimizing the adverse effects on probiotic strains.

Plant–Microbe Interactions for Improving Postharvest Shelf Life and Quality of Fresh Produce through Protective Mechanisms

2025-06-24

Wajid Zaman , Adnan Amin , Atif Ali Khan Khalil +2 more | Horticulturae

Postharvest spoilage of horticultural produce is a significant challenge, contributing to substantial food waste and economic losses. Traditional preservation methods, such as chemical preservatives and fungicides, are increasingly being replaced … Postharvest spoilage of horticultural produce is a significant challenge, contributing to substantial food waste and economic losses. Traditional preservation methods, such as chemical preservatives and fungicides, are increasingly being replaced by sustainable, chemical-free alternatives. Microbial interventions using beneficial bacteria, fungi, and yeasts have emerged as effective solutions to enhance the postharvest quality and extend shelf life. Advancements in omics technologies, such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, and microbiomics, have provided deeper insights into plant–microbe interactions, facilitating more targeted and effective microbial treatments. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning further supports the selection of optimal microbial strains tailored to specific crops and storage conditions, further enhancing the treatment efficacy. Additionally, the integration of smart cold storage systems and real-time microbial monitoring through sensor technologies offers innovative approaches to optimize microbial interventions during storage and transport. This review examines the mechanisms through which microbes enhance the postharvest quality, the role of omics technologies in improving microbial treatments, and the challenges associated with variability and regulatory approval. Amid growing consumer demand for organic and sustainable solutions, microbial-based postharvest preservation offers a promising, eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical treatments, ensuring safer, longer-lasting produce while reducing food waste and environmental impact.

Micromeria graeca L., essential Oils: In vitro and In silico evaluation

2025-06-24

Mustapha Laghmari , Jihane Touhtouh , Tarik Aanniz +7 more | Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

A comparative analysis of the chemical constituents in essential oils from Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha spicata L. cultivated in Bangladesh

2025-06-24

Mohammad Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan | Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research

The perennial herbs Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha spicata L., which are members of the Lamiaceae family, are extensively used in the nutraceutical, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to … The perennial herbs Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha spicata L., which are members of the Lamiaceae family, are extensively used in the nutraceutical, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the potential presence of valuable secondary metabolites, a comparative study was performed on the essential oils (EOs) extracted from locally grown M. arvensis and M. spicata in Bangladesh to analyze their chemical constituents. The EOs were extracted from fresh herbs using the hydro-distillation method, and their chemical constituents were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Carvone (59.58%) and limonene (31.14%) were recognized as the main constituents in the oil of M. arvensis, while carvone (55.03%) was also the principal constituent in the M. spicata EO. Additionally, significant proportions of dihydrocarveol (17.94%), dihydrocarveol acetate (7.69%), and limonene (6.9%) were detected among the twenty compounds analyzed in M. spicata oil. The key constituent found in these EOs may be responsible for the significant medicinal activities attributed to Mentha species. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 60(2), 125-130, 2025

The Role of African Medicinal Plants in Dermatological Treatments: A Systematic Review of Antimicrobial, Wound-Healing and Melanogenesis Inhibition

2025-06-24

Lubna M. S. Elmahaishi , Farzana Rahiman , Ahmed A. Hussein +1 more | Cosmetics

Background: Medicinal plants are widely used across the globe as complementary and alternative therapies for managing various health conditions. The use of medicinal plants is a fundamental component of the … Background: Medicinal plants are widely used across the globe as complementary and alternative therapies for managing various health conditions. The use of medicinal plants is a fundamental component of the African traditional healthcare system and most diverse therapeutic practices. Africa harbors a variety of plant species, many of which are estimated to be endemic, making it a rich source of medicinal plants with potential relevance to human health. Aim of the study: The study aimed to review and highlight the information in the literature related to the antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity, and melanogenesis inhibition of African medicinal plants. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, a literature search was conducted on ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Medline Ebscohost, and PubMed, which were searched for articles published between 2018 and 2024. Due to high heterogeneity and variability in study designs, data were synthesized using a narrative approach. Result: A total of 37 studies were included. Emilia coccinea, Entada africana, Trichilia dregeana, Physalis angulata, and Prunus africana demonstrated strong wound-healing activity (100%) at concentrations between 5 and 10%. For melanogenesis inhibition, Ormocarpum trichocarpum (IC50 = 2.95 µg/mL), Limonium cercinense (IC50 = 3 µg/mL), and L. boitardii (IC50 = 5 µg/mL) showed the most potent effects. The strongest antimicrobial effects were reported for Harpagophytum procumbens (MIC = 10 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and Pistacia atlantica (MIC = 78.1 µg/mL) against Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans (MIC = 39 µg/mL). Conclusions: This study highlights the broad therapeutic potential of African medicinal plant extracts in addressing various health conditions, including skin infections, wound management, and skin pigmentation. While several extracts demonstrated strong bioactivity, inconsistent reporting of statistical data limited quantitative synthesis. Future studies should adopt standardized methodologies and report complete statistical outcomes to enable robust meta-analyses and support clinical translation.

Nanoemulsion-based mouthwash with Litsea cubeba essential oil and Piper betle extract for inflammatory dental condition

2025-06-24

Ngoc Nha Thao Nguyen , Thi Trang Dai Nguyen , Nguyen Thanh +3 more | Pharmacia

A nanoemulsion-based mouthwash incorporating Litsea cubeba essential oil and Piper betle extract was developed for inflammatory dental conditions. The optimized formulation, identified using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, contained 0.9% essential oil … A nanoemulsion-based mouthwash incorporating Litsea cubeba essential oil and Piper betle extract was developed for inflammatory dental conditions. The optimized formulation, identified using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, contained 0.9% essential oil and 1% dry extract, yielding droplet sizes of 22.36 nm, a near-neutral zeta potential (−0.50 mV), and a pH of 7.2. The formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability over a three-month period. Anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated through nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, surpassed that of 0.12% chlorhexidine. In antibacterial assays, the formulation achieved a 99.74% reduction of Streptococcus mutans in a time-kill test. Molecular docking analysis further supported the antimicrobial potential of citral and eugenol via interaction with Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase B. These findings suggest that the developed nanoemulsion-based mouthwash may offer a promising natural approach for managing oral inflammatory conditions.

Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence on Parenteral Administration of Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Sole Extract

2025-06-23

Chaeheon Lee , Jihwan Choi , Ji Eun Choo +7 more | Perspectives on Integrative Medicine

While steroids effectively control inflammation, their long-term use causes severe side effects, necessitating safer alternatives. Schizonepeta tenuifolia (S. tenuifolia) from the Lamiaceae family demonstrates potential as a natural therapeutic option … While steroids effectively control inflammation, their long-term use causes severe side effects, necessitating safer alternatives. Schizonepeta tenuifolia (S. tenuifolia) from the Lamiaceae family demonstrates potential as a natural therapeutic option through its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. This systematic review analyzed in vivo and in vitro studies of S. tenuifolia extract, focusing on non-oral administration routes to evaluate its therapeutic potential (n = 13). The extract effectively inhibited nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, reduced inflammatory cytokine production, and showed antiviral effects. Additional benefits include wound healing and antiplatelet activity which enables targeted inflammation control without systemic immune suppression. The extract showed promise in conditions requiring targeted pathway modulation, such as inflammatory conditions needing selective cytokine inhibition, viral infections where interferon modulation is beneficial, and disorders with dysregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. These effects were achieved without the systemic immunosuppression typical of steroid treatments. While S. tenuifolia extract could serve as a safer alternative through non-oral administration routes, further research is needed to optimize extraction methods, identify key marker compounds, and determine optimal administration routes including topical administration and injectable formulations.

Phytoremediation potential of pot marigold ( Calendula officinalis L.) under plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments for sustainable urban green infrastructure development

2025-06-22

Fatemeh Kazemi , Mansoure Jozay | International Journal of Phytoremediation

This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of pot marigolds on green wall systems for removing soil cadmium. The experiment was a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. The … This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of pot marigolds on green wall systems for removing soil cadmium. The experiment was a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. The first factor was cadmium (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg soil), and the second was seven single or mixed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and the control treatments. All root and flower-related traits significantly increased after bacterial treatments (p ≤ 0.05). Substrates inoculated with Thiobacillus thioparus strain 300, Mix2 (Aztobactor chorococcum strain D0941 + Azosporillum liposferum strain So131), and Mix3 (Thiobacillus thioparus strain 300+ Pseudomonas putida strain G0951+ Aztobactor chorococcum strain D0941+ Azosporillum liposferum strain So131) increased phytoremediation of pot marigold in roots and shoots up to 3 mg/kg soil cadmium. The transfer factor (TF) was under one in flowers, showing the low potential of the flowers for phytoremediation. TF was above one in aerial vegetative plant sections, indicating the species as a cadmium accumulator and extractor for managing cadmium contaminant sites. Based on purification ratios and transfer factors, Thiobacillus thiolates (alone or combined) is recommended for enhancing pot marigold esthetics in landscapes, while Pseudomonas strains (single or mixed) improve its phytoremediation potential in urban green infrastructure.

Nanogel drug delivery system loaded with Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) for potential treatment of wound infection: development and characterization

2025-06-21

Nafiu Aminu , Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo , Oni Moradeke +7 more | Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Abstract Background Herein, we report the development of a novel nanogels (NG) system loaded with Azadirachta indica (A. indica) Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (A. Juss.), commonly known as neem, for possible … Abstract Background Herein, we report the development of a novel nanogels (NG) system loaded with Azadirachta indica (A. indica) Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (A. Juss.), commonly known as neem, for possible topical treatment of wound infections. Methods To develop A. indica extract-loaded NG, first, extract-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were produced using poly- ε -caprolactone (PCL) as the nanocarrier polymer. Secondly, the NPs were entwined in chitosan (CS) hydrogel loaded with the extract of A. indica to prepare the loaded NG system. Blank NG was produced without the extract. The developed NG was characterized, and its antibacterial effect was evaluated. Results Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of A. indica leaves indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. The characterization data revealed that the developed NG formulations are nanosized in the ranges of 140–440 nm and 190–610 nm for blank NG and A. indica extract-loaded NG, respectively, and have mostly spherical structures. The developed NG formulation displayed pH-dependent swelling and erosion that are in direct proportion to the change in pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed various characteristic bands of A. indica and formulation excipients, confirming the encapsulation of the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the loaded NG was found to be 0.250 ± 0.05 mg/ml, 0.625 ± 0.15 mg/mL, and 0.250 ± 0.07 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli), and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi ) strains of bacteria, respectively. The NG formulation exhibited significant bacterial inhibition zones which were recorded as 8 ± 2.0 mm ( p < 0.05), 16 ± 3.0 mm ( p < 0.05), and 6 ± 1.0 mm ( p < 0.05) for S. typhi, E. coli, and S. aureus , respectively, as compared with that produced by the crude extract. Conclusions An A. indica extract-loaded NG was successfully developed, and it demonstrated good formulation features, stability under refrigerated and room temperature conditions, as well as useful antibacterial activity that could be used for potential wound infection treatment. Graphical abstract

Antimicrobial Action of Essential Oil of Tagetes minuta: Role of the Bacterial Membrane in the Mechanism of Action

2025-06-21

Anahí Bordón , Sergio A. Rodríguez , Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves +2 more | Antibiotics

Background: The rise in multidrug-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for new antibiotics, drawing attention to essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial properties. For this reason, this study focuses on … Background: The rise in multidrug-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for new antibiotics, drawing attention to essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial properties. For this reason, this study focuses on the antimicrobial action of the EO obtained from Tagetes minuta and its impact on bacterial membranes. Methods: The EO was chemically characterized by chromatography–mass spectrometry, and its antimicrobial activity and its effects on surface and bacterial membrane were assessed by using Zeta potential, membrane transition temperature (Tm) determination; and fluorescence spectroscopy with Laurdan and Di-8 ANEPPS. Results: Twenty-seven compounds could be identified, with (E)-Tagetone, (Z)-Ocimenone, and β-pinene as the most abundant. Afterward, the EO was tested against Escherichia coli (MIC and MBC = 17 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 8.5 mg/mL; MBC > 17 mg/mL), showing antimicrobial action in both bacteria, being more effective against E. coli. Mechanistic studies revealed that the EO interacts with bacterial membranes, increasing the Zeta potential by more than 9 mV and enhancing membrane permeability up to 90%. These effects were further confirmed using model lipid membranes, where the EO induced significant changes in membrane properties, including a reduction in dipole potential and transition temperature, suggesting that some EO components could be inserted into the lipid bilayer, disrupting membrane integrity. Conclusions: The EO from T. minuta demonstrates efficient antimicrobial activity by compromising bacterial membrane structure, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.

Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil Cultivated in Island of Djerba; Antibiofilm, Anticoagulant and Phytotoxic Properties

2025-06-21

Sonia Bouomrine , Marwa Melliti , Féthia Harzallah‐Skhiri +5 more | Chemistry Africa

Nutraceutical potential of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne pulp extract

2025-06-20

Thaís de Oliveira Anastácio , Elisângela Serenato Madalozzo , Vinícius Soares de Oliveira +7 more | Food Science and Technology International

Pumpkin pulp ( Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ) is recognized for its antioxidant properties, but its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities remain insufficiently explored. This study comprehensively characterized the phytochemical profile of … Pumpkin pulp ( Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ) is recognized for its antioxidant properties, but its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities remain insufficiently explored. This study comprehensively characterized the phytochemical profile of C. maxima pulp extract (CmPE) and assessed its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a rich composition of bioactive compounds, including gallic acid, ellagic acid, naringin, morin, and kaempferol. CmPE demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with IC 50 values of 16.6 and 28.5 μg·mL −1 in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS •+ ) assays, respectively. Antimicrobial testing established CmPE's broad-spectrum efficacy, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 15 to 500 μg·mL −1 against bacteria and yeasts. Furthermore, CmPE reduced biofilm viability by 30% in Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Cryptococcus gattii at MIC, coupled with evidence of microbial plasma membrane damage, as shown in mechanistic studies. These findings underline CmPE's unique combination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities, offering promising nutraceutical applications to address the growing challenge of microbial resistance.

Ruta montana L. from Morocco: comprehensive phytochemical analysis and exploration of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties

2025-06-20

Mohamed El Ouardi , Aziz Drioiche , Imane Tagnaout +7 more | Frontiers in Chemistry

Ruta montana L., a medicinal plant native to Morocco's Middle Atlas region, has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties. This study aims to investigate its phytochemical composition and evaluate … Ruta montana L., a medicinal plant native to Morocco's Middle Atlas region, has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties. This study aims to investigate its phytochemical composition and evaluate its biological and pharmacological activities, with a focus on its essential oil (EO) and phenolic extracts. The essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS to determine its chemical composition. Aqueous, hydro-ethanolic, and hydro-methanolic extracts were prepared and analyzed for their polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC/UV ESI-MS. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while antioxidant potential was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were tested using abdominal writhing and edema inhibition models, respectively. Subacute toxicity was assessed by monitoring organ weights and biochemical parameters in treated animals. The EO was predominantly composed of 2-undecanone (81.16%) and decyl propanoate (9.33%). Phenolic extracts were rich in rosmarinic acid 3′-glucoside, p-coumaroylquinic acid, quercitrin, ferulic acid, and embelin. The EO exhibited strong antimicrobial activity (MIC = 2.34–37.5 mg/mL), particularly against Aspergillus niger , and significant analgesic effects (44.55% reduction in abdominal writhing at 0.2 mL), outperforming the aqueous extract (23.37%). Phenolic extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 117.24 μg/mL in DPPH), while the EO showed moderate antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 29.42 μg/mL; BHT = 1.62 μg/mL). Anti-inflammatory assays revealed that both the EO (71% inhibition at 0.2 mL) and aqueous extract (79% inhibition at 300 mg/kg) were comparable to indomethacin. Subacute toxicity tests indicated no significant organ weight changes, although slight increases in hepatic AST (91.33 U/L) and creatinine (2.36 mg/L) were observed at higher doses. These findings highlight R. montana's potential as a natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agents. The EO, in particular, shows promise as a therapeutic alternative. However, further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy. R. montana demonstrates significant pharmacological potential, particularly its essential oil, which warrants further investigation for therapeutic applications.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Clove Oil Against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates

2025-06-20

Iqra Nawaz , Furkhanda Kalsoom , Bushra Naz +7 more | Journal of medical & health sciences review.

The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a major global healthcare challenge, limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of clove … The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a major global healthcare challenge, limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of clove oil against selected MDR bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples. A total of clinical specimens, including blood, urine, pus, and sputum, were collected from patients at different tertiary care hospitals. The isolated organisms were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Gram staining and a series of biochemical tests such as oxidase, catalase, citrate, urease, and indole tests. Gram-positive cocci (S. aureus) appeared purple under microscopic examination, while Gram-negative rods (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) stained pink. The antimicrobial activity of clove oil was assessed through the agar well diffusion method. Different concentrations of clove oil (20 µL, 40 µL, 60 µL, 80 µL, and 100 µL) were tested to observe the zone of inhibition against each bacterial strain. The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect. The maximum inhibitory zone for S. aureus was recorded at 10.5 mm, P. aeruginosa at 15 mm, and E. coli at 11 mm at the highest concentration of 100 µL. At lower concentrations, the antibacterial activity was significantly reduced, with E. coli showing no inhibition at 20 µL. These findings suggest that clove oil possesses significant antibacterial properties against MDR bacteria and can serve as a promising alternative or complementary approach to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Further research and clinical trials are necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for therapeutic use.

Comprehensive UHPLC–MS/MS and GC–MS Metabolite Profiling and Anti‐Inflammatory Effect of the Ethanol Extract and Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staph Grown in Aceh, Indonesia

2025-06-20

Irma Sari , Mustanir Yahya , Ibrahim Jantan +4 more | Chemistry & Biodiversity

ABSTRACT In this study, a comprehensive chemical profiling of Cymbopogon citratus metabolites grown in Aceh, Indonesia, was performed by UHPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS on its 80% ethanol extract, and GC–MS on its hydrodistilled … ABSTRACT In this study, a comprehensive chemical profiling of Cymbopogon citratus metabolites grown in Aceh, Indonesia, was performed by UHPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS on its 80% ethanol extract, and GC–MS on its hydrodistilled essential oil. The samples were also investigated for their anti‐inflammatory activity through bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein denaturation inhibition and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization techniques. LC–MS/MS analysis of the extract putatively identified 54 compounds, represented by 23 phenolic compounds (flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, lignans, anthraquinone glycosides, coumarins, and a phenolic acid), 7 carboxylic acids and esters, 7 carbohydrates, 5 amino acids, 5 lipids, 2 steroids, 2 lactones, 2 alkaloids, and 1 monoterpenoid. GC–MS analysis of the essential oil indicated it was mainly made up of monoterpenoids with neral (25.89%) and geranial (49.97%) as the major compounds. The chemical contents identified in the extract and essential oil of the plant grown in Aceh were qualitatively and quantitatively different from samples reported elsewhere. Both extract and essential oil exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity by stabilizing the HRBC membrane against hypotonicity‐induced hemolysis and inhibited the BSA protein denaturation in a concentration‐dependent manner. The anti‐inflammatory activity of C. citratus was attributed mainly to the presence of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and monoterpenoids.

Dual-mode synergistic antibacterial films based on photothermal effect and controlled release of cinnamon essential oil microcapsules for food packaging

2025-06-20

Jingtao Dong , Zhaoyang Fan , T. Luo +7 more | Chemical Engineering Journal

STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING Α-HUMULENE ON MEMORY ANALYSIS THROUGH BEHAVIORAL TESTS IN A Β-AMYLOID 1-42 NEUROINFLAMMATION MODEL

2025-06-20

Laís Fernanda Dranski , Rafaela de Almeida Cardoso Goes , Angela Dubiela Julik +5 more | Aracê.

