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Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation

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This cluster of papers encompasses a wide range of topics in theoretical linguistics, including syntax, semantics, pragmatics, language evolution, universal grammar, construction grammar, scalar implicature, morphology, and language typology. The papers explore fundamental principles and structures underlying human language and aim to advance our understanding of linguistic universals and diversity.

Keywords

Syntax; Semantics; Pragmatics; Grammar; Language Evolution; Universal Grammar; Construction Grammar; Scalar Implicature; Morphology; Language Typology

Grammar and Conceptualization

1999-12-31

Ronald W. Langacker

Grammar and Conceptualization documents some major developments in the theory of cognitive grammar during the last decade. By further articulating the framework and showing its application to numerous domains of … Grammar and Conceptualization documents some major developments in the theory of cognitive grammar during the last decade. By further articulating the framework and showing its application to numerous domains of linguistic structure, this book substantiates the claim that lexicon, morphology, and syntax form a gradation consisting of assemblies of symbolic structures (form-meaning pairings).

Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure

2001-10-15

Joan Bybee , Paul J. Hopper

A mainstay of functional linguistics has been the claim that linguistic elements and patterns that are frequently used in discourse become conventionalized as grammar. This book addresses the two issues … A mainstay of functional linguistics has been the claim that linguistic elements and patterns that are frequently used in discourse become conventionalized as grammar. This book addresses the two issues that are basic to this claim: first, the question of what types of elements are frequently used in discourse and second, the question of how frequency of use affects cognitive representations. Reporting on evidence from natural conversation, diachronic change, variability, child language acquisition and psycholinguistic experimentation the original articles in this book support two major principles. First, the content of people’s interactions consists of a preponderance of subjective, evaluative statements, dominated by the use of pronouns, copulas and intransitive clauses. Second, the frequency with which certain items and strings of items are used has a profound influence on the way language is broken up into chunks in memory storage, the way such chunks are related to other stored material and the ease with which they are accessed to produce new utterances.

Radical construction grammar : syntactic theory in typological perspective

2001-01-01

William Croft

1. SYNTACTIC ARGUMENTATION AND RADICAL CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR 2. Parts of Speech 3. Syntactic Categories and Semantic Relativity 4. Grammatical Relations/Syntactic Roles 5. DEPENDENCY, CONSTITUENCY, AND LINEAR ORDER 6. A Radical … 1. SYNTACTIC ARGUMENTATION AND RADICAL CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR 2. Parts of Speech 3. Syntactic Categories and Semantic Relativity 4. Grammatical Relations/Syntactic Roles 5. DEPENDENCY, CONSTITUENCY, AND LINEAR ORDER 6. A Radical Approach to Syntactic Relations 7. Heads, Complements, and Adjuncts 8. THE VOICE CONTINUUM 9. The Coordination-Subordination Continuum 10. Syntactic Theory and the Theory of Language

Severing the External Argument from its Verb

1996-01-01

Angelika Kratzer

Lexical-functional syntax

2015-01-01

Joan Bresnan , Ash Asudeh , Ida Toivonen +1 more

Acknowledgements. Prologue. Part I: On the Architecture of Universal Grammar:. 1. Nonconfigurationality. 2. Movement Paradoxes. 3. Lexicality and Argument Structure. Part II: Formally Modelling the Architecture:. 4. A Formal Model … Acknowledgements. Prologue. Part I: On the Architecture of Universal Grammar:. 1. Nonconfigurationality. 2. Movement Paradoxes. 3. Lexicality and Argument Structure. Part II: Formally Modelling the Architecture:. 4. A Formal Model of Syntactic Structure. 5. Monotonicity and Some of Its Consequences. Part III: Inflectional Morphology and Phrase Structure Variation:. 6. A Theory of Structure-Function Mappings. 7. Endocentricity and Heads. 8. Pronoun Incorporation and Agreement. 9. Topicalization and Scrambling. Part IV: On Functional Structures: Binding, Predication, and Control:. 10. Basic Binding Theory. 11. Types of Bound anaphors. 12. Predication Relations. 13. Anaphoric Control. 14. From Argument Structure to Functional Structure. Problem Sets and Solutions. References. Index.

Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction

1992-12-01

Jeffrey Heath , Talmy Givón

Background methodological preliminaries - communicative function and syntactic structure word classes simple sentences - predications and case-roles case-marking typology - subject, object and transitivity word-order typology information-theoretic preliminaries to discourse … Background methodological preliminaries - communicative function and syntactic structure word classes simple sentences - predications and case-roles case-marking typology - subject, object and transitivity word-order typology information-theoretic preliminaries to discourse pragmatics tense-aspect-modality negation pronouns and grammatical agreement definiteness and referentiality.

Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding

1986-07-01

Marion Owen , Noam Chomsky

Noam Chomsky, more than any other researcher, has radically restructured the study of human language over the past several decades. While the study of government and binding is an outgrowth … Noam Chomsky, more than any other researcher, has radically restructured the study of human language over the past several decades. While the study of government and binding is an outgrowth of Chomsky's earlier work in transformational grammar, it represents a significant shift in focus and a new direction of investigation into the fundamentals of linguistic theory.This monograph consolidates and extends this new approach. It serves as a concise introduction to government-binding theory, applies it to several new domains of empirical data, and proposes some revisions to the principles of the theory that lead to greater unification, descriptive scope, and explanatory depth.Earlier work in the theory of grammar was concerned primarily with rule systems. The accent in government-binding theory, however, is on systems of principles of universal grammar. In the course of this book, Chomsky proposes and evaluates various general principles that limit and constrain the types of rules that are possible, and the ways they interact and function. In particular, he proposes that rule systems are in fact highly restricted in variety: only a finite number of grammars are attainable in principle, and these fall into a limited set of types.Another consequence of this shift in focus is the change of emphasis from derivations to representations. The major topic in the study of syntactic representations is the analysis of empty categories, which is a central theme of the book. After his introductory comments and a chapter on the variety of rule system, Chomsky takes up, in turn, the general properties of empty categories, the functional determination of empty categories, parasitic gaps, and binding theory and the typology of empty categories.Noam Chomsky is Institute Professor at MIT. The book is the sixth in the series Linguistic Inquiry Monographs, edited by Samuel Jay Keyser.

