Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering

Concrete and Cement Materials Research

Works Count: 97364

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on advances in geopolymer technology, alternative cementitious materials, and their applications in sustainable concrete production. It covers topics such as the utilization of fly ash, alkali-activated materials, carbon emissions, nanotechnology in concrete, hydration mechanisms, and the environmental impact of cement production.

Keywords

Geopolymer; Cementitious Materials; Fly Ash; Alkali-Activated Materials; Sustainable Concrete; Carbon Emissions; Nanotechnology; Hydration Mechanisms; Environmental Impact; CO2 Sequestration

Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials

2015-06-18

John L. Provis , A. Palomo , Caijun Shi

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Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement

2011-02-23

Benjamin McLellan , Ross P. Williams , Janine Lay +2 more

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Influence of nano-SiO2 addition on properties of hardened cement paste as compared with silica fume

2005-10-25

Qing Ye , Zenan Zhang , Deyu Kong +1 more

Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash

2010-12-18

Klaartje De Weerdt , Mohsen Ben Haha , Gwenn Le Saoût +3 more

Nanotechnology in concrete – A review

2010-05-17

Florence Sanchez , Константин Соболев

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Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry

2012-11-28

Emad Benhelal , Gholamreza Zahedi , Ezzatollah Shamsaei +1 more

Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements

2004-02-27

E.M. Gartner

Modification of phase evolution in alkali-activated blast furnace slag by the incorporation of fly ash

2013-09-20

Idawati Ismail , Susan A. Bernal , John L. Provis +3 more

Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O

2011-06-25

I. García-Lodeiro , A. Palomo , A. Fernández‐Jiménez +1 more

Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements

2008-03-06

Barbara Lothenbach , Gwenn Le Saoût , E. Gallucci +1 more

The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals

2000-06-01

Hua Xu , J.S.J. van Deventer

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Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review

2001-12-01

B. B. Sabir , S. Wild , J. Bai

On the Development of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete

2004-01-01

Djwantoro Hardjito , Steenie E. Wallah , Dody M.J. Sumajouw +1 more

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Crystallization in pores

1999-08-01

George W. Scherer

Sustainable cement production—present and future

2011-05-09

Martin Schneider , Michael Römer , M. Tschudin +1 more

The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation

2005-05-06

Christina K. Yip , Grant C. Lukey , J.S.J. van Deventer

The calcium silicate hydrates

2007-12-26

I.G. Richardson

Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition

2014-06-12

Pradip Nath , Prabir Kumar Sarker

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Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments

2015-03-31

Bani Singh , G. Ishwarya , M. Gupta +1 more

Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review

2007-01-19

Divya Khale , Rubina Chaudhary

Supplementary cementitious materials

2011-01-06

Barbara Lothenbach , Karen Scrivener , R.D. Hooton

Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles

2003-06-20

Hui Li , Huigang Xiao , Jie Yuan +1 more

Modeling of strength of high-performance concrete using artificial neural networks

1998-12-01

I‐Cheng Yeh

Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone

2012-11-03

Mathieu Antoni , J.E. Rossen , Fernando Martirena +1 more

The Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) Between Cement Paste and Aggregate in Concrete

2004-09-22

Karen Scrivener , Alison K. Crumbie , Peter Laugesen

New cements for the 21st century: The pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement

2011-05-09

Caijun Shi , A. Fernández‐Jiménez , A. Palomo

Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties

2005-08-19

Peter Duxson , John L. Provis , Grant C. Lukey +3 more

Advances in alternative cementitious binders

2010-12-15

Maria C. G. Juenger , Frank Winnefeld , John L. Provis +1 more

Mechanisms of cement hydration

2010-10-30

Jeffrey W. Bullard , Hamlin M. Jennings , Richard A. Livingston +5 more

The effect of two types of C-S-H on the elasticity of cement-based materials: Results from nanoindentation and micromechanical modeling

2003-09-11

Georgios Constantinides , Franz‐Josef Ulm

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Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete

2013-03-15

Louise K. Turner , Frank Collins

C<scp>ARBON</scp> D<scp>IOXIDE</scp> E<scp>MISSIONS FROM THE</scp> G<scp>LOBAL</scp> C<scp>EMENT</scp> I<scp>NDUSTRY</scp>

2001-11-01

Ernst Worrell , Lynn Price , Nathan Martin +2 more

▪ Abstract The cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, making the cement industry an important sector for CO 2 -emission mitigation strategies. CO 2 is … ▪ Abstract The cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, making the cement industry an important sector for CO 2 -emission mitigation strategies. CO 2 is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, from combustion of fuels in the kiln, as well as from power generation. In this paper, we review the total CO 2 emissions from cement making, including process and energy-related emissions. Currently, most available data only includes the process emissions. We also discuss CO 2 emission mitigation options for the cement industry. Estimated total carbon emissions from cement production in 1994 were 307 million metric tons of carbon (MtC), 160 MtC from process carbon emissions, and 147 MtC from energy use. Overall, the top 10 cement-producing countries in 1994 accounted for 63% of global carbon emissions from cement production. The average intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from total global cement production is 222 kg of C/t of cement. Emission mitigation options include energy efficiency improvement, new processes, a shift to low carbon fuels, application of waste fuels, increased use of additives in cement making, and, eventually, alternative cements and CO 2 removal from flue gases in clinker kilns.