The study investigated the effects of alpha-humulene, a sesquiterpene found in essential oils of plants such as Erva-baleeira, on behavior and memory in an experimental model of neuroinflammation induced by … The study investigated the effects of alpha-humulene, a sesquiterpene found in essential oils of plants such as Erva-baleeira, on behavior and memory in an experimental model of neuroinflammation induced by beta-amyloid peptide (1-42). Thirty‐three Rattus norvegicus subjects were divided into four groups: negative control (CN), positive control (CP), treatment with alpha-humulene (HUM), and treatment with nanoparticles loaded with alpha-humulene (NHUM), with treatments administered for 15 days. The nanoparticles displayed specific characteristics (mean diameter: 210.1 ± 3.1 nm; polydispersity index: 0.090 ± 0.037; zeta potential: +45.0 ± 1.60 mV; encapsulation efficiency: +64.0 ± 1.93%). In the Morris Water Maze test, the treatment groups showed significantly reduced latency times, indicating improved spatial memory. Moreover, in the conditioned fear test, the HUM and NHUM groups exhibited altered responses to visual and auditory stimuli compared to the control groups. In conclusion, nanoparticles containing alpha-humulene improved both behavioral outcomes and memory performance in this neuroinflammatory model, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in addressing deficits associated with beta-amyloid-induced neuroinflammation.

Effect of Plant Density on Artemisia annua L. Biomass and Essential Oil Yield and Its Weed Seed Germination Suppression

2025-06-20

Flavio Polito , Michele Denora , Donato Casiello +7 more | Agriculture

During spring–summer 2023 and 2024, an Artemisia annua crop was carried out, using two planting densities (20D = 5.0 plants m−2; 40D = 2.5 plants m−2). Morphological traits were measured, … During spring–summer 2023 and 2024, an Artemisia annua crop was carried out, using two planting densities (20D = 5.0 plants m−2; 40D = 2.5 plants m−2). Morphological traits were measured, including height, stem number, diameter, weight, and dry above-ground biomass. The aerial parts were hydro-distilled, and the essential oil (EO) yield increased from the 1st to 2nd year, from 0.117 to 0.439% for 20D and from 0.157 to 0.550% for 40D. There were significant variations in chemical composition between the years, with an increase in the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes in the 2nd year and the disappearance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. In the 1st year, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main class, while in the 2nd, oxygenated monoterpenes predominated. The main components were artemisia ketone (8.05–65.77%), eucalyptol (4.70–13.14%), and β-selinene (5.38–37.53%), present in all the EOs, and trans-caryophyllene (11.65%), present only in the 1st year EOs. The possible phytotoxicity of the EOs on seeds of plants found in the A. annua crops was evaluated. The most susceptible seeds were Sinapis alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Portulaca oleracea. The phytotoxicity was greater in the 2nd year, with more marked effects on the germination of P. rhoeas and P. oleracea (up to 100%). The inhibition of root elongation reached 100% for those at the higher concentrations tested.

Inhibition of the MRSA Biofilm Formation and Skin Antineoplastic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Roots and Aerial Parts Extracts from Geum urbanum L.

2025-06-20

Lyudmila Dimitrova , Maya M. Zaharieva , Lilia Tserovska +3 more | Antibiotics

Background: The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections that are associated with biofilm formation, and in immunocompromised patients can progress to surgical site infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, … Background: The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections that are associated with biofilm formation, and in immunocompromised patients can progress to surgical site infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and even death. Most antibiotics actively damage living, dividing cells on the surface of the biofilm, where there is a high concentration of nutrients and oxygen, while in the depths, where these factors are scarce, slowly growing cells remain. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the antibiofilm potential of ethyl acetate roots (EtOAcR) and aerial parts (EtOAcAP) extracts from the perennial Bulgarian plant Geum urbanum L. against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) NBIMCC 8327. Methods: The effects of both extracts on the expression of biofilm-related genes, icaA and icaD, were investigated. The cytotoxicity of EtOAcR and EtOAcAP on A-375 (human melanoma), A-431 (epidermoid skin cancer) and HaCaT (normal keratinocytes) cell lines, and the induction of apoptosis were determined. Finally, the in vivo skin irritation potential of the most active extract was studied. Results: Both tested extracts inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations that did not affect bacterial growth. Interestingly, the expression of icaA and icaD was upregulated, although the biofilm development was inhibited 72.4–90.5% by EtOAcAP and 18.9–20.4% by EtOAcR at sub-MICs. EtOAcAP extract showed a more favorable cytotoxic profile on non-tumorigenic cells and stronger antineoplastic activity (IC50 = 6.7–14.68 µg/mL) as compared to EtOAcR extract (IC50 = 8.73–23.67 µg/mL). Therefore, a skin irritation test was performed with the EtOAcAP extract at ten-times higher concentrations than the minimum inhibitory one, and, resultantly, the primary irritation index was equal to zero (no skin irritation observed). Conclusions: The EtOAcAP extract was proven to be an effective antistaphylococcal agent with favorable skin tolerance. The extract showed strong antineoplastic activity and antibiofilm effect at sub-MICs, which outlines new prospects for its development as a natural product for specific skin applications in medical practice.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Terminalia leiocarpa (DC) Baill. (Combretaceae) Leaves on the in vitro Growth of Enterobacteriaceae Strains Producing Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase and Phytochemical Screening

2025-06-20

Sanogo Yacouba , Orsot Bosson Arobia Marie Bernadine , Koffi Adjoua Benedicte +2 more | Asian Journal of Biology

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria are the root cause of therapeutic failures observed in the treatment of bacterial infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts … Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria are the root cause of therapeutic failures observed in the treatment of bacterial infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Terminalia leiocarpa (DC) Baill. (Combretaceae) leaves, a plant prized in Ivorian traditional medicine, against ten clinical strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and a reference strain. The antibacterial activity was studied using the agar diffusion method (solid) in wells and the liquid macrodilution method. For phytochemical screening, the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) characterization method was used. In this study, both aqueous and alcoholic extracts were active to varying degrees. The largest inhibition diameter (32 ± 0.2 mm) was obtained with the aqueous extract on Shigella flexneri 392PI21 at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. This extract exerted bactericidal activity on all strains with MICs ranging from 0.156 to 0.312 mg/ml, while the methanolic extract was bactericidal on the majority of strains with MICs ranging from 0.078 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml. Furthermore, phytochemical screening revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, polyterpenes, anthocyanins, polyphenols that can be beneficial in the management of many enterobacteriaceae pathologies. This work justified the traditional use of Terminalia leiocarpa (DC) Baill in the treatment of various enterobacteriaceae-related infections.