Attitudes De Dicto and De Se

1979-10-01

David Lewis

If I hear the patter of little feet around the house, I expect Bruce. What I expect is a cat, a particular cat. If I heard such a patter in … If I hear the patter of little feet around the house, I expect Bruce. What I expect is a cat, a particular cat. If I heard such a patter in another house, I might expect a cat but no particular cat. What I expect then seems to be a Meinongian incomplete cat. I expect winter, expect stormy weather, expect to shovel snow, expect fatigue-a season, a phenomenon, an activity, a state. I expect that someday mankind will inhabit at least five planets. This time what I expect is a state of affairs. If we let surface grammar be our guide, the objects of expectation seem quite a miscellany. The same goes for belief, since expectation is one kind of belief. The same goes for desire: I could want Bruce, want a cat but no particular cat, want winter, want stormy weather, want to shovel snow, want fatigue, or want that someday mankind will inhabit at least five planets. The same goes for other attitudes to the extent that they consist partly of beliefs or desires or lacks thereof. But the seeming diversity of objects might be an illusion. Perhaps the objects of attitudes are uniform in category, and it is our ways of speaking elliptically about these uniform objects that are diverse. That indeed is our consensus. We mostly think that the attitudes uniformly have propositions as their objects. That is why we speak habitually of attitudes. When I hear a patter and expect Bruce, for instance, there may or may not be some legitimate sense in which Bruce the cat is an object of my attitude. But, be that as it may, according to received opinion my expectation has a propositional object. It is directed upon a proposition to the effect that Bruce is about to turn up. If instead I expect a cat but no particular cat, then the object of my expectation is a different proposition to the effect that some cat or other is about to turn up. Likewise for our other examples. The case of expecting a cat shows one advantage of our policy of uniformly assigning propositional objects. If we do not need a Meinongian incomplete cat as object of this attitude, then

The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations

1985-12-01

Mark Baltin , Joan Bresnan

The editor of this volume, who is also author or coauthor of five of the contributions, has provided an introduction that not only affords an overview of the separate articles … The editor of this volume, who is also author or coauthor of five of the contributions, has provided an introduction that not only affords an overview of the separate articles but also interrelates the basic issues in linguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive studies that are addressed in this volume. The twelve articles are grouped into three sections, as follows: I. Lexical Representation: The Passive in Lexical Theory (J. Bresnan); On the Lexical Representation of Romance Reflexive Clitics (J. Grimshaw); and Polyadicity (J. Bresnan).II. Syntactic Representation: Lexical-Functional Grammar: A Formal Theory for Grammatical Representation (R. Kaplan and J. Bresnan); Control and Complementation (J. Bresnan); Case Agreement in Russian (C. Neidle); The Representation of Case in Icelandic (A. Andrews); Grammatical Relations and Clause Structure in Malayalam (K. P. Monahan); and Sluicing: A Lexical Interpretation Procedure (L. Levin).III. Cognitive Processing of Grammatical Representations: A Theory of the Acquisition of Lexical Interpretive Grammars (S. Pinker); Toward a Theory of Lexico-Syntactic Interactions in Sentence Perception (M. Ford, J. Bresnan, and R. Kaplan); and Sentence Planning Units: Implications for the Speaker's Representation of Meaningful Relations Underlying Sentences (M. Ford).

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Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse

1980-06-01

Paul J. Hopper , Sandra A. Thompson

TRANSITIVITY IN GRAMMAR AND DISCOURSE Paul J. HopperSandra A. Thompson State University ofNew York,University of California, BinghamtonLos Angeles Transitivity involves a number of components, only one of which is the … TRANSITIVITY IN GRAMMAR AND DISCOURSE Paul J. HopperSandra A. Thompson State University ofNew York,University of California, BinghamtonLos Angeles Transitivity involves a number of components, only one of which is the presence of an object of the verb. These components are all concerned with the effectiveness with which an action takes place, e.g., the punctuality and telicity of the verb, the conscious activity of the agent, and the referentiality and degree of affectedness of the object. These components co-vary with one another in language after language, which suggests that Transitivity is a central property of language use. The grammatical and semantic prominence of Transitivity is shown to derive from its characteristic discourse function: high Transitivity is correlated with foregrounding, and low Transitivity with backgrounding.* The Transitivity Hypothesis 1. A mass of evidence suggests the significance of the notion of Transitivity in the grammars of the world's languages. In this paper, we wish to show (1) that Transitivity is a crucial relationship in language, having a number of universally predictable consequences in grammar, and (2) that the defining properties of Transitivity are discourse-determined. We begin here by presenting a broad theory of Transitivity. In §2 we discuss its morphosyntactic and semantic manifestations; and in §3 we outline an explanation of the grammatical facts within the framework of discourse structure. Transitivity is traditionally understood as a global property of an entire clause, such that an activity is 'carried-over' or 'transferred' from an agent to a patient. Transitivity in the traditional view thus necessarily involves at least two participants (a view which we shall later qualify), and an action which is typically effective in some way. This intuitive understanding is the one which we shall attempt to characterize explicitly and in universal terms. As a first step, we propose to isolate the component parts ofthe Transitivity notion, and to study the ways in which they are typically encoded by languages. We have identified the following parameters of Transitivity, each of which suggests a scale according to which clauses can be ranked. * An earlier version of this paper was presented as a colloquium at the Summer Meeting of the LSA, July 1978. We thank the discussants for their willingness to become involved in our hypothesis and for their valuable advice: Bernard Comrie, Edith Moravcsik, Ellen Prince, and Jerry Sadock. In addition, the following people have been generous in offering comments and discussion on the ideas in this paper: Judith Aissen, Bernard Comrie, Leonard Faltz, Sheldon Harrison, Robert Hetzron, Robert Kirsner, Robert Longacre, Edith Moravcsik, Jean Mulder, Paul Schachter, Maureen Schmid, Russell Schuh, and Stanley Starosta. We are very grateful to all these people for their help, and hereby absolve them of any responsibility for the use we may have made of it. 251 252 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 (1980) (1) A. Participants B.Kinesis C.Aspect D.Punctuality e. volitionality Affirmation Mode Agency Affectedness of O Individuation of O F. G. H. I. J. LOW 1 participant non-action atelic non-punctual non-volitional negative irrealis A low in potency O not affected O non-individuated high 2 or more participants, A and O.1 action telic punctual volitional affirmative realis A high in potency O totally affected O highly individuated It is easy to show that each component of Transitivity involves a different facet of the effectiveness or intensity with which the action is transferred from one participant to another: (A)Participants : No transfer at all can take place unless at least two participants are involved. (B)Kinesis: Actions can be transferred from one participant to another; states cannot. Thus something happens to Sally in / hugged Sally, but not in / like Sally. (C)Aspect: An action viewed from its endpoint, i.e. a telic action, is more effectively transferred to a patient than one not provided with such an endpoint. In the telic sentence / ate it up, the activity is viewed as completed, and the transferral is carried out in its entirety; but in the atelic / am eating it, the transferral is only partially carried out. (D)Punctuality: Actions carried outwithnoobvioustransitional phasebetween inception and completion have a more marked effect on their patients than actions which are...

