Materials Science › Materials Chemistry

Carbon Nanotubes in Composites

Works Count: 89709

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This cluster of papers explores the science, properties, synthesis, and diverse applications of carbon nanotubes. It covers topics such as nanotube composites, functionalization, electronics, mechanical properties, and chemistry.

Keywords

Nanotubes; Carbon; Composites; Properties; Functionalization; Electronics; Mechanical; Synthesis; Applications; Chemistry

Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube

1998-05-01

Sander J. Tans , Alwin R. M. Verschueren , Cees Dekker

Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique

1997-08-21

Catherine Journet , Wolfgang K. Maser , P. Bernier +6 more

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Logic Circuits with Carbon Nanotube Transistors

2001-11-09

Adrian Bachtold , P. Hadley , Takeshi Nakanishi +1 more

We demonstrate logic circuits with field-effect transistors based on single carbon nanotubes. Our device layout features local gates that provide excellent capacitive coupling between the gate and nanotube, enabling strong … We demonstrate logic circuits with field-effect transistors based on single carbon nanotubes. Our device layout features local gates that provide excellent capacitive coupling between the gate and nanotube, enabling strong electrostatic doping of the nanotube from p-doping to n-doping and the study of the nonconventional long-range screening of charge along the one-dimensional nanotubes. The transistors show favorable device characteristics such as high gain (>10), a large on-off ratio (>10(5)), and room-temperature operation. Importantly, the local-gate layout allows for integration of multiple devices on a single chip. Indeed, we demonstrate one-, two-, and three-transistor circuits that exhibit a range of digital logic operations, such as an inverter, a logic NOR, a static random-access memory cell, and an ac ring oscillator.

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Nanotube Molecular Wires as Chemical Sensors

2000-01-28

Jing Kong , Nathan R. Franklin , Chongwu Zhou +4 more

Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO(2) or NH(3), the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found … Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO(2) or NH(3), the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found to dramatically increase or decrease. This serves as the basis for nanotube molecular sensors. The nanotube sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature. Sensor reversibility is achieved by slow recovery under ambient conditions or by heating to high temperatures. The interactions between molecular species and SWNTs and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.

Tensile Loading of Ropes of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and their Mechanical Properties

2000-06-12

Min‐Feng Yu , Bradley S. Files , Sivaram Arepalli +1 more

The mechanical response of 15 single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) ropes under tensile load was measured. For 8 of these ropes strain data were obtained and they broke at strain … The mechanical response of 15 single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) ropes under tensile load was measured. For 8 of these ropes strain data were obtained and they broke at strain values of 5.3% or lower. The force-strain data are well fit by a model that assumes the load is carried by the SWCNTs on the perimeter of each rope. This model provides an average breaking strength of SWCNTs on the perimeter of each rope; the 15 values range from 13 to 52 GPa (mean 30 GPa). Based on the same model the 8 average Young's modulus values determined range from 320 to 1470 GPa (mean 1002 GPa).

Chemistry and Physics in One Dimension: Synthesis and Properties of Nanowires and Nanotubes

1999-02-20

Jiangtao Hu , Teri W. Odom , Charles M. Lieber

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry and Physics in One Dimension: Synthesis and Properties of Nanowires and NanotubesJiangtao Hu, Teri Wang Odom, and Charles M. LieberView Author Information Department of Chemistry and … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry and Physics in One Dimension: Synthesis and Properties of Nanowires and NanotubesJiangtao Hu, Teri Wang Odom, and Charles M. LieberView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 5, 435–445Publication Date (Web):February 20, 1999Publication History Received24 September 1998Published online20 February 1999Published inissue 1 May 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar9700365https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9700365research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views20976Altmetric-Citations3091LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbon nanotubes,Catalysts,Crystallization,Nanostructures,Nanowires Get e-Alerts

Nanotubes from Carbon

1999-05-01

P. M. Ajayan

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNanotubes from CarbonP. M. AjayanView Author Information Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 7, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNanotubes from CarbonP. M. AjayanView Author Information Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 7, 1787–1800Publication Date (Web):May 1, 1999Publication History Received29 June 1998Revised4 March 1999Published online1 May 1999Published inissue 1 July 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr970102ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr970102gresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views15779Altmetric-Citations2840LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anode materials,Carbon,Carbon nanotubes,Chemical structure,Lattices Get e-Alerts

DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes

2003-04-06

Ming Zheng , Anand Jagota , E. D. Semke +5 more

Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes

2000-05-15

Savaş Berber , Young‐Kyun Kwon , David Tománek

Combining equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with accurate carbon potentials, we determine the thermal conductivity lambda of carbon nanotubes and its dependence on temperature. Our results suggest an unusually … Combining equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with accurate carbon potentials, we determine the thermal conductivity lambda of carbon nanotubes and its dependence on temperature. Our results suggest an unusually high value, lambda approximately 6600 W/m K, for an isolated (10,10) nanotube at room temperature, comparable to the thermal conductivity of a hypothetical isolated graphene monolayer or diamond. Our results suggest that these high values of lambda are associated with the large phonon mean free paths in these systems; substantially lower values are predicted and observed for the basal plane of bulk graphite.

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Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls

1993-06-01

Donald S. Bethune , Ching‐Hwa Kiang , Mattanjah S. de Vries +4 more

Small but strong: A review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites

2006-05-09

Jonathan N. Coleman , Umar Khan , Werner J. Blau +1 more

Self-Oriented Regular Arrays of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Field Emission Properties

1999-01-22

Shoushan Fan , Michael G. Chapline , Nathan R. Franklin +3 more

The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle … The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle size control by substrate design, nanotube positioning by patterning, and nanotube self-assembly for orientation. The mechanisms of nanotube growth and self-orientation are elucidated. The well-ordered nanotubes can be used as electron field emission arrays. Scaling up of the synthesis process should be entirely compatible with the existing semiconductor processes, and should allow the development of nanotube devices integrated into silicon technology.

Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites at Low Graphene Content

2009-12-03

Mohammad A. Rafiee , Javad Rafiee , Zhou Wang +3 more

In this study, the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with graphene platelets, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotube additives were compared at a nanofiller weight fraction of 0.1 ± … In this study, the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with graphene platelets, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotube additives were compared at a nanofiller weight fraction of 0.1 ± 0.002%. The mechanical properties measured were the Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and the material's resistance to fatigue crack propagation. The results indicate that graphene platelets significantly out-perform carbon nanotube additives. The Young's modulus of the graphene nanocomposite was ∼31% greater than the pristine epoxy as compared to ∼3% increase for single-walled carbon nanotubes. The tensile strength of the baseline epoxy was enhanced by ∼40% with graphene platelets compared to ∼14% improvement for multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The mode I fracture toughness of the nanocomposite with graphene platelets showed ∼53% increase over the epoxy compared to ∼20% improvement for multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The fatigue resistance results also showed significantly different trends. While the fatigue suppression response of nanotube/epoxy composites degrades dramatically as the stress intensity factor amplitude is increased, the reverse effect is seen for graphene-based nanocomposites. The superiority of graphene platelets over carbon nanotubes in terms of mechanical properties enhancement may be related to their high specific surface area, enhanced nanofiller−matrix adhesion/interlocking arising from their wrinkled (rough) surface, as well as the two-dimensional (planar) geometry of graphene platelets.

Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes

1996-06-01

M.M.J. Treacy , Thomas W. Ebbesen , J. M. Gibson

Ballistic carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

2003-08-01

Ali Javey , Jing Guo , Qian Wang +2 more

Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes

1996-07-26

Andreas Theß , Roland Lee , Pavel Nikolaev +7 more

Fullerene single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) were produced in yields of more than 70 percent by condensation of a laser-vaporized carbon-nickel-cobalt mixture at 1200degreesC. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that these … Fullerene single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) were produced in yields of more than 70 percent by condensation of a laser-vaporized carbon-nickel-cobalt mixture at 1200degreesC. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed that these SWNTs are nearly uniform in diameter and that they self-organize into "ropes," which consist of 100 to 500 SWNTs in a two-dimensional triangular lattice with a lattice constant of 17 angstroms. The x-ray form factor is consistent with that of uniformly charged cylinders 13.8 +/- 0.2 angstroms in diameter. The ropes were metallic, with a single-rope resistivity of <10(-4) ohm-centimeters at 300 kelvin. The uniformity of SWNT diameter is attributed to the efficient annealing of an initial fullerene tubelet kept open by a few metal atoms; the optimum diameter is determined by competition between the strain energy of curvature of the graphene sheet and the dangling-bond energy of the open edge, where growth occurs. These factors strongly favor the metallic (10,10) tube with C5v symmetry and an open edge stabilized by triple bonds.

Extreme Oxygen Sensitivity of Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

2000-03-10

Philip G. Collins , Keith Bradley , Masa Ishigami +1 more

The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown here to be extremely sensitive to the chemical environment. Exposure to air or oxygen dramatically influences the nanotubes' electrical resistance, thermoelectric … The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes are shown here to be extremely sensitive to the chemical environment. Exposure to air or oxygen dramatically influences the nanotubes' electrical resistance, thermoelectric power, and local density of states, as determined by transport measurements and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These electronic parameters can be reversibly "tuned" by surprisingly small concentrations of adsorbed gases, and an apparently semiconducting nanotube can be converted into an apparent metal through such exposure. These results, although demonstrating that nanotubes could find use as sensitive chemical gas sensors, likewise indicate that many supposedly intrinsic properties measured on as-prepared nanotubes may be severely compromised by extrinsic air exposure effects.

Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes

1997-03-01

Anne C. Dillon , K. M. Jones , T. Bekkedahl +3 more

A Carbon Nanotube Field-Emission Electron Source

1995-11-17

Walt A. de Heer , A. Châtelain , D. Ugarte

A high-intensity electron gun based on field emission from a film of aligned carbon nanotubes has been made. The gun consists of a nanotube film with a 1-millimeter-diameter grid about … A high-intensity electron gun based on field emission from a film of aligned carbon nanotubes has been made. The gun consists of a nanotube film with a 1-millimeter-diameter grid about 20 micrometers above it. Field-emission current densities of about 0.1 milliampere per square centimeter were observed for applied voltages as low as 200 volts, and current densities greater than 100 milliamperes per square centimeter have been realized at 700 volts. The gun is air-stable, easy and inexpensive to fabricate, and functions stably and reliably for long times (short-term fluctuations are on the order of 10 percent). The entire gun is only about 0.2 millimeter thick and can be produced with virtually no restrictions on its area, from less than 1 square millimeter to hundreds of square centimeters, making it suitable for flat panel display applications.

Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes

1996-07-01

Thomas W. Ebbesen , Henri J. Lezec , Hidefumi Hiura +3 more

Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons

1994-01-01

H.P. Boehm

Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties

2009-09-26

Zdenko Špitálský , Dimitrios Tasis , Konstantinos Papagelis +1 more

Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires

1997-04-01

Sander J. Tans , Michel Devoret , Hongjie Dai +4 more

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Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Synthesis of Impurity-Free Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2004-11-18

Kenji Hata , Don N. Futaba , Kohei Mizuno +3 more

We demonstrate the efficient chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes where the activity and lifetime of the catalysts are enhanced by water. Water-stimulated enhanced catalytic activity results in … We demonstrate the efficient chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes where the activity and lifetime of the catalysts are enhanced by water. Water-stimulated enhanced catalytic activity results in massive growth of superdense and vertically aligned nanotube forests with heights up to 2.5 millimeters that can be easily separated from the catalysts, providing nanotube material with carbon purity above 99.98%. Moreover, patterned, highly organized intrinsic nanotube structures were successfully fabricated. The water-assisted synthesis method addresses many critical problems that currently plague carbon nanotube synthesis.

Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications

2013-01-31

Michaël De Volder , Sameh Tawfick , Ray H. Baughman +1 more

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial … Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments

2004-09-18

Xiaoyou Xu , Robert Ray , Yunlong Gu +4 more

Arc-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes have been purified through preparative electrophoresis in agarose gel and glass bead matrixes. Two major impurities were isolated: fluorescent carbon and short tubular carbon. Analysis of … Arc-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes have been purified through preparative electrophoresis in agarose gel and glass bead matrixes. Two major impurities were isolated: fluorescent carbon and short tubular carbon. Analysis of these two classes of impurities was done. The methods described may be readily extended to the separation of other water-soluble nanoparticles. The separated fluorescent carbon and short tubule carbon species promise to be interesting nanomaterials in their own right.

Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review

2001-10-01

Erik T. Thostenson , Zhifeng Ren , Tsu‐Wei Chou

Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions

2001-10-01

Soo-Chang Choi , Z. G. Zhang , William W. Yu +2 more

We have produced nanotube-in-oil suspensions and measured their effective thermal conductivity. The measured thermal conductivity is anomalously greater than theoretical predictions and is nonlinear with nanotube loadings. The anomalous phenomena … We have produced nanotube-in-oil suspensions and measured their effective thermal conductivity. The measured thermal conductivity is anomalously greater than theoretical predictions and is nonlinear with nanotube loadings. The anomalous phenomena show the fundamental limits of conventional heat conduction models for solid/liquid suspensions. We have suggested physical concepts for understanding the anomalous thermal behavior of nanotube suspensions. In comparison with other nanostructured materials dispersed in fluids, the nanotubes provide the highest thermal conductivity enhancement, opening the door to a wide range of nanotube applications.

Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanotubes

2006-07-07

Mohammad Moniruzzaman , Karen I. Winey

We review the present state of polymer nanocomposites research in which the fillers are single-wall or multiwall carbon nanotubes. By way of background we provide a brief synopsis about carbon … We review the present state of polymer nanocomposites research in which the fillers are single-wall or multiwall carbon nanotubes. By way of background we provide a brief synopsis about carbon nanotube materials and their suspensions. We summarize and critique various nanotube/polymer composite fabrication methods including solution mixing, melt mixing, and in situ polymerization with a particular emphasis on evaluating the dispersion state of the nanotubes. We discuss mechanical, electrical, rheological, thermal, and flammability properties separately and how these physical properties depend on the size, aspect ratio, loading, dispersion state, and alignment of nanotubes within polymer nanocomposites. Finally, we summarize the current challenges to and opportunities for efficiently translating the extraordinary properties of carbon nanotubes to polymer matrices in hopes of facilitating progress in this emerging area.

Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes

1992-07-16

Thomas W. Ebbesen , Pulickel M. Ajayan

Nanobeam Mechanics: Elasticity, Strength, and Toughness of Nanorods and Nanotubes

1997-09-26

Eric W. M. Wong , Paul E. Sheehan , Charles M. Lieber

The Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are important to proposed applications ranging from nanocomposites to probe microscopy, yet there is little direct knowledge of these key mechanical properties. … The Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are important to proposed applications ranging from nanocomposites to probe microscopy, yet there is little direct knowledge of these key mechanical properties. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the mechanical properties of individual, structurally isolated silicon carbide (SiC) nanorods (NRs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) that were pinned at one end to molybdenum disulfide surfaces. The bending force was measured versus displacement along the unpinned lengths. The MWNTs were about two times as stiff as the SiC NRs. Continued bending of the SiC NRs ultimately led to fracture, whereas the MWNTs exhibited an interesting elastic buckling process. The strengths of the SiC NRs were substantially greater than those found previously for larger SiC structures, and they approach theoretical values. Because of buckling, the ultimate strengths of the stiffer MWNTs were less than those of the SiC NRs, although the MWNTs represent a uniquely tough, energy-absorbing material.

Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter

1993-06-17

Sumio Iijima , Toshinari Ichihashi

Structure-Assigned Optical Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2002-12-20

Sergei M. Bachilo , Michael S. Strano , Carter Kittrell +3 more

Spectrofluorimetric measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) isolated in aqueous surfactant suspensions have revealed distinct electronic absorption and emission transitions for more than 30 different semiconducting nanotube species. By combining … Spectrofluorimetric measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) isolated in aqueous surfactant suspensions have revealed distinct electronic absorption and emission transitions for more than 30 different semiconducting nanotube species. By combining these fluorimetric results with resonance Raman data, each optical transition has been mapped to a specific (n,m) nanotube structure. Optical spectroscopy can thereby be used to rapidly determine the detailed composition of bulk SWNT samples, providing distributions in both tube diameter and chiral angle. The measured transition frequencies differ substantially from simple theoretical predictions. These deviations may reflect combinations of trigonal warping and excitonic effects.

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Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: A review

2010-07-17

Peng‐Cheng Ma , Naveed A. Siddiqui , G. Marom +1 more

Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications

2002-08-02

Ray H. Baughman , Anvar Zakhidov , Walt A. de Heer

Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; … Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes.

Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load

2000-01-28

Min-Feng Yu , O. Lourie , Mark J. Dyer +3 more

The tensile strengths of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured with a "nanostressing stage" located within a scanning electron microscope. The tensile-loading experiment was prepared and observed entirely within … The tensile strengths of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured with a "nanostressing stage" located within a scanning electron microscope. The tensile-loading experiment was prepared and observed entirely within the microscope and was recorded on video. The MWCNTs broke in the outermost layer ("sword-in-sheath" failure), and the tensile strength of this layer ranged from 11 to 63 gigapascals for the set of 19 MWCNTs that were loaded. Analysis of the stress-strain curves for individual MWCNTs indicated that the Young's modulus E of the outermost layer varied from 270 to 950 gigapascals. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the broken nanotube fragments revealed a variety of structures, such as a nanotube ribbon, a wave pattern, and partial radial collapse.

Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes

1998-01-01

Jeroen W. G. Wilder , Liesbeth Venema , Andrew G. Rinzler +2 more

Nanomechanics of Carbon Tubes: Instabilities beyond Linear Response

1996-04-01

Boris I. Yakobson , C. J. Brabec , J. Bernholc

Carbon nanotubes subject to large deformations reversibly switch into different morphological patterns. Each shape change corresponds to an abrupt release of energy and a singularity in the stress-strain curve. These … Carbon nanotubes subject to large deformations reversibly switch into different morphological patterns. Each shape change corresponds to an abrupt release of energy and a singularity in the stress-strain curve. These transformations, simulated using a realistic many-body potential, are explained by a continuum shell model. With properly chosen parameters, the model provides a remarkably accurate ``roadmap'' of nanotube behavior beyond Hooke's law.

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Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

2008-02-22

Vitaliy Datsyuk , Maria Kalyva , Konstantinos Papagelis +5 more

Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2002-07-26

Michael O’Connell , Sergei M. Bachilo , Chad Huffman +7 more

Fluorescence has been observed directly across the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. We obtained individual nanotubes, each encased in a cylindrical micelle, by ultrasonically agitating an aqueous dispersion of … Fluorescence has been observed directly across the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. We obtained individual nanotubes, each encased in a cylindrical micelle, by ultrasonically agitating an aqueous dispersion of raw single-walled carbon nanotubes in sodium dodecyl sulfate and then centrifuging to remove tube bundles, ropes, and residual catalyst. Aggregation of nanotubes into bundles otherwise quenches the fluorescence through interactions with metallic tubes and substantially broadens the absorption spectra. At pH less than 5, the absorption and emission spectra of individual nanotubes show evidence of band gap-selective protonation of the side walls of the tube. This protonation is readily reversed by treatment with base or ultraviolet light.

Transparent, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films

2004-08-26

Zhuangchun Wu , Zhihong Chen , Xu Du +7 more

We describe a simple process for the fabrication of ultrathin, transparent, optically homogeneous, electrically conducting films of pure single-walled carbon nanotubes and the transfer of those films to various substrates. … We describe a simple process for the fabrication of ultrathin, transparent, optically homogeneous, electrically conducting films of pure single-walled carbon nanotubes and the transfer of those films to various substrates. For equivalent sheet resistance, the films exhibit optical transmittance comparable to that of commercial indium tin oxide in the visible spectrum, but far superior transmittance in the technologically relevant 2- to 5-micrometer infrared spectral band. These characteristics indicate broad applicability of the films for electrical coupling in photonic devices. In an example application, the films are used to construct an electric field-activated optical modulator, which constitutes an optical analog to the nanotube-based field effect transistor.

Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

1998-10-26

Richard Martel , Thomas Schmidt , Herbert Shea +2 more

We fabricated field-effect transistors based on individual single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes and analyzed their performance. Transport through the nanotubes is dominated by holes and, at room temperature, it appears … We fabricated field-effect transistors based on individual single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes and analyzed their performance. Transport through the nanotubes is dominated by holes and, at room temperature, it appears to be diffusive rather than ballistic. By varying the gate voltage, we successfully modulated the conductance of a single-wall device by more than 5 orders of magnitude. Multi-wall nanotubes show typically no gate effect, but structural deformations—in our case a collapsed tube—can make them operate as field-effect transistors.

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Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes

2005-02-08

M. S. Dresselhaus , G. Dresselhaus , Riichiro Saito +1 more

Electron emission in intense electric fields

1928-05-01

Ralph Howard Fowler , L. W. Nordheim

1. Introduction .—The main features of the phenomenon of the extraction of electrons from cold metals by intense electric fields are well known, and an approximate theory of the effect … 1. Introduction .—The main features of the phenomenon of the extraction of electrons from cold metals by intense electric fields are well known, and an approximate theory of the effect was first developed by Schottky. More recently the experimental data have been much improved, notably by Millikan and Eyring, and Millikan and Lauritsen. The theory has been considered afresh by O. W. Richardson and by Houston working with Sommerfeld. It seems to us, however, that there is still room for improvement in the theoretical exposition and its correlation with the experiments. Neither O. W. Richardson nor Houston really treat the theory in the simple straightforward way which is now possible in the new mechanics, using the revived electron theory of metals which we owe to Sommerfeld. Again, while Millikan and Lauritsen seem to have established quite definitely the laws of dependence of the emission on the field strength F, they speak of the implications of their result in a way which is hard to justify and might in certain circumstances prove to be definitely misleading. Millikan and Lauritsen show that a plot of log I, where I is the current, against 1/F yields a good straight line whenever the experimental conditions are sufficiently stable. At ordinary temperatures these currents are completely independent of the temperature. The formula for these current is I = C e ─a /F , (1) Which is, of course, indistinguishable from I = CF 2 e ─a /F . (2) Millikan and his associates have also shown that as the higher temperatures, at which ordinary thermionic emission begins, are approached, the strong field emission does become sensitive to temperature and finally blends into the thermionic.

Thermal Transport Measurements of Individual Multiwalled Nanotubes

2001-10-31

Philip Kim , Li Shi , Arun Majumdar +1 more

The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of a single carbon nanotube were measured using a microfabricated suspended device. The observed thermal conductivity is more than 3000 W/K m at room … The thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of a single carbon nanotube were measured using a microfabricated suspended device. The observed thermal conductivity is more than 3000 W/K m at room temperature, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the estimation from previous experiments that used macroscopic mat samples. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of nanotubes exhibits a peak at 320 K due to the onset of umklapp phonon scattering. The measured thermoelectric power shows linear temperature dependence with a value of 80 microV/K at room temperature.