Seasonal changes in the essential oils of Aloysia oblanceolata Moldenke

2025-06-20

Paulo Vinicius Lima Santos , Mateus Machado Lima , Flávia Cristina Araújo Lucas +3 more | Frontiers in Chemistry

Introduction Aromatic plant species that produce essential oils contain bioactive compounds and medicinal properties, and are thus used in traditional medicine. This study aims to analyze the seasonal variation in … Introduction Aromatic plant species that produce essential oils contain bioactive compounds and medicinal properties, and are thus used in traditional medicine. This study aims to analyze the seasonal variation in Aloysia oblanceolata Moldenke's essential oil's chemical composition in the Amazon region. Methods The botanical material was collected monthly over 1 year; the leaf essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Local climatic parameters, such as insolation, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation, were monitored. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results and discussion The AoEO yields ranged from 3.4% (December 2022 and February 2023) to 5.3% (August and September 2023), with an average of 4.3% ± 0.7%. Essential oil yields did not show a significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) between the dry (4.7% ± 0.7%) and rainy (4.1% ± 0.6%) periods. GC and GC-MS identified 38 chemical constituents in the essential oils, comprising approximately 94.6%–97.1% of the oils analyzed in the seasonal variation study over the 12-month period. The chemical constituents that significantly correlated with climatic factors were trans -pinocamphone, β-pinene, and E -caryophyllene. Group I was statistically different from Groups II and III in terms of trans -pinocarvyl acetate content (I = 7.0 ± 0.5%; II = 9.1 ± 0.3%; III = 8.2 ± 0.6%). Group II differed from the other groups in terms of its β-pinene (I = 4.3 ± 0.5%; II = 5.2 ± 0.3%; III = 1.6 ± 0.9%), trans -pinocamphone (I = 13.1 ± 1.2%; II = 15.9 ± 0.4%; III = 12.5 ± 2.1%), and E -caryophyllene contents (I = 6.9 ± 0.7%; II = 4.7 ± 0.1%; III = 7.9 ± 1.6%). Furthermore, Group III differed from the other groups in terms of β-pinene content (I = 4.3 ± 0.5%; II = 5.2 ± 0.3%; III = 1.6 ± 0.9%). These results indicate seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the essential oils, possibly influenced by environmental factors and plant development.

Modulation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes via Synergistic Interactions Between Thymbra capitata L. (Cav.) Essential Oil and Conventional Antibiotics

2025-06-19

Francesca Maggio , Francesco Buccioni , Stefania Garzoli +2 more | Antibiotics

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, contributing to foodborne infections and diminishing the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. In the quest for alternative strategies to mitigate resistance, this … Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, contributing to foodborne infections and diminishing the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. In the quest for alternative strategies to mitigate resistance, this study has assessed the potential of T. capitata L. (Cav.) essential oil (TEO) to boost the antibiotic efficacy on L. monocytogenes. Five L. monocytogenes strains of different origins were tested with TEO alone and in combination with gentamicin, ampicillin, and penicillin G. Moreover, the cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of TEO for 1 h to evaluate the effects on the antibiotic effectiveness. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory (MICs) and Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs), while potential interactions were evaluated using the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index and by studying the cell growth dynamics. TEO demonstrated inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes strains, both alone, in pre-exposure, and in combination with antibiotics, causing up to a seven-fold reduction in MIC and MBC values (from 8 to 1 µg/mL) and restoring susceptibility to the antimicrobial treatments. Positive interactions between TEO and antibiotics were observed, particularly for clinical isolates. TEO could be a promising antibiotic adjuvant in antimicrobial treatments, offering a natural and effective strategy to enhance antibiotic efficacy and to counteract resistance in L. monocytogenes.

Antioxidant Properties of Alien Plant Species: Assessing Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant, Oxidant Capacities, and Antimicrobial Activity

2025-06-19

| Glasnik hemicara i tehnologa Bosne i Hercegovine

Alien plant species pose significant threats to natural ecosystems due to their adaptability and invasive potential. In this study, the antioxidant activity of 13 alien and invasive plant species was … Alien plant species pose significant threats to natural ecosystems due to their adaptability and invasive potential. In this study, the antioxidant activity of 13 alien and invasive plant species was investigated, regarding their total phenolic content, flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. Plant tissues were macerated, evaporated to dryness, and the extracts were dissolved in water. Total phenolic content ranged from 6.55 mg GAE/g extract to 30.82 mg GAE/g extract. Flavonoid content spanned from 3.04 mg Quercetin/g extract to 40.81 mg Quercetin/g extract. The total antioxidant capacity ranged between 662 CEAC µM and 1540 CEAC µM. Total oxidative capacity can be correlated to the abiotic stress. Rhus typhina L. and Impatiens balfourii Hooker f., exhibited positive total oxidant capacity values of 122.56 ± 7.85 µM H₂O₂ Equiv./L and 141.38 ± 4.33 µM H₂O₂ Equiv./L, respectively. These two species also showed the highest total antioxidant capacity that were 1190,06 ± 137,36 CEAC µM for Rhus typhina L and 1540,34 ± 270,84 for CEAC Impatiens balfourii Hooker f. The results suggest that the extraction solvent significantly affects the antioxidant capacity, with ethanol generally providing higher extraction efficiency for many species. The antimicrobial activity was determined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Rhus typhina L was active against E. coli and P. mirabilis. This data indicates that plants increased antioxidant defense systems against abiotic stresses. Clearly, the correlation between total oxidant capacity and total antioxidant capacity values in plants is a valuable factor indicating the mechanism of the plant defense.

Bioactivity and Nanoformulation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils: Implications for Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Applications

2025-06-19

Shimaa Moawad , Ahmed Noah Badr , Amr Farouk +4 more | ACS Omega

Hematological Effects of Aqueous Extract of Chromolaena odorata on Acetaminophen Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

2025-06-19

N. I. Achara , A. C. Nwaka , Obiajulu Christian Ezeigwe +2 more | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

This study was designed to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves on the hematological indices of acetaminophen-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Maceration extraction method was used … This study was designed to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves on the hematological indices of acetaminophen-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Maceration extraction method was used for aqueous extractions. Twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats weighing between 120 g and 150 g were randomized into five groups of five rats each and used for the study. Acetaminophen toxicity was induced daily in groups B to E. Group A served as the normal control, Group B was given 42.9 mg/kg Acetaminophen (Negative Control) only, Group C was given Standard drug -100 mg/kg Silymarin (Positive Control), Group D and Group E were given 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. odorata respectively. The animals were administered the extract orally once a day for 28 days. Bodyweight was determined using an electronic weighing scale. Hematological parameters were analyzed using an automated method. Treatment with the aqueous extract of C. odorata for four weeks after the induction of toxicity using acetaminophen did not cause any significant difference (p<0.05) in the bodyweight of the rats. There was an increase in the hemoglobin, packed cell volume and platelet count of the group of rats treated with 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. odorata compared to the untreated group while a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume was observed in the group treated with 300 mg/kg bodyweight of the extract compared to the untreated and normal control group. This revealed that at higher doses, continuous administration of aqueous extract of C. odorata can lead to toxicity. Caution should be taken whenever treatment with the aqueous extract of C. odorata is to be made for therapeutic purposes, as it can alter haematological indices and disrupt the normal functioning of the hematopoietic system.