The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English

1973-01-01

Richard Montague

From Usage to Grammar: The Mind's Response to Repetition

2006-12-01

Joan Bybee

A usage-based view takes grammar to be the cognitive organization of one's experience with language. Aspects of that experience, for instance, the frequency of use of certain constructions or particular … A usage-based view takes grammar to be the cognitive organization of one's experience with language. Aspects of that experience, for instance, the frequency of use of certain constructions or particular instances of constructions, have an impact on representation that is evidenced in speaker knowledge of conventionalized phrases and in language variation and change. It is shown that particular instances of constructions can acquire their own pragmatic, semantic, and phonological characteristics. In addition, it is argued that high-frequency instances of constructions undergo grammaticization processes (which produce further change), function as the central members of categories formed by constructions, and retain their old forms longer than lower-frequency instances under the pressure of newer formations. An exemplar model that accommodates both phonological and semantic representation is elaborated to describe the data considered.

A theory of focus interpretation

1992-02-01

Mats Rooth

The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases

1982-01-01

Irene Heim

The Architecture of the Language Faculty

1998-12-01

Jean Aitchison , Ray Jackendoff

Questions, goals, assumptions - universal grammar, necessities and assumptions, syntactocentrism and perfection interfaces, representational modularity - the 'articulatory-perceptual' interfaces, the phonology-syntax interface, the 'conceptual-intentional' interface, embedding mismatches between syntactic structure … Questions, goals, assumptions - universal grammar, necessities and assumptions, syntactocentrism and perfection interfaces, representational modularity - the 'articulatory-perceptual' interfaces, the phonology-syntax interface, the 'conceptual-intentional' interface, embedding mismatches between syntactic structure and conceptual structure, the tripartite parallel architecture, representional modularity more on the syntax-semantics interface - enriched composition, aspectual coercions, reference transfer functions, arguments structure alternations, adjective-noun modification, summary, anaphora, quantification, remarks the lexical interface - lexical insertion versus lexical licensing, PIL=CIL, PIL and CIL are at S-structure, checking argument structure, remarks on processing, the lexicon in a more general mental ecology lexical entries, lexical rules - broadening the conception of the lexicon, morphosyntax versus morphophonology, inflectional versus derivational morphology, productivity versus semiproductivity, psycholinguistic considerations, 'optimal coding' of semiproductive forms, final remarks remarks on productive morphology - introduction, the place of traditional morphophonology, phonological and class-based allomorphy, suppletion of composed forms by irregulars, the status of zero inflections, why the lexicon cannot be minimalist idioms and other fixed expressions - reviews of the issues, the wheel of fortune corpus: if it isn't lexical, what is it? lexical insertion of idioms as Xos, lexical licensing of units larger than Xo, parallels between idioms and compounds, syntactic mobility of (only) some idioms, idioms that are specializations of other idiomatic constructions, relation to construction grammar, summary epilogue: how language helps us think - introduction, brain phenomena opaque to awareness, language is not thought, and vice versa, phonetic form is conscious , thought is not, the significance of consciousness again, first way language helps us think: linguistic communication, second way language helps us think: making conceptual structure available for attention, third way language helps us think: valuation of conscious percepts, summing up,

Three Factors in Language Design

2005-01-01

Noam Chomsky

The biolinguistic perspective regards the language faculty as an “organ of the body,” along with other cognitive systems. Adopting it, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine … The biolinguistic perspective regards the language faculty as an “organ of the body,” along with other cognitive systems. Adopting it, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent. Research has naturally focused on I-languages and UG, the problems of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. The Principles-and-Parameters approach opened the possibility for serious investigation of the third factor, and the attempt to account for properties of language in terms of general considerations of computational efficiency, eliminating some of the technology postulated as specific to language and providing more principled explanation of linguistic phenomena

Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone

1988-09-01

Charles J. Fillmore , Paul Kay , Mary Catherine O’Connor

Through the detailed investigation of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of one grammatical construction, that containing the conjunction let alone, we explore the view that the realm of idiomaticity in … Through the detailed investigation of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of one grammatical construction, that containing the conjunction let alone, we explore the view that the realm of idiomaticity in a language includes a great deal that is productive, highly structured, and worthy of serious grammatical investigation. It is suggested that an explanatory model of grammar will include principles whereby a language can associate semantic and pragmatic interpretation principles with syntactic configurations larger and more complex than those definable by means of single phrase structure rules.*

Rules and Representations.