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Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

2006-02-23

Dimitrios Tasis , Nikos Tagmatarchis , Alberto Bianco +1 more

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleChemistry of Carbon NanotubesDimitrios Tasis, Nikos Tagmatarchis, Alberto Bianco, and Maurizio PratoView Author Information Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece, Theoretical and … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleChemistry of Carbon NanotubesDimitrios Tasis, Nikos Tagmatarchis, Alberto Bianco, and Maurizio PratoView Author Information Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece, Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9021 CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 3, 1105–1136Publication Date (Web):February 23, 2006Publication History Received12 July 2005Published online23 February 2006Published inissue 1 March 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr050569ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr050569oresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views42370Altmetric-Citations3637LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbon nanotubes,Composites,Functionalization,Materials,Polymers Get e-Alerts

Fullerene Pipes

1998-05-22

Jie Liu , Andrew G. Rinzler , Hongjie Dai +7 more

Single-wall fullerene nanotubes were converted from nearly endless, highly tangled ropes into short, open-ended pipes that behave as individual macromolecules. Raw nanotube material was purified in large batches, and the … Single-wall fullerene nanotubes were converted from nearly endless, highly tangled ropes into short, open-ended pipes that behave as individual macromolecules. Raw nanotube material was purified in large batches, and the ropes were cut into 100- to 300-nanometer lengths. The resulting pieces formed a stable colloidal suspension in water with the help of surfactants. These suspensions permit a variety of manipulations, such as sorting by length, derivatization, and tethering to gold surfaces.

Carbon nanotubes : synthesis, structure, properties, and applications

2001-01-01

M. S. Dresselhaus , G. Dresselhaus , Phaedon Avouris

Thermal expansion predictions for graphene/short glass fiber/polymer hybrid nanocomposites using a two-phase micromechanical approach

2025-06-23

Ying Sun , Xiaowei Fan , Hao Yu | Polymer Bulletin

Phonon-Induced Current Noise in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes across the Ballistic-Diffusive Crossover

2025-06-23

Akira Sumiyoshi , Takahiro Yamamoto | Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Study on the preparation of carbon nanorods in the SDBS@NaCl system

2025-06-21

Baocheng Yang , Shimin Dang , Haichao Li | Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures

Unlocking the Future: Carbon Nanotubes as Pioneers in Sensing Technologies

2025-06-21

Nargish Parvin , Sang Woo Joo , Jae Hak Jung +1 more | Chemosensors

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as pivotal nanomaterials in sensing technologies owing to their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Their high aspect ratio, exceptional surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, … Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as pivotal nanomaterials in sensing technologies owing to their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Their high aspect ratio, exceptional surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical tunability enable superior sensitivity and rapid response in various sensor platforms. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in CNT-based sensors, encompassing both single-walled (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We discuss their functional roles in diverse sensing applications, including gas sensing, chemical detection, biosensing, and pressure/strain monitoring. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of sensing, such as changes in electrical conductivity, surface adsorption phenomena, molecular recognition, and piezoresistive effects. Furthermore, we explore strategies for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity through surface functionalization, hybrid material integration, and nanostructuring. The manuscript also covers the challenges of reproducibility, selectivity, and scalability that hinder commercial deployment. In addition, emerging directions such as flexible and wearable CNT-based sensors, and their role in real-time environmental, biomedical, and structural health monitoring systems, are critically analyzed. By outlining both current progress and existing limitations, this review underscores the transformative potential of CNTs in the design of next-generation sensing technologies across interdisciplinary domains.

Synthesis and Critical Characterization Aspects of Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-20

Sumedh Bahadure , Omar Khan , Neelesh Kumar Mehra | CRC Press eBooks

Dispersion and Morphological studies of Single-walled carbon nanotubes using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate as a Surfactant

2025-06-20

Md Ruhul Amin , M.M.H. Bhuiyan , Monirul Islam Uzzal +1 more | Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances

The sonication-driven dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in aqueous surfactant (SDS) solution has been monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dispersion of SWCNTs experiments revealed that … The sonication-driven dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in aqueous surfactant (SDS) solution has been monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dispersion of SWCNTs experiments revealed that the Sonication time and dilution factor of dispersed SWCNTs affect the UV-visible absorbance of the solution. With optimal surfactant concentration, the dispersion rate of SWCNTs increased, and low-temperature (24°C) sonication was required to achieve maximum dispersion. Dispersion of higher SWCNT concentrations requires longer sonication time. Morphological surface study of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) solution gives the result of surface orientation analyzed by DEKTAK surface profiler, whether SWCNTs are uniformly orientated on the surface and also homogeneously dispersed into the solution or not.

Functionalization Approaches of Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-20

Shiv Kumar Prajapati , Sapna Joshi , Rajan Kumar Kurmi +4 more | CRC Press eBooks

Carbon Nanomaterials

2025-06-20

Rohit Bhawale , Ravindra Vasave , Kalpana Luthra +2 more | CRC Press eBooks

Nonadiabatic renormalization of the phonon dispersion in monolayer and bilayer graphene

2025-06-20

NULL AUTHOR_ID | Physical Review Letters

Near-Infrared Electroluminescence from Ambipolar Transistors Built on sp3-Functionalized Carbon-Nanotube Networks

2025-06-20

Zirui Zhang , Haoming Liu , N. Zhang +7 more | ACS Nano

We demonstrate room-temperature, near-infrared electroluminescence (EL) from networks of sp3-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using ambipolar transistors with sub-10 μm channels. EL efficiency dependences on drain current and channel … We demonstrate room-temperature, near-infrared electroluminescence (EL) from networks of sp3-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using ambipolar transistors with sub-10 μm channels. EL efficiency dependences on drain current and channel length are investigated, giving insights into the carrier recombination in SWCNT networks. EL from free and localized excitons are strongly limited by trap-assisted Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination; high emission efficiency can be achieved in short channels down to 2 μm with the alleviation of SRH recombination. A substantial drop in efficiency is observed in the 1 μm channel, signifying the onset of incomplete carrier recombination. Moreover, electroluminescence from localized trions (∼1405 nm) is observed for the first time with additional emission peaks from free excitons (∼1009 nm), free trions (∼1170 nm), and localized excitons (∼1264 nm). The trion and localized trion-emissions are interdependent to each other, confirming that the localized trion is formed through a free trion captured by a sp3 defect.

