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We show that every embedded finite thick generalized hexagon ℋ of order (s, t) in PG(n,q) which satisfies the conditions s = q the set of all points of ℋ … We show that every embedded finite thick generalized hexagon ℋ of order (s, t) in PG(n,q) which satisfies the conditions s = q the set of all points of ℋ generates PG(n, q) for any point x of ℋ, the set of all points collinear in ℋ with x is contained in a plane of PG(n, q) for any point x of ℋ, the set of all points of ℋ not opposite x in ℋ is contained in a hyperplane of PG,(n, q) is necessarily the standard representation of H(q) in PG(6, q) (on the quadric Q(6, q)), the standard representation of H(q) for q even in PG(5, q) (inside a symplectic space), or the standard representation of H(q, q 3 ) in PG(7, q) (where the lines of ℋ are the lines fixed by a triality on the quadric Q+(7, q)). This generalizes a result by Cameron and Kantor [3], which is used in our proof.
Arcs and caps are fundamental structures in finite projective spaces. They can be generalised. Here, a survey is given of some important results on these objects, in particular on generalised … Arcs and caps are fundamental structures in finite projective spaces. They can be generalised. Here, a survey is given of some important results on these objects, in particular on generalised ovals and generalised ovoids. This paper also contains recent results and several open problems.
This is the second part of our study of epimorphisms with source a thick generalized m-gon and target a thin generalized m-gon.We classify the case m = 8 when the … This is the second part of our study of epimorphisms with source a thick generalized m-gon and target a thin generalized m-gon.We classify the case m = 8 when the polygons are finite (in the first part [15] we handled the cases m = 3, 4 and 6).Then we show that the infinite case is very different, and construct examples which strongly differ from the finite case.A number of general structure theorems are also obtained, and we also take a look at the infinite case for general gonality. CONTENTSRemark 1.2.A local variation on Theorem 1.1 by Bödi and Kramer [1] states that an epimorphism between thick generalized m-gons (m ≥ 3) is an isomorphism if and only if its restriction to at least one point row or line pencil is bijective.Later on, Gramlich and Van Maldeghem thoroughly studied epimorphisms from thick
This is the second part of our study of epimorphisms with source a thick generalized $m$-gon and target a thin generalized $m$-gon. We classify the case $m = 8$ when … This is the second part of our study of epimorphisms with source a thick generalized $m$-gon and target a thin generalized $m$-gon. We classify the case $m = 8$ when the polygons are finite (in the first part [15] we handled the cases $m = 3, 4$ and $6$). Then we show that the infinite case is very different, and construct examples which strongly differ from the finite case. A number of general structure theorems are also obtained, and we also take a look at the infinite case for general gonality.
In the period 1994-1999 Thas wrote a series of three papers on generalized quadrangles of order $(s, s^2)$. In this Part IV we classify all finite translation generalized quadrangles of … In the period 1994-1999 Thas wrote a series of three papers on generalized quadrangles of order $(s, s^2)$. In this Part IV we classify all finite translation generalized quadrangles of order $(s, s^2)$ having a kernel of size at least 3, containing a regular line not incident with the translation point. There are several applications on generalized quadrangles of order $(s, s^2)$ having at least 2 translation points, on Moufang quadrangles, and concerning the theorem of Fong and Seitz classifying all groups with a BN-pair of rank 2.
In this paper, which is a sequel to \cite{part1}, we proceed with our study of covers and decomposition laws for geometries related to generalized quadrangles. In particular, we obtain a … In this paper, which is a sequel to \cite{part1}, we proceed with our study of covers and decomposition laws for geometries related to generalized quadrangles. In particular, we obtain a higher decomposition law for all Kantor-Knuth generalized quadrangles which generalizes one of the main results in \cite{part1}. In a second part of the paper, we study the set of all Kantor-Knuth ovoids (with given parameter) in a fixed finite parabolic quadrangle, and relate this set to embeddings of parabolic quadrangles into Kantor-Knuth quadrangles. This point of view gives rise to an answer of a question posed in \cite{JATSEP}.
S. Rottey and G. Van de Voorde characterized regular pseudo-ovals of PG(3n - 1, q), q = 2^h, h >1 and n prime. Here an alternative proof is given and … S. Rottey and G. Van de Voorde characterized regular pseudo-ovals of PG(3n - 1, q), q = 2^h, h >1 and n prime. Here an alternative proof is given and slightly stronger results are obtained.
Abstract We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry (Elliptic ovoids and their rosettes in a classical generalized quadrangle of even order. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 126 … Abstract We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry (Elliptic ovoids and their rosettes in a classical generalized quadrangle of even order. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 126 (2016), 591–612) about factorization of 2-covers of finite classical generalized quadrangles (GQs). To that end, we develop a general theory of cover factorization for GQs, and in particular, we study the isomorphism problem for such covers and associated geometries. As a byproduct, we obtain new results about semi-partial geometries coming from θ-covers, and consider related problems.