1982-01-01

Terry L. Smith , Noam Chomsky

Foreword by Norbert Hornstein Preface Part I 1. Mind and Body 2. Structures, Capacities, and Conventions 3. Knowledge of Grammar 4. Some Elements of Grammar Part II 5. On the … Foreword by Norbert Hornstein Preface Part I 1. Mind and Body 2. Structures, Capacities, and Conventions 3. Knowledge of Grammar 4. Some Elements of Grammar Part II 5. On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities 6. Language and Unconscious Knowledge Notes Index

Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar

1975-03-01

Robert Freidin , Ray Jackendoff

Like other recent work in the field of generative-transformational grammar, this book developed from a realization that many problems in linguistics involve semantics too deeply to be solved insightfully within … Like other recent work in the field of generative-transformational grammar, this book developed from a realization that many problems in linguistics involve semantics too deeply to be solved insightfully within the syntactic theory of Noam Chomsky's Aspect of the Theory of Syntax. Dr Jackendoff has attempted to take a broader view of semantics, studying the important contribution it makes to the syntactic patterns of English.The research is carried out in the framework of an interpretive theory, that is, a theory of grammar in which syntactic structures are given interpretations by an autonomous syntactic component. The book investigates a wide variety of semantic rules, stating them in considerable detail and extensively treating their consequences for the syntactic component of the grammar. In particular, it is shown that the hypothesis that transformations do not change meaning must be abandoned; but equally stringent restrictions on transformations are formulated within the interpretive theory.Among the areas of grammar discussed are the well-known problems of case relations, pronominalization, negation, and quantifiers. In addition, the author presents semantic analyses of such neglected areas as adverbs and intonation contours; he also proposes radically new approaches to the so-called Crossover Principle, the control problem for complement subjects, parentheticals, and the interpretation of nonspecific noun phrases.

Notes on transitivity and theme in English: Part 2

1967-10-01

Μ. Α. Κ. Halliday

Transitivity, mood and theme . Part I of this paper (sections 1–3) was an attempt to sketch some of the principal syntactic options, having the clause as point of origin, … Transitivity, mood and theme . Part I of this paper (sections 1–3) was an attempt to sketch some of the principal syntactic options, having the clause as point of origin, that are available to the speaker of English for the representation of processes and relations, and of objects, persons &c. as participants in them. The term ‘transitivity’ was used as a general label for this area of grammatical selection. Part II (sections 4–7) is concerned with another range of grammatical options, also associated with the clause, for which ‘theme’ is being used as the cover term.

Radical Construction Grammar

2001-10-25

William Croft

Abstract This book presents a profound critique of syntactic theory and syntactic argumentation. Recent syntactic theories are essentially formal models for the representation of grammatical knowledge. These theories posit complex … Abstract This book presents a profound critique of syntactic theory and syntactic argumentation. Recent syntactic theories are essentially formal models for the representation of grammatical knowledge. These theories posit complex syntactic structures in the analysis of sentences, consisting of atomic primitive syntactic categories and relations. The result of this approach to syntax has been an endless cycle of new and revised theories of syntactic representation. The book argues that these types of syntactic theories are incompatible with the grammatical variation found within and across languages. The extent of grammatical variation demonstrates that no scheme of atomic primitive syntactic categories and relations can form the basis of an empirically adequate syntactic theory. This book defends three theses: (i) constructions are the primitive units of syntactic representation, and grammatical categories are derivative; (ii) the only syntactic structures are the relations between a construction and the elements that make it up (that is, there is no need to posit syntactic relations); and (iii) constructions are language-specific. Constructions are complex units pairing form and meaning. Grammatical categories within and across languages are mapped onto a universal conceptual space, following the semantic map model in typology. The structure of conceptual space constrains how meaning is encoded in linguistic form, and reflects the structure of the human mind.

Rethinking Linguistic Relativity

1997-09-01

Celia Roberts

Verbs and Times

1957-04-01

Zeno Vendler

Foundations of Language

2002-01-24

Ray Jackendoff

Abstract This book surveys the last thirty-five years of research in generative linguistics and related fields and offers a new understanding of how language, the brain, and perception intermesh. The … Abstract This book surveys the last thirty-five years of research in generative linguistics and related fields and offers a new understanding of how language, the brain, and perception intermesh. The book renews the conclusions of early generative linguistics: that language can be a valuable entrée into understanding the human mind and brain. The approach is interdisciplinary. The book proposes that the creativity of language derives from multiple parallel generative systems linked by interface components. This shift in basic architecture allows for a reconception of mental grammar and how it is learned. The book aims to reintegrate linguistics with philosophy of mind, cognitive and developmental psychology, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and computational linguistics. Among the major topics treated are language processing, the relation of language to perception, the innateness of language, and the evolution of the language capacity, as well as more standard issues in linguistic theory such as the roles of syntax and the lexicon. In addition, this book offers a sophisticated theory of semantics that incorporates insights from philosophy of language, logic and formal semantics, lexical semantics of various stripes, cognitive grammar, psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic approaches, and the author's own conceptual semantics.

Rules and representations

1980-03-01

Noam Chomsky

Abstract The book from which these sections are excerpted (N. Chomsky, Rules and Representations , Columbia University Press, 1980) is concerned with the prospects for assimilating the study of human … Abstract The book from which these sections are excerpted (N. Chomsky, Rules and Representations , Columbia University Press, 1980) is concerned with the prospects for assimilating the study of human intelligence and its products to the natural sciences through the investigation of cognitive structures, understood as systems of rules and representations that can be regarded as “mental organs.” These mental structui′es serve as the vehicles for the exercise of various capacities. They develop in the mind on the basis of an innate endowment that permits the growth of rich and highly articulated structures along an intrinsically determined course under the triggering and partially shaping effect of experience, which fixes parameters in an intricate system of predetermined form. It is argued that the mind is modular in character, with a diversity of cognitive structures, each with its specific properties arid principles. Knowledge of language, of the behavior of objects, and much else crucially involves these mental structures, and is thus not characterizable in terms of capacities, dispositions, or practical abilities, nor is it necessarily grounded in experience in the standard sense of this term. Various types of knowledge and modes of knowledge acquisition are discussed in these terms. Some of the properties of the language faculty are investigated. The basic cognitive relation is “knowing a grammar”; knowledge of language is derivative and, correspondingly, raises further problems. Language as commonly understood is not a unitary phenomenon but involves a number of interacting systems: the “computational” system of grammar, which provides the representations of sound and meaning that permit a rich range of expressive potential, is distinct from a conceptual system with its own properties; knowledge of language must be distinguished from knowledge of how to use a language; and the various systems that enter into the knowledge and use of language must be further analyzed into their specific subcomponents.