The capture of small mole fractions of SF 6 in N 2 gas into long and short carbon nanotubes CNT (11,11) – simulation studies

2025-06-20

Tatiya Chokbunpiam , Philippe A. Bopp , S. Fritzsche +2 more | Molecular Simulation

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

2025-06-20

Soyal Sayyed , Saptarshee Bhattacharjee , Jitendra Kumar +7 more | CRC Press eBooks

Carbon Nanotubes in Diagnostic and Imaging Application

2025-06-20

Kannan Mohan , Keerti Jain | CRC Press eBooks

Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-20

Nalla Usha Kumari , Sri Pada Datta Chigurupati , Naveen Rajana +2 more | CRC Press eBooks

Gate Dielectric Effects on Ambipolar Transport in Polymer-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Network Transistors

2025-06-19

W. Boukhili , Seung‐Hoon Lee , Quanhua Chen +7 more | ACS Applied Electronic Materials

Characterization of tensile damage evolution in carbon nanotube-reinforced carbon fiber/epoxy composites using in situ X-ray CT

2025-06-19

Jiangxing Wu , Yantao Gao | Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

The addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively enhances the matrix and regulates the interface in composite materials. However, the damage evolution and the reinforcement mechanisms of CNT-enhanced composites remain unclear. … The addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively enhances the matrix and regulates the interface in composite materials. However, the damage evolution and the reinforcement mechanisms of CNT-enhanced composites remain unclear. In situ CT experiments can monitor internal microstructural changes in real-time and non-destructively. They offer a direct view of the entire process of crack initiation, propagation, and final failure. This makes them a crucial and indispensable method for gaining insights into the damage mechanisms and studying the mechanical behavior of composite materials. In this study, CNT-enhanced carbon fiber/epoxy composites were fabricated using VARTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) technique. In situ tensile tests were conducted using X-ray CT to precisely reveal the actual microstructure and damage evolution under continuous loading conditions, comparing the failure process with that of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) without CNTs. The results demonstrate that CNT-enhanced carbon fiber composites exhibit the same failure mechanisms as CFRP, with significantly improved elastic modulus and tensile strength. This enhancement is attributed to their large specific surface area and bridging effects, which effectively restrict crack propagation. The appearance and slow propagation rate of cracks in carbon nanotube-enhanced carbon fiber composites indicate superior toughness compared to traditional CFRP materials.

Enhanced C3H6O and CO2 Sensory Properties of Nickel Oxide-Functionalized/Carbon Nanotube Composite: A Comprehensive Theoretical Study

2025-06-19

Evgeniy Dryuchkov , С. В. Борознин , И. В. Запороцкова +3 more | Journal of Composites Science

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with metal oxides exhibit synergistic properties that enhance their performance across various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of CNT–metal oxide heterostructures, … Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with metal oxides exhibit synergistic properties that enhance their performance across various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of CNT–metal oxide heterostructures, with a specific focus on their electrochemical properties, which are pivotal for applications in sensors, supercapacitors, batteries, and catalytic systems. Among these, nickel oxide (NiO)-modified CNTs have garnered significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness, facile synthesis, and promising gas-sensing capabilities. This study employs quantum-chemical calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between CNTs and NiO. The results demonstrate that the adsorption process leads to the formation of stable CNT-NiO complexes, with detailed analysis of adsorption energies, equilibrium distances, and electronic structure modifications. The single-electron spectra and density of states (DOS) of the optimized complexes reveal significant alterations in the electronic properties, particularly the modulation of the energy gap induced by surface and edge functionalization. Furthermore, the interaction of CNT-NiO composites with acetone (C3H6O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is modeled, revealing a physisorption-dominated mechanism. The adsorption of these gases induces notable changes in the electronic properties and charge distribution within the system, underscoring the potential of CNT-NiO composites for gas-sensing applications. This investigation provides a foundational understanding of the role of metal oxide modifications in tailoring the sensory activity of CNTs toward trace amounts of diverse substances, including metal atoms, inorganic molecules, and organic compounds. The findings suggest that CNT-NiO systems can serve as highly sensitive and selective sensing elements, with potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, thereby advancing the development of next-generation sensor technologies.

Enhanced growth of ultra-high density carbon nanotube forests via Fe and Al vapor addition in a CVD process

2025-06-18

Sota Goto , Takayuki Nakano , Hisashi Sugime +1 more | Carbon

Scalable and fast electrophoresis-accelerated assembly of chiroptical carbon fibers with multi functions

2025-06-18

Haijun Jiao , Baiqi Song , Feifan Li +4 more | Chemical Engineering Journal

Ultrafast infrared nano-imaging of local electron-hole dynamics in CVD-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes

2025-06-18

Jun Nishida , Keigo Otsuka , Taketoshi Minato +2 more | Science Advances

Single-walled carbon nanotubes, as prototypical one-dimensional systems, have been extensively studied for their extreme confinement effects and the formation of strongly bound excitons. However, their high surface-to-volume ratio renders their … Single-walled carbon nanotubes, as prototypical one-dimensional systems, have been extensively studied for their extreme confinement effects and the formation of strongly bound excitons. However, their high surface-to-volume ratio renders their dynamics highly susceptible to variations in the surrounding environment. Yet, visualizing photoinduced dynamics within individual nanotubes has remained a major challenge because of the lack of methods combining sufficient spatial and temporal resolution with sensitivity to an exceedingly small number of electron-hole pairs. Here, we apply ultrafast infrared nanospectroscopic imaging to probe local electron-hole dynamics in both isolated and bundled carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition. This approach unravels heterogeneity in electron-hole pair creation and annihilation, arising from disordered stress within a tube and/or interactions with neighboring tubes. The capability to visualize local electron-hole dynamics in real time and space is essential for advancing carbon nanotubes as fundamental building blocks in nanophotonic and optoelectronic devices.