Correlation between antibacterial activities of two Artemisia spp. extracts and their plant characteristics

2025-06-19

Abdullah Mashraqi , Mohamed Abboud , Khatib Sayeed Ismail +3 more | Journal of Biological Methods

Background: The antimicrobial activity of Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia herba-alba Asso. against various pathogens is differentiated by using different organic solvents and aqueous solution and in terms of pollen … Background: The antimicrobial activity of Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia herba-alba Asso. against various pathogens is differentiated by using different organic solvents and aqueous solution and in terms of pollen grain traits. The similarities and dissimilarities were analyzed by simple linear regressions and in terms of Pearson correlation coefficients. Objective: The present study evaluated the potential antibacterial activity of A. absinthium L. and A. herba-alba Asso. extracts by using various organic and aqueous solvents. The tested bacteria included pathogenic strains: Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Different affinities were observed for the studied organic solvents in addition to aqueous ones. A comparative analysis was conducted, focusing morphological, anatomical, and palynological characteristics. The similarity parameter was obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both plant extracts were analyzed using the analysis of variance, while Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for plant traits. Results: Butanol emerged as the predominant organic solvent extract for both species whereas chloroform and diethyl ether exhibited a broad antibacterial spectrum for A. absinthium L. and A. herba alba Asso. MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration values were confirmed by using butanol and diethyl ether extracts of A. absinthium L. and butanol and chloroform extracts of A. herba alba Asso. against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The results highlight the potential of these extracts as alternative natural antibacterial agents. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that using successive organic plant extractions can help identify the most effective extract that can serve as a source of alternative medicine due to its various active natural components.

Metabolic profiling and pathway elucidation of flavonoids in <scp>Ocimum basilicum</scp> for <scp>high‐quality</scp> breeding and sustainable utilization

2025-06-19

Jingtian Yang , X. Fu , Yuan Jing +5 more | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Abstract BACKGROUND Ocimum basilicum , valued for its medicinal, culinary, ornamental, and aromatic uses, offers significant potential for development. This study analyzed four O. basilicum accessions to comprehensively assess their … Abstract BACKGROUND Ocimum basilicum , valued for its medicinal, culinary, ornamental, and aromatic uses, offers significant potential for development. This study analyzed four O. basilicum accessions to comprehensively assess their total flavonoid content, flavonoid metabolites, and flavonoid metabolism‐related genes. RESULTS A total of 510 flavonoid metabolites were identified, categorized into ten distinct types. Among these, flavones and flavonols were the most prominent, accounting for over 70% of the total flavonoid metabolites. Significant differences in total flavonoid content were observed among the four accessions ( P < 0.05). Thirteen flavonols were identified that likely have the greatest impact on the variation in total flavonoid content among these materials. Based on transcriptome data, 768 differentially expressed genes associated with flavonoid metabolism were identified. Several key genes were identified that may influence the accumulation patterns of candidate flavonoid metabolites. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated the metabolic diversity and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids in O. basilicum , providing a theoretical foundation for high‐quality breeding. It aids in the identification of varieties with high flavonoid content and superior medicinal and industrial value. The research also promotes the utilization of O. basilicum in the pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries, supporting sustainable development. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol Essential Oil In Vitro

2025-06-19

Shanshan Xiao , Hang Yu , Yahui Guo +2 more | Plants

Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol essential oil (BEO, 16.4% borneol) is a by-product obtained during the steam distillation process used to produce natural crystalline borneol (NCB, 98.4% purity). This study aimed … Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol essential oil (BEO, 16.4% borneol) is a by-product obtained during the steam distillation process used to produce natural crystalline borneol (NCB, 98.4% purity). This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of BEO and NCB against Staphylococcus epidermidis, and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of BEO in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), determined by broth microdilution, were identical for both BEO and NCB (0.5 mg/mL). Despite this, BEO exhibited stronger antibacterial activity, suggesting synergistic enhancement by other components. Mechanistic studies revealed that BEO disrupted the bacterial cell wall, causing leakage of nucleic acids and proteins, and ultimately bacterial death. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, BEO dose-dependently reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (r = -0.9847, -0.9456, -0.9315). Network pharmacology, combined with primary and secondary factor analysis, was employed to identify anti-inflammatory pathways and key active compounds. Borneol contributed over 50% to the anti-inflammatory effect, followed by β-caryophyllene, limonene, camphor, and γ-terpinene. These findings highlight the potential enhanced bioactivity of BEO due to multi-component synergy.

Optimization of In Vitro Shoot Culture Parameters for Enhanced Biomass and Rosmarinic Acid Production in Salvia atropatana

2025-06-19

W Ejsmont , Anna K. Kiss , Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak | Molecules

Salvia atropatana is a medicinal plant native to Middle Eastern countries. It has been traditionally used in Turkish and Iranian folk medicine to treat infections, wounds, inflammatory diseases, spastic conditions, … Salvia atropatana is a medicinal plant native to Middle Eastern countries. It has been traditionally used in Turkish and Iranian folk medicine to treat infections, wounds, inflammatory diseases, spastic conditions, and diabetes. Its therapeutic potential has been attributed to its essential oil, polyphenolic acid, flavonoid, and diterpenoid content. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal conditions of in vitro S. atropatana shoot culture to enhance proliferation and secondary metabolite production. It examined the effects of various cytokinins and culture duration on culture growth parameters and phenolic compound accumulation. Exogenous cytokinin supplementation significantly enhanced shoot proliferation, with the highest proliferation ratio (6.3) observed with 1 and 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Biomass accumulation was the highest at 0.5 mg/L BAP, followed by 1 and 2 mg/L meta-toplin (mTOP). Phenolic profiling identified nine compounds, with rosmarinic acid (RA) as the dominant metabolite. The highest RA content (16 mg/g dry weight) was achieved with 1 and 2 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L of its ryboside. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method identified 1 mg/L BAP as the optimal treatment, balancing high proliferation, biomass, and polyphenol accumulation. Extending culture duration to 50 days increased biomass and phenolic content reaching 19.25 mg/g dry weight. However, morphological changes, including apical necrosis, were observed, and a significantly longer cultivation period was needed, questioning the value of the procedure. This study provides a basis for scalable in vitro production of bioactive compounds in S. atropatana.