Syntactic Structures

1957-12-31

Noam Chomsky

Cognitive Grammar

2008-02-14

Ronald W. Langacker

Abstract Cognitive Grammar is a radical alternative to the formalist theories that have dominated linguistic theory during the last half century. Instead of an objectivist semantics based on truth conditions … Abstract Cognitive Grammar is a radical alternative to the formalist theories that have dominated linguistic theory during the last half century. Instead of an objectivist semantics based on truth conditions or logical deduction, it adopts a conceptualist semantics based on human experience, our capacity to construe situations in alternate ways, and processes of imagination and mental construction. A conceptualist semantics makes possible an account of grammar which views it as being inherently meaningful (rather than an autonomous formal system). Grammar forms a continuum with lexicon, residing in assemblies of symbolic structures, i.e. pairings of conceptual structures and symbolizing phonological structures. Thus all grammatical elements are meaningful. It is shown in detail how Cognitive Grammar handles the major problems a theory of grammar has to deal with: grammatical classes, constructions, the relationship of grammar and lexicon, the capturing of regularities, and imposition of the proper restrictions. It is further shown how the framework applies to central domains of language structure: deixis, nominal structure, clausal structure, and complex sentences. Consideration is also given to discourse, the temporal dimension of grammar, and what it reveals about cognitive processes and the construction of our mental world.

Word Meaning and Montague Grammar

1979-01-01

David R. Dowty

Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar

2013-09-11

M.A.K. Halliday , Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen

Fully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar explains the principles of systemic functional grammar, enabling the reader to understand and apply them in any … Fully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar explains the principles of systemic functional grammar, enabling the reader to understand and apply them in any context. Halliday's innovative approach of engaging with grammar through discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon in linguistics. Updates to the new edition include:  Recent uses of systemic functional linguistics to provide further guidance for students, scholars and researchers More on the ecology of grammar, illustrating how each major system serves to realise a semantic system A systematic indexing and classification of examples More from corpora, thus allowing for easy access to data Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar, Fourth Edition, is the standard reference text for systemic functional linguistics and an ideal introduction for students and scholars interested in the relation between grammar, meaning and discourse.

The Flexibility of Causative Alternation and Syntactic Structure

2025-06-25

Jingming Kuang , Yoko Nishina | The Japanese Language Association Of Korea

Perspectival Anaphora

2025-06-24

Sandhya Sundaresan | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract A perspectival anaphor reflects the mental or spatial perspective of its antecedent and is often categorized as a ‘long-distance anaphor’ or ‘logophor’. This chapter presents an overview of perspectival … Abstract A perspectival anaphor reflects the mental or spatial perspective of its antecedent and is often categorized as a ‘long-distance anaphor’ or ‘logophor’. This chapter presents an overview of perspectival anaphora in Dravidian, using the Tamil anaphor ta(a)n as a case study. Perspectival anaphora has been claimed in the literature to be a structurally recalcitrant phenomenon since the antecedent of a perspectival anaphor is typically non-local to it and need not c-command it. However, we will see evidence from Tamil ta(a)n in this chapter showing that this is just an illusion: anti-locality effects and evidence from verbal agreement and dialectal microvariation show that ta(a)n must be bound locally by a minimally c-commanding binder, in accordance with Binding Condition A. Based on these findings, I propose a two-stage model of perspectival anaphora, which systematically combines pronominal coreference within the discourse context with anaphoric binding in syntax and semantics.

Morphology, Knowledge and understanding. prolegomena to a pluralist manifesto

2025-06-24

Annalisa Coliva | Philosophical Studies

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to tentatively investigate how a family-resemblance approach to concepts might be applied to the related notions of knowledge and understanding, with the … Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to tentatively investigate how a family-resemblance approach to concepts might be applied to the related notions of knowledge and understanding, with the aim of deflating or redressing ongoing debates surrounding each. Given that the concept of family-resemblance is frequently misinterpreted, and there is a prevailing tendency to revert to more conventional methods of conceptual analysis, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the notion. To lay the groundwork, it traces the origins of family-resemblance to Goethe's morphological method, illustrating the approach with an example from botany. It then presents a family-resemblance account of the concept of knowledge and understanding.

Extra deletion in retrospect and prospect

2025-06-24

Duk‐Ho An | Journal of East Asian Linguistics

On the Categorial Status of Adverbs

2025-06-24

Sascha Alexeyenko | Languages

This paper is concerned with the question of what adverbs in English are as a category. It argues that English adverbs are not positional variants of a single category together … This paper is concerned with the question of what adverbs in English are as a category. It argues that English adverbs are not positional variants of a single category together with adjectives but also do not constitute a separate lexical category on their own, as is commonly assumed. Instead, this paper advocates the position that adverbs can and should be assimilated with PPs and offers a comprehensive presentation of this view. In particular, it provides evidence that the morpheme -ly is not a suffix but a nominal root, which forms the basis of the analysis of adverbs as PPs. Furthermore, it shows that the PP analysis of adverbs is able to account for a variety of facts, including those that have been previously used as arguments for alternative analyses. Finally, this paper demonstrates that the PP analysis allows for a straightforward compositional semantics, using manner and degree adverbs as case studies, and provides an outlook into the cross-linguistic situation in the domain of adverbs from the perspective of their morphological structure.

Exceptions from rules and noteworthy exceptions: the balance scale for making exceptions

2025-06-24

Andy Lücking , Jonathan Ginzburg | Linguistics and Philosophy

Sesotho direct relative qualifiers: Why simple things become complex

2025-06-23

Lemohang Hilda Tjabaka | South African Journal of African Languages

Mandarin null objects: Topic-binding over argument ellipsis

2025-06-23

Alan Hezao Ke | Natural Language & Linguistic Theory

Abstract This study introduces novel data crucial for evaluating representative analyses of null objects in Mandarin Chinese. It advocates for what this article terms the Topic-bound Variable (TBV) analysis. In … Abstract This study introduces novel data crucial for evaluating representative analyses of null objects in Mandarin Chinese. It advocates for what this article terms the Topic-bound Variable (TBV) analysis. In the TBV analysis, null objects are treated as variables bound by the topic. This stands in contrast to alternative approaches such as the Argument Ellipsis (AE) analysis, which views null objects as elided arguments. In the AE analysis, the content of these objects is recovered directly from their linguistic context antecedents, not from a topic. This study investigates empirical predictions of the analyses regarding the (un)availability of the sloppy reading and the quantity reading. Through a close examination of aspects of the sloppy reading, this article demonstrates that adjuncts, reflexive possessors, and other elements within the antecedent of a null object can be excluded from the interpretation of the null object. These phenomena pose serious challenges to the AE analysis but are compatible with the TBV analysis, as the mediating topics can yield such interpretive possibilities. In addition, this article finds that the quantity reading can be “turned on and off” by managing the type of topics to be projected, independent of the type of antecedent the null object has. Specifically, I show that the type of the topic—i.e., whether it is a definite- or kind-denoting bare nominal or a licensed numeral phrase topic—is crucial to the interpretation of null objects. The topic’s mediating role in the interpretation of null objects favors the TBV analysis over the AE analysis. This suggests a dissociation between the interpretation of the null object and its antecedent, challenging the empirical foundation of the AE analysis in general.