Research on ORR and OER Bifunctional Carbon Nanotubes Catalysts with Cobalt Encapsulated at the Tips

2025-06-17

Zhen Gao , Ming Yang , Yupeng Zhu +4 more | ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology

Abstract The development of non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for fuel cell and water electrolysis technologies. Carbon-based materials … Abstract The development of non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for fuel cell and water electrolysis technologies. Carbon-based materials loaded with transition metals exhibit outstanding catalytic performance. In this study, we developed bamboo-like bifunctional carbon nanotubes (CNT) catalysts with cobalt for ORR and OER via a straightforward and effective synthesis technique. Characterization revealed that the metal Co was encapsulated in the tips of CNT with Co@CNT-100 exhibiting the most uniform distribution of CNT, a significantly larger specific surface area (107.51 m² g-1) along with the highest degree of structural disorder (ID/IG = 1.43). The electrochemical tests showed that Co@CNT-100 exhibited excellent catalytic activity with an onset potential of 0.92 V, a half-wave potential of 0.82 V, and a limiting diffusion current density of 4.64 mA cm-2, and outperforming 20% commercial Pt/C in terms of kinetic potential and constant potential lifetime tests and methanol resistance. Additionally, the OER overpotential was 1.56 V at 10 mA cm⁻², and the potential difference (ΔE) between the OER overpotential (Ej@10 mA cm⁻²) and the ORR half-wave potential (E1/2) was just 0.74 V, highlighting its strong potential application as a dual-function catalyst for ORR and OER.

Laser-Assisted Bonding of Flexible Polymer Substrates and Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-17

Minjin Ko , Eun Hye Lee , Kunsik An +2 more | ACS Applied Polymer Materials

Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-17

Yingjun Yang , Haijie Chen , Haozhe Lu +5 more | ACS Nano

Low-dimensional semiconductors have been extensively studied for constructing ultrascaled and high-performance transistors for potential application in digital integrated circuits (ICs) in sub-1 nm technology nodes. Many ICs on various nanomaterials … Low-dimensional semiconductors have been extensively studied for constructing ultrascaled and high-performance transistors for potential application in digital integrated circuits (ICs) in sub-1 nm technology nodes. Many ICs on various nanomaterials have been continuously demonstrated, but few works have presented both high performance and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) architecture, which are necessary for forming ultralarge-scale digital ICs. In this work, we fabricated symmetric CMOS field-effect transistors (FETs) on aligned semiconducting carbon nanotubes (A-CNTs) with high performance and a high yield. Typical basic functional units, including an inverter, a NAND gate, and a static random-access memory (SRAM) cell consisting of the A-CNT CMOS FETs, were realized with rail-to-rail output even under a low VDD down to 0.1 V, and a three-bit decoder consisting of 70 CNT CMOS FETs demonstrated scalable integration. Furthermore, 5-stage ring oscillators consisting of CNT CMOS FETs with a 300 nm gate length exhibited an oscillating frequency of 1.13 GHz, indicating a stage delay of 88 ps, which represents the demonstration of A-CNT-based CMOS ICs operating at GHz frequencies. The achievement in scalable integration of high-performance CNT CMOS FETs and ICs demonstrates the potential of carbon-based electronics in digital IC applications for advanced technology nodes.

Bismuth iodide@carbon nanotube nanohybrids for sensitive detection of low concentrations of benzene

2025-06-17

Ikanyeng A. M. Serero , Emmanuel Flahaut , George Chimowa | Journal of Applied Physics

The timely and accurate detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, is critical for environmental monitoring and industrial safety. Benzene is a … The timely and accurate detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, is critical for environmental monitoring and industrial safety. Benzene is a known carcinogen with strict exposure limits [Occupational Safety and Health Administration: 1 ppm 8 h—time-weighted average, 5 ppm short-term exposure limit; WHO guidelines: ∼17 μg/m3 (∼5.5 ppb) for 10−4 lifetime risk]. This study investigated the gas-sensing performance of bismuth iodide (BiI3)-carbon nanotube (DWNT) nanohybrids (BiI3@DWNT). The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity to benzene with response/recovery times of 35.2 and 73.3 s, respectively, and minimal cross-sensitivity to alkanes (hexane and hexadecane) under tested conditions. The enhanced performance is attributed to charge transfer effects, quantum confinement effects, and improved gas adsorption. Furthermore, the gas sensor operates efficiently at room temperature, making it an energy-efficient alternative. These findings highlight the potential of BiI3@DWNT nanohybrids as a promising platform for next-generation VOC sensors.

Controlling intermolecular explosion in the synthesis of compacted multi-graphene structures

2025-06-17

Katherine De Lange | Scilight

A “soft” synthesis approach of compacted multi-graphene structures allows for the bulk production of lightweight and cost-efficient thermal conductors A “soft” synthesis approach of compacted multi-graphene structures allows for the bulk production of lightweight and cost-efficient thermal conductors

Self-resisting electrothermal curing of carbon fiber reinforced materials based on carbon nanotube films

2025-06-17

Shuaihao Liu , Xiaoqiang Wang , Chengkun Ma +6 more | Materials Science and Engineering B

Ni-P metallization of nylon 6,6 yarns with varying twist numbers by supercritical CO2 catalyzation toward weavable devices

2025-06-16

Kazuhiro Shibata , Tomoyuki Kurioka , Hikaru Kondo +6 more | Micro and Nano Engineering

Chemical valence of metal impurity in single‐wall carbon nanotubes dominate their cytotoxicity

2025-06-15

Xiumei Jiang , Shengtao Yu , Pengyang Wang +4 more | Chemistry - A European Journal

Metal impurities are believed to play a role in carbon nanotube (CNT) toxicity, however, redox properties of metal impurity can vary remarkably. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether altered … Metal impurities are believed to play a role in carbon nanotube (CNT) toxicity, however, redox properties of metal impurity can vary remarkably. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether altered chemical valence of metal impurities in CNTs elicit diverse cytotoxicity effects. Studies on this issue are scarce partly due to the technical challenges on characterizing the chemical valence of metal impurities. Herein, synchrotron radiation‐based technology was applied to qualify and quantify the chemical species and valence of metal impurities in two single wall CNTs and mapping in‐situ the intracellular metal distribution after CNT exposure. Surprisingly, the CNT containing a much lower amount of metal displayed significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with the higher metal one. Further analysis indicated that the CNT with lower metal content possessed higher amounts of zero valent iron (Fe0) and cobalt (Co0). Results from electron spin resonance spectroscopy further confirmed that CNT with lower metal content generated more hydroxyl radicals, which was attributed to the high amounts of Fe0and Co0. Taken together, our findings with state‐of‐the‐art synchrotron radiation technology demonstrated that the chemical valence rather than quantity of metal impurities in CNTs determine their cytotoxicity, thereby revealing a novel aspect of the cytotoxicity mechanism of CNTs.