Alkali-activated fly ashes

1999-08-01

A. Palomo , Michael W. Grutzeck , María Teresa Blanco‐Varela

Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C‐S‐H): Near‐, Mid‐, and Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy

1999-03-01

Ping Yu , R. James Kirkpatrick , Brent T. Poe +2 more

The mid‐, near‐, and far‐infrared (IR) spectra of synthetic, single‐phase calcium silicate hydrates (C‐S‐H) with Ca/Si ratios (C/S) of 0.41–1.85, 1.4 nm tobermorite, 1.1 nm tobermorite, and jennite confirm the … The mid‐, near‐, and far‐infrared (IR) spectra of synthetic, single‐phase calcium silicate hydrates (C‐S‐H) with Ca/Si ratios (C/S) of 0.41–1.85, 1.4 nm tobermorite, 1.1 nm tobermorite, and jennite confirm the similarity of the structure of these phases and provide important new insight into their H 2 O and OH environments. The main mid‐IR bands occur at 950–1100, 810–830, 660–670, and 440–450 cm −1 , consistent with single silicate chain structures. For the C‐S‐H samples, the mid‐IR bands change systematically with increasing C/S ratio, consistent with decreasing silicate polymerization and with an increasing content of jennite‐like structural environments of C/S ratios >1.2. The 950–1100 cm −1 group of bands due to Si‐O stretching shifts first to lower wave number due to decreasing polymerization and then to higher wave numbers, possibly reflecting an increase in jennite‐like structural environments. Because IR spectroscopy is a local structural probe, the spatial distribution of the jennite‐like domains cannot be determined from these data. A shoulder at ∼1200 cm −1 due to Si‐O stretching vibrations in Q 3 sites occurs only at C/S lessthan equal to 0.7. The 660–670 cm −1 band due to Si‐O‐Si bending broadens and decreases in intensity for samples with C/S > 0.88, consistent with depolymerization and decreased structural order. In the near‐IR region, the combination band at 4567 cm −1 due to Si‐OH stretching plus O‐H stretching decreases in intensity and is absent at C/S greater than ∼1.2, indicating the absence of Si‐OH linkages at C/S ratios greater than this. The primary Si‐OH band at 3740 cm ‐1 decreases in a similar way. In the far‐IR region, C‐S‐H samples with C/S ratio greater than ∼1.3 have increased absorption intensity at ∼300 cm −1 , indicating the presence of CaOH environments, even though portlandite cannot be detected by X‐ray diffraction for C/S ratios <1.5. These results, in combination with our previous NMR and Raman spectroscopic studies of the same samples, provide the basis for a more complete structural model for this type of C‐S‐H, which is described.

Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials

2014-02-06

John L. Provis , Susan A. Bernal

The development of new, sustainable, low-CO 2 construction materials is essential if the global construction industry is to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities, which is incurred particularly through … The development of new, sustainable, low-CO 2 construction materials is essential if the global construction industry is to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities, which is incurred particularly through the production of Portland cement. One type of non-Portland cement that is attracting particular attention is based on alkali-aluminosilicate chemistry, including the class of binders that have become known as geopolymers. These materials offer technical properties comparable to those of Portland cement, but with a much lower CO 2 footprint and with the potential for performance advantages over traditional cements in certain niche applications. This review discusses the synthesis of alkali-activated binders from blast furnace slag, calcined clay (metakaolin), and fly ash, including analysis of the chemical reaction mechanisms and binder phase assemblages that control the early-age and hardened properties of these materials, in particular initial setting and long-term durability. Perspectives for future research developments are also explored.

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Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art

2006-12-18

Peter Duxson , A. Fernández‐Jiménez , John L. Provis +3 more

An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends

2011-04-15

Guillaume Habert , Jean‐Baptiste d'Espinose de Lacaillerie , Nicolas Roussel

The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete’

2007-09-21

Peter Duxson , John L. Provis , Grant C. Lukey +1 more

A review on ultra high performance concrete: Part I. Raw materials and mixture design

2015-11-10

Caijun Shi , Zemei Wu , Jianfan Xiao +3 more

The chemistry of cement and concrete

1971-09-01

DMR

A Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials

2016-01-07

Karen Scrivener , Ruben Snellings , Barbara Lothenbach +1 more

Sample Preparation Frank Winnefeld, Axel Scholer and Barbara Lothenbach Calorimetry Lars Wadso, Frank Winnefeld, Kyle Riding and Paul Sandberg Characterization of Development of Cement Hydration Using Chemical Shrinkage Mette Geiker … Sample Preparation Frank Winnefeld, Axel Scholer and Barbara Lothenbach Calorimetry Lars Wadso, Frank Winnefeld, Kyle Riding and Paul Sandberg Characterization of Development of Cement Hydration Using Chemical Shrinkage Mette Geiker X-Ray Powder Diffraction Ruben Snellings Thermogravimetric Analysis Barbara Lothenbach, Pawel Durdzinski and Klaartje de Weerdt High-Resolution Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Portland Cement-Based Systems Jorgen Skibsted Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry Arnaud C. A. Muller, Jonathan Mitchell and Peter J. McDonald Electron Microscopy Karen Scrivener, Amelie Bazzoni, Berta Mota Gasso and John E. Rossen Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry E. Berodier, Julien Bizzozero and Arnaud C. A. Muller Laser Diffraction and Gas Adsorption Techniques Marta Palacios, M. Kazemi-Kamyab, S. Mantellato and P. Bowen Ternary Phase Diagrams Applied To Hydrated Cement Duncan Herfort and Barbara Lothenbach Glossary of Terms

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Alkali-activated materials

2017-03-02

John L. Provis

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Towards sustainable concrete