‘Quirky construction looking for syntactically flexible verb’: creativity and productivity in a dynamic link-based network perspective

2025-06-20

Susanne Flach | English Language and Linguistics

Abstract Approaches to creativity commonly distinguish between F-creativity (rule-compliant use) and E-creativity (rule-breaking use). This dichotomy in part stems from a focus on grammatical constructions (‘nodes’) at the relative expense … Abstract Approaches to creativity commonly distinguish between F-creativity (rule-compliant use) and E-creativity (rule-breaking use). This dichotomy in part stems from a focus on grammatical constructions (‘nodes’) at the relative expense of their connections (‘links’). We approach creativity and productivity from a link-based perspective in Usage-Based Construction Grammar, and assume that productivity pertains to a unit’s inventory of links, while creativity pertains to the creation and maintenance of links. These assumptions are showcased using the into -causative ( He talked me into going , They scared us into working harder ). The construction is productive because it hosts a large inventory of verbal slot-fillers ( talk , scare ). Conversely, these slot-fillers themselves are creative because they can establish and maintain links with a construction that is not their primary host. This property is not linear: we assume that the slot-fillers’ ability to occur in unusual constructional environments reflects their general ‘creative potential’ to form and maintain (new) links within the network. In data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), we find weak, but consistent correlations between verbs’ association with the into -causative and (i) their semantic and syntactic compatibility with the construction, and, crucially, (ii) their general flexibility and ability to establish and maintain links.

The role of coercion in the productivity and creativity of complex verb formation: a constructional approach

2025-06-20

Jacqueline Laws | English Language and Linguistics

A bstract This article examines the notions of productivity and creativity with respect to complex verbs in English. Verb-forming suffixation involves the attachment of the suffixes ‑ ize , ‑ify … A bstract This article examines the notions of productivity and creativity with respect to complex verbs in English. Verb-forming suffixation involves the attachment of the suffixes ‑ ize , ‑ify , - en and - ate to a base to form complex verbs such as hospitalize , densify , sharpen and hyphenate. Sampson (2016) describes productive processes that conform to existing patterns as F-creativity, or Fixed-creativity, and those that deviate from those patterns as E-creativity, or Enlarging/Extending creativity; Bergs (2018) and Uhrig (2018) view the F–E dichotomy as a cline. Coercion effects can account for linguistic productivity and creativity; Audring & Booij (2016) propose that the coercive mechanisms of Selection, Enrichment and Override lie on a unified continuum. This article integrates the F–E creativity and coercion continua, and analyses a database of conventionalized and recently coined complex verbs (Laws 2023) for instances of coercion. The results reveal that coercive mechanisms, particularly Selection and Enrichment, facilitate productivity and creativity in more complex constructional schemas underlying verbal derivatives, and that these coercive patterns have become increasingly more entrenched over time. E-creativity of complex verbs is defined here as ‘Unruly’ coercion and the nature of attested examples is discussed.

Bert Cappelle, Can Construction Grammar be proven wrong? (Elements in Construction Grammar). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Pp. 74. ISBN 9781009343176.

2025-06-18

Jakob Horsch | English Language and Linguistics

Binominal Constructions of Small Quantity in Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian*

2025-06-18

P. Cotta Ramusino , Tatsiana Maiko | Scando Slavica

Do Good or Suffer Evil: Syntactic Nominalisations in Verbal Multi-Word Expressions in the PARSEME GRC Corpus

2025-06-17

Victoria Beatrix Maria Fendel | Digital studies in language and literature

Abstract The PARSEME GRC guidelines distinguish between Light-Verb Constructions, such as to make a suggestion , and Verbal Idioms, such as to kick the bucket . Light-Verb Constructions need to … Abstract The PARSEME GRC guidelines distinguish between Light-Verb Constructions, such as to make a suggestion , and Verbal Idioms, such as to kick the bucket . Light-Verb Constructions need to contain a nominal element that is abstract and predicative. Verbal Idioms are lexically, morphologically, morphosyntactically, and syntactically inflexible. Syntactic nominalisations as the nominal element are usually disregarded especially in Light-Verb Constructions due to their structural and functional ambiguity. (Post)classical Greek has productive morpho-syntactic means for the nominalisation of any part of speech which are not restricted e.g. diatopically or distratically, whereas lexical nominalisation by means of derivational morphology is more restricted. This makes the exclusion of syntactic nominalisations seem artificial. When considering the eventiveness of the nominal component the crucial characteristic it emerges that non-deverbal and underived event nouns, including syntactic nominalisations, can in fact be predicative nouns in verbal multi-word expressions. Syntactic nominalisations can appear as predicative nouns in Light-Verb Constructions along with forming part of Verbal Idioms. Synchronically, verbal multi-word expressions containing a syntactic nominalisation can be gap fillers, indexical alternatives, or semantico-pragmatic alternatives to structures with a lexical nominalisation. The study is primarily based on the PARSEME GRC and ECF Leverhulme Sketch Engine corpora of literary classical Attic philosophical prose, historiography, and oratory.