Let $m_2(n, q), n \geq 3$, be the maximum size of k for which there exists a complete k-cap in PG(n, q). In this paper the known bounds for $m_2(n, … Let $m_2(n, q), n \geq 3$, be the maximum size of k for which there exists a complete k-cap in PG(n, q). In this paper the known bounds for $m_2(n, q), n \geq 4$, q even and $q \geq 2048$, will be considerably improved.
Let m_2(n, q) be the maximum size of k for which there exists a k-cap in PG(n, q), and let m'_2(n, q) be the second largest value of k for … Let m_2(n, q) be the maximum size of k for which there exists a k-cap in PG(n, q), and let m'_2(n, q) be the second largest value of k for which there exists a complete k-cap in PG(n, q). In this paper Chao's upper bound q^2 - q + 5 for m'_2(3, q), q even and q \geq 8, will be improved. As a corollary new bounds for m_2(n, q), q even, q\geq 8 and n \geq 4, are obtained. Cao and Ou published a better bound but there seems to be a gap in their proof.
This set of notes is based on a lecture I gave at "50 years of Finite Geometry -A conference on the occasion of Jef Thas's 70th birthday," in November 2014.It … This set of notes is based on a lecture I gave at "50 years of Finite Geometry -A conference on the occasion of Jef Thas's 70th birthday," in November 2014.It consists essentially of three parts: in a first part, I introduce some ideas which are based in the combinatorial theory underlying F1, the field with one element.In a second part, I describe, in a nutshell, the fundamental scheme theory over F1 which was designed by Deitmar.The last part focuses on zeta functions of Deitmar schemes, and also presents more recent work done in this area.
Let $m_2(n, q), n \geq 3$, be the maximum size of k for which there exists a complete k-cap in PG(n, q). In this paper the known bounds for $m_2(n, … Let $m_2(n, q), n \geq 3$, be the maximum size of k for which there exists a complete k-cap in PG(n, q). In this paper the known bounds for $m_2(n, q), n \geq 4$, q even and $q \geq 2048$, will be considerably improved.
We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry [2] about factorization of $2$-covers of finite classical generalized quadrangles. To that end, we develop a general theory of cover factorization … We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry [2] about factorization of $2$-covers of finite classical generalized quadrangles. To that end, we develop a general theory of cover factorization for generalized quadrangles, and in particular we study the isomorphism problem for such covers and associated geometries. As a byproduct, we obtain new results about semipartial geometries coming from $\theta$-covers, and consider related problems.
We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry [2] about factorization of $2$-covers of finite classical generalized quadrangles. To that end, we develop a general theory of cover factorization … We solve a problem posed by Cardinali and Sastry [2] about factorization of $2$-covers of finite classical generalized quadrangles. To that end, we develop a general theory of cover factorization for generalized quadrangles, and in particular we study the isomorphism problem for such covers and associated geometries. As a byproduct, we obtain new results about semipartial geometries coming from $\theta$-covers, and consider related problems.
We classify all embeddings theta : PG(n,K) -> PG(d, F), with d >= n(n+3)/2 and K, F skew fields with vertical bar K vertical bar > 2, such that 0 … We classify all embeddings theta : PG(n,K) -> PG(d, F), with d >= n(n+3)/2 and K, F skew fields with vertical bar K vertical bar > 2, such that 0 maps the set of points of each line of PG(n,K) to a set of coplanar points of PG(d, F), and such that the image of theta generates PG(d, F). It turns out that d = 1/2n(n + 3) and all examples essentially arise from a similar full embedding theta' : PG(n, K) -> PG(d,K) by identifying K with subfields of IF and embedding PG(d, K) into PG(d, F) by several ordinary field extensions. These full embeddings satisfy one more property and are classified in [5]. They relate to the quadric Veronesean of PG(n, K) in PG(d, K) and its projections from subspaces of PG(d, K) generated by sub-Veroneseans (the point sets corresponding to subspaces of PG(n,K)), if K is commutative, and to a degenerate analogue of this, if K is noncommutative.