2017-06-27

Paulo J.M. Monteiro , Sabbie A. Miller , Arpad Horvath

One-part alkali-activated materials: A review

2017-11-06

Terο Luukkοnen , Z. Abdollahnejad , Juho Yliniemi +2 more

Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are recognized as potential alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in order to limit CO2 emissions as well as beneficiate several wastes into useful products. However, the … Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are recognized as potential alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in order to limit CO2 emissions as well as beneficiate several wastes into useful products. However, the alkali activation process involves concentrated aqueous alkali solutions, which are corrosive, viscous, and, as such, difficult to handle and not user friendly. Consequently, the development of so-called one-part or "just add water" AAM may have greater potential than the conventional two-part AAM, especially in cast-in-situ applications. One-part AAM involves a dry mix that consists of a solid aluminosilicate precursor, a solid alkali source, and possible admixtures to which water is added, similar to the preparation of OPC. The dry mix can be prepared at elevated temperatures to facilitate the reactivity of certain raw materials. This review discusses current studies of one-part AAMs in terms of raw materials, activators, additives, mechanical and physical properties, curing mechanisms, hydration products, and environmental impacts.

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Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3)

2017-11-21

Karen Scrivener , Fernando Martirena , Shashank Bishnoi +1 more

Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry

2018-06-28

Karen Scrivener , Vanderley Moacyr John , E.M. Gartner

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Factors influencing the performance of biomass fly ash-based geopolymers

2025-06-26

Hao Qi , Shilun Liu , Zihao Liu +4 more | Construction and Building Materials

Durability and Toxic Leaching Assessment of Geopolymer-Treated Base Stabilized Using Full-Depth Reclamation Technique

2025-06-26

Abhitesh Sachdeva , Ransinchung Rongmei Naga Gondaimei , Praveen Kumar | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Physical and Mechanical Properties and Hydration Characteristics of Nano-CaCO3/EVA Composite–Modified Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement

2025-06-26

Jie Li , Junpeng Mei , Shuang Li +3 more | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Study on the influence of carbide slag incorporation on the carbon sequestration efficiency and material properties of fly ash-based carbon-negative filling materials

2025-06-26

Sheng Qian , Jizhao Xu , Zihao Wei +6 more | Construction and Building Materials

Enhancing Sustainability in Cement Production Incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

2025-06-25

Kamrul Hasan , Fadzil Mat Yahaya , Sumaya Sadia Toha +3 more | Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Civil Engineering

Research Status of Mechanical Properties and Frost Resistance of Fly Ash Concrete

2025-06-25

Bin Liu | Journal of Engineering Research and Reports

With the continuous advancement of sustainable construction materials, fly ash concrete (FAC) has garnered significant attention due to its environmental benefits and mechanical performance. FAC is a novel concrete material … With the continuous advancement of sustainable construction materials, fly ash concrete (FAC) has garnered significant attention due to its environmental benefits and mechanical performance. FAC is a novel concrete material in which fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants, is used to partially replace cement. Research on its mechanical properties primarily focuses on compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Numerous studies have shown that the incorporation of fly ash may reduce the early-age strength of concrete; however, its later-age strength—particularly after 28 days—tends to increase markedly. The spherical morphology and pozzolanic activity of fly ash contribute to the refinement of the concrete’s microstructure, thereby improving deformability and toughness. In recent years, various constitutive models have been developed to better describe the mechanical behavior of FAC, including linear elastic models, plastic damage models, and nonlinear constitutive models that account for volumetric deformation. These models take into account the influence of fly ash on cement hydration, the interfacial transition zone, and stress–strain response, providing a more accurate prediction of the material’s load-bearing and failure processes. Overall, fly ash concrete exhibits favorable long-term mechanical performance, and its constitutive behavior has been theoretically well-characterized, laying a solid foundation for its further application and performance optimization in engineering practice.

Thermo-mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of waste ore-based geopolymer potentially used for mine road: experimental measurement and numerical simulation investigation

2025-06-25

Abubakr Moussa , Shiyuan Li , Zhongchen Ao +7 more | Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Composite utilization of lithium slag and feldspar powder in cement stabilized macadam: Mix design, durability, and microstructure

2025-06-25

Lingqing Yuan , Liping Liu , Lijun Sun +5 more | Construction and Building Materials

Exploring natural siderite (FeCO3) as a novel supplementary cementitious material

2025-06-25

Florian Mittermayr , Florian Roman Steindl , Marjorie Pons Pineyro +3 more | Cement and Concrete Research

Fresh and hardened properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with in situ grown nano-silica synthesized by modified carbonation mediated method

2025-06-25

Hailong Sun , Ganghua Pan , Haining Meng +4 more | Construction and Building Materials

Quantitative analysis of hydration kinetics and compressive strength model of cement-based materials blended with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

2025-06-25

Zheng Chen , Jingjing Luo , Jingli Wei +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Uniaxial tension properties and stress-strain relation of steel fiber reinforced concrete subjected to salt and freeze-thaw cycles

2025-06-25

Yakun Zhang , Haitang Zhu | Construction and Building Materials

Performance evaluation and optimization of landfill waste-fly ash geopolymer for road subgrade applications

2025-06-24

Hari Naga Prasad Chenna , Sandeep Kumar Chouksey , Sagar D. Turkane | Construction and Building Materials

Thermally Activated Libyan Bentonite for Sustainable Mortar: Microstructural and Mechanical Performance