Matching domains: The syntax, morphology, and phonology of the verb in Sinhala

2025-06-17

Paula Fenger , Philipp Weisser | Natural Language & Linguistic Theory

The Sino-Vietnamese Negative Prefixes bất, vô, phi and Their Coexistence with Sentential Negators: A Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis

2025-06-17

Giorgio Francesco Arcodia , Trang Phan | Languages

This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese negative prefixes bất (Chinese 不 bù), vô (無 wú), and phi (非 fēi), examining their historical development and … This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese negative prefixes bất (Chinese 不 bù), vô (無 wú), and phi (非 fēi), examining their historical development and modern usage in Vietnamese, with a comparative perspective on their Chinese equivalents. By investigating the interaction between these prefixes and Vietnamese sentential negators—such as the native chẳng and the Chinese-derived không—the study explores the evolution of negation in Vietnamese over several centuries. The research draws on a corpus of three bilingual Classical Chinese–Vietnamese translations of Confucius’s Analects from the 17th, 19th, and 21st centuries, two written in traditional Nôm script and one in the modern Quốc ngữ alphabet. This corpus provides valuable insights into linguistic shifts driven by language contact in Vietnam. The findings reveal that in the 17th century, the Sino-Vietnamese prefixes bất, vô, and phi were largely absent, with native chẳng dominating. By the 19th century, chẳng persisted, but không emerged as a sentential negator, and bất appeared, both reflecting Chinese forms and demonstrating innovative uses. In the 21st century, không became the dominant negator, with bất and vô seeing increased usage, reflecting broader trends of linguistic modernization. This study situates these changes within the broader context of 20th-century East Asian literacy expansion, where Japan played a pivotal role in disseminating modernized Chinese-based vocabulary. By examining the selective adaptation and integration of Sino-Vietnamese elements, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of language contact, syntactic influence, and lexical innovation in the evolving Vietnamese lexicon.

Object control verbs and syntactic causatives: Inflected infinitives as a cue to syntactic structure

2025-06-16

Ana Lúcia Santos , Anabela Gonçalves | Journal of Linguistics

Abstract This paper discusses the syntactic behaviour of a small subset of object control verbs that have an implicative interpretation (e.g. obrigar ‘force’, impedir ‘prevent’) as well as the behaviour … Abstract This paper discusses the syntactic behaviour of a small subset of object control verbs that have an implicative interpretation (e.g. obrigar ‘force’, impedir ‘prevent’) as well as the behaviour of superficially similar syntactic causatives in European Portuguese. By exploring different syntactic properties and giving special attention to inflected infinitives as complements to the two classes of verbs, we argue that implicative object control verbs are ambiguous between true control verbs (which are ditransitive) and syntactic causatives (which take a single, clausal, internal argument). To this extent, we present an argument defying Landau’s (2015) analysis of control under these verbs as predication. We also argue that the implicative interpretation of these verbs is not determined by the syntactic nature of their complement: This interpretation is maintained in both the causative and the control counterparts of the verb. By comparing implicative object control verbs and the understudied and superficially similar pôr a ‘put to / make’ and deixar a ‘put to / make’, and by highlighting the distribution and interpretation of inflected infinitives in their complements, we can argue that the latter are unambiguous syntactic causatives, which take as complement a small clause in which we internally observe control.

The structures and meanings of might-counterfactuals: a view from Japanese

2025-06-14

Teruyuki Mizuno | Linguistics and Philosophy

«Гүлістан бит түркі» ескерткіші мәтініндегі «айт» етістігінің валенттілігі

2025-06-13

Куанышбек Кенжалин , Айерке Зинедина | Turkic Studies Journal

Мақалада «Гүлістан бит түркі» ескерткішіндегі «айт» етістігінің валенттілігі талданады. Валенттілік теориясы сөз тіркесімділігімен, синтаксистік жүйемен байланысты болғандықтан, бұл теория тілдегі сөздерді байланыстыру логикасын анықтауға мүмкіндік береді. Ал бұл орта ғасыр … Мақалада «Гүлістан бит түркі» ескерткішіндегі «айт» етістігінің валенттілігі талданады. Валенттілік теориясы сөз тіркесімділігімен, синтаксистік жүйемен байланысты болғандықтан, бұл теория тілдегі сөздерді байланыстыру логикасын анықтауға мүмкіндік береді. Ал бұл орта ғасыр тіліндегі жекелеген сөздердің синтаксистік әлеуетіне талдау жасауға, халықтың ойлау жүйесін айқындауға және бүгінгі тілдің құрылымымен салыстыруға жол ашады. Осыған орай зерттеу «Гүлістан бит түркі» ескерткішіндегі «айт» етістігінің валенттілік құрылымын талдауды және оны қазіргі қазақ тіліндегі қолданысымен салыстыруды мақсат етеді. Зерттеу әдістері ретінде синтаксистік-семантикалық және тарихи-салыстырмалы, статистикалық-корпустық талдау түрлері қолданылады. Статистикалық-корпустық әдіс арқылы «Гүлістан бит түркі» ескерткішіндегі «айт» етістігінің қолданыс көрсеткіші талданса, тарихи салыстырмалы әдіс орта ғасыр түркі тіліндегі «айт» етістігінің құрылымдық ерекшеліктерін қазіргі қазақ тілінің нормаларымен салыстыруға мүмкіндік береді. Ал синтаксистіксемантикалық талдау әдісі негізінде «айт» етістігінен жасалған сөз байланыстарының мағыналық-құрылымдық сипаты талданады. «Айт» етістігінің валенттілігін анықтау үшін «айт» етістігінен жасалған етістікті сөз тіркестерінің құрамындағы актанттық құрылымдарға талдау жасалды. «Айт» етістігі агенс, модификатор, пациенс, адресат сынды актанттық құрылымдардан тұратыны және бұл етістіктің 6 валентті екендігі анықталды. Зерттеу нәтижелері көрсеткендей, «айт» етістігі орта ғасыр түркі тілінде қазіргі қазақ тіліндегі қолданысынан әлдеқайда кең мағыналық және синтаксистік мүмкіндіктерге ие болған. Бұл етістік бірқатар грамматикалық формаларда қолданылған. Аytti, aytur, ayttim, aytkan сияқты түрлі тұлғалар бұл етістіктің мәнмәтіндегі тіркесімділік қабілеті жоғары екендігін көрсетеді. Зерттеу «айт» етістігінің синтаксистік валенттілігі өзгермегенімен, оның семантикалық кеңістігі тарихи даму барысында тарылғанын көрсетті. Орта ғасыр жазба тіліндегі «айт» етістігінің мағыналық жүгі қазіргі қазақ тілінде басқа етістіктерге бөлініп, функционалды-стильдік саралануға ұшыраған. Мысалы, «айт» етістігі қазіргі қазақ тілінде тек хабарлау мағынасында қолданылса, бұрын бұл етістік сөйлеу, айту, көрсету, бұйыру сияқты кең ауқымды қызметтерді атқарған.Зерттеуде қол жеткізілген теориялық тұжырымдар қазақ тілінің дамуындағы валенттілік, мағыналық жіктелу және құрылымдық сабақтастық мәселелерін тереңірек зерттеуге негіз болады. Зерттеу нәтижелері қазақ тілінің тарихи құрылымдарының бүгінгі тілдің қолданысын дамытудағы рөлін анықтауға көмектеседі. Зерттеу барысында алынған мәліметтер қазақ тілінің даму жолындағы маңызды кезеңдерді айқындап, түркі тілдерінің тарихи дамуы мен олардың қазіргі тілдерге әсері туралы жаңа ғылыми көзқарастарды ұсынуға жол ашады. Тілдік жүйелердің сабақтастығын зерттеу тіл біліміндегі жаңа бағыттарға серпін береді.