In 1954 Segre proved that every oval of PG(2, q), with q odd, is a nonsingular conic.The proof relies on the "Lemma of Tangents".A generalized oval of PG(3n -1, q) … In 1954 Segre proved that every oval of PG(2, q), with q odd, is a nonsingular conic.The proof relies on the "Lemma of Tangents".A generalized oval of PG(3n -1, q) is a set of q n + 1 (n -1)-dimensional subspaces of PG(3n -1, q), every three of them generate PG(3n -1, q); a generalized oval with n = 1 is an oval.The only known generalized ovals are essentially ovals of PG(2, q n ) interpreted over GF(q).If the oval of PG(2, q n ) is a conic, then we call the corresponding generalized oval classical.Now assume q odd.In the paper we prove several properties of classical generalized ovals.Further we obtain a strong characterization of classical generalized ovals in PG(3n -1, q) and an interesting theorem on generalized ovals in PG(5, q), developing a theory in the spirit of Segre's approach.So for example a "Lemma of Tangents" for generalized ovals is obtained.We hope such an approach will lead to a classification of all generalized ovals in PG(3n -1, q), with q odd.
An Andre embedding is a representation of a point-line geometry S with approximately s(2) points on a line in a planar space with approximately s points per line, but such … An Andre embedding is a representation of a point-line geometry S with approximately s(2) points on a line in a planar space with approximately s points per line, but such that the lines of S are contained in planes of the planar space. An example is the Andre representation (also sometimes called the Bose-Bruck representation) of an affine translation plane of order q(2) (with kernel of order at least q) in 4-dimensional affine space AG(4, q), using a line spread at infinity. In this paper, we classify all Andre embeddings of affine planes of order q(2) in PG(4, q), q > 2, and obtain, besides the natural extension to PG(4, q) of the above example, two other related constructions. We also consider Andre embeddings of affine planes of order q(2) in PG(d, q), with d > 4 and q > 2.
We present an improvement on a recent bound for small maximal partial ovoids of W(q 3 ).We also classify maximal partial ovoids of size (q 2 -1) of Q(4, q) … We present an improvement on a recent bound for small maximal partial ovoids of W(q 3 ).We also classify maximal partial ovoids of size (q 2 -1) of Q(4, q) which allow a certain large automorphism group, and discuss examples for small q.
My talk is a survey on finite translation generalized quadrangles. To each translation generalized quadrangle of order (s, t), with s not equal 1 not equal t, there corresponds a … My talk is a survey on finite translation generalized quadrangles. To each translation generalized quadrangle of order (s, t), with s not equal 1 not equal t, there corresponds a set O(n, m, q) of q(m) + 1 (n - 1)-dimensional subspaces of the projective space PG(2n+m-1, q) satisfying (i) every three subspaces generate a PG (3n - 1, q) and (ii) for every such subspace pi there is a subspace PG(n + m - 1, q) containing pi and having empty intersection with the other elements of O(n, m, q). Conversely, every such O(n, m, q) defines a finite translation generalized quadrangle. For each known example of O(n, m, q) we have m is an element of {n, 2n}, and for q even there are no other examples. Many papers were written on the case m = 2n. Here emphasis is on the case m = n, and besides interesting and useful old results several new theorems are stated.
In this paper we consider the subquadrangles of order s for all known classes of generalized quadrangles of order (s, s 2 ). In this paper we consider the subquadrangles of order s for all known classes of generalized quadrangles of order (s, s 2 ).
One of the fundamental problems in Incidence Geometry is the classification of finite BN-pairs of rank 2 (most notably those of type B 2 ), without the use of the … One of the fundamental problems in Incidence Geometry is the classification of finite BN-pairs of rank 2 (most notably those of type B 2 ), without the use of the classification theorem for finite simple groups.In this paper, which is the first in a series, we classify finite BN-pairs of rank 2 (and the buildings that arise) for which the associated parameters (s, t) are powers of 2, and such that the associated polygon has no proper thick ideal or full subpolygons.As a corollary, we obtain the complete classification of generalized octagons of order (s, t) with st a power of 2, admitting a BN-pair.(For quadrangles and hexagons, this result will be obtained in part II.)
Abstract This book is an account of the combinatorics of projective spaces over a finite field, with special emphasis on one and two dimensions. With its successor volumes, Finite projective … Abstract This book is an account of the combinatorics of projective spaces over a finite field, with special emphasis on one and two dimensions. With its successor volumes, Finite projective spaces over three dimensions (1985), which is devoted to three dimensions, and General Galois geometries (1991), on a general dimension, it provides a comprehensive treatise of this area of mathematics. The area is interesting in itself, but is important for its applications to coding theory and statistics, and its use of group theory, algebraic geometry, and number theory. This edition is a complete reworking of the first edition. The chapters bear almost the same titles as the first edition, but every chapter has been changed. The most significant changes are to Chapters 2, 10, 12, 13, which respectively describe generalities, the geometry of arcs in ovals, the geometry of arcs of higher degree, and blocking sets. The book is divided into three parts. The first part comprises two chapters, the first of which is a survey of finite fields; the second outlines the fundamental properties of projective spaces and their automorphisms, as well as properties of algebraic varieties and curves, in particular, that are used in the rest of the book and the accompanying two volumes. Parts II and III are entirely self-contained; all proofs of results are given. The second part comprises Chapters 3 to 5. They cover, in an arbitrary dimension, the properties of subspaces such as their number and characterization, of partitions into both subspaces and subgeometries, and of quadrics and Hermitian varieties, as well as polarities. Part III is a detailed account of the line and the plane. In the plane, fundamental properties are first revisited without much resort to the generalities of Parts I and II. Then, the structure of arcs and their relation to curves is described; this includes arcs both of degree two and higher degrees. There are further chapters on blocking sets and on small planes, which means of orders up to thirteen. A comprehensive bibliography of more than 3000 items is provided. At the end of each chapter is a section, Notes and References, which attributes proofs, includes further comments, and lists every relevant reference from the bibliography.