2025-06-24

Mohd Foad Abdul Hamid , Mahmoud A. T. Khatab , Musab Alhawat +2 more | Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Civil Engineering

Effects of w/b Ratio on Sodium Sulfate Crystallization Damage and Degradation Mechanisms in Semi-Immersed Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar

2025-06-24

Zhenwei Zhou , Yuetao Qiu , Peng Liu +4 more | Materials

This study investigates the long-term durability and crystallization-induced degradation mechanisms of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars with varying water-to-binder ratios (w/b, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5) under semi-immersion in 5 wt.% sodium sulfate … This study investigates the long-term durability and crystallization-induced degradation mechanisms of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars with varying water-to-binder ratios (w/b, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5) under semi-immersion in 5 wt.% sodium sulfate solution. Through 360 d of exposure, the evolution of physical–mechanical properties (mass change, open porosity, compressive/flexural strength) and ion migration patterns (SO42−, Na+, Ca2+) were analyzed to unravel the interplay between pore structure, ion transport, and crystallization-induced deterioration. Results demonstrated that higher w/b ratios exacerbated surface crystallization and spalling due to accelerated ion transport and pore coarsening. Early-stage strength gains (up to 25.15% at 120–180 d) stemmed from pore refinement via sulfate deposition and continued slag hydration. However, prolonged exposure triggered microstructural degradation, with open porosity increasing by 58.9% and strength declining by 30.6% at 360 d for a w/b of 0.5 compared to a w/b of 0.4. This was driven by crystallization pressure and the decalcification of hydration products. Ion migration analysis revealed SO42− enrichment in evaporation area and outward Na+ diffusion, establishing supersaturation gradients that aligned with crystallization damage progression. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing AAS mortar formulations to mitigate sulfate crystallization risks in semi-immersed environments.

Multi-scale optimization of shotcrete with classified iron tailings and calcium formate: Machine learning-driven mix design and mechanism regulation

2025-06-24

Wan Li , Yang Song , Xian Jin Yu +3 more | Construction and Building Materials

Triethanolamine-enhanced carbonation of magnesium slag: A pathway for accelerating CO2 sequestration and cement sustainability

2025-06-24

Ziwei Yan , Hui Li , Lu Zhang +3 more | Construction and Building Materials

The combined effects of freeze-thaw cycles and seawater on chloride ingress in concrete

2025-06-24

Md. Hasibul Hasan Rahat , Alexander S. Brand | Construction and Building Materials

Influence of static and cyclic thermal loadings on the performance of fly ash–steel slag and fly ash–glass powder-based geopolymer composites

2025-06-24

Supriya Janga , Ashwin Raut , S. Das | Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

Eco-friendly strength enhancement of cement mortar: Biochar integration and mesostructure-based phase-field modeling

2025-06-24

Lei Peng , Jena Jeong , Mingyao Li +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Synergistic effects in ground granulated blast furnace slag‒steel slag‐based geopolymer

2025-06-24

S.L. Wang , Jialong Lin , Shikun Chen +7 more | International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology

Abstract To promote the efficient and high‐quality use of steel slag (SS), a geopolymer was innovatively developed from ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and SS using an optimized alkali … Abstract To promote the efficient and high‐quality use of steel slag (SS), a geopolymer was innovatively developed from ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and SS using an optimized alkali equivalent method. As SS‐based geopolymer content increases, trends in compressive strength and total admittance modulus of the GGBFS‒SS‐based geopolymer reveal distinct synergistic effects. To investigate these effects, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, a relatively novel technique, was employed alongside other analytical methods. From a physical perspective, the synergistic effects manifest through the encapsulation of C‐S‐H gels by C‐A‐S‐H and N‐A‐S‐H gels, the filling of microdefects by C‐S‐H gels, microdefects truncation, and reinforcement by SS microaggregates. Chemically, the effects include the microaggregation of inert components and competitive activation induced by hydrated Ca(OH) 2 . However, these chemical effects have a dual nature, making it unclear whether they positively or negatively impact the binary geopolymer. Thus, the physical synergistic effects are considered predominant in the GGBFS‒SS‐based geopolymer.

Interfacial Insights and Remediation Strategies through Molecular Dynamics Probing of Nanoparticle Interactions in Cementitious Matrices: A Review

2025-06-24

Suraj Kumar Parhi , Sanjaya Kumar Patro | Langmuir

Enhancing the performance and longevity of cementitious nanocomposites requires a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial interactions between nanomaterials and cement hydration products. Despite considerable experimental advancements, the fundamental mechanisms at … Enhancing the performance and longevity of cementitious nanocomposites requires a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial interactions between nanomaterials and cement hydration products. Despite considerable experimental advancements, the fundamental mechanisms at the nanoscale remain inadequately understood concerning the effects of nanoparticle dispersion, bonding, and functionalization on the bulk mechanical properties. This review addresses this critical gap by synthesizing insights from over 200 peer-reviewed studies and integrating experimental data, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and machine learning (ML)-augmented multiscale models to establish a comprehensive bottom-up framework. It focuses on how nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanosilica, graphene oxide, nano-Al2O3, nano-Fe2O3, and nano-TiO2 modulate the structural, mechanical, and chemical properties of cementitious matrices through interfacial interactions. Quantitative analyses indicated that the optimized incorporation of nanomaterials could enhance the 28-day compressive strength by up to 80%, the flexural strength by 150%, and the fracture energy by over 130% compared to the control mixes. MD simulations demonstrated that functionalized CNTs formed robust hydrogen bonds with calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), whereas GO enhanced interfacial adhesion through Ca-O ionic bridges and GO edge functionalization, aligning closely with experimental trends. Through multiscale integration, ML models trained on high-fidelity DFT data can enable predictive mapping from atomistic behavior to macroscopic properties, reducing the computational cost by over 90% while maintaining quantum-level accuracy. This review also identifies key limitations of current modeling tools, including force field fidelity, scale-bridging constraints, and data scarcity, and proposes scientifically grounded remediation strategies using transfer learning, PINNs, and reinforcement learning to enhance accuracy and generalization. This review also outlines the sustainability, economics, and translational pathways for advancing nanomaterial-enhanced cementitious systems from design to infrastructure application. This study provides a blueprint for the rational design of next-generation nanomaterial-enhanced concrete, offering both theoretical insights and practical directions for future research by bridging nanoscale mechanisms with macroscale performance.

Effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification on strength and microstructure of geopolymer paste

2025-06-24

Yunlin Liu , K.M. Wu , Lan-Ping Qian +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

From waste to resource: Cleaner production of geopolymer bricks from sewage sludge via production parameter optimization

2025-06-24

Lisakhanya Jobodwana , Thandiwe Sithole | Construction and Building Materials

Utilization of expired cement and aged roof tile powder in the production of sustainable geopolymer: Mechanical and physical properties

2025-06-24

Serdal Ünal , Mehmet Canbaz | Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics

This study deals with the production of geopolymer mortar in order to promote the recycling of waste materials as sustainable building materials. The use of waste materials such as expired … This study deals with the production of geopolymer mortar in order to promote the recycling of waste materials as sustainable building materials. The use of waste materials such as expired cement and aged roof tiles powders in cementitious systems is of great importance in terms of increasing environmental sustainability and reducing industrial waste. Recycling these materials and using them as alternative binders contributes to more environmentally friendly and economical concrete and mortar production by reducing natural resource consumption. Expired cement and aged roof tile powder were used as binder materials and mortar specimens were produced by activating these materials with alkalis such as NaOH and Na2SiO3 at different ratios. Within the scope of the experimental studies, mechanical and physical properties such as unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength and bending strength were investigated in detail. The results showed that the expired cement specimens performed better especially in unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength tests, while the roof tile powder had superior properties in terms of bending strength. It was also found that the specimens activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) exhibited generally higher strength and performance than those activated with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). These findings prove that waste materials such as both expired cement and roof tile powder can be valuable alternatives in the construction industry in terms of sustainability and waste management and reveal the potential of using these materials in geopolymer mortar production.

Performance and environmental footprint evaluation of alkali-activated concrete

2025-06-24

MD Ikramullah Khan , V. Vinayaka Ram , Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel +1 more | Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials

Solidification of tributyl phosphate/dodecane waste using metakaolin-based potassium geopolymers

2025-06-24

Abdelaziz Hasnaoui , J.P. McWilliams , Charles Reeb +4 more | Nuclear Engineering and Design

Sample Origin Effect on Chemical Reactivity of Tajogaite Volcanic Ashes for Ancient Mortar Repair

2025-06-24

Imren Basar , D. Torréns-Martín , Lucía Fernández-Carrasco +3 more | Sustainable Chemistry

Volcanic ashes (VA) ejected by the Tajogaite Volcano were studied to determine their potential as pozzolanic materials for construction applications. A representative number of VA samples (15 in total) were … Volcanic ashes (VA) ejected by the Tajogaite Volcano were studied to determine their potential as pozzolanic materials for construction applications. A representative number of VA samples (15 in total) were collected from different geolocations and altitudes during and immediately after the volcanic eruption, in order to assess their reactivity as a function of position and environmental exposure. Various analytical techniques—XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDX—were used to determine the initial microstructural composition of the VA samples. Additionally, saturated lime testing and the Frattini test were performed to evaluate their pozzolanic reactivity for use in historical mortars. The microstructural analyses revealed that the dominant mineral phases are aluminosilicates. The reactivity tests confirmed a good pozzolanic response, with the formation of C-A-S-H gels identified as the main hydration products at the studied curing times.

Performance-based approach to characterize external sulfate attack for reactive powder concrete

2025-06-24

Umut Bakhbergen , Chang-Seon Shon , Dichuan Zhang +2 more | Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering

Assessing the impact of acid and sulfate exposure on alkali‐activated materials using metaheuristic machine learning

2025-06-24

Sohaib Nazar , Munir Iqbal , Jian Yang +2 more | Structural Concrete

Abstract Climate change mitigation demands urgent shifts toward sustainable construction materials, with alkali‐activated materials (AAMs) emerging as a low‐carbon alternative to traditional cement. However, their durability in aggressive environments—critical for … Abstract Climate change mitigation demands urgent shifts toward sustainable construction materials, with alkali‐activated materials (AAMs) emerging as a low‐carbon alternative to traditional cement. However, their durability in aggressive environments—critical for infrastructure resilience—remains understudied. This study develops four machine learning models (gene expression programming [GEP], K ‐nearest neighbors [KNN], support vector machine, and stochastic gradient descent [SGD]) to predict the strength loss (SL) in AAMs exposed to sulfate and acid attacks, using mix constituents and exposure duration as predictors. The SGD model achieved exceptional accuracy under acid attack ( R = 0.9, R 2 = 0.88), while GEP and KNN excelled in sulfate conditions ( R 2 = 0.9, R > 0.93). Shapley's analysis revealed that acid resistance hinges on minimizing the sand‐to‐binder ratio and exposure time, whereas sulfate durability depends on optimizing fly ash (inverse relationship with SL) and hydrated lime content (direct relationship). By linking these insights to environmental stressors intensified by climate change—such as acid rain and sulfate‐rich soils—the study provides a predictive framework to tailor AAM mixes for specific hazards. Engineers can leverage these models to design resilient infrastructure (e.g., marine structures and wastewater systems), reducing material degradation, maintenance costs, and lifecycle carbon footprints. This work bridges the gap between sustainable material innovation and climate‐resilient construction, advancing the adoption of AAMs in meeting global decarbonization goals.