What does it mean for cognitive linguistics to be a usage-based discipline?

2025-06-12

Vladimir Glebkin | Review of Cognitive Linguistics

Abstract The problem of metalanguage and the basic methodological principles underlying empirical analysis represents one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary Cognitive Linguistics. The article examines this problem addressing … Abstract The problem of metalanguage and the basic methodological principles underlying empirical analysis represents one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary Cognitive Linguistics. The article examines this problem addressing Ronald W. Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. It reveals significant discrepancies between the fundamental theoretical claims posited by Langacker and the methodology that underlies his examination of specific linguistic material. Notably, despite the assertion that Cognitive Grammar is a usage-based approach, a direct analysis indicates that his “working” methodology is based on a system of abstract basic categories, from which more complex constructions, close to real communicative situations, are deductively derived. Such a methodology is arguably not representative of a usage-based approach. A broader concern that emerges from the examination of Langacker’s framework is the relationship between neuro-level analysis and sociocultural analysis. The article argues that the perspective which reduces the entirety of linguistic processes to the activation of neural groups in the cerebral cortex exemplifies a specific form of reductionism, and that data analysis at the neural level and sociocultural analysis require distinct metalanguages and methodologies.

增价型使役态的形态句法研究

2025-06-10

Pingping Ge | International Journal of Chinese Linguistics

抽象的基于族系和地理分布的相对均衡性，本文选取44种语言，含孤立语、黏着语、融合语和复综语各11种，考察增价型使役态的形态类型、能产性、语言及区域分布情况，通过计量方法归纳出多条优势序列。随后，文章讨论了增价型使役态中役事的句法地位与编码类型，发现4种实现方式：(a) 只作核心宾语，编码类型含无格标记、宾格、通格等；(b) 只作非核心宾语，编码类型含间接宾语标记、与格、工具格、方向格等；(c) 既可作核心宾语，也可作非核心宾语，编码类型包括无格标记/与格、宾格/与格、通格/旁格等；(d) 句法缺省。最后，文章分析了增价型使役态中影响役事句法实现的因素有“双宾语限制”的句法制约和役事施事性强弱的语义制约。抽象的基于族系和地理分布的相对均衡性，本文选取44种语言，含孤立语、黏着语、融合语和复综语各11种，考察增价型使役态的形态类型、能产性、语言及区域分布情况，通过计量方法归纳出多条优势序列。随后，文章讨论了增价型使役态中役事的句法地位与编码类型，发现4种实现方式：(a) 只作核心宾语，编码类型含无格标记、宾格、通格等；(b) 只作非核心宾语，编码类型含间接宾语标记、与格、工具格、方向格等；(c) 既可作核心宾语，也可作非核心宾语，编码类型包括无格标记/与格、宾格/与格、通格/旁格等；(d) 句法缺省。最后，文章分析了增价型使役态中影响役事句法实现的因素有“双宾语限制”的句法制约和役事施事性强弱的语义制约。

Verb‐Echo Answers Do Not Involve Head Movement in Japanese

2025-06-10

Daiki Matsumoto | Studia Linguistica

ABSTRACT This article discusses how verb‐echo answers in Japanese are derived. By critically reviewing the head movement analysis of Japanese verb‐echo answers proposed in the recent literature, an alternative argument … ABSTRACT This article discusses how verb‐echo answers in Japanese are derived. By critically reviewing the head movement analysis of Japanese verb‐echo answers proposed in the recent literature, an alternative argument ellipsis analysis for such phenomena is laid out. Various characteristics of Japanese verb‐echo answers, such as the impossibility of voice mismatches, availability of adjunct inclusive reading, and scope relations between negation and disjunction, are shown not to be evidence for the head movement analysis; some of them even undermine it. The present article presents an alternative way of analyzing them in terms of argument ellipsis armed with Gricean reasoning.

Demonstrative modifiers in Middle Hungarian

2025-06-06

Barbara Egedi | Journal of Historical Linguistics

Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the renewal of the demonstrative system in Hungarian, concentrating on the competing strategies of the Middle Hungarian period. After the definite article had grammaticalized … Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the renewal of the demonstrative system in Hungarian, concentrating on the competing strategies of the Middle Hungarian period. After the definite article had grammaticalized in Hungarian, the demonstrative system renewed via two different strategies: reinforcement strategy and determiner doubling. The old and new strategies are introduced in the first, more descriptive part of the study, which is followed by an empirical investigation based on digitized historical corpora. Numerical evidence can show the measure of their spread as well as the change in their ratio. A coherent model of the syntactic change is also provided through formal representations of each structure under discussion. Finally, exploring the distributional properties of individual patterns in Middle Hungarian allows for the formation of a hypothesis about the upcoming outcome of their competition.

Comment le langage est venu aux humains

2025-06-04

Anne-Lise Giraud Mamessier | Cerveau & Psycho