Sustainable green extraction of selected polyphenols from Salvia officinalis L. with choline chloride-based NADES: Phytochemical screening and bioactivity

2025-06-18

Marijana Janić , Nikola Zdolšek , Jelena Marinković +5 more | Journal of Molecular Liquids

Investigating the Efficacy of Amoxicillin-Broccoli Combination in Combating Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection

2025-06-18

Habiba Mosaad , Engy Elekhnawy , Walaa A. Negm +2 more | Current Microbiology

Chitosan-assisted delivery of Decalepis hamiltonii extract for improved anticancer efficacy in HeLa cell lines

2025-06-18

Sumreen Sultana , Hulikere Jagdish Shwetha , Mani Jayakumar +3 more | International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Research on the antimicrobial activity of the plant species Foeniculum vulgaris

2025-06-18

Ioana Murariu Klee , Mihaela Vlad , Daniel Nagy +2 more | World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

The process of minimizing the manifestation of storage diseases of fruits by using treatments with biological products is a basic premise in the development of organic agriculture. On 01.03.2022, inoculations … The process of minimizing the manifestation of storage diseases of fruits by using treatments with biological products is a basic premise in the development of organic agriculture. On 01.03.2022, inoculations were made on a culture medium established using a proprietary recipe that supports the growth and development of any living organism. The culture medium represents the physical and chemical support necessary for the growth and development of any living organism, including pathogenic ones. It also must respond, through its composition, to the nutritional and hormonal requirements of the organism in question. The experiment consisted of a micro dilution of fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in the composition of biopreparations, made according to a proprietary recipe, that were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MBC corresponds to the minimum concentration of sample that can kill the microorganism. The same micro dilution experiment derived from the MIC determination was used.

Research on the antimicrobial activity of the plant species Salvia officinalis

2025-06-18

Ioana Murariu Klee , Mihaela Vlad , Daniel Nagy +2 more | World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

The process of minimizing the manifestation of storage diseases of fruits by using treatments with biological products is a basic premise in the development of organic agriculture. On 01.03.2022, inoculations … The process of minimizing the manifestation of storage diseases of fruits by using treatments with biological products is a basic premise in the development of organic agriculture. On 01.03.2022, inoculations were made on a culture medium established using a proprietary recipe that supports the growth and development of any living organism. The culture medium represents the physical and chemical support necessary for the growth and development of any living organism, including pathogenic ones. It also must respond, through its composition, to the nutritional and hormonal requirements of the organism in question. The experiment consisted of a micro dilution of sage essential oil (Salvia officinalis) in the composition of the biopreparations, made according to a proprietary recipe, that were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MBC corresponds to the minimum concentration of sample that can kill the microorganism. The same micro dilution experiment derived from the MIC determination was used.

Terpenes and Essential Oils in Pharmaceutics: Applications as Therapeutic Agents and Penetration Enhancers with Advanced Delivery Systems for Improved Stability and Bioavailability

2025-06-18

Greta Kaspute , Tatjana Ivaškienė , Arūnas Ramanavičius +2 more | Pharmaceutics

This review examines the pharmaceutical applications of essential oils (EOs) and terpenes, highlighting their dual role as therapeutic agents and natural penetration enhancers. These volatile, hydrophobic compounds have well-documented antimicrobial, … This review examines the pharmaceutical applications of essential oils (EOs) and terpenes, highlighting their dual role as therapeutic agents and natural penetration enhancers. These volatile, hydrophobic compounds have well-documented antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their clinical potential is limited by poor water solubility, high volatility, and sensitivity to environmental factors, including light, heat, and oxygen. To address these challenges, various advanced delivery systems have been developed to enhance stability, bioavailability, and controlled release. These systems not only protect chemical integrity but also exploit these compounds' abilities to interact with lipid membranes, facilitating the transport of active compounds across biological barriers. Additionally, their inherent antimicrobial properties can contribute to the overall stability of formulations. The review critically examines the incorporation of terpenes and major essential oil (EO) components, such as limonene, linalool, eugenol, α-pinene, and menthol, into delivery systems, assessing their performance in enhancing drug permeability and targeting specific tissues. Current challenges and future directions in terpenes and EO-based delivery strategies are discussed, highlighting their promising role in developing multifunctional and efficient pharmaceutical formulations.

Chitosan Combined with Methanolic Plants Extracts: Antifungal Activity, Phytotoxicity and Acute Toxicity

2025-06-18

Sofía de Gante-de la Maza , Maribel Plascencia‐Jatomea , Mario Onofre Cortez‐Rocha +4 more | Polysaccharides

Anthracnose is a disease caused by phytopathogenic fungi such as Colletotrichum siamense that attacks plants and fruits causing great postharvest losses. Different alternatives for the control of this fungus have … Anthracnose is a disease caused by phytopathogenic fungi such as Colletotrichum siamense that attacks plants and fruits causing great postharvest losses. Different alternatives for the control of this fungus have been studied. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of the methanolic extracts of Baccharis glutinosa (ExB) and Jacquinia macrocarpa (ExJ) individually, as well as in combination with chitosan (CS), along with their toxicity in different models. Using the radial growth technique, it was observed that the mycelial development of C. siamense was altered and reduced during exposure to the different treatments evaluated during the first hours of incubation, indicating a fungistatic effect. While the cell viability, by colorimetric assay using the XTT salt, showed alteration since the chitosan reduced proliferation by 50%, while the plant extracts and their mixtures with chitosan reduced approximately 40% indicating cell damage, which was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, toxicity tests demonstrated that the J. macrocarpa extract significantly affected the germination percentage of Lactuca sativa seeds, whereas radicle length was reduced in all treatments except for chitosan. The larval survival test for Artemia salina with the extracts indicated their potential toxicity by causing up to 60% mortality. The results indicate that ExB and ExJ mixed with CS are a good option for controlling C. siamense; however, at the concentrations used, they exhibit a toxic effect on the evaluated models.