Experimental Research on the Preparation of Alkali-Activated Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Matrix with Low Water-to-Binder Ratio Using Water Reduction Agents

2025-06-24

Yue Li , Jiale Shen , Hui Lin | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Experimental study on leaching-abrasion behavior of cement-mortar specimen in water environment

2025-06-24

Jinghan Liu , Xiao-Bao Zuo , Shuai Chen +2 more | Construction and Building Materials

Experimental Investigation of Concrete Performance Incorporating Deccan Basalt Manufactured Sand and Rice Husk Ash

2025-06-24

Yash Rathore , Juned Raheem | National Academy Science Letters

Explainable LightGBM model for predicting compressive strength of silica fume modified high-volume fly ash concrete

2025-06-23

Anish Kumar , Sujit Sen , Sanjeev Sinha +2 more | Asian Journal of Civil Engineering

Mitigation of Volume Changes of Alkali-Activated Materials by Using Limestone Filler

2025-06-23

Maïté Lacante , Brice Delsaute , Stéphanie Staquet | Materials

As autogenous and thermal strains are significantly high in alkali-activated pastes, it becomes necessary to investigate ways to reduce these. This research studies how the volume changes of pastes made … As autogenous and thermal strains are significantly high in alkali-activated pastes, it becomes necessary to investigate ways to reduce these. This research studies how the volume changes of pastes made from slag activated by alkalis can be mitigated by substituting part of the slag with limestone filler and how this impacts the properties of the material, including autogenous strains, thermal strains, heat flow, compressive strength, and workability. The first part investigates how the different substitution rates impact the compressive strength and workability. The substitution rates of 15% and 30% emerged as the most optimal with a maximal reduction in the compressive strength of 23%. Five compositions were consequently investigated in the second part of the study. Isothermal calorimetry revealed that the limestone filler was probably not entirely inert and showed the effect of dilution, which is linked to the increase in the solution-to-binder ratio when the substitution rate increases. The autogenous shrinkage decreased when substituting 15% of the slag, while higher autogenous shrinkage was obtained when 30% was substituted. In addition, its rate of development was reduced. Finally, the coefficient of thermal expansion was generally slightly reduced and delayed when slag was substituted.

Optimizing Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Mixes

2025-06-23

Mohamed Ibrahim , Ayman Shamesldein , Hesham Sokairge +1 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> The development of geopolymer concrete is advancing rapidly worldwide. However, issues related to workability and setting time in geopolymer mixes, compared to traditional concrete mixtures, remain a challenge. These … <title>Abstract</title> The development of geopolymer concrete is advancing rapidly worldwide. However, issues related to workability and setting time in geopolymer mixes, compared to traditional concrete mixtures, remain a challenge. These problems could be particularly concerning if geopolymer is used for masonry applications. The short setting time and rapid hardening may enhance the production rate of masonry units but require careful consideration to ensure practicality and quality control. This study examines the performance of lightweight geopolymer concrete (LWGPC) as an alternative to traditional lightweight concrete in order to be used in masonry unit’s production. The investigation focuses on the effects of free water, foaming agent content, and foam stabilizer on the mechanical and physical properties of LWGPC. Experimental results indicate that reducing the free water content increased the dry density from approximately 810 kg/m³ to 1030 kg/m³ and enhanced the compressive strength from 3.25 MPa to 5.61 MPa after 28 days. Conversely, increasing the foaming agent content decreased the dry density from 1024 kg/m³ to 680 kg/m³, accompanied by a reduction in compressive strength from 5.52 MPa to 2.28 MPa. The inclusion of foam stabilizers further reduced the density (by up to 7%) but caused significant strength losses, with compressive strength decreasing by 51–71%, depending on the foaming agent content. These findings highlight the trade-offs between density, strength, and workability, offering valuable insights for optimizing LWGPC for masonry used in structural applications, and insulation purposes. Additionally, a new set of equations was proposed to predict the compressive strength and dry density of lightweight foam geopolymer concrete.

Effect of high-volume recycled concrete powder on microstructure and mechanical performance of alkali-activated slag mortar using response surface approach

2025-06-23

Zhen Zou , Jingyun Li , Jiehong Li +4 more | Structures

Mechanical properties and microstructure of plant fiber reinforced BFS-MS geopolymer: an orthogonal design approach