Effect of carbon nanotubes in conductive adhesives for photovoltaics

2025-06-13

M. Ignacia Devoto Acevedo , Matthias Helbig , Karl Wienands +2 more | Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Nonlinear Vibration of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Thermo-Magnetic Fields for Smart Sports Equipment: Effects of Nonlinear Foundation and Energy Dissipation

2025-06-13

Yao Shu , Lei Zhao | International Journal of Modern Physics C

A Review on the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Plastic Waste: Influence of Manganese as a Catalytic Promoter

2025-06-13

Shabiatur Rhokimah , Seunghyeon Lee , Inna Zulfa Kurniawati +1 more | Results in Engineering

Superior Carbon Nanotube Field Emission for X‐Ray Source via Metal Silicide‐Induced Adhesion

2025-06-13

Sayed Zafar Abbas , Jaehwi Lee , Syed Muhammad Zain Mehdi +5 more | Small

Abstract Carbon nanotube field emitters (CNT FEs) have obtained increasing attention for vacuum electronics devices such as cold cathode X‐ray tubes. However, the low adhesion of CNTs on the substrate … Abstract Carbon nanotube field emitters (CNT FEs) have obtained increasing attention for vacuum electronics devices such as cold cathode X‐ray tubes. However, the low adhesion of CNTs on the substrate thwarts their ability to achieve high field emission current density. To this end, the effects of Ni, Si, and Al 2 O 3 fillers on their adhesion both in the paste and onto the Kovar (nickel‐cobalt ferrous alloy) substrate are investigated. Chemical reactions between Ni, Si, and the Kovar constituents lead to the formation of micrometer‐sized protruding particles. Si fillers are key in promoting their formation in the paste and on the substrate. During high‐temperature vacuum annealing, the Si fillers reacted with the Ni fillers and the Kovar constituents, forming Ni 2 Si in the paste and Fe 2 NiSi on the substrate, both of which strengthened adhesion. The adhesion of CNT FEs with both Ni and Si fillers is better compared to those containing Ni or Si fillers alone. With the resulting retention of more CNTs on the substrate after tape activation, a current density of 30.9 A cm −2 and stable field emission for 14 h at 500 mA cm −2 are achieved, indicating the commercial potential of CNT FEs in vacuum electronics.

Mechanical properties and thermal properties of multilayer carbon nanotube: a coarse-grained model

2025-06-12

Jingyang Nan , Xinbo He , Xuanhui Qu +1 more | Molecular Simulation

Fluid-like shock compression of dilute polymer nanocomposites

2025-06-12

Nathan W. Moore , LaRico J. Treadwell , Claire Jolowsky +6 more | Journal of Applied Physics

The shock Hugoniot of heterogenous mixtures of discrete particles has been experimentally investigated for porous agglomerates and fluids, while the study of full-density solids has been primarily limited to compressed … The shock Hugoniot of heterogenous mixtures of discrete particles has been experimentally investigated for porous agglomerates and fluids, while the study of full-density solids has been primarily limited to compressed powders and high-dimensional composites. By dispersing ceria nanoparticles in a polyethylene matrix, we are able to examine the hydrodynamic behavior of a nonporous, heterogenous solid in thermal equilibrium during weak shock compression. Phase-driven discontinuities in the Hugoniot particle velocity–shock velocity (u−D) relationship of pure polyethylene are replicated in the nanocomposites but are shifted to lower velocity and to higher pressure with higher particle concentration. The results are explained using an isothermal, two-velocity fluid model under the hydrodynamic approximation. The model, which assumes a theoretical equation-of-state for ceria and either a low-order or high-order fit to the measured polyethylene Hugoniot, reasonably predicts the Hugoniot for two different polyethylene/ceria nanocomposites. Using the model, the mixture Hugoniot is shown to be insensitive to the Hugoniot of the stiffer constituent when the moduli are sufficiently disparate, while dependence on particle density and volume fraction is preserved through fluid-like motion.

CNT-PVP Field Electron Source Formed by Thermo-Mechanical Pulling of Carbon Nanotubes

2025-06-06

Paweł Urbański , Piotr Szyszka , Tomasz Grzebyk | Ultramicroscopy

The article presents a novel nanomaterial-based field electron source intended for use in MEMS (microelectromechanical system). The emitter structure consists of a composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cross-linked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone … The article presents a novel nanomaterial-based field electron source intended for use in MEMS (microelectromechanical system). The emitter structure consists of a composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cross-linked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP). Its production process is based on the thermo-mechanical extraction method. This source is characterized by a low threshold voltage, high current, high thermal resistance and the possibility of uninterrupted operation for many hours. Due to their ease of forming and high thermal resistance, CNT-PVP composites are perfect as electron sources for MEMS systems. Such emitters perfectly withstand the conditions of anodic bonding without compromising their emission properties after the process.

Formation behavior of single-walled carbon nanotube end-caps at high temperatures: A combined ReaxFF MD with DFT study

2025-06-06

Fang-Chao Hou , Xiaohong Wu , Z.H. Lin +5 more | Computational Materials Science

Investigation on dynamic interaction between cellulase and silicon nitride nanostructure at atomic level

2025-06-06

Jilong Zhang , Song Wang | International Journal of Biological Macromolecules