By J. W. P. Hirschfeld and J. A. Thas: 407 pp., £55.00, ISBN 0 19 853537 6 (Clarendon Press, 1991). By J. W. P. Hirschfeld and J. A. Thas: 407 pp., £55.00, ISBN 0 19 853537 6 (Clarendon Press, 1991).
An ovoid in an orthogonal vector space V of type Ω + (2 n , q ) or Ω(2 n – 1, q ) is a set Ω of q … An ovoid in an orthogonal vector space V of type Ω + (2 n , q ) or Ω(2 n – 1, q ) is a set Ω of q n –1 + 1 pairwise non-perpendicular singular points. Ovoids probably do not exist when n > 4 (cf. [ 12 ], [ 6 ]) and seem to be rare when n = 4. On the other hand, when n = 3 they correspond to affine translation planes of order q 2 , via the Klein correspondence between PG (3, q ) and the Ω + (6, q ) quadric. In this paper we will describe examples having n = 3 or 4. Those with n = 4 arise from PG (2, q 3 ), AG (2, q 3 ), or the Ree groups. Since each example with n = 4 produces at least one with n = 3, we are led to new translation planes of order q 2 .
We show that every embedded finite thick generalized hexagon ℋ of order (s, t) in PG(n,q) which satisfies the conditions s = q the set of all points of ℋ … We show that every embedded finite thick generalized hexagon ℋ of order (s, t) in PG(n,q) which satisfies the conditions s = q the set of all points of ℋ generates PG(n, q) for any point x of ℋ, the set of all points collinear in ℋ with x is contained in a plane of PG(n, q) for any point x of ℋ, the set of all points of ℋ not opposite x in ℋ is contained in a hyperplane of PG,(n, q) is necessarily the standard representation of H(q) in PG(6, q) (on the quadric Q(6, q)), the standard representation of H(q) for q even in PG(5, q) (inside a symplectic space), or the standard representation of H(q, q 3 ) in PG(7, q) (where the lines of ℋ are the lines fixed by a triality on the quadric Q+(7, q)). This generalizes a result by Cameron and Kantor [3], which is used in our proof.
1. Let be a finite projective plane (8, §17), i.e. a projective space of dimension 2 over a Galois field γ. We suppose that γ has characteristic p ≠ 2, … 1. Let be a finite projective plane (8, §17), i.e. a projective space of dimension 2 over a Galois field γ. We suppose that γ has characteristic p ≠ 2, hence order q = p n , where p is an odd prime and h is a positive integer. It is well known that every straight line and every non-singular conic of then contains q + 1 points exactly.
By J. W. P. Hirschfeld: 555 pp., £65.00, isbn 0 19 850295 8 (Clarendon Press, 1998). By J. W. P. Hirschfeld: 555 pp., £65.00, isbn 0 19 850295 8 (Clarendon Press, 1998).
Given integers 0 < λ < κ < ν, does there exist a nontrivial graph G with the following properties: G is of order ν (i.e. has ν vertices), is … Given integers 0 < λ < κ < ν, does there exist a nontrivial graph G with the following properties: G is of order ν (i.e. has ν vertices), is regular of degree κ (i.e. every vertex is adjacent to exactly κ other vertices), and every pair of vertices is adjacent to exactly λ others? Two vertices are said to be adjacent if they are connected by an edge. We call a graph with the above properties a symmetric (ν, κ, λ) graph and refer to the last of the properties as the A-condition. The complete graph of order v is a trivial example of a symmetric (ν, ν— 1, ν — 2) graph, but we are of course only interested in non-trivial constructions.
It is shown that each finite translation generalized quadrangle (TGQ) , subtended ovoids in generalized quadrangles, and the understanding of automorphism groups of certain generalized quadrangles. Several problems on these … It is shown that each finite translation generalized quadrangle (TGQ) , subtended ovoids in generalized quadrangles, and the understanding of automorphism groups of certain generalized quadrangles. Several problems on these topics will be solved completely.