2025-06-23

Zhenghou Zhu , Do Yon Chang , Yong Zhu +3 more | Frontiers in Earth Science

Foundation pit engineering usually encounters the problems of foundation reinforcement and mud soil (MS) disposal. This study proposes a solidification technology utilizing blast furnace slag (BFS)-MS based geopolymer, enhanced by … Foundation pit engineering usually encounters the problems of foundation reinforcement and mud soil (MS) disposal. This study proposes a solidification technology utilizing blast furnace slag (BFS)-MS based geopolymer, enhanced by renewable plant fibers, to achieve resource utilization of MS. The key parameters including activator modulus, alkali content, water-to-solid ratio, and MS replacement rate were systematically optimized through orthogonal experimental design. Based on considering the mechanical properties and economy, the pretreated wood (WF), jute (JF) and bamboo (BF) fibers were incorporated respectively to study the influence of plant fiber type and content on the mechanical properties of geopolymer. The results demonstrated that the optimal parameters for BFS-MS precursors were activator modulus 1.7 and alkali content 0.2. The BFS-MS geopolymer under the optimal ratio of 28 days can reach 43.56 MPa, maintaining excellent potential for engineering application even at 30% MS replacement. At 1.0% dosage, WF, JF and BF enhanced the 28-day compressive strength by 27.80%, 12.35% and 29.05% respectively. The microstructural analysis revealed that geopolymer gels derived from BFS hydration dominated early strength development, while potentially active minerals in MS contributed to later stage strength enhancement. This study provides theoretical and technical foundations for MS utilization and fiber-reinforced geopolymer design in sustainable construction practices.

Sustainable strength enhancement of cement-clay composites through partial replacement with sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash

2025-06-23

Muhammad Usama Haroon , Abdullah Ekinci , Ayşe Pekrioğlu Balkıs | Construction and Building Materials

A comprehensive study on alkali-activated slag-based concrete: Mechanical properties and sustainability evaluation

2025-06-23

Chen-Wu Wu , Dongtao Xia , Biao Li | Construction and Building Materials

Performance and microstructural optimization of sustainable geopolymer mortars using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and rice husk ash

2025-06-23

Naresh Thatikonda , Mainak Mallik , Venkateswara Rao Sarella +1 more | Structural Concrete

Abstract The environmental consequences of conventional Portland cement production necessitate sustainable alternatives that reduce carbon emissions. This paper presents the development and optimization of geopolymer mortars using fly ash (FA), … Abstract The environmental consequences of conventional Portland cement production necessitate sustainable alternatives that reduce carbon emissions. This paper presents the development and optimization of geopolymer mortars using fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast‐furnace slag (GGBFS), and rice husk ash (RHA) as binding materials. The effects of the RHA content (5%–25%), NaOH molarity (8, 12, 16 M), and water glass moduli (1.99, 2.92) on the mechanical and rheological properties were systematically investigated under ambient and oven curing conditions. Compressive strengths exceeding 73 MPa were achieved with an optimal mix containing 50% FA, 45% GGBFS, and 5% RHA, and cured under controlled conditions. Additionally, microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX) revealed dense geopolymer matrices with Si/Al ratios of ~2.0, contributing to superior mechanical strength and durability. Key findings showed that replacing GGBFS with RHA enhanced standard consistency and reduced permeability, whereas higher NaOH molarity significantly accelerated setting and strength development. This research highlights the transformative potential of geopolymer technology in valorizing industrial and agricultural by‐products, achieving an 80% reduction in the carbon footprint compared to ordinary Portland cement, and promoting sustainable construction practices.

Effect of pumice and lime on the durability of concrete pavements against shrinkage and freeze-thaw cycles

2025-06-23

Aref Ebrahimi Besheli , Kianoosh Samimi , Mahyar Pakan | Construction and Building Materials

Multivariable optimization of mechanical and physical properties of hybrid alkali-activated cement mortars

2025-06-23

Yunus Emre Avşar , Mehmet Timur Cihan | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

DEVELOPMENT OF RAW MIXTURE COMPOSITIONS FOR PRODUCING PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER BASED ON WASTE FROM DIABASE ROCK QUARRYING

2025-06-23

Nikolay Lyubomirskiy , S. I. Fedorkin , Aleksandr Bahtin +2 more | Construction and industrial safety

this article is devoted to the development of compositions of raw materials mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on waste from the extraction of diabase rocks, which … this article is devoted to the development of compositions of raw materials mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on waste from the extraction of diabase rocks, which are a by-product in the production of non-metallic building materials from natural diabase stone. Subject of the study: the possibility of using waste from washing diabase rocks as clay raw materials in mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker. Materials and methods: several groups of raw materials were used as objects of research: as clay raw materials – waste from washing diabase rocks formed at an enterprise for the production of non–metallic building materials; as carbonate raw materials – limestones from Crimean deposits; corrective additive - quartz sand from the Kazantip deposit. The raw materials were studied using modern methods of studying chemical and phase-mineralogical composition, and granulometry. Using standard methods for calculating the composition of the raw material mixture for the production of Portland cement clinker, the calculation was performed and the compositions were adjusted. Results: the calculation of two-component mixtures consisting of clay and carbonate raw materials with a given saturation coefficient of 0.9 showed that the values of the silicate modulus do not meet the required limits. For compliance, it is necessary to introduce a corrective silica additive, which was selected as quartz sand from the Kazantip deposit with a SiO2 content of 96.24%. The compositions of three-component mixtures are calculated, for which the values of the saturation coefficient and modules correspond to the required intervals. Conclusions: it has been established that raw material mixtures consisting of waste from washing diabase rocks as a clay component, limestone from the Ulyanovsk deposit as a carbonate component, and quartz sand from the Kazantip deposit theoretically meet the requirements for raw cement mixtures in terms of saturation coefficients, silicate and alumina modules.