From tree to therapy: A critical review of Azadirachta indica microneedle patches in traumatic ulcer treatment

2025-06-18

Jeremy Matthew Emmanuella Lomo , Rafael Gerrard , Krisna Waluyo | World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Background: Traumatic oral ulcers, arising from mechanical, thermal, or chemical insults, pose significant clinical challenges due to persistent pain, risk of secondary infection, and rapid clearance of topical therapies by … Background: Traumatic oral ulcers, arising from mechanical, thermal, or chemical insults, pose significant clinical challenges due to persistent pain, risk of secondary infection, and rapid clearance of topical therapies by saliva. Conventional treatments often require frequent reapplication and provide single‐mode pharmacology, limiting efficacy and patient compliance. Objective: To evaluate the integration of Azadirachta indica (Neem) phytochemicals into dissolvable microneedle patches (MNPs) as a novel, multi‐modal delivery system for enhanced treatment of traumatic oral ulcers. Methods: Review of literature from January 2015 to May 2025 was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on Neem’s pharmacology and MNP design for oral mucosal applications. Key parameters extracted included phytochemical profiles, anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial mechanisms, MNP fabrication materials and architectures, release kinetics, biocompatibility, and In vivo efficacy. Results: Neem’s limonoids and flavonoids exhibit coordinated inhibition of COX/LOX pathways, suppression of NF-κB signaling, macrophage M1→M2 polarization, and free‐radical scavenging, resulting in reduced inflammation and pain. In vitro and ex vivo studies of dissolvable HA/PVP‐based MNPs demonstrate reproducible penetration of oral mucosa, biphasic release over 72 hours, and ≥4 log₁₀ CFU bacterial reduction. In rat models, Neem‐loaded MNPs achieved 70% ulcer area reduction by day 3 and >95% by day 7, outperforming corticosteroid gels, with histology confirming enhanced re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. Conclusions: The combination of Neem’s multi‐targeted bioactivity with controlled, localized delivery via dissolvable MNPs offers a promising strategy for traumatic oral ulcer management. Future research should advance standardized MNP fabrication, optimize extract loading, and initiate clinical trials to validate safety and efficacy in humans.

Antibacterial and Food Preservation Properties of Essential Oils: A Review

2025-06-18

Rekha Rani , Rupesh Datir , Hradesh Rajput +3 more | European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety

Food commodity preservation is an age-old technique used to keep food fresher longer and stop it from deteriorating. Bacteria and fungi (yeast and mold) are the most common microbes that … Food commodity preservation is an age-old technique used to keep food fresher longer and stop it from deteriorating. Bacteria and fungi (yeast and mold) are the most common microbes that cause food spoiling. Several technologies, such as drying, chilling, and fermentation, have been used for generations to preserve food. Examples of modern technologies include pasteurization, canning, irradiation, high pressure processing, and the use of chemical food preservatives. Food manufacturers are also becoming more and more interested in new techniques including freeze drying, ohmic heating, and pulsed electric field (PEF). Food preservation aims to reduce rotting and avoid food-borne illness while preserving nutritional content, texture, and flavor. Heat-associated food preservation causes nutritional and sensory alterations, but non-thermal approaches are more expensive and less effective. Chemical preservation is permitted by worldwide food regulatory authorities within certain safety limits. However, as consumer health concerns grow, they are looking for food that has natural food preservatives. Many natural substances are known to be useful in the long-term preservation of food and to have antibacterial and anti-oxidative activities. Since prehistoric times, essential oils, which are naturally derived compounds, have been employed for a wide range of applications. Since the last decade, scientists have been investigating the use of these oils in food preservation. Herbs and spices are the most common sources of it and they can be extracted by distillation using a liquid or volatile solvent. Unlike synthetic chemical substances, these oils are safe to use, simple to extract, and do not create bad health effects. We will look at the major functional groups of essential oils, their antibacterial capabilities, mechanism, and application in food preservation, health issues, and legal aspects.

Seasonal Variation in Yield and Major Essential Oil Constituents of Wild Artemisia afra in the Eastern Coastal Belt of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2025-06-18

B. Mpambani , Bahlebi K. Eiasu , Zandile Nkolisa | HortScience

The variation in essential oil yield and composition of Artemisia afra across different geographical regions and harvesting seasons remains poorly understood, despite its significance for commercial and medicinal uses. This … The variation in essential oil yield and composition of Artemisia afra across different geographical regions and harvesting seasons remains poorly understood, despite its significance for commercial and medicinal uses. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the impact of harvesting season on the yield and chemical composition of A. afra essential oil in the eastern coastal belt of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Fresh shoot samples were collected from the Bizana, Ngqeleni, and Centane regions during summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The essential oils were extracted via steam distillation, and the chemical components were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest oil yield (0.92% on a fresh mass basis) was observed in Centane, with a significantly higher concentration of 1.8-cineole (18.66%) in Ngqeleni. The content of Artemisia ketone was significantly higher in Centane (24.51%) during summer, whereas camphor peaked at 34.10% in Ngqeleni during winter. The cis - and trans -thujone isomers were most abundant in Bizana (40.37% and 10.39%, respectively). The results highlight significant variation in oil yield and composition influenced by location, season, and their interaction. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the production of A. afra essential oil based on geographical and seasonal factors.

Chemical composition, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of Thymbra spicata essential oil-based nanoemulsions and its application on curd cheese

2025-06-18

Serpil Demirci Kayıran , Umay Merve Güven , Emin Özgür Akgül +7 more | Frontiers in Nutrition

Background and aims Thymbra spicata L. has been widely recognized as a food additive due to its therapeutic benefits and low toxicity risk. This study focuses on the chemical constituents … Background and aims Thymbra spicata L. has been widely recognized as a food additive due to its therapeutic benefits and low toxicity risk. This study focuses on the chemical constituents of T. spicata essential oil, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of essential oil (EO)-based nanoemulsions (NEs) and for the first time their effect on the preservation of curd cheese. Methods Nanoemulsions containing three different concentrations of EO (1%, 3%, and 5%) were tested for conductivity, droplet size, pH, polydispersity index (PDI), rheological properties, viscosity, and zeta potential. In addition, chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of the EOs and its nanoemulsion forms were evaluated in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Bacillus subtilis using the agar well diffusion assay. After in vitro studies, the nanoemulsion concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% and pure EO were incorporated into curd cheese. Curd cheese treatments were assessed in terms of total yeast and mold, mesophilic aerobic and lactic acid bacteria count, and quality analyses for 28 days. Results The results showed that the dispersions with a spherical shape and droplet sizes were smaller than 165 nm for all three concentrations (154.9, 165.0, and 151.3 nm, respectively). All formulations maintained their physical properties even after stability tests. Major components in the essential oil (EO) were identified as γ-terpinene, thymol, carvacrol, and p-cymene. The nanoemulsion delayed the growth of mold and yeast for up to 28 days. Conclusions Consequently, these findings indicate that T. spicata EO and derived nanoemulsions could be used as vital sources for developing new and impactful antimicrobial agents for food and different industries.

Apoptotic effect of carvacrol on different cancer cells and its potential as an active medicine ingredient

2025-06-18

Müge Muşmula , Senem Akkoç | Journal of Asian Natural Products Research

Apoptosis is the programmed death of cells that have lost their function, have been damaged, or are no longer needed in the organism. Genes that control this process are overexpressed … Apoptosis is the programmed death of cells that have lost their function, have been damaged, or are no longer needed in the organism. Genes that control this process are overexpressed in some tumors. Carvacrol, a terpenoid, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancerous cells, increasing caspase activity, DNA fragmentation, and the expression of the Bax protein, while decreasing Bcl-2 expression. In this review, the effects of carvacrol on various cancers and its potential as a drug are summarized.