Wood Tar as a Waterproofing Agent for Concrete: A Sustainable Approach for Building Construction

2025-06-23

João P. Lopes , Hebert Luís Rossetto | Key engineering materials

Concrete, a fundamental material in modern construction, is prone to water penetration, which can lead to structural degradation. Conventional waterproofing methods often rely on materials with significant environmental impacts. This … Concrete, a fundamental material in modern construction, is prone to water penetration, which can lead to structural degradation. Conventional waterproofing methods often rely on materials with significant environmental impacts. This study explores the use of wood tar (WT), derived from Eucalyptus wood pyrolysis, as a sustainable waterproofing agent for concrete. The WT was characterized using pH and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). With a small modification, the WT waterproofing efficacy was tested through contact angle measurements and water absorption by capillary rise within concrete. Results indicated that WT-coated concrete exhibited significantly lower water absorption and demonstrated potential as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional waterproofing methods. Although preliminary results, this research contributes to the development of sustainable building materials, driving innovation to construction practices.

A decision intelligent approach for predicting stress–strain relationship of geopolymer concrete

2025-06-23

Anil Kumar Anal , Shambhu Sharan Mishra | World Journal of Engineering

Purpose The ecological consequence created by conventional cement concrete has considerable issues, which need immediate remedies across the construction sector. The advancements in concrete have paved the way for alternatives … Purpose The ecological consequence created by conventional cement concrete has considerable issues, which need immediate remedies across the construction sector. The advancements in concrete have paved the way for alternatives in partially or fully replacing cement in concrete. One such advancement in fully replacing cement from concrete is geopolymer concrete (GPC). Design/methodology/approach In this research, GPC is made using ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash and alkali activators of Na 2 SiO 3 and NaOH. The experiment was carried out for the stress–strain relationship, and the results of the experimental work were trained using the novel decision honey badger-based relationship prediction approach to determine the optimal values from the experimental data. From the optimal values, the relation between the stress and strain of the GPC model and the peak curve for stress and strain in GPC is developed. Afterward, the models are correlated with recent studies. Findings The proposed model has a yield point of 1.032004fck at the strain of 0.0045. The suggested model also predicts the stress of GPC at high strain values of 0.0025–0.0045. Originality/value In consideration of the above outcomes, the proposed model also predicts stress with greater accuracy.

Dynamic duo: Understanding the interplay between fatigue and freeze-thaw in concrete durability

2025-06-23

Raksha Parolkar , Sandeep Chaudhary | Construction and Building Materials

Study of the cementitious ternary LC3 system comprising clinker, metakaolin, and phosphate interburden as a carbonate source

2025-06-23

Abdelmoujib Bahhou , Yassine Taha , Rachid Hakkou +2 more | Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials

Laboratory Test of Industrial Waste Mud Treated by the Flocculation-Vacuum-Curing Integrated Method: Deep Dehydration and Preparation of Geopolymer Fluid Solidified Soil

2025-06-23

Jing Ye , Jingwei Zhang , Peng Zhang +2 more | Materials

Resource reutilization of industrial waste mud has encountered challenges due to its high water content, enhanced fluidity, and inherent difficulty in segregating mud and water phases. The author first screened … Resource reutilization of industrial waste mud has encountered challenges due to its high water content, enhanced fluidity, and inherent difficulty in segregating mud and water phases. The author first screened out efficient flocculants through flocculation dehydration tests and then adopted the technology of vacuum filtration combined with electroosmosis dehydration to conduct deep dehydration of waste mud. Among them, the independently designed vacuum filtration electroosmosis system effectively solves the problems of easy clogging and bending of the traditional system. On this basis, geopolymer fluid solidified soil was prepared using dehydrated mud, furnace slag, and fly ash as raw materials, and the influencing factors of its long-term service performance were studied. It was confirmed that the efficient treatment capacity of the combined dehydration technology for industrial waste mud, and the geopolymer fluid solidified soil prepared from dehydrated mud has engineering application potential. This research provides a reference for the resource utilization of industrial waste mud.

Mechanical and Bond-Slip Properties of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Recycled-Aggregate Concrete

2025-06-22

Jianhua Ji , Zening Zhang , Yi Zhang +1 more | Buildings

Steel-fiber-reinforced geopolymer recycled-aggregate concrete (SFGRC) represents a promising low-carbon building material, yet data on its bond behavior remains scarce, limiting its structural application. To study the mechanical properties and bond … Steel-fiber-reinforced geopolymer recycled-aggregate concrete (SFGRC) represents a promising low-carbon building material, yet data on its bond behavior remains scarce, limiting its structural application. To study the mechanical properties and bond strength of SFGRC, five groups of different mix proportions were designed. The main variation parameters were the content of recycled aggregate and the volume content of steel fiber. The cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength tests of SFGRC were completed. The influence law of different anchorage lengths on the bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC was studied through the central pull-out test. A multi-parameter probability prediction model of bond strength based on Bayesian method was established. The results show that with the increase of the content of recycled aggregate, the compressive strength of the specimen shows a downward trend, but the tension-compression ratio is increased by 18–22% compared to concrete with natural aggregates at equivalent strength grades. The content of steel fiber can significantly improve the mechanical properties of SFGRC. The bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC is 14.82–17.57 MPa, and the ultimate slip is 0.30–0.38 mm. A probability prediction model of ultimate bond strength is established based on 123 sets of bond test data. The mean and covariance of the ratio of the predicted value of the probability model to the test value are 1.14 and 2.61, respectively. The model has high prediction accuracy, and continuity and can reasonably calculate the bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC. The developed Bayesian model provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for predicting SFGRC bond strength, facilitating its safe and optimized design in sustainable construction projects.